Antibiotic agents

Abstract

A new antibiotic cyclic lipopeptide and a method of producing it are described. The agent has very high activity against human pathogens and is of very low mammalian toxicity.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a compound having the formula ##STR1## The structure of the compound has been determined by detailed analyses of the spectral characteristics.

MASS SPECTRAL DATA

Electron impact (EI) mass spectral data were obtained either on a Finnigan-MAT MAT 212 mass spectrometer at 90 eV or a Finnnigan-MAT TSQ70 at 70 eV. Fast atom bombardment (FAB) spectra were recorded on a Finnigan-MAT MAT90 instrument using dithiothreitol:dithioerythritol (MB) or MB containing cesium iodide.

COMPOUND I

This compound has the molecular weight 1046 by FAB-MS (observed [M+H].sup.+ at m/z 1047; [M+Cs].sup.+ at m/z 1179). The empirical formula C.sub.51 H.sub.82 N.sub.8 O.sub.15 was determined by high resolution FAB from the [M+Cs].sup.+ ion: calculated 1046.5900, found 1046.5787.

NMR SPECTRAL DATA

.sup.1 H NMR Spectra were recorded at 21.degree. C. in CD.sub.3 OD on a Varian XL-400 NMR spectrometer at 400 MHz. Chemical shifts are shown in ppm relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) at zero ppm using the solvent peak at 3.30 ppm as internal reference.

.sup.13 C NMR Spectra were recorded in CD.sub.3 OD at 21.degree. C. on a Varian XL-400 spectrometer at 100 MHz. Chemical shifts are given in ppm relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) at zero ppm using the solvent peak at 49.0 ppm as internal reference.

.sup.1 H NMR obtained in CD.sub.3 OD is seen in FIG. 1.

.sup.13 C NMR Chemical Shifts (CD.sub.3 OD, 100 MHz): 11.17, 11.57, 19.79, 20.18, 20.72, 24.30, 27.01, 27.65, 28.02, 30.27, 30.34, 30.53, 30.74, 31.10, 31.24, 32.91, 36.74, 37.94, 38.06, 38.59, 39.02, 39.94, 45.93, 52.89(x2), 55.65, 56.69, 57.20, 58.40, 62.44, 68.01, 70.28, 70.62, 71.25, 75.85, 76.09, 76.77, 116.3(x2), 129.6(x2), 133.1, 158.5, 169.7, 172.3, 172.4, 172.9,, 173.5, 175.2, 176.1, 176.8 ppm.

On the basis of these and other data, Compound I is believed with considerable certainty to have the structure indicated.

The compound is a white solid, soluble in organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethyl acetate and the like.

The compound of this invention has antifungal properties against both filamentous fungi and yeasts. It is particularly useful against organisms causing pathogenic mycotic infections such as Candida albicans, Candida rugosa, Candida parapsilosis and the like, where high activity is exhibited over a panel of strains of the organisms.

Moreover, unlike a number of antifungal agents, such as amphotericin B, which while active against Candida albicans and other fungal pathogens are limited in their ability because of the untoward and dangerous side effects, the antifungal agent of the present invention is not only a very effective but is substantially free of undesirable side reactions.

Red blood cell lysis, a harmful and potentially fatal side reaction is shown by many compounds at concentrations approaching the therapeutic dose and this property has limited the applicability of these compounds as drugs. The compounds of the present invention would require a concentration of drug far above that required for therapeutic use before red blood cell lysis could occur.

The compound is also effective antifungally against filamentous fungi, especially Cochliobolus miyabeanus, Aspergillus species, Penicillium species, Fusarium species, Alternaria species, Neurospora species and the like.

The compound of formula (I) are also useful as an agent for the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii, the causative agent of pneumonia of particular severity to immune compromised patients such as those with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Compounds I is conveniently produced by cultivating Zalerion arboricola ATCC 20958, deposited under the Budapest Treaty in the Culture Collection of the American Type Culture Collection at 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852.

Zalerion arboricola ATCC 20958 is a mutagenized form of Zalerion arboricola ATCC 20868.

While Compounds I may be formed on the cultivation of Z. arboricola ATCC 20868, it is not readily detectable and is not formed in readily isolatable amounts.

The major product on the cultivation of Z. arboricola HTCC 20868 is Compound X ##STR2## Compound X is the subject of copending application Ser. No. 362,647, filed June 7, 1989, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 105,795 filed Oct. 10, 1987, now abandoned.

