Patent Grant
7822401
The following patents and patent applications of common assignee are related to the present application, and are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties:
U.S. Pat. No. 6,661,551, entitled “Method and System for Down-Converting Electromagnetic Signals,” filed Oct. 21, 1998 and issued May 9, 2000.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,091,940, entitled “Method and System for Frequency Up-Conversion,” filed Oct. 21, 1998 and issued Jul. 18, 2000.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,061,555, entitled “Method and System for Ensuring Reception of a Communications Signal,” filed Oct. 21, 1998 and issued May 9, 2000.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,049,706, entitled “Integrated Frequency Translation And Selectivity,” filed Oct. 21, 1998 and issued Apr. 11, 2000.
“Applications of Universal Frequency Translation,” Ser. No. 09/261,129, filed Mar. 3, 1999.
“Method, System, and Apparatus for Balanced Frequency Up-Conversion of a Baseband Signal,” Ser. No. 09/525,615, filed Mar. 14, 2000.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the down-conversion and up-conversion of an electromagnetic signal using a universal frequency translation module.
2. Related Art
Various communication components exist for performing frequency down-conversion, frequency up-conversion, and filtering. Also, schemes exist for signal reception in the face of potential jamming signals.
Briefly stated, the present invention is directed to methods, systems, and apparatuses for down-converting and/or up-converting an electromagnetic signal, and applications thereof.
In an embodiment, the invention down-converts the electromagnetic signal to an intermediate frequency signal.
In another embodiment, the invention down-converts the electromagnetic signal to a demodulated baseband information signal.
In another embodiment, the electromagnetic signal is a frequency modulated (FM) signal, which is down-converted to a non-FM signal, such as a phase modulated (PM) signal or an amplitude modulated (AM) signal.
In one embodiment, the invention uses a stable, low frequency signal to generate a higher frequency signal with a frequency and phase that can be used as stable references.
In another embodiment, the present invention is used as a transmitter. In this embodiment, the invention accepts an information signal at a baseband frequency and transmits a modulated signal at a frequency higher than the baseband frequency.
In an embodiment, the invention operates by receiving an electromagnetic signal and recursively operating on approximate half cycles of a carrier signal. The recursive operations are typically performed at a sub-harmonic rate of the carrier signal. The invention accumulates the results of the recursive operations and uses the accumulated results to form a down-converted signal.
The methods and systems of transmitting vary slightly depending on the modulation scheme being used. For some embodiments using frequency modulation (FM) or phase modulation (PM), the information signal is used to modulate an oscillating signal to create a modulated intermediate signal. If needed, this modulated intermediate signal is “shaped” to provide a substantially optimum pulse-width-to-period ratio. This shaped signal is then used to control a switch that opens and closes as a function of the frequency and pulse width of the shaped signal. As a result of this opening and closing, a signal that is harmonically rich is produced with each harmonic of the harmonically rich signal being modulated substantially the same as the modulated intermediate signal. Through proper filtering, the desired harmonic (or harmonics) is selected and transmitted.
For some embodiments using amplitude modulation (AM), the switch is controlled by an unmodulated oscillating signal (which may, if needed, be shaped). As the switch opens and closes, it gates a reference signal, which is the information signal. In an alternate implementation, the information signal is combined with a bias signal to create the reference signal, which is then gated. The result of the gating is a harmonically rich signal having a fundamental frequency substantially proportional to the oscillating signal and an amplitude substantially proportional to the amplitude of the reference signal. Each of the harmonics of the harmonically rich signal also has amplitudes proportional to the reference signal, and is thus considered to be amplitude modulated. Just as with the FM/PM embodiments described above, through proper filtering, the desired harmonic (or harmonics) is selected and transmitted.
The invention is applicable to any type of electromagnetic signal, including but not limited to, modulated carrier signals (the invention is applicable to any modulation scheme or combination thereof) and unmodulated carrier signals.
Further features and advantages of the invention, as well as the structure and operation of various embodiments of the invention, are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is noted that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described herein. Such embodiments are presented herein for illustrative purposes only. Additional embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings contained herein.
The invention shall be described with reference to the accompanying figures, wherein:
The present invention is directed to the down-conversion and up-conversion of an electromagnetic signal using a universal frequency translation (UFT) module, transforms for same, and applications thereof. The systems described herein each may include one or more receivers, transmitters, and/or transceivers. According to embodiments of the invention, at least some of these receivers, transmitters, and/or transceivers are implemented using universal frequency translation (UFT) modules. The UFT modules perform frequency translation operations. Embodiments of the present invention are described below.
Systems that transmit and receive EM signals using UFT modules exhibit multiple advantages. These advantages include, but are not limited to, lower power consumption, longer power source life, fewer parts, lower cost, less tuning, and more effective signal transmission and reception. These systems can receive and transmit signals across a broad frequency range. The structure and operation of embodiments of the UFT module, and various applications of the same are described in detail in the following sections, and in the referenced documents.
The present invention is related to frequency translation, and applications of same. Such applications include, but are not limited to, frequency down-conversion, frequency up-conversion, enhanced signal reception, unified down-conversion and filtering, and combinations and applications of same.
As indicated by the example of
Generally, the UFT module 102 (perhaps in combination with other components) operates to generate an output signal from an input signal, where the frequency of the output signal differs from the frequency of the input signal. In other words, the UFT module 102 (and perhaps other components) operates to generate the output signal from the input signal by translating the frequency (and perhaps other characteristics) of the input signal to the frequency (and perhaps other characteristics) of the output signal.
An example embodiment of the UFT module 103 is generally illustrated in
As noted above, some UFT embodiments include other than three ports. For example, and without limitation,
The UFT module is a very powerful and flexible device. Its flexibility is illustrated, in part, by the wide range of applications in which it can be used. Its power is illustrated, in part, by the usefulness and performance of such applications.
For example, a UFT module 115 can be used in a universal frequency down-conversion (UFD) module 114, an example of which is shown in
As another example, as shown in
These and other applications of the UFT module are described below. Additional applications of the UFT module will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings contained herein. In some applications, the UFT module is a required component. In other applications, the UFT module is an optional component.
2.1 Frequency Down-Conversion
The present, invention is directed to systems and methods of universal frequency down-conversion, and applications of same.
In particular, the following discussion describes down-converting using a Universal Frequency Translation Module. The down-conversion of an EM signal by aliasing the EM signal at an aliasing rate is fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,061,551 entitled “Method and System for Down-Converting Electromagnetic Signals,” the full disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. A relevant portion of the above-mentioned patent is summarized below to describe down-converting an input signal to produce a down-converted signal that exists at a lower frequency or a baseband signal. The frequency translation aspects of the invention are further described in other documents referenced above, such as application Ser. No. 09/550,644, entitled “Method and System for Down-converting an Electromagnetic Signal, and Transforms for Same, and Aperture Relationships.”
In one implementation, aliasing module 300 down-converts the input signal 304 to an intermediate frequency (IF) signal. In another implementation, the aliasing module 300 down-converts the input signal 304 to a demodulated baseband signal. In yet another implementation, the input signal 304 is a frequency modulated (FM) signal, and the aliasing module 300 down-converts it to a non-FM signal, such as a phase modulated (PM) signal or an amplitude modulated (AM) signal. Each of the above implementations is described below.
In an embodiment, the control signal 306 includes a train of pulses that repeat at an aliasing rate that is equal to, or less than, twice the frequency of the input signal 304. In this embodiment, the control signal 306 is referred to herein as an aliasing signal because it is below the Nyquist rate for the frequency of the input signal 304. Preferably, the frequency of control signal 306 is much less than the input signal 304.
A train of pulses 318 as shown in
Exemplary waveforms are shown in
As noted above, the train of pulses 320 (i.e., control signal 306) control the switch 308 to alias the analog AM carrier signal 316 (i.e., input signal 304) at the aliasing rate of the aliasing signal 318. Specifically, in this embodiment, the switch 308 closes on a first edge of each pulse and opens on a second edge of each pulse. When the switch 308 is closed, input signal 304 is coupled to the capacitor 310, and charge is transferred from the input signal 304 to the capacitor 310. The change transferred during a pulse is referred to herein as an under-sample. Exemplary under-samples 322 form down-converted signal portion 324 (
The waveforms shown in
The aliasing rate of control signal 306 determines whether the input signal 304 is down-converted to an IF signal, down-converted to a demodulated baseband signal, or down-converted from an FM signal to a PM or an AM signal. Generally, relationships between the input signal 304, the aliasing rate of the control signal 306, and the down-converted output signal 312 are illustrated below:
(Freq. of input signal 304)=n·(Freq. of control signal 306)±(Freq. of down-converted output signal 312)
For the examples contained herein, only the “+” condition will be discussed. Example values of n include, but are not limited to, n={0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . }.
When the aliasing rate of control signal 306 is off-set from the frequency of input signal 304, or off-set from a harmonic or sub-harmonic thereof, input signal 304 is down-converted to an IF signal. This is because the under-sampling pulses occur at different phases of subsequent cycles of input signal 304. As a result, the under-samples form a lower frequency oscillating pattern. If the input signal 304 includes lower frequency changes, such as amplitude, frequency, phase, etc., or any combination thereof, the charge stored during associated under-samples reflects the lower frequency changes, resulting in similar changes on the down-converted IF signal. For example, to down-convert a 901 MHZ input signal to a 1 MHZ IF signal, the frequency of the control signal 306 would be calculated as follows:
(Freqinput−FreqIF)/n=Freqcontrol
(901 MHZ−1 MHZ)/n=900/n
For n={0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . }, the frequency of the control signal 306 would be substantially equal to 1.8 GHz, 900 MHZ, 450 MHZ, 300 MHZ, 225 MHZ, etc.
Alternatively, when the aliasing rate of the control signal 306 is substantially equal to the frequency of the input signal 304, or substantially equal to a harmonic or sub-harmonic thereof, input signal 304 is directly down-converted to a demodulated baseband signal. This is because, without modulation, the under-sampling pulses occur at the same point of subsequent cycles of the input signal 304. As a result, the under-samples form a constant output baseband signal. If the input signal 304 includes lower frequency changes, such as amplitude, frequency, phase, etc., or any combination thereof, the charge stored during associated under-samples reflects the lower frequency changes, resulting in similar changes on the demodulated baseband signal. For example, to directly down-convert a 900 MHZ input signal to a demodulated baseband signal (i.e., zero IF), the frequency of the control signal 306 would be calculated as follows:
(Freqinput−FreqIF)/n=Freqcontrol
(900 MHZ−0 MHZ)/n=900 MHZ/n
For n={0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . }, the frequency of the control signal 306 should be substantially, equal to 1.8 GHz, 900 MHZ, 450 MHZ, 300 MHZ, 225 MHZ, etc.
