Alumina layer with multitexture components

Abstract

A cutting tool insert for machining by chip removal includes a body of a hard alloy of cemented carbide, cermet, ceramics or cubic boron nitride based material onto which a hard and wear resistant coating is deposited by CVD. The coating includes at least one multitextured α-Al2O3 layer with a thickness between 0.5 μm and 30 μm characterized with an ODF texture index>1 and at least two dominant texture components with 2

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a coated cutting tool comprising a body coated combining a multi textured alpha-alumina (α-Al₂O₃) layer, the method of making and use the same. The layer is grown by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) and the invention provides an oxide layer with improved wear properties and good chip forming machining properties.

2. Description of the Related Art

Typically, CVD alumina based coatings comprise an inner layer of titanium carbonitride and an outer layer of Al₂O₃. The development and use comprise different Al₂O₃ polymorphs, e.g., α-Al₂O₃, κ-Al₂O₃ and γ-Al₂O₃ as well as multilayer structures thereof.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,967,035 discloses an α-Al₂O₃ coated cutting tool insert where the layer is bonded to the insert through a thin intermediate layer of an iron group metal aluminate.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,836,392 discloses an α-Al₂O₃ coated cutting tool insert where the layer is deposited directly onto the insert.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,837,896 discloses an α-Al₂O₃ coated cutting tool insert where an intermediate carbide or nitride layer is deposited prior to the oxide layer.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,619,866 discloses an α-Al₂O₃ coated cutting tool insert where the oxide is deposited utilizing a dopant selected from the group consisting of sulphur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorous, arsenic, antimony, bismuth and mixtures thereof, dramatically increasing the growth rate of the layer.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,595 discloses a cutting tool insert coated with single- or multilayers, comprising at least one layer of a {210} textured κ-Al₂O₃.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,162,147 discloses a cutting tool insert coated with an inner α-Al₂O₃ layer and an outer κ-Al₂O₃ layer.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,700,569 discloses a multilayer oxide coated cutting tool insert comprising layers of either α-Al₂O₃ or κ-Al₂O₃.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,015,614 discloses a cutting tool insert coated with a multilayer structure of TiN/TiC on a thick layer of a single and/or bi-layer of α-Al₂O₃ and κ-Al₂O₃.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,632,514 discloses a cutting tool insert coated with a multilayer of κ-Al₂O₃ and TiN or Ti(C,N) layers.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,470,296 discloses a cutting tool insert coated with a multilayer comprising layers of Ti(C,N) and Al₂O₃, preferably κ-Al₂O₃.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,855,413 discloses a cutting tool insert coated multilayer comprising layers of TiN and κ-Al₂O₃.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,572,991 discloses an oxide coated cutting tool insert with an outer layer a layer of γ-Al₂O₃.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,689,450 discloses a coated cutting tool insert having a multilayer of κ-Al₂O₃ and or γ-Al₂O₃ or TiN.

Further enhancement of the oxide layers has recently been achieved through the control of crystallographic orientation, texture, especially for the α-Al₂O₃ polymorph. This has been achieved by the development of new synthesis routes comprising the use of nucleation and growth sequences, bonding layers, sequencing of the reactant gases, addition of texture modifying agents and/or by using alumina conversion layers. Commonly, the texture is evaluated by the use of X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques and the concept of texture coefficients.

Textured Alumina Layer Synthesis Using Various Bonding/Nucleation Layers and Growth Sequences

U.S. Pat. No. 7,094,447 discloses a method to produce textured α-Al₂O₃ layers with improved wear resistance and toughness. The α-Al₂O₃ layer is formed on a (Ti,Al)(C,O,N) bonding layer using a nucleation sequence composed of aluminizing and oxidization steps. The layer is characterized by a {012} growth texture as determined by XRD.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,442,431 discloses a method to produce textured α-Al₂O₃ layers on a (Ti,Al)(C,O,N) bonding layer using a nucleation sequence composed of short pulses and purges of Ti-containing pulses and oxidizing pulses. The layer is characterized by a {110} growth texture as determined by XRD.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,455,900 discloses a method to produce textured α-Al₂O₃ layers on a (Ti,Al)(C,O,N) bonding layer using a nucleation sequence composed of short pulses and purges consisting of Ti+Al pulses and oxidizing pulses. The layer is characterized by a {116} growth texture as determined by XRD.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,442,432 discloses a method to produce textured α-Al₂O₃ layers on a (Ti,Al)(C,O,N) bonding layer with a modified but similar technique as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,455,900. The layer is characterized by a {104} growth texture as determined by XRD.

US 2007104945 discloses a textured α-Al₂O₃ coated cutting tool insert for which a nucleation controlled α-Al₂O₃ layer texture is obtained. The layer is characterized by a {006} growth texture as determined by XRD.

US 2008187774 discloses a texture-hardened α-Al₂O₃ coated cutting tool insert with a {006} growth texture as determined by XRD.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,333,103 discloses a textured α-Al₂O₃ layer grown on a Ti(C,O) bonding layer characterized by a {10(10)} growth texture as determined by XRD.