The discovery of Compound I was made possible by cultivation of Z. arboricola ATCC 20958. This mutant may be produced by treating a spore suspension of Z. arboricola ATCC 20868 with a mutagen, followed by plating incubating, and isolating, as hereinafter more fully described. Although about a hundred different mutants were obtained by the procedure, only one mutant was found to accomplish the results achieved by the present invention. This culture, which is identified in the Merck Culture Collection as MF 5405, has been deposited in the permanent culture collection of the American Type Culture Collection, 2301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852 and is accessible under the accession number ATCC 20958.

For the production of the mutant, any of the agents commonly used to produce mutants such as ultraviolet radiation, chemical mutagen, or intercalating agent may be employed. Suitable chemical mutagens include N-nitroso-N-methylurethane and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.

In the present instance the Z. arboricola mutant was obtained by treating a spore suspension of Z. arboricola ATCC 20868 in 0.3 M tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) buffer with N-nitroso-N-methylurethane, plating the treated suspension on potato dextrose agar and incubating to develop colonies, thereafter isolating the colonies, transferring the separate colonies to slants of potato dextrose agar and incubating for 10 to 14 days to obtain cultures of mutants of Z arboricola, one of which was tentatively identified as Zl-18 subsequently maintained in the Merck Culture Collection as MF 5405, and presently available as ATCC 20928.

The colonial and morphological description of Z. arboricola ATCC 20958 are as follows:

Colonies on potato-dextrose agar (Difco) at 20.degree. C. slow-growing, attaining a diameter of 8-12 mm in one week. Mature colonies (3-4 weeks) on potato-dextrose agar effuse, with submerged and aerial hyphae, surface hairy, lanose, or funiculose, dull to moderately shiny, forming raised, densely compact colonies, with a substromatic texture due to dense conidia formation. Colony color pale olive-brown, olive, olive-brown, finally olive-black, Isabella Color, Sayal Brown, Tawny-olive, Saccardo's Umber, Sepia, Brownish Olive, Raw Umber, Dark Olive, Olivaceous Black (capitalized color names from R. Ridgway. 1912. Color Standards and Nomenclature, Washington, D.C.). Same colors in colony reverse. Odor, exudates, and soluble pigments absent.

Hyphae (in 3% KOH) pale yellow-brown to olive-brown, septate, branched, often with irregular lateral or terminal lobes, 1-3 um wide, thin- to slightly thick-walled, with walls smooth to slightly incrusted or verrucose. Aerial hypyae often adhering together in facicles. Setae and hyphopodia absent.

Conidiogeneous cells monoblastic, scattered to dense, intrgrated, terminal and intercalary, arising directly from undifferentiated hyphae, at right to slightly acute angles. Conidia originating as irregular chains, filaments, or coils, later developing as compact, irregular masses of 6-25 cells. Individual conidial cells, 3-6 um in diameter, globose, subglobose, or slightly irregular to lobed, smooth to finely verruculose, yellow-brown to olive brown.

Compound I is obtained by cultivating Z. arboricola ATCC 20958 in a suitable nutrient medium under conditions hereinafter described until a substantial amount of antifungal activity is detected in the culture medium, harvesting by extracting the active components from the fermentation medium with a suitable solvent, concentrating the solution containing the desired component, then subjecting the concentrated material to chromatographic separation to isolate Compound I from other metabolites also present in the cultivation medium.

PRODUCTION

Compound I is produced by cultivating Z. arboricola MF 20958 in a suitable nutrient medium containing sources of carbon and nitrogen assimilable by the microorganism and also containing low levels of inorganic salts. The medium may be supplemented with trace metals, although if complex sources of carbon and nitrogen are employed, the trace metals are usually present in the complex sources.

The sources of carbon include glycerol, sugars, sugar alcohols, starches and other carbohydrates, or carbohydrate derivatives such as dextran, cerelose, as well as complex nutrients such as oat flour, corn meal, millet, corn and the like. The exact quantity of the carbon source which is utilized in the medium will depend, in part, upon the other ingredients in the medium, but it is usually found that an amount of carbohydrate between 0.5 and 40 percent by weight of the medium is satisfactory. These carbon sources can be used individually or several such carbon sources may be combined in the same medium.

The sources of nitrogen include amino acids such as glycine, arginine, threonine, methionine and the like, ammonium salt, as well as complex sources such as yeast hydrolysates, yeast autolysates, yeast cells, tomato paste, soybean meal, casein hydrolysates, yeast extracts, corn steep liquors, distillers solubles, cottonseed meal, meat extract, and the like. The various sources of nitrogen can be used alone or in combination in amounts ranging from 0.2 to 10 percent by weight of the medium.

