Patent Grant
7973106
The present invention generally relates to sound damping materials, and more particularly, to acrylate-based, viscoelastic sound damping materials that can be used in laminates, such as those used in the automotive industry.
Sound damping materials have been used in a variety of applications and industries, including the automotive industry. Oftentimes, articles that have been damped for sound include some type of viscoelastic material applied to a vibratory article, such as an automotive oil pan. The viscoelastic material absorbs and dissipates the vibrational energy generated by the article by converting mechanical energy associated with the vibrations into thermal energy that is dispersed within the sound damping material layer, and thus reduces the noise associated therewith. There are several different structures commonly used for sound damping purposes, including: free-layer structures, constrained-layer structures and laminates.
Free-layer structures are structures where a sound damping viscoelastic material by itself is applied to the surface of a vibratory article. In such an arrangement, vibratory or acoustical energy created by a noise or vibration source on one side of the article is dissipated in the adjacent viscoelastic layer so that it is not transmitted to the other side of the structure. In the case of constrained-layer structures, the sound damping viscoelastic material acts as an adhesive and is sandwiched between the vibratory article and an additional rigid constraining layer. The vibration damping is generally due to relative movement between the vibratory article and the rigid constraining layer which causes a shearing movement in the viscoelastic material. The shearing movement translates the vibrational energy into heat energy which is then dissipated through the rigid constraining layers. Sound damping laminates generally perform much in the same way as constrained-layer structures, however the vibratory article includes a pair of thin constraining layers and a viscoelastic material.
In addition to their vibration-reducing attributes, sound damping structures like those mentioned above can also exhibit a number of other desirable performance characteristics. For instance, sound damping structures have been known to exhibit certain structural and thermal-resistance characteristics that are desirable for a variety of applications.
According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a sound damping material for use in a sound damping structure having at least one rigid layer. The sound damping material includes: an acrylate-based polymer matrix that adheres to the rigid layer(s) of the sound damping structure and is the reaction product of at least one acrylate-based monomer, one or more curing agents dispersed in the acrylate-based polymer matrix, and at least one material selected from the group consisting of a precipitated phase and a viscous phase. Wherein, the precipitated phase is a rubber-like material that provides elasticity to the sound damping material and is dispersed in the acrylate-based polymer matrix, and the viscous phase is a fluidic or semi-fluidic material that provides viscosity to the sound damping material and is dispersed in the acrylate-based polymer matrix.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for preparing a sound damping material for application to one or more rigid layers of a sound damping structure.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for producing a sound damping laminate.
These and other objects, features and advantages of this invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments and best mode, the appended claims, and the accompanying drawings, in which:
With reference to
Rigid layers 12 and 14 are preferably made of standard cold rolled steel, but could be constructed from any other suitable metallic or nonmetallic materials. For instance, stainless steel, aluminum, rigid plastic, composite, ceramic, glass or natural materials could be used. Furthermore, rigid layers 12 and 14 can be made of the same or different materials, they can have the same or different thicknesses, they can be surface treated or untreated, and they can include more than two rigid layers, just to list a few of the possibilities. According to a preferred embodiment, rigid layers 12 and 14 each have a thickness between 0.015″ and 0.040″ and sound damping material layer 16 has a thickness between 0.0005″-0.002″, which makes the overall thickness of sound damping metal laminate 10 approximately between 0.030″ and 0.080″.
Sound damping material layer 16 is preferably a viscoelastic material that damps or otherwise inhibits the transmission of vibrational or acoustical energy through laminate 10, and also acts as an adhesive for bonding the rigid layers 12 and 14 together. In its cured form, sound damping material layer 16 preferably includes a polymer matrix 20, and one or more of the following components: a precipitated phase 22, a viscous phase 24, and miscellaneous constituents 26. According to different embodiments, the sound damping material layer 16 can include one of any number of combinations of these components.