Textured Alumina Layer Synthesis Using Sequencing of Reactant Gases

U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,035 discloses a body coated with refractory single- or multilayers, wherein specific layers are characterized by a controlled microstructure and phase composition with crystal planes grown in a preferential direction with respect to the surface of the coated body (growth texture). The textured α-Al₂O₃ layer is obtained by sequencing of the reactant gases in the following order: CO₂, CO and AlCl₃. The layer is characterized by a {012} growth texture as determined by XRD.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,782 discloses a cutting tool coated with refractory single- or multilayers including α-Al₂O₃, wherein specific layers are characterized by a controlled growth texture with respect to the surface of the coated body. The textured α-Al₂O₃ layer is obtained by sequencing of the reactant gases such that first CO₂ and CO are supplied to the reactor in an N₂ and/or Ar atmosphere followed by supplying H₂ and AlCl₃ to the reactor. The layer is characterized by a {104} growth texture as determined by XRD.

Textured Alumina Layer Synthesis Using Texture Modifying Agents

U.S. Pat. No. 7,011,867 discloses a coated cutting tool comprising one or more layers of refractory compounds out of which at least one layer is an α-Al₂O₃ layer having a columnar grain-structure and a {300} growth texture as determined by XRD. The microstructure and texture is obtained by adding ZrCl₄ as a texture modifying agent to the reaction gas during growth.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,980,988 discloses a {110} textured α-Al₂O₃ layer as obtained by using SF₆ as a texture modifying agent during growth. The texture is determined by XRD.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,702,808 discloses a {110} textured α-Al₂O₃ layer as obtained sequencing SF₆ and H₂S during growth. The texture is determined by XRD.

Textured Alumina Layer Synthesis Using Conversion Layers

US RE41111 discloses a {0001} textured α-Al₂O₃ layer as obtained using an initial heat treated alumina core layer (conversion layer) with a thickness of 20-200 nm. The texture is determined by electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD).

An explanation of EBSD and the analysis for texture evaluation by using pole figures, pole plots, orientation distribution functions (ODFs) and texture indexes can for instance be found in Introduction to Texture Analysis: Macrotexture, Microtexture, and Orientation Mapping, Valerie Randle and Olaf Engler, (ISBN 90-5699-224-4) pp. 13-40.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Typically, the evaluation of texture may comprise

• • i) construction of the ODF,
  • ii) identifying the components Euler angles φ₁, Φ and φ₂ (cf. FIG. 5) and their corresponding ODF densities and crystallographic indices,
  • iii) construction of pole figure(s) of relevant texture components, and/or
  • iv) construction of pole plot(s) of the relevant texture components.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a multitexture controlled α-Al₂O₃ layer deposited by CVD with improved wear properties and chip forming cutting performance.

It is also an object of the present invention to provide a method of producing the same.

Surprisingly, it has been found that the control of a multitextured α-Al₂O₃ layer is obtained solely by the growth conditions resulting in tailorable α-Al₂O₃ layers with improved metal cutting properties.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. Examples of the deposition of α-Al₂O₃ varying between the process conditions A, B, etc. periodically/aperiodically, upwards/downwards and/or continuously/stepwise.

FIG. 2. SEM micrographs of fractured cross sections of (a) a multitextured {01-15}+{10-15}+{01-12}+{10-12} α-Al₂O₃ layer (II) and Ti(C,N) layer (I) according to the invention and (b) a single textured {0001} α-Al₂O₃ layer (II) and Ti(C,N) layer (I) according to prior art.

FIG. 3. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern from a multitextured {01-15}+{10-15}+{01-12}+{10-12} α-Al₂O₃ layer according to the invention.

FIG. 4. Back scattered SEM micrographs of polished plan views of (a) a multitextured {01-15}+{10-15}+{01-12}+{10-12} α-Al₂O₃ layer according to the invention and (b) a single textured {0001} α-Al₂O₃ layer according to prior art.

FIG. 5. Definition of the Euler angles φ₁, Φ, and φ₂ used in the ODF representation with respect to the crystallographic orientations.

FIG. 6. ODF contouring charts (Euler angles and densities) of (a) a multitextured {01-15}+{10-15}+{01-12}+{10-12} α-Al₂O₃ layer, denoted as A, A′, B and B′ respectively, according to the invention with its {01-15}, {10-15}, {01-12}, and {10-12} solutions and (b) a single textured {0001} α-Al₂O₃ layer according to prior art.

FIG. 7. EBSD pole figures of (a) {01-12}, {01-15}, {10-12}, and {10-15} texture components and (b) {0001} textured α-Al₂O₃ layer according to prior art.

FIG. 8. EBSD pole plots of (a) {01-15} texture component, (b) {10-15} texture component, (c) {01-12} texture component, (d) {10-12} texture component of a multitextured {01-15}+{10-15}+{01-12}+{10-12} α-Al₂O₃ layer and (e) a single textured {0001} α-Al₂O₃ layer according to prior art. χ is the angle from the centre (χ=0) to the rim (χ=90) of the pole figures (cf. FIG. 7). MUD is the multiples of unit distribution.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

According to the present invention, there is provided a cutting tool insert for machining by chip removal comprising a body of a hard alloy of cemented carbide, cermet, ceramic, cubic boron nitride based material onto which a hard and wear resistant coating is deposited by CVD comprising at least one α-Al₂O₃ layer, herein defined as a multitextured α-Al₂O₃ layer, with

• • an ODF texture index>1, preferably 1<ODF texture index<50, most preferably 1<ODF texture index<10, and
  • at least two dominant texture components, i.e., the highest ODF densities, each of which having 2<ODF density<100, preferably 2<ODF density<50, most preferably 3<ODF density<25, coexisting within the layer.

Preferably said multitextured α-Al₂O₃ layer has a rotational symmetry, fibre texture, relative to the surface normal of the coated body.