Among the nutrient inorganic salts, which can be incorporated in the culture media are the customary salts capable of yielding sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphate, sulfate, chloride, carbonate, and like ions. Also included are trace metals such as cobalt, manganese, iron, molybdenum, zinc, cadmium, and the like.

Although the growth medium may be prepared in a conventional manner from the foregoing nutrients, the presence of certain nutrients and/or combination of nutrients favor the production of Compound I. Thus, ammonium salts are important as an immediate source of nitrogen and monobasic potassium phosphate is important for pH control. Mannitol is especially useful in compositions, not only for enhancing the amount of desired product formed but also in improving the rate of production of the desired product.

The cultivation medium may be either liquid or solid.

Representatives suitable mannitol containing media for production of Compound I are the following:

______________________________________ per liter per liter______________________________________RG 2 MEDIUM RG 120 MEDIUMMannitol 44 g Mannitol 91 gCorn Steep Liquor 4 g Corn Steep Liquor 4 mlLard Water 4 g Lard Water 4 gPectin 10 g Pectin 10 gKH.sub.2 PO.sub.4 2 g KH.sub.2 PO.sub.4 2 gTomato Paste 4 g Tomato Paste 4 gPeptonized Milk 4 g Peptonized Milk 4 gGlycine 2 g Glycine 2 gPeanut Meal 4 g Peanut Meal 4 gpH adjusted to 7.0 pH adjusted to 7.0TG 102 MEDIUM TG 103 MEDIUMD-Mannitol 40 g D-Mannitol 40 gBacto-Peptone* 33 g Bacto-Peptone* 33 gBacto-Yeast Extract 10 g Bacto-Yeast Extract 10 g(NH.sub.4).sub.2 SO.sub.4 5 g (NH.sub.4).sub.2 SO.sub.4 5 gKH.sub.2 PO.sub.4 9 g KH.sub.2 PO.sub.4 9 gno pH adjustment no pH adjustment______________________________________ *Casein hydroysate Humko Sheffield, Memphis, Tenn.

Other media which favor the production of the compounds of formula I are those with contain D-mannitol as carbon source, peptonized milk as the complex nitrogen source, glycine as amino acid and a buffer, and preferably containing lactic acid, trace elements and vegetable oil selected from, soy, peanut and sunflower oils, has been the most satisfactory. The useful ranges for the components are as follows:

______________________________________ grams/liter______________________________________D-mannitol 20-100KH.sub.2 PO.sub.4 0.5-3glycine 1-4Peptonized milk 2-20Lactic acid 0-3Trace element mixture 0-15 mlVegetable oil 0-20(soy, peanut, sunflower)presterilization pH = 7______________________________________ per literTrace elements 0.6 NHCl______________________________________FeSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2 O 1.0 gMnSO.sub.4.4H.sub.2 O 1.0 gCuCl.sub.2.2H.sub.2 O 0.025 gCaCl.sub.2 0.1 gH.sub.3 BO.sub.3 0.056 g(NH.sub.4).sub.6 Mo.sub.7 O.sub.24.H.sub.2 O 0.019 gZnSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2 O 0.2 g______________________________________

Specific media include:

______________________________________S 2 MEDIUM S 6 MEDIUM per liter per liter______________________________________D-Mannitol 44 g D-Mannitol 44 gKH.sub.2 PO.sub.4 2 g KH.sub.2 PO.sub.4 2 gGlycine 2 g Glycine 2 gPeptonized Milk 15 g Peptonized Milk 15 gLactic acid 2 g Lactic acid 2 gTrace Elements 10 ml Trace Elements 10 ml Soybean oil 10 gpH 7.0 pH 7.0(pre sterilization) (pre sterilization)______________________________________

Representative of useful solid media are the following:

______________________________________ per 250 ml flask Base liquid per liter______________________________________F 204 SOLID MEDIUMMillet 15 g Ardamine PH** 33.0 gBase liquid 15 ml Sodium Tartrate 6.6 g FeSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2 O 0.66 g Monosodium Glutamate 6.6 ml Corn oil 6.6 ml no pH adjustmentF 4-SF SOLID MEDIUMCracked corn 15 g Ardamine PH 0.2 gBase liquid 10 ml H.sub.2 PO.sub.4 0.1 g MgSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2 O 0.1 g Sodium Tartrate 0.1 g FeSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2 O 0.01 g ZnSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2 O 0.01 g no pH adjustment______________________________________ **Yeast autolysate available from Yeast Products Inc. Clifton, New Jerse