Alternatively, to down-convert an input FM signal to a non-FM signal, a frequency within the FM bandwidth must be down-converted to baseband (i.e., zero IF). As an example, to down-convert a frequency shift keying (FSK) signal (a sub-set of FM) to a phase shift keying (PSK) signal (a subset of PM), the mid-point between a lower frequency F1 and an upper frequency F2 (that is, [(F1+F2)÷2]) of the FSK signal is down-converted to zero IF. For example, to down-convert an FSK signal having F1 equal to 899 MHZ and F2 equal to 901 MHZ, to a PSK signal, the aliasing rate of the control signal 306 would be calculated as follows:
Frequency of the down-converted signal=0 (i.e., baseband)
(Freqinput−FreqIF)/n=Freqcontrol
(900 MHZ−0 MHZ)/n=900 MHZ/n
For n={0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 . . . }, the frequency of the control signal 306 should be substantially equal to 1.8 GHz, 900 MHZ, 450 MHZ, 300 MHZ, 225 MHZ, etc. The frequency of the down-converted PSK signal is substantially equal to one half the difference between the lower frequency F1 and the upper frequency F2.
As another example, to down-convert a FSK signal to an amplitude shift keying (ASK) signal (a subset of AM), either the lower frequency F1 or the upper frequency F2 of the FSK signal is down-converted to zero IF. For example, to down-convert an FSK signal having F1 equal to 900 MHZ and F2 equal to 901 MHZ, to an ASK signal, the aliasing rate of the control signal 306 should be substantially equal to:
(900 MHZ−0 MHZ)/n=900 MHZ/n, or
(901 MHZ−0 MHZ)/n=901 MHZ/n.
For the former case of 900 MHZ/n, and for n={0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . }, the frequency of the control signal 306 should be substantially equal to 1.8 GHz, 900 MHZ, 450 MHZ, 300 MHZ, 225 MHZ, etc. For the latter case of 901 MHZ/n, and for n={0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . }, the frequency of the control signal 306 should be substantially equal to 1.802 GHz, 901 MHZ, 450.5 MHZ, 300.333 MHZ, 225.25 MHZ, etc. The frequency of the down-converted AM signal is substantially equal to the difference between the lower frequency F1 and the upper frequency F2 (i.e., 1 MHZ).
In an embodiment, the pulses of the control signal 306 have negligible apertures that tend towards zero. This makes the UFT module 302 a high input impedance device. This configuration is useful for situations where minimal disturbance of the input signal may be desired.
In another embodiment, the pulses of the control signal 306 have non-negligible apertures that tend away from zero. This makes the UFT module 302 a lower input impedance device. This allows the lower input impedance of the UFT module 302 to be substantially matched with a source impedance of the input signal 304. This also improves the energy transfer from the input signal 304 to the down-converted output signal 312, and hence the efficiency and signal to noise (s/n) ratio of UFT module 302.
Exemplary systems and methods for generating and optimizing the control signal 306, and for otherwise improving energy transfer and s/n ratio, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,061,551 entitled “Method and System for Down-Converting Electromagnetic Signals.”
When the pulses of the control signal 306 have non-negligible apertures, the aliasing module 300 is referred to interchangeably herein as an energy transfer module or a gated transfer module, and the control signal 306 is referred to as an energy transfer signal. Exemplary systems and methods for generating and optimizing the control signal 306 and for otherwise improving energy transfer and/or signal to noise ratio in an energy transfer module are described below.
2.2 Optional Energy Transfer Signal Module
In an embodiment, the optional energy transfer signal module 408 includes an aperture generator, an example of which is illustrated in
The width or aperture of the pulses 508 is determined by delay through the branch 506 of the aperture generator 502. Generally, as the desired pulse width increases, the difficulty in meeting the requirements of the aperture generator 502 decrease (i.e., the aperture generator is easier to implement). In other words, to generate non-negligible aperture pulses for a given EM input frequency, the components utilized in the example aperture generator 502 do not require reaction times as fast as those that are required in an under-sampling system operating with the same EM input frequency.
The example logic and implementation shown in the aperture generator 502 are provided for illustrative purposes only, and are not limiting. The actual logic employed can take many forms. The example aperture generator 502 includes an optional inverter 510, which is shown for polarity consistency with other examples provided herein.
An example implementation of the aperture generator 502 is illustrated in
In an embodiment, the input signal 412 is generated externally of the energy transfer signal module 408, as illustrated in
The type of down-conversion performed by the energy transfer system 401 depends upon the aliasing rate of the energy transfer signal 406, which is determined by the frequency of the pulses 508. The frequency of the pulses 508 is determined by the frequency of the input signal 412.
The optional energy transfer signal module 408 can be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof.
2.3 Impedance Matching
The example energy transfer module 300 described in reference to
Starting with an aperture width of approximately ½ the period of the EM signal being down-converted as an example embodiment, this aperture width (e.g. the “closed time”) can be decreased (or increased). As the aperture width is decreased, the characteristic impedance at the input and the output of the energy transfer module increases. Alternatively, as the aperture width increases from ½ the period of the EM signal being down-converted, the impedance of the energy transfer module decreases.
One of the steps in determining the characteristic input impedance of the energy transfer module could be to measure its value. In an embodiment, the energy transfer module's characteristic input impedance is 300 ohms. An impedance matching circuit can be utilized to efficiently couple an input EM signal that has a source impedance of, for example, 50 ohms, with the energy transfer module's impedance of, for example, 300 ohms. Matching these impedances can be accomplished in various manners, including providing the necessary impedance directly or the use of an impedance match circuit as described below.
Referring to
The output characteristic impedance can be impedance matched to take into consideration the desired output frequencies. One of the steps in determining the characteristic output impedance of the energy transfer module could be to measure its value. Balancing the very low impedance of the storage module at the input EM frequency, the storage module should have an impedance at the desired output frequencies that is preferably greater than or equal to the load that is intended to be driven (for example, in an embodiment, storage module impedance at a desired 1 MHz output frequency is 2K ohm and the desired load to be driven is 50 ohms). An additional benefit of impedance matching is that filtering of unwanted signals can also be accomplished with the same components.
In an embodiment, the energy transfer module's characteristic output impedance is 2K ohms. An impedance matching circuit can be utilized to efficiently couple the down-converted signal with an output impedance of, for example, 2K ohms, to a load of, for example, 50 ohms. Matching these impedances can be accomplished in various manners, including providing the necessary load impedance directly or the use of an impedance match circuit as described below.
When matching from a high impedance to a low impedance, a capacitor 914 and an inductor 916 can be configured as shown in
The configuration of the input impedance match module 806 and the output impedance match module 808 are considered in embodiments to be initial starting points for impedance matching, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In some situations, the initial designs may be suitable without further optimization. In other situations, the initial designs can be enhanced in accordance with other various design criteria and considerations.
As other optional optimizing structures and/or components are utilized, their affect on the characteristic impedance of the energy transfer module should be taken into account in the match along with their own original criteria.
2.4 Frequency Up-Conversion
The present invention is directed to systems and methods of frequency up-conversion, and applications of same.
An example frequency up-conversion system 1000 is illustrated in
An input signal 1002 (designated as “Control Signal” in
The output of switch module 1004 is a harmonically rich signal 1006, shown for example in
Harmonically rich signal 1308 is comprised of a plurality of sinusoidal waves whose frequencies are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency of the waveform of the harmonically rich signal 1308. These sinusoidal waves are referred to as the harmonics of the underlying waveform, and the fundamental frequency is referred to as the first harmonic.
The relative amplitudes of the harmonics are generally a function of the relative widths of the pulses of harmonically rich signal 1006 and the period of the fundamental frequency, and can be determined by doing a Fourier analysis of harmonically rich signal 1006. According to an embodiment of the invention, the input signal 1306 may be shaped to ensure that the amplitude of the desired harmonic is sufficient for its intended use (e.g., transmission).
An optional filter 1008 filters out any undesired frequencies (harmonics), and outputs an electromagnetic (EM) signal at the desired harmonic frequency or frequencies as an output signal 1010, shown for example as a filtered output signal 1314 in
Also in
The invention is not limited to the UFU embodiment shown in
For example, in an alternate embodiment shown in
The purpose of the pulse shaping module 1202 is to define the pulse width of the input signal 1002. Recall that the input signal 1002 controls the opening and closing of the switch 1106 in switch module 1004. During such operation, the pulse width of the input signal 1002 establishes the pulse width of the harmonically rich signal 1006. As stated above, the relative amplitudes of the harmonics of the harmonically rich signal 1006 are a function of at least the pulse width of the harmonically rich signal 1006. As such, the pulse width of the input signal 1002 contributes to setting the relative amplitudes of the harmonics of harmonically rich signal 1006.
Further details of up-conversion as described in this section are presented in U.S. Pat. No. 6,0911,940, entitled “Method and System for Frequency Up-Conversion,” incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
2.5 Enhanced Signal Reception
The present invention is directed to systems and methods of enhanced signal reception (ESR), and applications of same, which are described in the above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 6,061,555, entitled “Method and System for Ensuring Reception of a Communications Signal,” incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
2.6 Unified Down-Conversion and Filtering
The present invention is directed to systems and methods of unified down-conversion and filtering (UDF), and applications of same.
In particular, the present invention includes a unified down-converting and filtering (UDF) module that performs frequency selectivity and frequency translation in a unified (i.e., integrated) manner. By operating in this manner, the invention achieves high frequency selectivity prior to frequency translation (the invention is not limited to this embodiment). The invention achieves high frequency selectivity at substantially any frequency, including but not limited to RF (radio frequency) and greater frequencies. It should be understood that the invention is not limited to this example of RF and greater frequencies. The invention is intended, adapted, and capable of working with lower than radio frequencies.
The effect achieved by the UDF module 1402 is to perform the frequency selectivity operation prior to the performance of the frequency translation operation. Thus, the UDF module 1402 effectively performs input filtering.