Polymer matrix 20 is an acrylate-based, viscoelastic material that is at least partially cross-linked such that it provides the main adhesive bond strength for sound damping material layer 16. The polymer matrix is the reaction product of at least one acrylate-based monomer and, according to one embodiment, at least one additional acrylate-based oligomer, and comprises 10%-95%, by weight, of the sound damping material layer 16. This encompasses those embodiments where the reaction products include one or more acrylate-based monomer(s) and no acrylate-based oligomers, as well as those having one or more acrylate-based monomer(s) and one or more acrylate-based oligomer(s). The monomers and oligomers preferably undergo a certain amount of cross-linking when the polymer matrix phase 20 is polymerized.
The term “acrylate-based monomer” broadly includes all esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid, including all such having di-, tri- or tetra-acrylates or methacrylates, or any other component having acrylic and/or methacrylic functionality as the reaction site. It is desirable for the acrylate-based monomer to function as an effective solvent with respect to the other constituents of the sound damping material layer 16. Thus, it is preferable that the acrylate-based monomer have a molecular weight of between 100 and 400 (Mw), as materials with a lower molecular weight tend to be better at dissolving a solute. Examples of specific types of acrylate-based monomers are provided in Table I, however, these are only some examples. It should be appreciated that the methacrylate-analogs of the materials in Table I, as well as other acrylate-based monomers known to those skilled in the art, could also be used as acrylate-based monomers. One group of acrylate-based monomers that is particularly suitable for use are isobornyl-based acrylates, such as the isobornyl acrylate SR506 sold by Sartomer Company, Inc.
Similarly, the term “acrylate-based oligomer” broadly includes all oligomers formed from at least one “acrylate-based monomer” and at least one additional acrylate-based or non-acrylate based monomer. Preferably, the acrylate-based oligomer has two or more acrylic functional sites and includes a non-acrylate based monomer, such as a urethane. Testing has shown that it is preferable that the acrylate-based oligomer have: a room temperature viscosity of between 500 and 50,000 cPs which aids in the workability or application of sound damping material layer 16, a glass transition temperature (Tg) of between −44° C. to 185° C. which tends to improve the damping performance of the sound damping material layer within an operating temperature range, and a molecular weight of between 1,000-5,000 (Mw). With reference to Table II, there is provided a list of exemplary acrylate-based oligomers. Again, other acrylate-based oligomers known in the art, including the methacrylate-analogs of those listed in Table II, could be used as well. One group of acrylate-based oligomers that have proven to be particularly effective are urethane-based acrylates, such as the aromatic polyester-based urethane diacrylate oligomer CN973J75 sold by Sartomer Company, Inc. This material has a viscosity of 6,560 cPs at 60° C. and a glass transition temperature of −31° C.
Precipitated phase 22 is preferably a rubber-like material dispersed within polymer matrix 20, and is designed to provide sound damping material layer 16 with a certain amount of elasticity. The precipitated phase is at least partially amorphous, and can experience a certain amount of cross-linking with one or more of the other components of the sound damping material layer 16. Precipitated phase 22 is not present in all embodiments of the sound damping material layer 16; but in those embodiments where it is present, it preferably makes up between 1%-40% of the sound damping material layer, by weight. According to a preferred embodiment, precipitated phase 22 has a relatively low molecular weight of between 4,000-10,000 (Mw), which aids in the dissolution of the precipitate in polymer matrix 20 but does not significantly degrade the adhesion characteristics of the sound damping material layer 16. The precipitated phase 22 is preferably an elastic rubber-like material, but can be any one of the exemplary materials listed in Table III as well as others known in the art. Through testing, it is been determined that one group of materials that is especially well suited for use as the precipitated phase is the rubber products sold by Kraton Polymers, such as the FG1901X class rubber. It should be noted that precipitated phase materials are sometimes selected based on their sound damping characteristics as they relate to temperature. Thus, high temperature applications, such as automotive oil pans, require precipitated phase 22 constituents that perform well in elevated temperature environments, while ambient temperature applications have different requirements.