Employing one of the foregoing or similar medium, the fermentation may be carried out by first inoculating a nutrient seed medium, with a previously thawed vegetative mycelia of Z. arboricola ATCC 20958, and the inoculated medium incubated for at least 3 days to produce organisms which serve as seeds in the production of the compounds of formula (I). The seed medium is generally in the pH range of 5 to 8.1, optimally 6 to 7.5. A representative seed medium is one of the following composition:

______________________________________Seed Medium (KF Medium) per liter______________________________________Corn Steep liquor 5.0 gTomato paste 40.0 gOat flour 10.0 gGlucose 10.0 gTrace elements* 10.0 mlDistilled water 1000 mlpH 6.8______________________________________ *Previously given

In carrying out the process, a slant section of a preserved culture of ATCC 20958 is inoculated into an appropriate seed medium and the flasks incubated with or without agitation at temperatures in the range of from about 15.degree. C. to about 30.degree. C. for from 2 to 30 days, preferably 20.degree. to 28.degree. C. for 2 to 14 days. Agitation when employed is preferably about 200 to 220 rpm but may be up to 400 rpm. When growth is abundant, usually between 2 and 5 days, the growth may be used to inoculate the production medium for the production of the compounds of this invention. Preferably however, a second stage fermentation is carried out, inoculating with a portion of the culture growth and then employing similar conditions but generally with a shortened incubation period of about 1 to 3 days. The growth then is employed to inoculate the production medium.

The fermentation production medium inoculated with the culture growth is incubated for 3 to 30 days, usually 7 to 14 days, with or without agitation. The fermentation may be conducted aerobically at temperatures ranging from about 20.degree. C. to about 40.degree. C. For optimum results, it is most convenient to conduct these fermentations at a temperature in the range of from about 24.degree. C. to about 30.degree. C. Temperatures of about 24.degree.-28.degree. C. are most preferred. The pH of the nutrient medium suitable for producing the instant compounds can vary from about 5.0 to 8.5 with a preferred range of from about 6.0 to 7.5. After the appropriate period for the production of the desired compound or compounds, the latter is recovered from the fermentation medium as hereinafter more fully described.

HARVEST AND ISOLATION

After completion of the cultivation, Compound I is harvested and isolated from the medium. The exact steps may vary somewhat on whether the fermentation is carried out in liquid or solid medium.

When the fermentation is carried out on a solid medium, the first step may be adding an alcoholic solvent to the fermentation medium, thoroughly mixing, then filtering, recovering and concentrating the aqueous alcohol filtrate. The concentrated filtrate may be first back-extracted or washed with a lower aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent such as hexane or other alkane to remove alkane soluble impurities. The alkane washed filtrate may be extracted or partitioned with a water-immiscible oxygenated organic solvent and the resulting solution concentrated, then placed onto a column for at least one, generally several chromatographic separation steps. Suitable columns are silica gel, reverse phase resin and "Sephadex" LH-20 (dextran adsorbent, Pharmacia).

When the fermentation is carried out in a liquid medium, in one method, the mycelial solids are filtered and recovered from the fermentation medium. Alcohol is added to the mycelial cake, and the mycelial solid thoroughly mixed with the alcohol, filtered, and the filtrate collected and concentrated. In an alternative method, the whole broth can be extracted by the addition of one volume of alkanol, preferably methanol, and filtered to remove solid impurities. The alkanol extract is then absorbed on "Diaion" HP-20 (Mitsubishi Chemical Industries, Ltd) resin and eluted with 100% alkanol. "Diaion" SP-207 (brominated) or other commercially available styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer also may be employed. A second dilution/HP-20 adsorption/elution step is utilized to concentrate the sample in preparation for chromatographic separations. Sometimes, a third dilution/HP-20 adsorption/elution step may be desirable for volume reduction.

The alcoholic solvent to be employed in the initial extraction of the active agent from the solid nutrient medium or from the mycelial pad may be any of the lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and the like. Methanol is preferred.

If the active agent is partitioned from the aqueous alkanol or aqueous methanol solution, then suitable solvents are esters, such as ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, butyl acetate, or ketones, such as methyl ethyl ketone.

The chromatographic separation may be carried out by employing conventional column chromatography with non-ionic resin or by high performance liquid chromatography employing reverse phase resin. The fractions containing the antibiotic Compound I may be detected by antifungal assay using Candida albicans. Generally, more than one chromatographic separation steps are employed. In a most preferred procedure, one or more separations are carried out employing column chromatography and a final separation is carried out employing high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with C.sub.18 reverse phase resin.