According to embodiments of the present invention, such input filtering involves a relatively narrow bandwidth. For example, such input filtering may represent channel select filtering, where the filter bandwidth may be, for example, 50 KHz to 150 KHz. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to these frequencies. The invention is intended, adapted, and capable of achieving filter bandwidths of less than and greater than these values.
In embodiments of the invention, input signals 1404 received by the UDF module 1402 are at radio frequencies. The UDF module 1402 effectively operates to input filter these RF input signals 1404. Specifically, in these embodiments, the UDF module 1402 effectively performs input, channel select filtering of the RF input signal 1404. Accordingly, the invention achieves high selectivity at high frequencies.
The UDF module 1402 effectively performs various types of filtering, including but not limited to bandpass filtering, low pass filtering, high pass filtering, notch filtering, all pass filtering, band stop filtering, etc., and combinations thereof.
Conceptually, the UDF module 1402 includes a frequency translator 1408. The frequency translator 1408 conceptually represents that portion of the UDF module 1402 that performs frequency translation (down conversion).
The UDF module 1402 also conceptually includes an apparent input filter 1406 (also sometimes called an input filtering emulator). Conceptually, the apparent input filter 1406 represents that portion of the UDF module 1402 that performs input filtering.
In practice, the input filtering operation performed by the UDF module 1402 is integrated with the frequency translation operation. The input filtering operation can be viewed as being performed concurrently with the frequency translation operation. This is a reason why the input filter 1406 is herein referred to as an “apparent” input filter 1406.
The UDF module 1402 of the present invention includes a number of advantages. For example, high selectivity at high frequencies is realizable using the UDF module 1402. This feature of the invention is evident by the high Q factors that are attainable. For example, and without limitation, the UDF module 1402 can be designed with a filter center frequency fC on the order of 900 MHZ, and a filter bandwidth on the order of 50 KHz. This represents a Q of 18,000 (Q is equal to the center frequency divided by the bandwidth).
It should be understood that the invention is not limited to filters with high Q factors. The filters contemplated by the present invention may have lesser or greater Qs, depending on the application, design, and/or implementation. Also, the scope of the invention includes filters where Q factor as discussed herein is not applicable.
The invention exhibits additional advantages. For example, the filtering center frequency fC of the UDF module 1402 can be electrically adjusted, either statically or dynamically.
Also, the UDF module 1402 can be designed to amplify input signals.
Further, the UDF module 1402 can be implemented without large resistors, capacitors, or inductors. Also, the UDF module 1402 does not require that tight tolerances be maintained on the values of its individual components, i.e., its resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc. As a result, the architecture of the UDF module 1402 is friendly to integrated circuit design techniques and processes.
The features and advantages exhibited by the UDF module 1402 are achieved at least in part by adopting a new technological paradigm with respect to frequency selectivity and translation. Specifically, according to the present invention, the UDF module 1402 performs the frequency selectivity operation and the frequency translation operation as a single, unified (integrated) operation. According to the invention, operations relating to frequency translation also contribute to the performance of frequency selectivity, and vice versa.
According to embodiments of the present invention, the UDF module generates an output signal from an input signal using samples/instances of the input signal and/or samples/instances of the output signal.
More particularly, first, the input signal is under-sampled. This input sample includes information (such as amplitude, phase, etc.) representative of the input signal existing at the time the sample was taken.
As described further below, the effect of repetitively performing this step is to translate the frequency (that is, down-convert) of the input signal to a desired lower frequency, such as an intermediate frequency (IF) or baseband.
Next, the input sample is held (that is, delayed).
Then, one or more delayed input samples (some of which may have been scaled) are combined with one or more delayed instances of the output signal (some of which may have been scaled) to generate a current instance of the output signal.
Thus, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the output signal is generated from prior samples/instances of the input signal and/or the output signal. (It is noted that, in some embodiments of the invention, current samples/instances of the input signal and/or the output signal may be used to generate current instances of the output signal.). By operating in this manner, the UDF module 1402 preferably performs input filtering and frequency down-conversion in a unified manner.
Further details of unified down-conversion and filtering as described in this section are presented in U.S. Pat. No. 6,049,706, entitled “Integrated Frequency Translation And Selectivity,” filed Oct. 21, 1998, and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
As noted above, the UFT module of the present invention is a very powerful and flexible device. Its flexibility is illustrated, in part, by the wide range of applications and combinations in which it can be used. Its power is illustrated, in part, by the usefulness and performance of such applications and combinations.
Such applications and combinations include, for example and without limitation, applications/combinations comprising and/or involving one or more of: (1) frequency translation; (2) frequency down-conversion; (3) frequency up-conversion; (4) receiving; (5) transmitting; (6) filtering; and/or (7) signal transmission and reception in environments containing potentially jamming signals. Example receiver, transmitter, and transceiver embodiments implemented using the UFT module of the present invention are set forth-below.
In embodiments, a receiver according to the invention includes an aliasing module for down-conversion that uses a universal frequency translation (UFT) module to down-convert an EM input signal. For example, in embodiments, the receiver includes the aliasing module 300 describe above, in reference to
In alternate embodiments, the receiver may include the energy transfer system 401, including energy transfer module 404, described above, in reference to
In further embodiments of the present invention, the receiver may include the impedance matching circuits and/or techniques described herein for enhancing the energy transfer system of the receiver.
Receiver 1502 comprises an I/Q modulation mode receiver 1538, a first optional amplifier 1516, a first optional filter 1518, a second optional amplifier 1520, and a second optional filter 1
I/Q modulation mode receiver 1538 comprises an oscillator 1506, a first UFD module 1508, a second UFD module 1510, a first UFT module 1512, a second UFT module 1514, and a phase shifter 1524.
Oscillator 1506 provides an oscillating signal used by both first UFD module 1508 and second UFD module 1510 via the phase shifter 1524. Oscillator 1506 generates an “I” oscillating signal 1526.
“I” oscillating signal 1526 is input to first UFD module 1508. First UFD module 1508 comprises at least one UFT module 1512. First UFD module 1508 frequency down-converts and demodulates received signal 1504 to down-converted “I” signal 1530 according to “I” oscillating signal 1526.
Phase shifter 1524 receives “I” oscillating signal 1526, and outputs “Q” oscillating signal 1528, which is a replica of “I” oscillating signal 1526 shifted preferably by 90 degrees.
Second UFD module 1510 inputs “Q” oscillating signal 1528. Second UFD module 1510 comprises at least one UFT module 1514. Second UFD module 1510 frequency down-converts and demodulates received signal 1504 to down-converted “Q” signal 1532 according to “Q” oscillating signal 1528.
Down-converted “Q” signal 1532 is optionally amplified by second optional amplifier 1520 and optionally filtered by second optional filter 1522, and a second information output signal 1536 is output.
In the embodiment depicted in
Alternate configurations for I/Q modulation mode receiver 1538 will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) from the teachings herein. For instance, an alternate embodiment exists wherein phase shifter 1524 is coupled between received signal 1504 and UFD module 1510, instead of the configuration described above. This and other such I/Q modulation mode receiver embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based upon the teachings herein, and are within the scope of the present invention.
As described herein, certain receiver embodiments of the present invention are implemented using two or more aliasing modules 300. These embodiments are described herein for purposes of illustration, and not limitation. Alternate embodiments (including equivalents, extensions, variations, deviations, etc., of the embodiments described herein), will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings contained herein. The invention is intended and adapted to include such alternate embodiments.
As illustrated in
Impedances 1616 and 1618 are illustrative, and not intended to limit the invention. In some embodiments, impedances 1616 and 1618 are a part of optional amplifiers 1620 and 1624, and thus there are no separate impedance devices 1616 and 1618 (see
Aliasing module 1632 comprises a capacitor 1604 and a switching device 1608 controlled by an aperture generator 1612. One end of switching device 1608 is connected to node 1609, as shown in
An output signal 1650 of aliasing module 1632, for input signal 1642, is illustrated in
Aliasing module 1634 comprises a capacitor 1606 and a switching device 1610 controlled by an aperture generator 1614. One end of switching device 1610 is connected to node 1609, as shown in
An output signal 1652 of aliasing module 1634, for input signal 1644, is illustrated in
The output signal for UFD module 1638 (receiver 1602) is a differential output signal.
In an embodiment, the capacitors 1604 and 1606 are selected in accordance with the criteria described in section 4 below. In an embodiment, capacitors 1604 and 1606 are selected so that they discharge at a rate of between six percent to fifty percent between apertures of the control signals. However, different ranges apply to other embodiments, depending on the particular application, requirements, implementation, purpose, etc. The impedances 1616 and 1618 typically have similar values (e.g., impedances 1616 and 1618 may be resistors having the same nominal values but different actual values).
In an embodiment, the period of control signals 1646 and 1648 operate at a third or a fifth harmonic of the input carrier signal (i.e., input signals 1642 and 1644). In an embodiment, switching device 1608 is closed for approximately one-half cycle of the input signal 1642 each period of control signal 1646. Similarly, switching device 1610 is closed for approximately one-half cycle of the input signal 1644 each period of control signal 1648.
In an embodiment, aperture generator 1614 is coupled to a clock signal that is 180 degrees out of phase with respect to the clock signal coupled to aperture generator 1612. In an embodiment, the clock signal coupled to aperture generator 1614 has the same period as the clock signal coupled to aperture generator 1612.
The operation of receiver 1602 will now be described.
A modulated carrier signal 1642 is input to the carrier(+) port of receiver 1602. The modulated carrier signal causes a charge to be stored on capacitor 1604 when switching device 1608 is closed. Switching device 1608 is opened and closed by control signal 1646. Aperture generator 1612 generates control signal 1646.
The modulated carrier signal 1642 is inverted to generate a signal 1644. Signal 1644 is input to the carrier(−) port of receiver 1602. Signal 1644 causes a charge to be stored on capacitor 1606 when switching device 1610 is closed. Switching device 1610 is opened and closed by control signal 1648. Aperture generator 1614 generates control signal 1648.