Viscous phase 24 (represented diagrammatically in
In addition to the various phases and components listed above, the precursor materials for sound damping material layer 16 can also include a number of miscellaneous ingredients 26, including fillers, curing agents, conductive particles, etc. For instance, a number of conductive particles such as metallic, carbon black, graphite, carbon nanotubes, nickel, nickel-alloy and/or nickel-coated carbon particles can be added to the sound damping material layer 16 in order to enhance the conductivity through the sound damping material and between rigid layers 12 and 14. This can be particularly beneficial when sound damping metal laminate 10 is used in processes like resistance welding, etc. Furthermore, inexpensive filler material of various sizes and shapes can be added to the sound damping material layer 16, as well as, suitable curing agents for heat-activated, anaerobic-activated, chemically-activated, catalytically-activated and/or UV-activated curing. Some examples of suitable curing agents are provided in Table V, however, this list is not exclusive, as other alternative agents and materials could also be used.
The sound damping material disclosed herein will be more fully understood in view of the following, non-limiting examples of some preferred embodiments. Sound damping materials can be tuned or tailored for certain attributes by adjusting their constituent materials, as well as the materials' respective weights. For instance, Examples I, II, III and IV have been found to perform well in ambient temperature conditions, typically between 0° C. and 60° C., especially in peel strength which measures the strength of the material's adhesion. Thus, they are particularly well suited for applications in which the temperature is maintained near ambient; such as applications for dash panels, body panels, door panels, floor pans, roofs, etc. Conversely, Examples V, VI and VII perform well in high temperature conditions, usually between about 50° C. and 110° C., such as those experienced by vehicle oil pans. Damping performance within these temperature ranges is typically measured as Composite Loss Factor (CLF), as described in the specifications SAE J1637 and/or ASTM E756. Preferably, sound damping laminate 10 damps sound to an extent greater than 0.1 CLF within a frequency range of 100 Hz to 1,000 Hz.
Testing has shown that Examples II, II and IV, each of which includes 1-30% wt. of isopropyl acryl ate (acryl ate-based monomer), 70-95% wt. of urethane acryl ate (acryl ate-based bloomer), and 1-10% wt. of acrylic terpolymer (viscous phase), damp sound in a frequency range of 100 Hz to 1,000 Hz to an extent greater than 0.1 CLF when in temperature conditions of 0° C. to 60° C. Examples V, VI and VII, on the other hand, each includes 20-70% wt. of isobomyl acrylate (acrylate-based monomer) and 5-25% wt. of either chlorosulfonated polyethylene or styrene ethylene/butylene copolymer (precipitated phase), and damp sound in a frequency range of 100 Hz to 1,000 Hz to an extent greater than 0.1 CLF when in temperature conditions of 50° C. to 110° C.
With reference now to
According to the preparation process for sound damping material 16, the acrylate-based polymer matrix phase 20 is made by mixing one or more suitable acrylate-based monomer(s) and/or acrylic-based oligomers(s) such that a fluidic or semi-fluidic solution is formed. Viscous phase 24 and precipitated phase 22 are then added and dissolved in the solution. Phases 22 and 24 may be added at the beginning, near the middle, or at the end of the mixing step, depending on the stability of the solution being formed. The curing agents and stabilizers can be added during the middle or at the end of the mixing process, depending on the miscibility and compatibility of the materials, as well as the time and temperature profiles of the various mixing stages. Any remaining components such as solid particles, conductive particles, etc. can be added at the end of the mixing process.
According to the lamination process for the sound damping metal laminate shown in
In a first stage, uncoilers 50 and 52 unwind the rolls of sheet metal which form steel layers 12 and 14, respectively. The steel layers then pass through a wash and/or preheat station 54 where they are each washed of any contaminants and are preferably brought to a temperature that is more suitable for applying the sound damping material layer 16. This temperature is generally above ambient but below the temperature required for curing the sound damping material. Increasing the temperature above ambient has several desirable effects, including: reducing process variations by ensuring more consistent steel layer temperatures, (ambient temperatures can vary from summer to winter), improving the wet-out of the sound damping material layer 16 on the steel layer surface due to its lower viscosity at higher temperatures, and reducing the amount of heat input and time required for the polymers to fully react once laminated (improved green strength), to name but a few benefits. Even in view of these benefits, it should be recognized that the preheat station is optional and could be omitted.