The texture is evaluated using pole figures, pole plots, orientation distribution functions (ODFs) and texture indexes from, e.g., EBSD or XRD data.

Said multitextured α-Al₂O₃ layer has a thickness between 0.5 μm and 30 μm, preferably between 0.5 μm and 20 μm, most preferably between 1 μm and 10 μm, with a columnar grain structure with an average column width between 0.1 μm and 5 μm, preferably between 0.1 μm and 2.5 μm and an untreated (as-deposited) surface roughness of Ra<1.0 μm over a length of 10 μm, preferably between 0.2 μm and 0.5 μm using a stylus profilometer. The column width is determined from back scattered SEM micrographs of polished plan views (top surface of the coating) and evaluated using, e.g., the EBSD Channel 5 program package.

In one preferred embodiment, said texture components have the highest ODF densities for {01-15}, {10-15}, {01-12}, and {10-12} satisfying one or both of the {01-15} or {10-15} solutions and one or both of {01-12} or {10-12} solutions with Euler angles:{01-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, preferably 22°<Φ<42°, and 1°<φ₂<59°, preferably 10°<φ₂<50°, and/or{10-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, preferably 22°<Φ<42°, and 61°<φ₂<119°, preferably 70°<φ₂<110°, and/orand{01-12}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, preferably 48°<Φ<68°, and 12°<φ₂<48°, preferably 24°<φ₂<36°, and/or{10-12}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, preferably 48°<Φ<68°, and 72°<φ₂<108°, preferably 78°<φ₂<102°, and/or

In another preferred embodiment, said texture components have the highest ODF densities for {01-15}, {10-15}, and {0001} satisfying one or both of the{01-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, preferably 22°<Φ<42°, and 1°<φ₂<59°, preferably 10°<φ₂<50°, and/or{01-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, preferably 22°<Φ<42°, and 61°<φ₂<119°, preferably 70°<φ₂<110°, and/orand{0001}: 0°≦φ₁≦90°, 0°≦Φ<15°, preferably 0°≦Φ<10°, and 0°≦φ_2≦120°.

In another preferred embodiment, said texture components have the highest ODF densities for {01-15}, {10-15}, and {10-10} satisfying one or both of the {01-15} or {10-15} solutions and the {10-10} solution with Euler angles:{01-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, preferably 22°<Φ<42°, and 1°<φ₂<59°, preferably 10°<φ₂<50°, and/or{10-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, preferably 22°<Φ<42°, and 61°<φ₂<119°, preferably 70°<φ₂<110°, and/orand{10-10}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 75°<Φ<90°, preferably 80°<Φ<90°, and 15°<φ₂<45°, preferably 20°<φ₂<40°, and 75°<φ₂<105°, preferably 80°<φ₂100°.

In another preferred embodiment, said texture components have the highest ODF densities for {01-15}, {10-15}, {11-20}, and {−1-120} satisfying one or both of the {01-15} or {10-15} solutions and one or both of {11-20} or {−1-120} solutions with Euler angles:{01-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, preferably 22°<Φ<42°, and 1°<φ₂<59°, preferably 10°<φ₂<50°, and/or{10-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, preferably 22°<Φ<42°, and 61°<φ₂<119°, preferably 70°<φ₂<110°, and/orand{11-20}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 75°<Φ<90°, preferably 80°<Φ≦90°, and 45°<φ₂<75°, preferably 50°<φ₂<70°, and/or{1-120}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 75°<Φ≦90°, preferably 80°<Φ≦90°, and 105°<φ₂≦120°, preferably 110°<φ₂≦120°.

In another preferred embodiment, said texture components have the highest ODF densities for {01-12}, {10-12} and {0001} satisfying one or both of the {01-12} or {10-12} solutions and the {0001} solution with Euler angles:{01-12}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, preferably 48°<Φ<68°, and 12°<φ₂<48°, preferably 24°<φ₂<36°, and/or{10-12}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, preferably 48°<Φ<68°, and 72°<φ₂<108°, preferably 78°<φ₂<102°, and/orand{0001}: 0°≦φ₁≦90°, 0°≦Φ<15°, preferably 0°≦Φ<10°, and 0°≦φ₂≦120°.

In another preferred embodiment, said texture components have the highest ODF densities for {0001}, {11-20}, and {−1-120} satisfying the {0001} solution and one or both of the {11-20} or {−1-120} solutions with Euler angles:{0001}: 0°≦φ₁≦90°,0°≦Φ<15°, preferably 0°≦Φ<10°, and 0°≦φ₂≦120°,and{11-20}: 0°≦φ₁≦90°, 75°<Φ≦90°, preferably 80°<Φ≦90°, and 45°<φ₂<75°, preferably 50°<φ₂<70°, and/or{−1-120}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 75°<Φ≦90°, preferably 80°<Φ≦90°, and 105°<φ₂≦120°, preferably 110°<φ₂≦120°, and/or

In another preferred embodiment, said texture components have the highest ODF densities for {0001} and {10-10} satisfying the {0001} solution and the {10-10} solution with Euler angles:{0001}: 0°≦φ₁≦90°, 0°≦Φ<15°, preferably 0°≦Φ<10°, and 0°≦φ₂≦120°,and{10-10}: 0°≦φ₁≦90°, 75°<Φ<90°, preferably 80°<Φ<90°, and 15°<φ₂<45°, preferably 20°<φ₂<40°, and 75°<φ₂<105°, preferably 80°<φ₂100°.