When switching device 1608 is open, capacitor 1604 discharges. This causes a voltage signal to be generated across impedance 1616. Similarly, when switching device 1610 is open, capacitor 1606 discharges. This causes-a voltage signal to be generated across impedance 1618. The opening and closing of switching devices 1608 and 1610 in accordance with the invention causes a down-converted signal 1650 (one-half of the output of receiver 1602) to be formed across impedance 1616 and a down-converted signal 1652 (one-half of the output of receiver 1602) to be formed across impedance 1618. Signals 1650 and 1652 are 180 degrees out of phase. The total output of receiver 1602 is the differential output, or the sum of signals 1650 and 1652. Filters 1622 and 1626 are used to remove the carrier from the down converted signal. As described herein, in embodiments, optional amplifiers 1620 and 1624 are band limited, and thus act as filters and remover the carrier.
As will be understood by a person skilled in the relevant arts, given the description of the invention herein, UFD module 1638 has several features that make it particularly well adapted for certain applications. It is a feature of UFD module 1638 that it has an impedance in a range of about 50-75 ohms for certain control signals. UFD module 1638 can thus be coupled to other circuit devices that comprise receiver 1602 without using an impedance matching circuit as described herein (although one could optionally be used). This feature of UFD module 1638 allows for a high power or energy transfer, and it minimizes or eliminates interfacing requirements. Another feature of UFD module 1638 is that it may be implemented on a single chip using CMOS technology. This feature of UFD module 1638 is a feature applicable to apparatus embodiments of the invention in general.
As illustrated by signals 1671 and 1673, in
The operation of the receiver of
Receiver 1702 comprises a UFD 1738, an inverter 1703, two optional amplifiers 1720 and 1724, and two low-pass filters 1722 and 1726. The aliasing modules of UFD 1738 are implemented using switches 1708 and 1710. In the embodiment of
A modulated carrier signal is supplied to one of the input ports of UFD module 1738. An inverter 1703 is used to invert the modulated carrier signal and thereby produce a carrier(−) signal. An uninverted modulated carrier signal is referred to herein as a carrier(+) signal. The output of inverter 1703 is supplied to a second input port of UFD module 1738, as shown in
As will be understood by a person skilled in the relevant arts, UFD module 1738 operates in a manner similar to that described herein, for example, for UFD module 1638. The various signals of receiver 1702 are similar to the signals illustrated in
The operation of receiver 1702 is also similar to that of receiver 1602, and thus is not repeated here. A person skilled in the relevant art will understand how receiver 1702 operates given the description of the invention herein.
As described herein, single-switch receiver embodiments of the present invention are enhanced to maximize both power transfer and information extraction. These embodiments are described herein for purposes of illustration, and not limitation. Alternate embodiments (including equivalents, extensions, variations, deviations, etc., of the embodiments described herein), will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings contained herein. The invention is intended and adapted to include such alternate embodiments.
As illustrated in
Impedances 1816 and 1818 are illustrative, and not intended to limit the invention. In some embodiment, impedances 1816 and 1818 are a part of optional amplifiers 1820 and 1824, and thus there are no separate impedance devices 1816 and 1818. Similarly, in some embodiments, optional amplifiers 1820 and 1824 act as filters to the carrier signal riding on top of the down-converted signals 1850 and 1852, and thus there is no need to include filters 1822 and 1826, as would be understood by a person skilled in the relevant arts given the description of the invention herein.
In an embodiment, the capacitors 1804 and 1806 are selected in accordance with the criteria described in section 4 below. Capacitors 1804 and 1806 are selected so that they discharge at a rate of between six percent to fifty percent between apertures of the switching (control) signal.
In an embodiment, the period of control signal 1846 operates at a third or a fifth harmonic of the input carrier signal (i.e., input signals 1842 and 1844). As described herein, the received carrier signal is referred to as a carrier(+) signal, and an inverted version of the received signal is referred to as a carrier(−) signal. Switching device 1808 is closed for approximately one-half cycle of the input signal 1842 each period of control signal 1846.
As illustrated by signals 1870 and 1872, embodiments of receiver 1802 can be used to receive and down-convert any communications signal. Carrier amplitude and phase changes relative to the sample aperture(s) are reflected in the output signals 1870 and 1872 as illustrated in
The operation of receiver 1802 will now be described.
A modulated carrier signal 1642 is input to the carrier(+) port, of receiver 1802. The modulated carrier signal causes a charge to be stored on capacitor 1804 when switching device 1808 is closed, thereby generating a voltage signal 1860 across capacitor 1804. Switching device 1808 is opened and closed by control signal 1846. Aperture generator 1812 generates control signal 1846.
The modulated carrier signal 1642 is inverted to generate a signal 1644. Signal 1644 is input to the carrier(−) port of receiver 1802. Signal 1644 causes a charge to be stored on capacitor 1806 when switching device 1808 is closed, thereby generating a voltage signal 1862 across capacitor 1806.
When switching device 1808 is opened, both capacitor 1804 and capacitor 1806 begin to discharge. This causes a voltage signal 1850 to be generated across impedance 1816, and a voltage signal 1852 to be generated across impedance 1818.
The opening and closing of switching device 1808 in accordance with the invention causes a down-converted signal 1850 (one-half of the output of receiver 1802) to be formed across impedance 1816 and a down-converted signal 1852 (one-half of the output of receiver 1802) to be formed across impedance 1818. Signals 1850 and 1852 are 180 degrees out of phase. The total output of receiver 1802 is the differential output, or the sum of signals 1850 and 1852. Filters 1822 and 1826 are used to remove the carrier from the down-converted signal. In embodiments, optional amplifiers 1820 and 1824 are band limited, and thus act as filters and remover the carrier.
As will be understood by a person skilled in the relevant arts, given the description of the invention herein, UFD module 1832 has several features that make it particularly well adapted for certain applications. It is a feature of UFD module 1832 that it provides exceptional linearity per milliwatt. For example, rail to rail dynamic range is possible with minimal increase in power. In an example integrated circuit embodiment, UFD module 1832 provides +55 dmb IP2, +15 dbm IP3, at 3.3V, 4.4 ma, −15 dmb LO. GSM system requirements are +22 dbm IP2, −10.5 dmb IP3. CDMA system requirements are +50 dmb IP2, +10 dbm IP3. Accordingly, the invention satisfies these standards. Another feature of UFD module 1832 is that it only requires one switching device 1808 and one aperture generator 1812. A further feature of UFD module 1832 is that it may be implemented on a single chip using CMOS technology. As described herein, this feature of UFD module 1832 is a feature applicable to apparatus embodiments of the invention in general. Additional features of UFD module 1832 are described elsewhere herein.
As already described herein, impedances 1916 and 1918 are illustrative, and not intended to limit the invention. In some embodiment, impedances 1916 and 1918 are a part of optional amplifiers (not shown), and thus there are no separate impedance devices 1916 and 1918. Similarly, in some embodiments, optional amplifiers (not shown) act as filters to the carrier signal riding on top of the down-converted signals, and thus there is no need to include filters with receiver 1902.
As will be understood by a person skilled in the relevant arts, UFD module 1938 operates in a manner similar to that described herein, for example, for UFD module 1832. Features of UFD module 1938 are also described below in section 4. In particular, the enhanced linear features of UFD module 1938 are described in detail below.
The operation of receiver 1902 is similar to that of receiver 1802, and thus is not repeated-here. A person skilled in the relevant art will understand how receiver 1902 operates given the description of the invention herein.
As illustrated in
In an embodiment, capacitor 2004 is selected in accordance with the criteria described in section 4 below. Capacitor 2004 is selected so that it discharges at a rate of between six percent to fifty percent between apertures of switching (control) signal 2046. The period of control signal 2046 operates at a third or a fifth-harmonic of the input carrier signal. Switching device 2008 is closed for approximately one-half cycle of the input signal during each period of control signal 2046.
As illustrated by signal 1870, in
The operation of receiver 2001 is similar to that of other receiver embodiments already described herein. A modulated carrier signal is input to the carrier port of receiver 2101. The modulated carrier signal causes a charge to be stored on capacitor 2104 and capacitor 2106 when switching device 2108 is closed, thereby generating a voltage signal across capacitors 2104 and 2106. Switching device 2108 is opened and closed by control signal having apertures similar to other control signals illustrated herein. Aperture generator 2112 generates the control signal.
A difference between receiver 2101 and receiver 1802, for example, is that the modulated carrier signal is not inverted to input to a carrier(−) port. As can be seen in
When switching device 2108 is opened, both capacitor 2104 and capacitor 2106 begin to discharge. This causes a voltage to be generated across impedance 2116, and a voltage to be generated across impedance 2118.
The opening and closing of switching device 2108 in accordance with the invention causes a down-converted signal (one-half of the output of receiver 2101) to be formed across impedance 2116 and a down-converted signal (one-half of the output of receiver 2101) to be formed across impedance 2118. The total output of receiver 2101 is the differential output, or the sum of signals. Filters (not shown) are used to remove the carrier from the down-converted signal. In embodiments, optional amplifiers (not shown) are band limited, and thus act as filters and remover the carrier.
As will be understood by a person skilled in the relevant arts, given the description of the invention herein, receiver 2001 has several features that make it particularly well adapted for certain applications. For example, it is a feature of receiver 2001 that it may be implemented using fewer devices than other embodiments and that it may be implemented on a single chip using CMOS technology.
As illustrated in
The operation of receiver 2002 is similar to that of other receiver embodiments already described herein, and thus is not repeated here. A person skilled in the relevant art will understand how receiver 2001 operates given the description of the invention herein.
Since the operation of receiver 2003 is similar to that of other receiver embodiments already described herein, it is not repeated here. A person skilled in the relevant art will understand how receiver 2003 operates given the description of the invention herein.
The receiver embodiments described above are provided for purposes of illustration. These embodiments are not intended to limit the invention. Alternate embodiments, differing slightly or substantially from those described herein, will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings contained herein. Such alternate embodiments include, but are not limited to, down-converting different combinations of modulation techniques in an “I/Q” mode. Other embodiments include those shown in the documents referenced above, including but not limited to U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/525,615 and 09/550,644. Such alternate embodiments fall within the scope and spirit of the present invention.
For example, other receiver embodiments may down-convert signals that have been modulated with other modulation techniques. These would be apparent to one skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings disclosed herein, and include, but are not limited to, amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), pulse width modulation, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), down-converting a signal with two forms of modulation embedding thereon, and combinations thereof.