The heated steel layers 12 and 14 then go through a orientation-aligning looping pit 56. During this phase, any misalignment between the upper and lower steel layers 12 and 14 can be taken into account with the excess material present in the looping pit. Next, roll coater 58 applies a thin film of sound damping material 16 to an upper surface of lower steel layer 14. According to different laminating process embodiments, the sound damping material layer 16 can be provided as a solvent-borne, water-borne or 100% reactable material, it can be provided in solid film form as well as liquid form, it can be applied to both the top and bottom steel layers 12 and 14, and it can be applied via spray nozzles (fixed or traversing), draw down rod, or other application techniques known to those skilled in the art. One challenge for the coating step is uniformity, as it is desirable to apply the sound damping material layer 16 in a manner that avoids air pockets and maintains a uniform material layer thickness.
After the sound damping material layer 16 is applied to the mating surfaces of one or more steel layers 12, 14, the steel layers are brought together under pressure by laminating rolls 60. The laminating rolls, which can be heated or unheated, ensure that the sound damping material layer 16 is fully wetted-out on the two steel layers 12 and 14. An end stop device 62 is used to line up and weld the ends of the two steel layers 12, 14 at the beginning of each roll, thus, end stop device 62 is only used once per coil. During this initial pass, the laminating rolls 60 are left open and the two steel layers 12, 14 are brought through and stopped by device 62 which aligns the ends. Several spot welds are then added to the ends to hold both steel layers together while being pulled through the rest of the line. The laminating rolls 60 are then closed and the sound damping material layer 16 is applied as the laminate continues to run through the rest of the line. Usable laminate will be made from the point where the sound damping material 16 is applied, thus minimizing scrap on start-up.
To ensure that the edges of the sound damping laminate 10 remain adhered together through the curing process, an optional UV edge curing system 64, for example, may be used. According to such an embodiment, focused UV light is directed to the edges of the laminate 10, thereby causing cross-linking of the sound damping material layer 16 at the edges of the steel sheets and up to about 1½″ into the laminate (of course, the curing penetration depth of the UV light is affected by both its wavelength and intensity). This optional curing can provide enough green strength to keep the edges from separating during the remainder of the laminating process. Through the following steps, the laminate should be maintained under even pressure to ensure that the steel layers 12, 14 undergo an evenly distributed force and remain in close contact until the cross-linking takes place. Sound damping metal laminate 10 then passes through curing ovens 66 while the layers are still maintained under pressure. The precise curing time is generally dictated by the sound damping material layer's polymer adhesive properties. The rest of the cross-linking of sound damping material layer 16 can take place entirely by heat, anaerobically or by a combination of the two. After the curing process, the sound damping metal laminate 10 is allowed to cool, is reoiled at oiling station 68, and is recoiled into coils 70 for storage and/or shipment. If necessary, a crop and shear station 72 can be used to cut the laminate to a certain length and to trim off any unlaminated scrap material at the head and tail of the coil. It is envisioned that the entire curing process may not necessary take place in the laminating line, as further curing may take place afterwards, once the finished product is rolled up
It is to be understood that the foregoing description is not a description of the invention itself, but of one or more preferred exemplary embodiments of the invention. The invention is not limited to the particular embodiment(s) disclosed herein, but rather is defined solely by the claims below. Furthermore, the statements contained in the foregoing description relate to particular embodiments and are not to be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention or on the definition of terms used in the claims, except where a term or phrase is expressly defined above. Various other embodiments and various changes and modifications to the disclosed embodiment(s) will become apparent to those skilled in the art. All such other embodiments, changes, and modifications are intended to come within the scope of the appended claims.
As used in this specification and claims, the terms “for example,” “for instance” and “such as,” and the verbs “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and their other verb forms, when used in conjunction with a listing of one or more components or other items, are each to be construed as open-ended, meaning that that the listing is not to be considered as excluding other, additional components or items. Other terms are to be construed using their broadest reasonable meaning unless they are used in a context that requires a different interpretation.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Ser. No. 60/674,817 filed on Apr. 26, 2005.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2006/015702 | 4/26/2006 | WO | 00 | 10/12/2007 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2006/116440 | 11/2/2006 | WO | A |
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