When conventional column chromatography is employed for chromatographic separations, silica gel is the preferred adsorbent. Usually more than one chromatographic separation is employed. Silica gel may be used in all the separations while employing different eluting agents. However, it may be combined advantageously with the use of a different adsorbent such as a dextran adsorbent sold under the trade name of "Sephadex" LH-20. Other adsorbents such as alumina, styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers available commercially as "Diaion" HP-20, HP-30, HP-40, SP-207 and "Amberlite" XAD-2, XAD-4, XAD-16 (Rohm and Haas Co.) also may be employed.

In the fractionation and recovery of the active component by chromatography on silica gel, ester/alcohol mixtures with increasing concentration of alcohol provide good separations. A mixture of ethyl acetate and methanol has been found to be especially useful. These may be employed in isocratic, step gradient or continuous gradient systems. When a dextran adsorbent such as "Sephadex" LH-20, is employed, a chlorohydrocarbon/hydrocarbon/alcohol solvent system may be employed. A mixture of methylene chloride/hexane/methanol has been found to be especially useful.

In carrying out the HPLC separation, the alcohol solution containing material recovered from the conventional chromatography is concentrated and the residue dissolved in methanol/water in the same ratio as found in the mobile phase and placed on a column packed with commercial reverse phase resin or on a column filled with silica gel/C.sub.18 reverse phase resin prepared as amply reported in the literature. Alternatively, the alcohol solution may be diluted to 50 percent with water and pumped onto the column. The column is washed using methanol/water 1:1 and eluted with higher proportions of methanol at 800-2000 psi which produces a flow rate of about 20 ml/min. Separation is monitored at 210 nm.

The fractions are assayed for activity with Candida albicans. The product is recovered from any of the chromatographic procedures by combining the Candida albicans active fractions and concentrating under reduced pressure.

Compound I is active against many fungi, and also against Pneumocystis carinii.

The antifungal properties may be illustrated with the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) determinations against certain Candida organisms in a microbroth dilution assay carried out in Yeast Nitrogen Base (Difco) with 1 percent dextrose (YNBD). In carrying out the assay, Compound I was solubilized in 10 percent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and diluted to 2560 .mu.g/ml. The compound was then diluted to 256 .mu.g/ml in YNBD. 0.15 ml of the suspension was dispensed to the top row of a 96-well plate (each well containing 0.15 ml of YNDB) resulting in a drug concentration of 128 .mu.g/ml. Two-fold dilutions were then made from the top row to obtain final drug concentratons ranging from 128 to 0.06 .mu.g/ml.

The yeast cultures, maintained on Sabouraud dextrose agar were transferred to YM broth (Difco) and incubated overnight at 35.degree. C. with shaking (250 rpm). After incubation, each culture was diluted in sterile water to yield a final concentration of 1-5.times.10.sup.6 colony forming units (CFU)/ml.

96-well microplates were inoculated using a MIC-2000 (Dynatech) which delivers 1.5 .mu.l per well yielding a final inoculum per well of 1.5-7.5.times.10.sup.3 cells. The microplates were incubated at 35.degree. C. for 24 hours. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were recorded as the lowest concentrations of drug showing no visible growth.

After recording the MIC, the plates were shaken to resuspend the cells. Thereafter, 1.5 .mu.l samples from the wells in the 96-well microplate were transferred to a single well tray containing Sabouraud dextrose agar. The inoculated trays were incubated 24 hours at 28.degree. C. and then read. The MFC is defined as the lowest concentration of drug showing no growth or less than 4 colonies per spot. The results (three samples) are seen in the following table:

______________________________________ Minimum Fungicidal ConcentrationFungi .mu.g/ml)Strain No. Ia Ib Ic______________________________________Candida albicansMY 1055 2 0.5 1MY 1585 1 1 1MY 1208 1 1 2MY 1028 1 2 2MY 1750 2 0.5 1MY 1783 2 2 4Candida tropicalisMY 1012 4 2 4Candida parapsilosisMY 1009 16 16 32MY 1010 8 8 16______________________________________

Compound I is useful for inhibiting or alleviating Pneumocystis carinii infections. In a representative study, the effectiveness of Compound I in rats were determined. Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing approximatley 200 g) were immunosuppressed with dexasone in the drinking water (2 mg/ml) and maintained on a low protein diet for 7 weeks to induce the development of pneumocystis pneumonia from a latent infection. Before drug treatment 3 rats were sacrificed to confirm the presence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), all three rats had infections. A group of 5 rats were injected twice daily for five days intraperitioneally with compound in 0.5 ml of vehicle (10% DMSO in water). The control group of 5 rats received vehicle alone. All animals continued to receive dexasone in the drinking water and low protein diet during the drug treatment period. At the completion of treatment all animals were sacrificed, the lungs were removed and processed, and the extent of disease determined by microscopic analysis of stained slides. The results of this study show that Compound I reduced the cysts about 95 percent at a dose of 1 mg/kg and about 99 percent at a dose of 10 mg/kg.