The following discussion describes frequency up-converting signals transmitted according to the present invention, using a Universal Frequency Up-conversion Module. Frequency up-conversion of an EM signal is described above, and is more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,091,940 entitled “Method and System for Frequency Up-Conversion,” filed Oct. 21, 1998 and issued Jul. 18, 2000, the full disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, as well as in the other documents referenced above (see, for example, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/525,615).
Exemplary embodiments of a transmitter according to the invention are described below. Alternate embodiments (including equivalents, extensions, variations, deviations, etc., of the embodiments described herein) will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings contained herein. The invention is intended and adapted to include such alternate embodiments.
In embodiments, the transmitter includes a universal frequency up-conversion (UFU) module for frequency up-converting an input signal. For example, in embodiments, the system transmitter includes the UFU module 1000, the UFU module 1101, or the UFU module 1290 as described, above, in reference to
In
I/Q transmitter 2204 comprises a first. UFU module 2302, a second UFU module 2304, an oscillator 2306, a phase shifter 2308; a summer 2310, a first UFT module 2312, a second UFT module 2314, a first phase modulator 2328, and a second phase modulator 2330.
Oscillator 2306 generates an “I”-oscillating signal 2316.
A first information signal 2212 is input to first phase modulator 2328. The “I”-oscillating signal 2316 is modulated by first information signal 2212 in the first phase modulator 2328, thereby producing an “I”-modulated signal 2320.
First UFU module 2302 inputs “I”-modulated signal 2320, and generates a harmonically rich “I” signal 2324 with a continuous and periodic wave form.
The phase of “I”-oscillating signal 2316 is shifted by phase shifter 2308 to create “Q”-oscillating signal 2318. Phase shifter 2308 preferably shifts the phase of “I”-oscillating signal 2316 by 90 degrees.
A second information signal 2214 is input to second phase modulator 2330. “Q”-oscillating signal 2318 is modulated by second information signal 2214 in second phase modulator 2330, thereby producing a ‘Q’ modulated signal 2322.
Second UFU module 2304 inputs “Q” modulated signal 2322, and generates a harmonically rich “Q” signal 2326, with a continuous and periodic waveform.
Harmonically rich “I” signal 2324 and harmonically rich “Q” signal 2326 are preferably rectangular waves, such as square waves or pulses (although the invention is not limited to this embodiment), and are comprised of pluralities of sinusoidal waves whose frequencies are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency of the waveforms. These sinusoidal waves are referred to as the harmonics of the underlying waveforms, and a Fourier analysis will determine the amplitude of each harmonic.
Harmonically rich “I” signal 2324 and harmonically rich “Q” signal 2326 are combined by summer 2310 to create harmonically rich “I/Q” signal 2334. Summers are well known to persons skilled in the relevant art(s).
Optional filter 2332 filters out the undesired harmonic frequencies, and outputs an I/Q output signal 2216 at the desired harmonic frequency or frequencies.
It will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) that an alternative embodiment exists wherein the harmonically rich “I” signal 2324 and the harmonically rich “Q” signal 2326 may be filtered before they are summed, and further, another alternative embodiment exists wherein “I”-modulated signal 2320 and “Q”-modulated signal 2322 may be summed to create an “I/Q”-modulated signal before being routed to a switch module. Other “I/Q”-modulation embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based upon the teachings herein, and are within the scope of the present invention. Further details pertaining to an I/Q modulation mode transmitter are provided in co-pending U.S. Pat. No. 6,091,940 entitled “Method and System for Frequency Up-Conversion,” filed Oct. 21, 1998 and issued Jul. 18, 2000, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
As described herein, multi-switch transmitter embodiments of the present invention are enhanced to maximize both power transfer and information transmission. These embodiments are described herein for purposes of illustration, and not limitation. Alternate embodiments (including equivalents, extensions, variations, deviations, etc., of the embodiments described herein), will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings contained herein. The invention is intended and adapted to include such alternate embodiments.
As shown in
In an embodiment, optional energy storage devices (capacitors) 2431 and 2433 are coupled to transmitter 2402, as shown in
It is a feature of example transmitter 2402, as well as a feature of other embodiments of the invention, that no power summer is needed at node 2405 so long as the apertures of switching devices 2408 and 2410 do not overlap. A simple wire can be used to couple transmitter 2402 to load impedance 2470. Other approaches may also be used.
The operation of transmitter 2402 will now be described with reference to the waveforms illustrated in
An information signal 2442 to be up-converted is provided to the input(+) port of amplifier 2432 (see
Input signals 2442 and 2444 are operated on by amplifiers 2432 and 2434 in a manner that would be known to a person skilled in the relevant art to produce signals at the outputs of amplifiers 2432 and 2434 that are a function of (i.e., proportional to) the input signals 2442 and 2444. When switch 2408 is closed, the output signal of amplifier 2432 is coupled to load impedance 2470, and thereby produces a positive voltage at the input of impedance 2470 such as, for example, voltage 2405B shown in
As can be seen in
As described herein, optional energy storage devices 2431 and 2433 as well as impedance matching techniques can be used to improve the efficiency of transmitter 2402.
The example waveforms of
As shown in
The operation of switching devices 2508 and 2510 is controlled by control signals 2546 and 2548. Example control signals are illustrated in
The operation of transmitter 2502 is similar to that of transmitter 2402, and thus is not repeated here. A person skilled in the relevant art will understand how transmitter 2502 operates given the description of the invention herein.
As described herein for transmitter 2402, optional energy storage devices (not shown) as well as impedance matching techniques can be used to improve the efficiency of transmitter 2502. How this is achieved in accordance with will be understood by a person skilled in the relevant arts given the description herein.
The operation of transmitter 2602 is similar to that of transmitter 2402. An information signal 2642 to be up-converted is provided to the input(+) port of amplifier 2632. An inverted version of information signal 2642 (i.e., signal 2644) is provided to the input(−) port of amplifier 2634.
Input signals 2642 and 2644 are operated on by amplifiers 2632 and 2634 in a manner that would be known to a person skilled in the relevant art to produce signals at the outputs of amplifiers 2632 and 2634 that are a function of (i.e., proportional to) the input signals 2642 and 2644. When switches 2608A or 2610B are closed, the output signal of amplifier 2632 is coupled to load impedance 2670, and thereby produces a voltage across load impedance 2670. Similarly, when switches 2608B or 2610A are closed, the output signal of amplifier 2634 is coupled to load impedance 2670, and thereby produces a voltage across load impedance 2670. The operation of switching devices 2608A, 2608B, 2610A and 2610B are controlled by control signals 2646 and 2648, as shown in
As described herein, the opening and closing of switching devices 2608A, 2608B, 2610A and 2610B produce a harmonically rich u-converted signal. In embodiments, the upconverted signal is routed to a filter (not shown) to remove the unwanted frequencies that exist as harmonic components of the harmonically rich signal. A desired frequency is optionally amplified by an amplifier module (not shown) and then optionally routed to a transmission module (not shown) for transmission.
As described herein, optional energy storage devices 2613 and 2615 as well as impedance matching techniques can be used to improve the efficiency of transmitter 2602.
As seen in
The operation of switching devices 2608A, 2608B, 2610A and 2610B are controlled by control signals 2646 and 2648. These signals are illustrated in
As described herein, one-switch transmitter embodiments of the present invention are enhanced to maximize both power transfer and information transmission. These, embodiments are described herein for purposes of illustration, and not limitation. Alternate embodiments (including equivalents, extensions, variations, deviations, etc., of the embodiments described herein), will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings contained herein. The invention is intended and adapted to include such alternate embodiments.
The operation of transmitter 2702 is similar to that of the other transmitters described above. An input signal 2742 is supplied to amplifier 2732. Input signal 2732 is inverted by an inverter 2703 and the output of inverter 2703 is supplied to the input of amplifier 2734. Amplifiers 2732 and 2734 operate on input signals 2742 and 2744 in a manner that would be known to a person skilled in the relevant arts to produce signals at the outputs of amplifiers 2732 and 2734. When switching device 2708 is open, energy is transferred from the outputs of amplifiers 2732 and 2734 to energy storage devices (capacitors) 2704 and 2706. When switching device 2708 is closed, energy storage devices 2704 and 2706 discharge, thereby transferring energy to load impedance 2770. This causes an output signal 2772 (e.g., as shown in
The operation of switching device 2708 is controlled by control signal 2746. This signal is illustrated in
The transmitter embodiments described above are provided for purposes of illustration. These embodiments are not intended to limit the invention. Alternate embodiments, differing slightly or substantially from those described herein, will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings contained herein. Such alternate embodiments include, but are not limited to, combinations of modulation techniques in an “I/Q” mode. Such embodiments also include those described in the documents referenced above, such as U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/525,615 and 09/550,644. Such alternate embodiments fall within the scope and spirit of the present invention.
For example, other transmitter embodiments may utilize other modulation techniques. These would be apparent to one skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings disclosed herein, and include, but are not limited to, amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), pulse width modulation, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), embedding two forms of modulation onto a signal for up-conversion, etc., and combinations thereof.
An exemplary embodiment of a transceiver system 2800 of the present invention is illustrated in
Transceiver 2802 inputs baseband signal 2814. Transceiver 2802 frequency up-converts baseband signal 2814. UFT module 2804 provides at least for frequency up-conversion. In alternate embodiments, UFT module 2804 only supports frequency down-conversion, and at least one additional UFT module provides for frequency up-conversion. The up-converted signal is output by transceiver 2802, and transmitted by antenna 2806 as second EM signal 2810.
First and second EM signals 2808 and 2810 may be of substantially the same frequency, or of different frequencies. First and second EM signals 2808 and 2810 may have been modulated using the same technique, or may have been modulated by different techniques.
Further example embodiments of receiver/transmitter systems applicable to the present invention may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,091,940 entitled “Method and System for Frequency Up-Conversion,” incorporated by reference in its entirety.
These example embodiments and other alternate embodiments (including equivalents, extensions, variations, deviations, etc., of the example embodiments described herein) will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the referenced teachings and the teachings contained herein, and are within the scope and spirit of the present invention. The invention is intended and adapted to include such alternate embodiments.