In another preferred embodiment, said texture components have the highest ODF densities for {01-12}, {10-12}, {11-20}, and {−1-120} satisfying one or both of the {01-12} or {10-12} solutions and one or both of the {11-20} or {1-1-120} solutions with Euler angles:{01-12}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, preferably 48°<Φ<68°, and 12°<φ₂<48°, preferably 24°<φ₂<36°, and/or{10-12}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, preferably 48°<Φ<68°, and 72°<φ₂<108°, preferably 78°<φ₂<102°, and/orand{11-20}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 75°<Φ≦90°, preferably 80°<Φ≦90°, and 45°<φ₂<75°, preferably 50°<φ₂<70°, and/or{−1-120}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 75°<Φ≦90°, preferably 80°<Φ≦90°, and 105°<φ₂≦120°, preferably 110°<φ₂≦120°, and/or

In another preferred embodiment, said texture components have the highest ODF densities for {01-12}, {10-12}, and {10-10} satisfying one or both of the {01-12} or {10-12} solutions and the {10-10} solution with Euler angles:{01-12}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, preferably 48°<Φ<68°, and 12°<φ₂<48°, preferably 24°<φ₂<36°, and/or{10-12}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, preferably 48°<Φ<68°, and 72°<φ₂<108°, preferably 78°<φ₂<102°, and/orand{10-10}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 75°<Φ<90°, preferably 80°<Φ<90°, and 15°<φ₂<45°, preferably 20°<φ₂<75°, and/or

In another preferred embodiment, said texture components have the highest ODF densities for {10-10}, {11-20}, and {−1-120} satisfying the {10-10} solution and one or both of the {11-20} or {−1-120} solutions with Euler angles:{10-10}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 17°<Φ<90°, preferably 80°<Φ<90°, and 15°<φ₂<45°, preferably 80°<φ₂<100°,and{11-20}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 75°<Φ≦90°, preferably 80°<Φ≦90°, and 45°<φ₂<75°, preferably 50°<φ₂<70°, and/or{−1-120}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 75°<Φ≦90°, preferably 80°<Φ≦90°, and 105°<φ₂≦120°, preferably 110°<φ₂≦120°.

In another preferred embodiment, said texture components have the highest ODF densities for {01-15}, {10-15}, {0001}, and {10-10} satisfying one or both of the {10-15} or {01-15} solutions and the {0001} solution and the {10-10} solution with Euler angles:{01-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, preferably 22°<Φ<42°, and 1°<φ₂<59°, preferably 10°<φ₂<50°, and/or{10-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, preferably 22°<Φ<42°, and 61°<φ₂<119°, preferably 70°<φ₂<110°, and/orand{0001}: 0°≦φ₁≦90°, 0°≦Φ<15°, preferably 0°≦Φ<10°, and 0°≦φ₂≦120°,and{10-10}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 75°<Φ<90°, preferably 80°<Φ<90°, and 15°<φ₂<45°, preferably 20°<φ₂<40°, and 75°<φ₂<105°, preferably 80°φ₂<100°.

In another preferred embodiment, said texture components have the highest ODF densities for {01-12}, {10-12}, {0001}, and {10-10} satisfying one or both of the {01-12} or {10-12} solutions and the {0001} solution and the {10-10} solution with Euler angles:{01-12}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, preferably 48°<Φ<68°, and 12°<φ₂<48°, preferably 24°<φ₂<36°, and/or{10-12}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, preferably 48°<Φ<68°, and 72°<φ₂<108°, preferably 78°<φ₂<102°,and{0001}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 0°<Φ<15°, preferably 0°≦Φ<10°, and 0°≦φ₂≦120°,and{10-10}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 75°<Φ<90°, preferably 80°<Φ<90°, and 15°<φ₂<45°, preferably 20°<φ₂<40°, and 75°<φ₂<105°, preferably 80°<φ₂<100°.

In another preferred embodiment, said texture components have the highest ODF densities for {01-15}, {10-15}, {0001}, {11-20}, and {−1-120} satisfying one or both of the {10-15} or {01-15} solutions and the {0001} solution and one or both of the {11-20} or {−1-120} solutions with Euler angles:{01-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, preferably 22°<Φ<42°, and 1°<φ₂<59°, preferably 10°<φ₂<50°, and/or{10-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, preferably 22°<Φ<42°, and 61°<φ₂<119°, preferably 70°<φ₂<110°,and{0001}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 0°≦Φ<15°, preferably 0°≦Φ<10°, and 0°≦φ₂≦120°,and{11-20}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 75°<Φ≦90°, preferably 80°<Φ≦90°, and 45°<φ₂<75°, preferably 50°<φ₂<70°, and/or{−1-120}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 75°<Φ≦90°, preferably 80°<Φ≦90°, and 105°<φ₂≦120°, preferably 110°<φ₂≦120°.