The outstanding properties are most effectively utilized when the compound is formulated into novel pharmaceutical compositions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques.

The novel compositions contain at least a therapeutic antifungal or antipneumocystis amount of the active compound. Generally, the composition contains at least 1 percent of weight of Compound I. Concentrate compositions suitable for dilutions prior to use may contain 90 percent or more by weight. The compositions include compositions suitable for oral, rectal, topical, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous), pulmonary (nasal or buccal inhalation), nasal administration, or insufflation. The compositions may be prepacked by intimately mixing Compound I with the components suitable for the medium desired.

When the compound is for antifungal use any method of administration may be used. For treating mycotic infection oral administration is frequently preferred. When oral administration is to be employed, it may be with a liquid composition. For liquid preparations, the therapeutic agent is formulated with liquid carriers such as water, glycols, oils, alcohols, and the like, and for solid preparations such as capsules and tablets, solid carriers such as starches, sugars, kaolin, ethyl cellulose, calcium and sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate, kaolin, talc, lactose, generally with lubricant such as calcium stearate, together with binders, disintegrating agents and the like. Because of their ease in administration, tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage form. It is especially advantageous to formulate the compositions in unit dosage form (as hereinafter defined) for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Composition in unit dosage form constitutes an aspect of the present invention.

The Compound I also may be formulated in therapeutic compositions for intravenous or intraperitoneal injection and may be presented in unit dosage form in ampoules or in multidose containers, if necessary with an added preservative. The compositions may also take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles such as 0.85 percent sodium chloride or 5 percent dextrose in water, and may contain formulating agents such as suspending stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Buffering agents as well as additives such as saline or glucose may be added to make the solutions isotonic. The drug also may be solubilized in alcohol/propylene glycol or polyethyleglycol for drip intravenous administration. Alternatively, the active ingredients may be in powder form for reconstituting with a suitable vehicle prior to administration.

The term "unit dosage form" as used in the specification and claims refer to physically discrete units, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active ingredient calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the pharmaceutical carrier. Examples of such unit dosage forms are tablets, capsules, pills, powder packets, wafers, measured units in ampoules or in multidose containers and the like. A unit dosage of the present invention will generally contain from 100 to 200 milligrams of one of the compounds.

When the compound is to be employed for control of pneumocystis infections it is desirable to directly treat lung and bronchi. For this reason, inhalation methods are preferred. For administration by inhalation, the compounds of the present invention are conventiently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs of nebulisers. The compounds may also be delivered as powders which may be formulated and the powder composition may be inhaled with the aid of an insufflation powder inhaler device. The preferred delivery system for inhalation is a metered dose inhalation (MDI) aerosol, which may be formulated as a suspension or solution of Compound I in suitable propellants, such as fluorocarbons or hydrocarbons.

Another method of administration is insufflation, particularly if the infection has spread to the ears and other body cavities.

If the application is to be topical, the drug may be formulated in conventional creams and ointments such as white petrolatum, anhydrous lanolin, cetyl alcohol, cold cream, glyceryl monostearate, rose water and the like. Usually a 1 to 2 percent cream solution is prepared and applied to the area to be treated.

The following examples illustrate the invention but are not to be construed as limiting.

EXAMPLE I

A. Preparation of Mutant Z. arboricola ATCC 20958

A culture of Z. arboricola ATCC 20868 was grown on potato dextrose agar in petri plates at 25.degree. C. for 3 weeks. 10 milliliters of 0.3M TRIS buffer, pH 7, was added to the plates and the spores scraped off the surface into the buffer with a sterile cotton swab. The suspension in the buffer was decanted off and the procedure repeated twice. The spore suspensions were combined and filtered through glass wool to remove large clusters of spores and mycelial pieces. The filtrate was centrifuged at first at 600 rpm then at 700 rpm and finally at 800 rpm, each time for 3 minutes with the pellet being discarded after each centrifugation. The supernatant from the third centrifugation was then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes. The pellet from this centrifugation was resuspended in 3 milliliters of 0.3M TRIS buffer, pH 7, and used for mutagenic treatment. This suspension contained from 10.sup.3 to 10.sup.4 spores per milliliter.