An exemplary receiver using universal frequency down conversion techniques is shown in
An exemplary transmitter using the present invention is shown in
For the FM and PM modulation modes,
Oscillating signal 3136 is shaped by pulse shaper 3138 to produce a string of pulses 3140. The string of pulses 3140 cause the switch 3120 to open and close. As a result of the switch opening and closing, a down converted signal 3109 is generated. The down converted signal 3109 is optionally amplified and filtered to create a filtered signal 3113. In an embodiment, filtered signal 3113 is at baseband and, as a result of the down conversion, is demodulated. Thus, a decoder 3114 may not be required except to convert digital to analog or to decrypt the filtered signal 3113. In an alternate embodiment, the filtered signal 3113 is at an “offset” frequency, so that the decoder 3114 is needed to demodulate the filtered signal and create a demodulated baseband signal.
When the transceiver is performing the transmit function, the R/F switches 3106, 3108, and 3146/3152 (FM or PM) are in the Cl) position. In the FM modulation mode, an information signal 3150 is connected by switch 3146 to VCO 3144 to create a frequency modulated oscillating signal 3136. In the PM modulation mode switch 3152 connects information signal 3150 to the phase modulator 3156 to create a phase modulated oscillating signal 3136. Oscillation signal 3136 is routed through pulse shaper 3138 to create a string of pulses 3140, which in turn cause switch 3120 to open and close. One terminal of switch 3120 is connected to ground 3142 and the other is connected through switch R/T 3108 and resistor 3123 to a bias signal 3122. The result is a harmonically rich signal 3124 which is routed to an optional “high Q” filter 3126 which removes the unwanted frequencies that exist as harmonic components of harmonically rich signal 3124. Desired frequency 3128 is optionally amplified by amplifier module 3130 and routed to transmission module 3132, which outputs a transmission signal 3134. Again, because the transceiver is performing the transmit function, R/T switch 3106 connects the transmission signal to the antenna 3102.
In the AM modulation mode, the transceiver operates in the half duplex mode as shown in
The full-duplex mode differs from the half-duplex mode in that the transceiver can transmit and receive simultaneously. Referring to
The receiver function performs as follows. The antenna 3302 receives an EM signal 3306 and routes it through a capacitor 3307 to one terminal of a switch 3326. The other terminal of switch 3326 is connected to ground 3328, and the switch is driven as a result of a string of pulses 3324 created by local oscillator 3320 and pulse shaper 3322. The opening and closing of switch 3326 generates a down converted signal 3314. Down converted signal 3314 is routed through a amplifier 3308 and a filter 3310 to generate filtered signal 3316. Filtered signal 3316 may be at baseband and be demodulated or it may be at an “offset” frequency. If filtered signal 3316 is at an offset frequency, decoder 3312 will demodulate it to create the demodulated baseband signal 3318. In a preferred embodiment, however, the filtered signal 3316 will be a demodulated baseband signal, and decoder 3312 may not be required except to convert digital to analog or to decrypt filtered signal 3316. This receiver portion of the transceiver can operate independently from the transmitter portion of the transceiver.
The transmitter function is performed as follows. In the FM and PM modulation modes, an information signal 3348 modulates an oscillating signal 3330. In the AM modulation mode, the oscillating signal 3330 is not modulated. The oscillating signal is shaped by pulse shaper 3332 and a string of pulses 3334 is created. This string of pulses 3334 causes a switch 3336 to open and close. One terminal of switch 3336 is connected to ground 3338, and the other terminal is connected through a resistor 3347 to a bias/reference signal 3346. In the FM and PM modulation modes, bias/reference signal 3346 is referred to as a bias signal 3346, and it is substantially non-varying. In the AM modulation mode, an information signal 3350 may be combined with the bias signal to create what is referred to as the reference signal 3346. The reference signal 3346 is a function of the information signal 3350. It is well known to those skilled in the relevant art(s) that the information signal 3350 may be used as the bias/reference signal 3346 directly without being sunmmed with a bias signal. A harmonically rich signal 3352 is generated and is filtered by a “high Q” filter 3340, thereby producing a desired signal 3354. The desired signal 3354 is amplified by amplifier 3342 and routed to transmission module 3344. The output of transmission module 3344 is transmission signal 3356. Transmission signal 3356 is routed to duplexer 3304 and then transmitted by antenna 3302. This transmitter portion of the transceiver can operate independently from the receiver portion of the transceiver.
Thus, as described above, the transceiver embodiment the present invention as shown in
As described herein, one-switch transceiver embodiments of the present invention are enhanced to maximize power transfer and information extraction and transmission. These embodiments are described herein for purposes of illustration, and not limitation. Alternate embodiments (including equivalents, extensions, variations, deviations, etc., of the embodiments described herein), will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings contained herein. The invention is intended and adapted to include such alternate embodiments.
The embodiments described above are provided for purposes of illustration. These embodiments are not intended to limit the invention. Alternate embodiments, differing slightly or substantially from those described herein, will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings contained herein. Such alternate embodiments fall within the scope and spirit of the present invention.
As described herein, embodiments of the present invention have enhanced operating features. These enhanced features enable receivers and transceivers according to the invention to down-convert a modulated carrier signal while extracting power from the carrier signal. This is in contrast to conventional receivers and transceivers, which ideally extract zero power from a received carrier signal (i.e., conventional receivers are typically designed to operate as impulse samplers). These enhanced features of the present invention also enable the linear operating ranges for embodiments of the invention to be extended.
Enhanced features of the invention enable the invention to down-convert a modulated carrier signal while extracting power from the signal. These features are not found in conventional receivers.
As described herein, embodiments of the invention are implemented using one or more aliasing modules 300 (see for example
In this example, to down convert signal 3602 using a conventional receiver, signal 3602 is sampled using a control signal 3702 illustrated in
In contrast to a conventional receiver, to down convert signal 3602 according to the invention, a control signal, for example control signal 3802 shown in
Control signal 3802 is shown having both positive magnitude apertures and negative magnitude apertures. In embodiments of the invention having two aliasing modules 300, the positive magnitude apertures control one aliasing module 300, and the negative magnitude apertures control another aliasing module 300, as described above. For embodiments of the invention having only one aliasing module 300, a control signal having only the positive magnitude apertures or the negative magnitude apertures of control signal 3802 can be used, as described herein. The period of time between two adjacent positive magnitude apertures or two adjacent negative magnitude apertures is TD. As shown in
The description of the invention that follows teaches one skilled in the relevant arts how to determine a value for one or more capacitors to be used in embodiments of the invention. As described herein, a significant difference between conventional communications systems and the present invention is that conventional communications systems are not intended to transfer non-negligible amounts of energy from a carrier signal to be used in forming a down-converted information signal (i.e., conventional communications system do not exhibit the capacitor discharge feature of the present invention). As illustrated in
In embodiments of the invention such as, for example, aliasing modules 300, one or more capacitors are sized to discharge between about six percent to about fifty percent of the total charge stored therein during a period of time that a switching device is open (i.e., between apertures). It is noted that this range is provided for illustrative purposes. Other embodiments of the invention exhibit other discharge percentages.
The basic equation for charge transfer is:
Similarly the energy u stored by a capacitor can be found from:
From EQs. (2) and (3):
Thus, the charge stored by a capacitor is proportional to the voltage across the capacitor, and the energy stored by the capacitor is proportional to the square of the charge or the voltage. Hence, by transferring charge, voltage and energy are also transferred. If little charge is transferred, little energy is transferred, and a proportionally small voltage results unless C is lowered.
The law of conversation of charge is an extension of the law of the conservation of energy. EQ. (2) illustrates that if a finite amount of charge must be transferred in an infinitesimally short amount of time then the voltage, and hence voltage squared, tends toward infinity. Furthermore,
This implies an infinite amount of current must be supplied to create the infinite voltage, if TA is infinitesimally small. As will be understood by a person skilled in the relevant art, such a situation is impractical, especially for a device without gain.
Generally speaking, in radio communications systems, the antenna produces a small amount of power available for the first conversion, even with amplification from an LNA. Hence, if a finite voltage and current restriction do apply to the front end of a radio then a conversion device, which is an impulse sampler, must by definition possess infinite gain. This would not be practical for a switch. What is usually approximated in practice is a fast sample time, charging a small capacitor, then holding the value acquired by a hold amplifier, which preserves the voltage from sample to sample (i.e., a sample and hold system is used).
The analysis that follows shows that given a finite amount of time for energy transfer through a conversion device, the impulse response of the ideal processor, which transfers energy to a capacitor when the input voltage source is a sinusoidal carrier and possesses a finite source impedance, is achieved by embodiments of the present invention. If a significant amount of energy can be transferred in the sampling process, the tolerance on the charging capacitor can be reduced and the requirement for a hold amplifier is significantly reduced or even eliminated.
In embodiments, the maximum amount of energy available over a half sine pulse can be found from:
This points to a correlation processor or matched filter processor. If energy is of interest then a useful processor, which transfers all of the half sine energy, is revealed in EQ. (5), where TA is an aperture equivalent to the half sine pulse. In embodiments, EQ. (6) provides the insight to an enhanced processor.
Consider the following equation sequence:
where h(τ)=Si(TA−τ) and t=TA−τ. This is a matched filter equation, with the far most right hand side revealing a correlator implementation, which is obtained by a change of variables as indicated. Note that the correlator form of the matched filter is a statement of the desired signal energy. Therefore a matched filter/correlator accomplishes acquisition of all the energy available across a finite duration aperture. Such a matched filter/correlator can be implemented as shown in
In embodiments, when configured for enhanced operation, the example matched filter/correlator of
Some matched filter/correlator embodiments according to the present invention might, however, be too expensive and complicated to build for some applications. In such cases, other processes and processors according to embodiments of the invention can be used. The approximation to the matched filter/correlator embodiment shown in
Another low cost and easy to build embodiment of the present invention is an RC processor. This embodiment, shown in
When maximum charge is transferred, the voltage across the capacitor 5604 in
Using EQs. (2) and (5) yields:
If it is accepted that an infinite amplitude impulse with zero time duration is not available or practical, due to physical parameters of capacitors like ESR, inductance and breakdown voltages, as well as currents, then EQ. (8) reveals the following important considerations for embodiments of the invention:
The transferred charge, q, is influenced by the amount of time available for transferring the charge;
The transferred charge, q, is proportional to the current available for charging the energy storage device; and
Maximization of charge, q, is a function of ic, C, and TA.