In another preferred embodiment, said texture components have the highest ODF densities for {01-15}, {10-15}, {01-12}, {10-12}, and {0001} satisfying one or both of the {10-15} or {01-15} solutions and one or both of the {01-12} or {10-12} solutions and the {0001} solution with Euler angles:{01-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, preferably 22°<Φ<42°, and 1°<φ₂<59°, preferably 10°<φ₂<50°, and/or{01-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, preferably 22°<Φ<42°, and 1°<φ₂<59°, preferably 10°<φ₂<50°, and/orand{01-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, preferably 22°<Φ<42°, and 1°<φ₂<59°, preferably 10°<φ₂<50°, and/or{01-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, preferably 22°<Φ<42°, and 1°<φ₂<59°, preferably 10°<φ₂<50°, and/orand{01-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, preferably 22°<Φ<42°, and 1°<φ₂<59°, preferably 10°<φ₂<50°, and/or

In another preferred embodiment, said texture components have the highest ODF densities for {01-15}, {10-15}, {10-10}, {01-12}, and {10-12} satisfying one or both of the {10-15} or {01-15} solutions and the {0001} solution and one or both of the {01-12} or {10-12} solutions with Euler angles:{01-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, preferably 22°<Φ<42°, and 1°<φ₂<59°, preferably 10°<φ₂<50°, and/or{01-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, preferably 22°<Φ<42°, and 1°<φ₂<59°, preferably 10°<φ₂<50°, and/orand{01-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, preferably 22°<Φ<42°, and 1°<φ₂<59°, preferably 10°<φ₂<50°, and/orand{01-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, preferably 22°<Φ<42°, and 1°<φ₂<59°, preferably 10°<φ₂<50°, and/or{01-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, preferably 22°<Φ<42°, and 1°<φ₂<59°, preferably 10°<φ₂<50°, and/or

In another preferred embodiment, said texture components have the highest ODF densities for {01-15}, {10-15}, {10-10}, {01-12}, {10-12}, and {0001} satisfying one or both of the {10-15} or {01-15} solutions and {10-10} solution and one or both of the {01-12} or {10-12} solutions and the {0001} solution with Euler angles:{01-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, preferably 22°<Φ<42°, and 1°<φ₂<59°, preferably 10°<φ₂<50°, and/or{10-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, preferably 22°<Φ<42°, and 61°<φ₂<119°, preferably 70°<φ₂<110°,and{10-10}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 75°<Φ<90°, preferably 80°<Φ<90°, and 15°<φ₂<45°, preferably 20°<φ₂<40°, and 75°<φ₂<105°,and{01-12}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, preferably 48°<Φ<68°, and 12°<φ₂<48°, preferably 24°<φ₂<36°, and/or{10-12}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, preferably 48°<Φ<68°, and 72°<φ₂<108°, preferably 78°<φ₂<102°,and{0001}: 0°≦φ₁≦90°, 0°≦Φ<15°, preferably 0°≦Φ<10°, and 0°≦φ₂≦120°.

Said coating may comprise of an inner single- and/or multilayers of, e.g. TiN, TiC or Ti(C,O,N) or other Al₂O₃ polymorphs, preferably Ti(C,O,N), and/or an outer single- and/or multilayers of, e.g. TiN, TiC, Ti(C,O,N) or other Al₂O₃ polymorphs, preferably TiN and/or Ti(C,O,N), to a total thickness 0.5 to 40 μm, preferably 0.5 to 30 μm, and most preferably 1 to 20 μm, according to prior art.

Optionally, said coated body is post treated with, e.g., wet blasting, brushing operation, etc. such that the desired surface quality is obtained.

According to the invention, the deposition method for the multitextured α-Al₂O₃ layer of the present invention is based on chemical vapour deposition at a temperature between 950 C and 1050 C in mixed H₂, CO₂, CO, H₂S, HCl and AlCl₃ at a gas pressure between 50 and 150 mbar as known in the art. During deposition, the CO₂/CO gas flow ratio is periodically or aperiodically varied, upwards and downwards, continuously or stepwise between at least two gas flow ratios chosen within the interval 0.3≦(CO₂/CO)≦6 and with a difference of at least 0.1. The time between the starting points for the chosen gas flow ratios is between 1 and 60 minutes, preferably between 2 and 30 minutes. It is within the purview of the skilled artisan to determine the detailed process conditions in accordance with the present description.

This invention also relates to the use of cutting tool inserts according to the above for machining by chip removal at cutting speeds between 75 and 600 m/min, preferably between 150 and 600 m/min, with an average feed, per tooth in the case of milling, between 0.08 and 0.5 mm, preferably between 0.1 and 0.4 mm depending on cutting speed and insert geometry.

Example 1

Cemented carbide inserts with the composition 5.5 wt % Co, 8 wt % cubic carbides and balance WC, were initially coated with a 6 μm thick layer of MTCVD Ti(C,N). In subsequent process steps and during the same coating cycle, a 5 μm thick layer of a multitextured α-Al₂O₃ was deposited with the general process conditions given in table 1 and the specific process conditions, indexed with A, B, C and D, given in table 2. The α-Al₂O₃ layer was deposited with a periodical and continuous change between process conditions A, B, C and D, and in time steps set by the process time ratios t_A: t_B: t_c: t_D where i=A, B, C, D, is the time between two consecutive process conditions. The period time is t_A+t_B+t_c+t_D.

TABLE 1
General process conditions
CO2 + CO/%       7.5
AlCl3/%          2
H2S/%            0.3
HCl/%            2
H2/%             Balance
Pressure/mbar    70
Temperature/° C. 1000