To the spore suspension was added 50 .mu.g/ml of N-nitroso-N-methylurethane and the resulting mixture shaken at 300 rpm for 20 minutes at room temperature. At the end of this period, the mixture was centrifuged and the supernatant liquid was removed. The pellet was washed twice with 0.3M TRIS buffer pH 7.0 and then resuspended in the same buffer and after appropriate dilution plated on potato dextrose agar for forming isolated colonies. The plates were incubated at 25.degree. C. for two weeks for colony formation. The colonies were isolated by transferring each colony to separate slants of potato dextrose agar. The inoculated slants were incubated at 25.degree. C. for 10-14 days and a plug from the slants separately taken and tested for the production of Compound X and other components by HPLC assay. One of the slants was found to bear a mutant initially designated as Z1-18. The latter was placed in the Merck Culture Collection as MF 5405 and thereafter deposited with the American Type Culture Collection and assigned ATCC 20958. This mutant of Z. arboricola was employed in following fermentation.

B. Production of Compound I Fermentation and Harvest

Seed cultures were first prepared by inoculating twenty milliliters of KF seed medium in an unbaffled Erlenmeyer flask with a plug from the slant identified as Z1-18. The flasks were shaken at 220 rpm and 25.degree. C. for 96 hours to produce a seed culture.

Forty milliliters of Medium S6 in 250 milliliters of unbaffled Erlenmeyer flask was inoculated with 2 milliliters of the seed developed as described above. The inoculated flasks were shaken at 220 rpm and 25.degree. C. for 14 days and the contents then analyzed for the production of the secondary metabolites by HPLC assay.

After completion of the cultivation, the broth was homogenized and to twenty milliliters of it was added an equal volume of methyl ethyl ketone and the mixture shaken for 30 minutes on a reciprocating shaker. The organic and aqueous phases were separated by centrifugation at 3000 rpm and the methyl ethyl ketone layer evaporated to dryness in vacuo to obtain a residue. The latter was dissolved in 1 milliliter of methanol and centrifuged for 5 minutes. The resulting clarified solution was diluted with methanol and recentrifuged. The supernatant was then subjected to the following HPLC analysis.

The HPLC analysis was carried out using the following conditions:

Column: Whatman Partisil C18 ODS-3,5 .mu.m, 25 cm.times.4.6 mm. Solvent: Water/Acetonitrile, 54/46. Flow rate: 0.75 ml/min. Column temperature: 40.degree. C. Detection: 210 nm. The fractions were collected with a commercial fraction collector fitted with 96 well, flat bottom, microtiter plates at a rate of one fraction per 0.3 minute. After completion of the collection, the HPLC solvent was evaporated in a high speed vacuum concentrator. Then to each well was added 0.2 milliliter of potato dextrose broth which previously had been inoculated with Candida albicans MY 1028 grown for 24 hours. The volume of the inoculum was 0.2 milliliter per 100 milliliters of medium. The plates were then incubated overnight and observed for growth. The fractions which were bioactive inhibited the growth of C. albicans MY 1028.

Similarly, seed cultures were prepared by inoculating a plug from MF 5171 into KF seed medium and the inoculated medium shaken at 220 rpm and 25.degree. C. for 96 hours to produce a seed culture. Forty milliliter of Medium S6 in 250 milliliters of unbaffled Erlenmeyer flask was inoculated with 2 milliliters of the seed culture and the contents analyzed for the production of the secondary metabolite by the HPLC assay. The broth was extracted with methyl ethyl ketone and the organic layer evaporated to dryness to recover the metabolite as residue. The residue was dissolved in methanol and subjected to HPLC as above described and the fractions collected in the microtiter plate fraction collector. The wells were filled with potato dextrose broth which previously had been inoculated with C. albican MY 1028, and the plate incubated and observed for growth.

The bioactive fractions were correlated with relative retention times determined for the various components produced during cultivation of Z. arboricola MF 5171 (ATCC 20868). The results of the amounts of compounds produced as determined from HPLC chromatogram and compared with a previously prepared reference standard was as follows:

______________________________________ Compound I Compound XCulture .mu.g/ml______________________________________MF 5171 (parent) 0 75MF 5405 (mutant) 208 5______________________________________

EXAMPLE II

250 milliliter flasks each containing 54 ml of KF medium of the composition previously given were inoculated from an agar slant of Zalerion arboricola (MF5405; ATCC20958), and incubated at 25.degree. C. for four days at 220 rpm. A 20 milliliter sample was used to inoculate each of four 2 liter flasks containing 500 milliliters of KF medium, which were shaken at 25.degree. C. for three days at 220 rpm. The flask contents were then pooled for use as inoculum for a 300 liter seed fermenter containing 180 liters of KF medium and 2 ml per liter of polypropylene glycol P-2000 (Dow Chemical) to reduce foaming. The seed fermenter was operated for four days at a temperature of 25.degree. C., an air flow of 90 liters per minute, a pressure of 0.7 kg/cm.sup.2 gauge, and an agitator speed of 200 rpm.