Therefore, it can be shown that for embodiments:
The impulse response for the RC processing network is;
Suppose that TA is constrained to be less than or equal to ½ cycle of the carrier period. Then, for a synchronous forcing function, the voltage across a capacitor is given by EQ. (11).
Maximizing the charge, q, requires maximizing V0(t) with; respect to t and β.
It is easier, however, to set R=1, TA=1, A=1, ƒA=TA−1 and then calculate q=cV0 from the previous equations by recognizing that
which produces a normalized response.
In embodiments, EQ. (6) establishes TA as the entire half sine for an optimal processor. However, in embodiments, optimizing jointly for t and β reveals that the RC processor response creates an output across the energy storage capacitor that peaks for tmax≅0.75TA, and βmax≅2.6, when the forcing function to the network is a half sine pulse.
In embodiments, if the capacitor of the RC processor embodiment is replaced by an ideal integrator then tmax→TA.
βTA≅1.95 EQ. (13)
where β=(RC)−1
For example, for a 2.45 GHz signal and a source impedance of 50Ω, EQ. (13) above suggests the use of a capacitor of ≅2 pf. This is the value of capacitor for the aperture selected, which permits the optimum voltage peak for a single pulse accumulation. For practical realization of some embodiments of the present invention, the capacitance calculated by EQ. (13) is a minimum capacitance. SNR is not considered optimized at βTA≅1.95. A smaller β yields better SNR and better charge transfer. In embodiments, it turns out that charge can also be enhanced if multiple apertures are used for collecting the charge.
In embodiments, for the ideal matched filter/correlator approximation, βTA is constant and equivalent for both consideration of enhanced SNR and enhanced charge transfer, and charge is accumulated over many apertures for most practical designs. Consider the following example, B=0.25, and TA=1. Thus βTA=0.25. At 2.45 GHz, with R=50Ω, C can be calculated from:
The charge accumulates over several apertures, and SNR is simultaneously enhanced melding the best of two features of the present invention. Checking CV for βTA≅1.95 vs. βTA=0.25 confirms that charge is enhanced for the latter.
The transfer function of An RC processing embodiment 5802 of the invention (without initial conditions) can be represented by the following equations:
From the equations, it can be seen that RL 5804, and therefore k, accelerate the exponential decay cycle.
This result is valid over the acquisition aperture. After the switch is opened, the final voltage that occurred at the sampling instance t≅TA becomes an initial condition for a discharge cycle across RL 5804. The discharge cycle possesses the following response:
VA is defined as V0(t≅TA). Of course, if the capacitor 5806 does not completely discharge, there is an initial condition present for the next acquisition cycle.
Equations (21) through (35) derive a relationship between the capacitance of the capacitor Cs (Cs(R)), the resistance of the resistor R, the duration of the aperture A (aperture width), and the frequency of the energy transfer pulses (freq LO) in embodiments of the invention. EQ. (31) illustrates that in an embodiment optimum energy transfer occurs when x=0.841 (i.e., in this example, the voltage on the capacitor at the start of the next aperture (charging period) is about 84.1 percent of the voltage on the capacitor at the end of the preceding aperture (charging period)). Based on the disclosure herein, one skilled in the relevant art(s) will realize that values other that 0.841 can be utilized (See, for example,
Maximum power transfer occurs when:
Using substitution:
Solving for “x” yields: x=0.841.
Letting VCsinit=1 yields Vout(t)=0.841 when
Using substitution again yields:
This leads to the following EQ. (35) for selecting a capacitance.
The following equation according to the invention can be solved to find an expression for the energy accumulated over a bit time, Eb, as shown below.
where u(t), u(t−TA), and A are in volts, and D is expressed in Volts*Volts/Hz.
Realizing the f equals 1/t, D can be written as:
where D is now expressed in volts*volts*seconds.
Dividing D by the complex impedance Z of an RC processor according to the invention, when the switch (aperture) is closed, results in:
Since (volts*volts)/Z equals power, and since power equals joules/second, D/Z has units of (joules/second)/second. Thus, D/Z is the amount of energy accumulated over a bit time (Eb).
A more useful expression for the energy accumulated over a bit time (Eb) is:
where Eb is expressed in joules per bit.
Referring to the following equation, from above, it can be seen that there is a 2πƒ term in the denominator.
Analysis reveals that this term, and other terms, have physical units that allow a person skilled in the relevant art, given the discussion herein, to understand and relate the resultant quantity in a manner consistent with actual measurements of implementations of the present invention.
Note that as the aperture time Ta becomes smaller, the absolute value of the energy accumulated over a single aperture period is less. However, what is equally important is the fact that the energy continues to accumulate over multiple aperture periods. The number of aperture periods required to reach an optimum value is dependent on two factors: (1) the aperture period, and (2) the complex impedance (Z) of C and R when the switch is closed, as described elsewhere herein. The values of C and R can, therefore, be selected to optimize the energy transfer during the half sine sample period. By including the Z term in the equation, a person skilled in the relevant art can calculate the Energy per Bit (i.e., Eb) directly and relate the results back to embodiments of the present invention, e.g., hardware performance. This analysis can also be used to show that the optimum system performance in terms of bandwidth and power transfer occurs when the aperture period is equal to one-half of a carrier frequency cycle.
The analysis and description that follow explain how to enhance the linearity of embodiments of the invention. As described herein, embodiments of the present invention provide exceptional linearity per milliwatt. For example, rail to rail dynamic range is possible with minimal increase in power. In an example integrated circuit embodiment, the present invention provides +55 dmb IP2, +15 dbm IP3, @ 3.3V, 4.4 ma, −15 dmb LO. GSM system requirements are +22 dbm IP2, −10.5 dmb IP3. CDMA system requirements are +50 dmb IP2, +10 dbm IP3.
As described herein, embodiments of the invention can be implemented using MOSFETs (although the invention is not limited to this example). Thus, for purposes of analysis, it is assumed that an embodiment of the invention is implemented using one or more enhancement MOSFETs having the following parameter:
a channel width (W) equal to 400 microns;
a channel length (L) of 0.5 microns;
a threshold voltage (Vt) equal to 2 volts; and
a k value equal to 0.003 (W/L), or k equal to 0.24.
The drain current (ID) for an N-Channel Enhancement MOSFET is given by the following 2nd order equation:
Note that since EQ. 42 is only a second order equation, we analyze second order distortion.
As illustrated by the curves in
The plots in
The FET linearization effect can also be seen mathematically by substituting VGS=Vbias+0.5VDS into the FET's drain current equation above to obtain:
Simplifying this expression yields:
Thus, for vDS less than or equal to 2(Vbias−Vt), the drain current is a linear function of vDS with a slope of 2K(Vbias−Vt). In this region, making VGS equal to half of VDS, cancels the square term (VDS)2, leaving only linear terms.
As described herein, embodiments of the invention (see, for example, the embodiments illustrated in
(1) |VGS|≧0.5*Vdd (i.e., the instantaneous differential voltage |VGS| is made as large as possible for both NMOS and PMOS devices, thus ensuring that voltage differential |VGS| does not swing below (0.5*Vdd)),
(2) |VGS|=|0.5*VDS|+0.5*Vdd (i.e., as the RF signal across the drain and source gets larger, the voltage differential |VGS| gets larger by a proportionality factor of 0.5—when the RF signal gets large and one needs more linearity, VGS automatically increases to give more linearity), and/or
(3) The drain and source of the NMOS and PMOS devices swap every half RF cycle so that (1) and (2) above are always satisfied.
If an amplitude imbalance occurs, for example, across the FETS in
In addition to the advantages already described herein, additional advantages of receiver 1902 include: lower LO to RF reradiation, lower DC offset, and lower current (only one switch). Furthermore, the architecture of receiver 1902 ensures that the baseband differential signals will be amplitude and phase balanced, regardless of the imbalance at the input of the circuit at RF. This is because when the FET switch turns on, the two input capacitors are shorted together in series with a differential voltage across them. The capacitors have no ground reference and thus do not know there is an imbalance. As will be apparent to a person skilled in the relevant arts, the advantages to the configuration of receiver 1902 and UFD module 1938 are significant. In practice, the differential configuration of UFD 1938 has yielded high linearity that is repeatable.
In summary, to enhance the linearity of embodiments of the invention, one should:
(1) maintain the instantaneous voltage differential VGS as large as possible for both the NMOS and PMOS devices; and/or
(2) make the voltage differential VGS change proportional to VDS so that |VGS|=Vbias+0.5*|VDS|.
The enhanced linearity features described herein are also applicable to single-switch embodiments of the invention. Consider, for example, the embodiment shown in
|VGS|=|VDS|+0.5*Vdd (for negative half of RF cycle) EQ. (45)
|VGS|=0.5*Vdd (for positive half of RF cycle) EQ. (46)
where k=0.24, vt=1.2 volts, c=0.5, and Vds=0 to 5 volts.
As will be understood by a person skilled in the relevant arts, these plots herein demonstrate the enhanced linearity features of embodiments of the invention.
In step 6202, a RF information signal is received. The RF signal can be received by any known means, for example, using an antenna or a cable. In embodiments, the RF signal may be amplified using a low-noise amplifier and/or filtered after it is received. These steps, however, are not required in accordance with method 6200.
In step 6204, the received RF information signal is electrically coupled to a capacitor. For the receiver shown in
In accordance with method 6200, the RF information signal may also be electrically coupled to a capacitor using a switching device coupled to the capacitor. For example, for receiver 1688 shown in
In step 6206, a switching device, electrically coupled to the capacitor, is used to control a charging and discharging cycle of the capacitor. In
In step 6208, a plurality of charging and discharging cycles of the capacitor is performed in accordance with the techniques and features of the invention described herein, thereby forming a down-converted information signal. The number of charging and discharging cycles needed to down-convert a received information signal is dependent on the particular apparatus used and the RF signal received, as well as other factors. Method 6200 ends at step 6210 when the received RF information signal has been down-converted using the techniques and features of the invention described herein.