	TABLE 2
	Specific process conditions (A, B, C and D)
Insert	(CO2/CO)A:(CO2/
#	CO)B:(CO2/CO)C:(CO2/CO)D	tA′:tB′:tC′:tD′	Period time
1	1:2:n.a.:n.a.	1:1:n.a.:n.a	40 min
2	1:2:n.a.:n.a.	1:1:n.a.:n.a	20 min
3	1:2:n.a.:n.a.	1:1:n.a.:n.a	10 min
4	1:2:n.a.:n.a	1:2:n.a.:n.a	30 min
5	1:2:n.a.:n.a	1:3:n.a.:n.a	40 min
6	0.5:1:n.a.:n.a	1:1:n.a.:n.a	20 min
7	0.5:1:n.a.:n.a	1:2:n.a.:n.a	30 min
8	0.5:1:n.a.:n.a	1:3:n.a.:n.a	40 min
9	0.5:2:n.a.:n.a	1:1:n.a.:n.a	20 min
10	0.5:2:n.a.:n.a	1:2:n.a.:n.a	30 min
11	0.5:2:n.a.:n.a	1:3:n.a.:n.a	20 min
12	0.5:2:n.a.:n.a	1:3:n.a.:n.a	40 min
13	2:5:n.a.:n.a	1:1:n.a.:n.a	20 min
14	2:5:n.a.:n.a	1:2:n.a.:n.a	30 min
15	2:5:n.a.:n.a	1:3:n.a.:n.a	40 min
16	0.5:5:n.a.:n.a	1:1:n.a.:n.a	20 min
17	0.5:5:n.a.:n.a	1:2:n.a.:n.a	30 min
18	0.5:5:n.a.:n.a	1:3:n.a.:n.a	40 min
19	0.5:1:2:n.a.	3:1:2:n.a.	60 min
20	1:2:5:n.a.	3:1:1:n.a.	50 min
21	1:2:5:n.a.	3:1:1:n.a.	25 min
22	0.5:1:5:n.a.	2:1:1:n.a.	40 min
23	0.5:2:5:n.a.	1:1:1:n.a.	30 min
24	0.5:1:2:5	1:1:1:1	40 min

Example 2

Example 1 was repeated with a single textured α-Al₂O₃ layer using a constant CO₂/CO gas flow ratio of 2.0.

Example 3

α-Al₂O₃ layers from example 1 and 2 were characterized by SEM and EBSD using a LEO Ultra 55 scanning electron microscope operated at 15 kV and equipped with a HKL Nordlys II EBSD detector. The texture was evaluated from the EBSD data by constructing ODF's with series expansion having a resolution of 32×32×32 points and a Gaussian half width of 5° and L_max=34 clustering data of 5° over a representative area of a polished top surface of the α-Al₂O₃ layers. The commercial Channel 5 software version 5.0.9.0 was used for data collection and also for data analyses: calculations of ODFs, i.e. the Euler angles and densities as well as texture indexes, pole figures, and pole plots.

FIG. 2 shows back scattered SEM micrographs of polished cross sections of the α-Al₂O₃ layers, marked with II in the images, for (a) insert 2 in example 1 (invention) and (b) example 2 (reference). Both layers exhibit a columnar grain to structure. The invention layers show a strong reduction of the surface roughness.

The surface roughness of insert 2 in example 1 was Ra=0.35 μm as measured by a stylus profilometer over a length of 10 μm.

FIG. 3 shows X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns from insert 2 in example 1 demonstrating a multitextured {01-15}+{10-15}+{01-12}+{10-12} α-Al₂O₃ layer.

FIG. 4 shows back scattered SEM micrographs of polished plan views of (a) a multitextured {01-15}+{10-15}+{01-12}+{10-12} α-Al₂O₃ layer of insert 2 in example 1 and (b) a single textured {0001}α-Al₂O₃ layer of example 2. The invention layers show reduced column width, in average between 0.1 μm and 2.5 μm as determined from back scattered SEM micrographs of polished plan views (top surface of the coating) and evaluated using, e.g., the EBSD Channel 5 program package.

FIG. 6 shows ODF contour charts (ODF Euler angles and densities) as deduced from the EBSD data of (a) a multitextured {01-15}+{10-15}+{01-12}+{10-12} α-Al₂O₃ layer from insert 2 in example 1 (table 2) with the {01-15}, {10-15}, {01-12} and {10-12} solutions and an ODF texture index of 4.06, and (b) of a single textured {0001}α-Al₂O₃ layer of example 2 with an ODF texture index of 5.5. The Euler angles φ₁, Φ and φ₂ for the {01-15}, {10-15}, {01-12} and {10-12} solutions of the {01-15}, {10-15}, {01-12}, and {10-12} texture components are centred (highest ODF density) at about{01-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, Φ=32° and φ₂=30°,{10-15}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, Φ=32° and φ₂=90°,{01-12}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, Φ=58° and φ₂=30°, and{10-12}:0°≦φ₁≦90°, Φ=58° and φ₂=90°.

From the Channel 5 software, the ODF density values for the {01-15} and {01-12} texture components were deduced as 17.7 and 6.2, respectively. The results demonstrate a multitextured {01-15}+{01-12} fibre texture.

The texture index and texture components with its corresponding ODF densities for the inserts in example 1 are shown in table 3.