Four 800 liter production fermenters, each containing 475 liters of TG 103 medium, were inoculated with 25 liters of broth from the seed fermenter and maintained at a temperature of 25.degree. C., an air flow of 250 liters per minute, a pressure of 0.7 kg/cm.sup.2 gauge, and an agitator speed of 150 rpm. The pH was allowed to decrease from an initial value of 6.0 to 5.5, and then maintained at 5.5.+-.0.5 using NaOH AND H.sub.2 SO.sub.4. After four days the broth was harvested for product isolation.

Five hundred and ten gallons of whole broth was extracted with an equal volume of methanol overnight and agitation. The extract was centrifuged and the supernatant was charged onto 60 liter SP-207 column in an upflow direction at a fluidized bed rate consistent with a 10 to 15 minute contact time. After charging, the column was washed with 150 gallons of 65% MeOH/35% H.sub.2 O. The active fractions were eluted with 150 gallons of 100% methanol. The activity of the fractions were checked for the presence of Compound I using and HPLC assay [50/50 CH.sub.2 CN/0.01M K phosphate buffer pH=7; retention time=14.0 min]. The rich cuts amounting to about 80 grams of Compound I were combined and adjusted to a final concentration of 50% aqueous methanol using distilled H.sub.2 O and absorbed onto a 100 liter HP-20 column. The column was washed with 200 gallons of 65% aqueous methanol. The active component was eluted with 75 gallons of 100% methanol. Four liters of Compound I rich cuts were adsorbed on 400 milliliter HP-20 column. The column was washed with 6 liters of 65% aqueous methanol. The active material was eluted with 1.5 liters of methanol. The active rich cuts were combined and the solvent removed in vacuo and the residue redissolved in a 25 milliliters of 70% aqueous methanol. The material was charged onto a 4 liter preparative LC Amicon column. The active material was eluted off the column using a gradient from 70% aqueous methanol to 85% methanol over a three hour period. Compound I conforming to previously established spectral properties was eluted off the column with 4 liters of 85% methanol and amounted to 4.8 grams. The latter was further purified using a "Zorbax" RP-18 preparative column (22.2 mm .times.25 cm) using 69% MeOH/31% H.sub.2 O as eluant. EXAMPLE III

1000 hard gelatin capsules, each containing 500 milligrams of Compound I are prepared from the following formulation:

______________________________________Compound Grams______________________________________Compound I 500Starch 750Dibasic calcium phoshate hydrous 5000Calcium stearate 2.5______________________________________

The finely powered ingredients are mixed well and granulated with 10 percent starch paste. The granulation is dried and compressed into tablets.

EXAMPLE IV

1000 hard gelatin capsules, each containing 500 milligrams of Compound I are prepared from the following formulation:

______________________________________Compound Grams______________________________________Compound I 500Starch 250Lactose 750Talc 250Calcium stearate 10______________________________________

A uniform mixture of the ingredients is prepared by blending and used to fill two-piece hard gelatin capsules.

EXAMPLE V

250 milliliters of an injectable suspension are prepared by conventional procedures having the following formulation:

______________________________________5% DMSO/water 250 millilitersCompound I 400 milligrams______________________________________

The ingredients are blended and thereafter sterilized for use.

EXAMPLE VI

An ointment suitable for topical application may be prepared by intimately dispersing 13 milligrams of Compound I in 1 gram of commercially available polyethylene/hydrocarbon gel.

EXAMPLE VIII

An aerosol composition may be prepared having the following formulation:

______________________________________ Per Canister______________________________________Compound I 24 mgLecithin NF, liquid concentrate 1.2 mgTrichlorofluoromethane 4.025 gDichlorodefluoromethane 12.15 g______________________________________

Claims

1. A compound having the formula ##STR3##

2. A method for the treatment of or for the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii infections in mammals which comprises administering to mammals an anti-infective amount of the compound of claim 1.

3. A method for inhibiting fungal growth comprising applying to the area where growth is to be controlled an antifungally effective amount of the compound of claim 1.

4. An antimicrobial composition comprising a compound of claim 1 in admixture with a biologically inert carrier.

5. A composition according to claim 1 in which the carrier is a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.