TABLE 3
Insert	Texture
#	index	Dominant texture component/ODF density
1	3.98	{01-15}/16.5	{01-12}/6.1
2	4.06	{01-15}/17.7	{01-12}/6.2
3	4.22	{01-15}/17.3	{01-12}/5.9
4	3.94	{01-15}/10.3	{01-12}/12.4
5	4.14	{01-15}/8.2	{01-12}/19.2
6	3.81	{01-15}/12.0	{0001}/4.2
7	2.54	{01-15}/6.9	{0001}/6.3
8	4.44	{01-15}/5.1	{0001}/15.2
9	4.91	{01-12}/15.9	{0001}/3.1
10	2.79	{01-12}/5.7	{0001}/7.1
11	4.91	{01-12}/3.2	{0001}/13.9
12	4.83	{01-12}/3.3	{0001}/14.4
13	5.56	{01-12}/19.4	{10-10}/6.0
14	4.67	{01-12}/13.2	{10-10}/21.0
15	5.93	{01-12}/7.6	{10-10}/24.0
16	3.25	{0001}/14.0	{10-10}/4.3
17	2.95	{0001}/5.9	{10-10}/13.4
18	3.85	{0001}/3.1	{10-10}/14.7
19	2.72	{01-15}/9.6	{01-12}/3.5	{0001}/5.2
20	3.48	{01-15}/15.5	{01-12}/5.0	{10-10}/7.7
21	3.34	{01-15}/14.9	{01-12}/4.9	{10-10}/7.5
22	2.79	{01-15}/10.0	{0001}/5.4	{10-10}/5.0
23	2.36	{0001}/6.6	{01-12}/4.2	{10-10}/6.4
24	1.78	{01-15}/5.9	{01-12}/4.7	{0001}/4.5	{10-10}/5.2

In addition, pole figures and pole plots of the fibre textures were plotted.

FIG. 7 shows pole figures of (a) {01-15}, {10-15}, {01-12}, and {10-12} texture components of insert 2 in example 1 and (b) {0001} textured α-Al₂O₃ layer of example 2.

FIG. 8 shows pole plots of (a) {01-15} texture component, (b) {10-15} texture component, (c) {01-12} texture component, (d) {10-12} texture component of insert 2 in example 1 and (e) a single textured {0001}α-Al₂O₃ layer of example 2. χ is the angle from the centre (χ=0) to the rim (χ=90) of the pole figures (cf. FIG. 4). MUD is the multiples of unit distribution.

Example 4

Coated inserts from example 1 and example 2 together with competitor grades were tested in a continuous turning application at the following cutting conditions.

Work piece: Cylindrical bar

Material: SS1672

Insert type: CNMG120408

Cutting speed: 300 m/min

Feed: 0.35 mm/rev

Depth of cut: 2.5 mm

Remarks: dry

Life time for crater wear was used as criterion.

TABLE 4
Insert             Time/minutes
Example1: Insert 1 15
Example1: Insert 2 14
Example1: Insert 3 14
Example1: Insert 4 13.5
Example 2          13
Competitor X       13
Competitor Y       Break down
Competitor Z       11

Example 5

Coated inserts from example 1 and example 2 together with a competitor grade were tested in a continuous turning application at the following cutting conditions.

Work piece: Cylindrical bar

Material: SS2258

Insert type: CNMG120408

Cutting speed: 220 m/min

Feed: 0.35 mm/rev

Depth of cut: 2.5 mm

Remarks: dry

Life time for crater wear was used as criterion.

TABLE 5
Insert              Time/minutes
Example1: insert 2  12
Example1: insert 12 12
Example1: insert 19 13
Example 2           11
Competitor X        10

Example 6

Coated inserts from example 1 and example 2 together with a competitor grade were tested in a continuous turning application at the following cutting conditions.

Work piece: Cylindrical bar

Material: SS2348

Insert type: CNMG120408

Cutting speed: 180 m/min

Feed: 0.35 mm/rev

Depth of cut: 2.5 mm

Remarks: dry

Life time for crater wear was used as criterion.

TABLE 6
Insert             Time/minutes
Example1: insert 1 17
Example1: insert 5 18
Example 2          16
Competitor X       16

Claims

1. A cutting tool insert for machining by chip removal comprising a body of a hard alloy of cemented carbide, cermet, ceramics or cubic boron nitride based material onto which a hard and wear resistant coating is deposited by CVD comprising: at least one α-Al2O3 layer with a thickness between 0.5 μm and 30 μm, havingan ODF texture index>1, andat least two dominant texture components with 2<ODF density<100 coexisting within the layer.

2. The cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein 1<ODF texture index<50.

3. The cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein 1<ODF texture index<10.

4. The cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein 2<ODF density<50.

5. The cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein 3<ODF density<25.

6. The cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said layer is fibre textured.

7. The cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said layer has a columnar grain structure with an average column width between 0.1 μm and 5 μm.

8. The cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said layer has a surface roughness Ra<1.0 μm.

9. The cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said layer comprises texture components with Euler angles 0°≦φ1≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, and 1°<φ2<59°, and/or0°≦φ1≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, and 61°<φ2<119°,and0°≦φ1≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, and 12°<φ2<48°, and/or0°≦φ1≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, and 72°<φ2<108°.

10. The cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein that said layer comprises texture components with Euler angles 0°≦φ1≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, and 1°<φ2<59°,0°≦φ1≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, and 61°<φ2<119°,and0°≦φ1≦90°, 0°≦Φ<15°, and 0°≦φ2≦120°.

11. The cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said layer comprises texture components with Euler angles 0°≦φ1≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, and 1°<φ2<59°, and/or0°≦φ1≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, and 61°<φ2<119°,and0°≦φ1≦90°, 75°<Φ<90°, and 15°<φ2<45°, and 75°<φ2<105°.

12. The cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said layer comprises texture components with Euler angles 0°≦φ1≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, and 1°<φ2<59°, and/or0°≦φ1≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, and 61°<φ2<119°,and0°≦φ1≦90°, 75°<Φ≦90°, and 45°<φ2<75°, and/or

13. The cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said layer comprises texture components with Euler angles 0°≦φ1≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, and 12°<φ2<48°, and/or0°≦φ1≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, and 72°<φ2<108°,and0°≦φ1≦90°, 0°≦Φ<15°, and 0°≦φ2≦120°.

14. The cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said layer comprises texture components with Euler angles 0°≦φ1≦90°, 0°≦Φ<15°, and 0°≦φ2≦120°,and0°≦φ1≦90°, 75°<Φ≦90°, and 45°<φ2<75° and/or0°≦φ1≦90°, 75°<Φ≦90°, and 105°<φ2≦120°.

15. The cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said layer comprises texture components with Euler angles 0°≦φ1≦90°, 0°≦Φ<15°, and 0°≦φ2≦120°,and0°≦φ1≦90°, 75°<Φ<90°, and 15°<φ2<45°, and 75°<φ2<105°.

16. The cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said layer comprises texture components with Euler angles 0°≦φ1≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, and 12°<φ2<48°, and/or0°≦φ1≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, and 72°<φ2<108°and0°≦φ1≦90°, 75°<Φ≦90°, and 45°<φ2<75°, and/or0°≦φ1≦90°, 75°<Φ≦90°, and 105°<φ2≦120°.

17. The cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said layer comprises texture components with Euler angles 0°≦φ1≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, and 12°<φ2<48°, and/or0°≦φ1≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, and 72°<φ2<108°,and0°≦φ1≦90°, 75°<Φ<90°, and 15°<φ2<45°, and 75°<φ2<105°.

18. The cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said layer comprises texture components with Euler angles 0°≦φ1≦90°, 75°<Φ<90°, and 15°<φ2<45°, and 75°<φ2<105°,and0°≦φ1≦90°, 75°<Φ≦90°, and 45°<φ2<75°, and/or0°≦φ1≦90°, 75°<Φ≦90°, and 105°<φ2≦120°.

19. The cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said layer comprises texture components with Euler angles 0°≦φ1≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, and 1°<φ2<59°, and/or0°≦φ1≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, and 61°<φ2<119°and0°≦φ1≦90°, 0°≦Φ<15°, and 0°≦φ2≦120°,and0°≦φ1≦90°, 75°<Φ<90°, and 15°<φ2<45°, and 75°<φ2<105°.

20. The cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said layer comprises texture components with Euler angles 0°≦φ1≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, and 12°<φ2<48°, and/or0°≦φ1≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, and 72°<φ2<108°,and0°≦φ1≦90°, 0°≦Φ<15°, and 0°≦φ2≦120°,and0°≦φ1≦90°, 75°<Φ<90°, and 15°<φ2<45°, and 75°<φ2<105°.

21. The cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said layer comprises texture components with Euler angles 0°≦φ1≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, and 1°<φ2<59°, and/or0°≦φ1≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, and 61°<φ2<119°,and0°≦φ1≦90°, 0°≦Φ<15°, and 0°≦φ2≦120°,and0°≦φ1≦90°, 75°<Φ≦90°, and 45°<φ2<75°, and/or0°≦φ1≦90°, 75°<Φ≦90°, and 105°<φ2≦120°.

22. The cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said layer comprises texture components with Euler angles 0°≦φ1≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, and 1°<φ2<59°, and/or0°≦φ1≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, and 61°<φ2<119°,and0°≦φ1≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, and 12°<φ2<48°, and/or0°≦φ1≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, and 72°<φ2<108°,and0°≦φ1≦90°, 0°≦Φ<15°, and 0°≦φ2≦120°.

23. The cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said layer comprises texture components with Euler angles 0°≦φ1≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, and 1°<φ2<59°, and/or0°≦φ1≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, and 61°<φ2<119°,and0°≦φ1≦90°, 75°<Φ<90°, and 15°<φ2<45°, and 75°<φ2<105°,and0°≦φ1≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, and 12°<φ2<48°, and/or0°≦φ1≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, and 72°<φ2<108°.

24. The cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein said layer comprises texture components with Euler angles 0°≦φ1≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, and 1°<φ2<59°, and/or0°≦φ1≦90°, 17°<Φ<47°, and 61°<φ2<119°,and0°≦φ1≦90°, 0°≦Φ<15°, and 0°≦φ2≦120°,and0°≦φ1≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, and 12°<φ2<48°, and/or0°≦φ2≦90°, 43°<Φ<73°, and 72°<φ2<108°,and0°≦1≦90°, 75°<Φ<90°, and 15°<φ2<45°, and 75°<φ2<105°.

25. The cutting tool insert according to claim 1, wherein coating comprises of an inner single- and/or multilayers of, e.g. TiN, TiC or Ti(C,O,N) or other Al2O3 polymorphs, and/or an outer single- and/or multilayers of, e.g. TiN, TiC, Ti(C,O,N) or other Al2O3 polymorphs to a total thickness 0.5 to 40 μm.

26. A method of making a cutting tool insert comprising a body of cemented carbide, cermet, ceramics or cubic boron nitride based material onto which a hard and wear resistant coating comprising at least one α-Al2O3 layer is deposited by chemical vapour deposition at a temperature between 950° C. and 1050° C. in mixed H2, CO2, CO, H2S, HCl and AlCl3 at a gas pressure between 50 and 150 mbar characterised in periodically varying the CO2/CO gas flow ratio, upwards and downward, continuously or stepwise between at least two gas flow ratios chosen within the interval 0.3≦(CO2/CO)≦6 and with a difference of at least 0.1, wherein, the time between the starting points for the chosen gas flow ratios is between 1 and 60 minutes, preferably between 2 and 30 minutes;