In embodiments of the invention, the down-converted signal has a carrier signal riding on top of the down-converted signal. Thus, as described herein, this carrier signal can be removed, for example, by filtering the down-converted signal or by amplifying the down-converted signal with a band-limited amplifier. For the embodiment of the invention shown in
While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art that various changes in form and detail can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/855,851, filed on May 16, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,010,286, which is a continuation-in-part of pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/550,644, filed Apr. 14, 2000, which are each herein incorporated by reference in their entireties, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/855,851 claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 60/204,796, filed May 16, 2000, U.S. Provisional Application 60/213,363, filed Jun. 21, 2000, and U.S. Provisional Application 60/272,043, filed Mar. 1, 2001, all of which and are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2057613 | Gardner | Oct 1936 | A |
| 2241078 | Vreeland | May 1941 | A |
| 2270385 | Skillman | Jan 1942 | A |
| 2283575 | Roberts | May 1942 | A |
| 2358152 | Earp | Sep 1944 | A |
| 2410350 | Labin et al. | Oct 1946 | A |
| 2451430 | Barone | Oct 1948 | A |
| 2462069 | Chatterjea et al. | Feb 1949 | A |
| 2462181 | Grosselfinger | Feb 1949 | A |
| 2472798 | Fredendall | Jun 1949 | A |
| 2497859 | Boughtwood et al. | Feb 1950 | A |
| 2499279 | Peterson | Feb 1950 | A |
| 2530824 | King | Nov 1950 | A |
| 2802208 | Hobbs | Aug 1957 | A |
| 2985875 | Grisdale et al. | May 1961 | A |
| 3023309 | Foulkes | Feb 1962 | A |
| 3069679 | Sweeney et al. | Dec 1962 | A |
| 3104393 | Vogelman | Sep 1963 | A |
| 3114106 | McManus | Dec 1963 | A |
| 3118117 | King et al. | Jan 1964 | A |
| 3226643 | McNair | Dec 1965 | A |
| 3246084 | Kryter | Apr 1966 | A |
| 3258694 | Shepherd | Jun 1966 | A |
| 3383598 | Sanders | May 1968 | A |
| 3384822 | Miyagi | May 1968 | A |
| 3454718 | Perreault | Jul 1969 | A |
| 3523291 | Pierret | Aug 1970 | A |
| 3548342 | Maxey | Dec 1970 | A |
| 3555428 | Perreault | Jan 1971 | A |
| 3614627 | Runyan et al. | Oct 1971 | A |
| 3614630 | Rorden | Oct 1971 | A |
| 3617892 | Hawley et al. | Nov 1971 | A |
| 3617898 | Janning, Jr. | Nov 1971 | A |
| 3621402 | Gardner | Nov 1971 | A |
| 3622885 | Oberdorf et al. | Nov 1971 | A |
| 3623160 | Giles et al. | Nov 1971 | A |
| 3626417 | Gilbert | Dec 1971 | A |
| 3629696 | Bartelink | Dec 1971 | A |
| 3641442 | Boucher | Feb 1972 | A |
| 3643168 | Maniciki | Feb 1972 | A |
| 3662268 | Gans et al. | May 1972 | A |
| 3689841 | Bello et al. | Sep 1972 | A |
| 3694754 | Baltzer | Sep 1972 | A |
| 3702440 | Moore | Nov 1972 | A |
| 3714577 | Hayes | Jan 1973 | A |
| 3716730 | Cerny, Jr. | Feb 1973 | A |
| 3717844 | Barret et al. | Feb 1973 | A |
| 3719903 | Goodson | Mar 1973 | A |
| 3735048 | Tomsa et al. | May 1973 | A |
| 3736513 | Wilson | May 1973 | A |
| 3737778 | Van Gerwen et al. | Jun 1973 | A |
| 3739282 | Bruch et al. | Jun 1973 | A |
| 3740636 | Hogrefe et al. | Jun 1973 | A |
| 3764921 | Huard | Oct 1973 | A |
| 3767984 | Shinoda et al. | Oct 1973 | A |
| 3806811 | Thompson | Apr 1974 | A |
| 3809821 | Melvin | May 1974 | A |
| 3852530 | Shen | Dec 1974 | A |
| 3868601 | MacAfee | Feb 1975 | A |
| 3940697 | Morgan | Feb 1976 | A |
| 3949300 | Sadler | Apr 1976 | A |
| 3967202 | Batz | Jun 1976 | A |
| 3980945 | Bickford | Sep 1976 | A |
| 3987280 | Bauer | Oct 1976 | A |
| 3991277 | Hirata | Nov 1976 | A |
| 4003002 | Snijders et al. | Jan 1977 | A |
| 4004237 | Kratzer | Jan 1977 | A |
| 4013966 | Campbell | Mar 1977 | A |
| 4016366 | Kurata | Apr 1977 | A |
| 4017798 | Gordy et al. | Apr 1977 | A |
| 4019140 | Swerdlow | Apr 1977 | A |
| 4032847 | Unkauf | Jun 1977 | A |
| 4035732 | Lohrmann | Jul 1977 | A |
| 4045740 | Baker | Aug 1977 | A |
| 4047121 | Campbell | Sep 1977 | A |
| 4048598 | Knight | Sep 1977 | A |
| 4051475 | Campbell | Sep 1977 | A |
| 4066841 | Young | Jan 1978 | A |
| 4066919 | Huntington | Jan 1978 | A |
| 4080573 | Howell | Mar 1978 | A |
| 4081748 | Batz | Mar 1978 | A |
| 4115737 | Hongu et al. | Sep 1978 | A |
| 4130765 | Arakelian et al. | Dec 1978 | A |
| 4130806 | Van Gerwen et al. | Dec 1978 | A |
| 4132952 | Hongu et al. | Jan 1979 | A |
| 4142155 | Adachi | Feb 1979 | A |
| 4143322 | Shimamura | Mar 1979 | A |
| 4145659 | Wolfram | Mar 1979 | A |
| 4158149 | Otofuji | Jun 1979 | A |
| 4170764 | Salz et al. | Oct 1979 | A |
| 4173164 | Adachi et al. | Nov 1979 | A |
| 4204171 | Sutphin, Jr. | May 1980 | A |
| 4210872 | Gregorian | Jul 1980 | A |
| 4220977 | Yamanaka | Sep 1980 | A |
| 4241451 | Maixner et al. | Dec 1980 | A |
| 4245355 | Pascoe et al. | Jan 1981 | A |
| 4250458 | Richmond et al. | Feb 1981 | A |
| 4253066 | Fisher et al. | Feb 1981 | A |
| 4253067 | Caples et al. | Feb 1981 | A |
| 4253069 | Nossek | Feb 1981 | A |
| 4286283 | Clemens | Aug 1981 | A |
| 4308614 | Fisher et al. | Dec 1981 | A |
| 4313222 | Katthan | Jan 1982 | A |
| 4320361 | Kikkert | Mar 1982 | A |
| 4320536 | Dietrich | Mar 1982 | A |
| 4334324 | Hoover | Jun 1982 | A |
| 4346477 | Gordy | Aug 1982 | A |
| 4355401 | Ikoma et al. | Oct 1982 | A |
| 4356558 | Owen et al. | Oct 1982 | A |
| 4360867 | Gonda | Nov 1982 | A |
| 4363132 | Collin | Dec 1982 | A |
| 4363976 | Minor | Dec 1982 | A |
| 4365217 | Berger et al. | Dec 1982 | A |
| 4369522 | Cerny, Jr. et al. | Jan 1983 | A |
| 4370572 | Cosand et al. | Jan 1983 | A |
| 4380828 | Moon | Apr 1983 | A |
| 4384357 | deBuda et al. | May 1983 | A |
| 4389579 | Stein | Jun 1983 | A |
| 4392255 | Del Giudice | Jul 1983 | A |
| 4393352 | Volpe et al. | Jul 1983 | A |
| 4393395 | Hacke et al. | Jul 1983 | A |
| 4405835 | Jansen et al. | Sep 1983 | A |
| 4409877 | Budelman | Oct 1983 | A |
| 4430629 | Betzl et al. | Feb 1984 | A |
| 4439787 | Mogi et al. | Mar 1984 | A |
| 4441080 | Saari | Apr 1984 | A |
| 4446438 | Chang et al. | May 1984 | A |
| 4456990 | Fisher et al. | Jun 1984 | A |
| 4463320 | Dawson | Jul 1984 | A |
| 4470145 | Williams | Sep 1984 | A |
| 4472785 | Kasuga | Sep 1984 | A |
| 4479226 | Prabhu et al. | Oct 1984 | A |
| 4481490 | Huntley | Nov 1984 | A |
| 4481642 | Hanson | Nov 1984 | A |
| 4483017 | Hampel et al. | Nov 1984 | A |
| 4484143 | French et al. | Nov 1984 | A |
| 4485347 | Hirasawa et al. | Nov 1984 | A |
| 4485488 | Houdart | Nov 1984 | A |
| 4488119 | Marshall | Dec 1984 | A |
| 4504803 | Lee et al. | Mar 1985 | A |
| 4510467 | Chang et al. | Apr 1985 | A |
| 4517519 | Mukaiyama | May 1985 | A |
| 4517520 | Ogawa | May 1985 | A |
| 4518935 | van Roermund | May 1985 | A |
| 4521892 | Vance et al. | Jun 1985 | A |
| 4562414 | Linder et al. | Dec 1985 | A |
| 4563773 | Dixon, Jr. et al. | Jan 1986 | A |
| 4571738 | Vance | Feb 1986 | A |
| 4577157 | Reed | Mar 1986 | A |
| 4583239 | Vance | Apr 1986 | A |
| 4591736 | Hirao et al. | May 1986 | A |
| 4591930 | Baumeister | May 1986 | A |
| 4596046 | Richardson et al. | Jun 1986 | A |
| 4602220 | Kurihara | Jul 1986 | A |
| 4603300 | Welles, II et al. | Jul 1986 | A |
| 4612464 | Ishikawa et al. | Sep 1986 | A |
| 4612518 | Gans et al. | Sep 1986 | A |
| 4616191 | Galani et al. | Oct 1986 | A |
| 4621217 | Saxe et al. | Nov 1986 | A |
| 4628517 | Schwarz et al. | Dec 1986 | A |
| 4633510 | Suzuki et al. | Dec 1986 | A |
| 4634998 | Crawford | Jan 1987 | A |
| 4648021 | Alberkrack | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4651034 | Sato | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4651210 | Olson | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4653117 | Heck | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4660164 | Leibowitz | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4663744 | Russell et al. | May 1987 | A |
| 4675882 | Lillie et al. | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4688237 | Brault | Aug 1987 | A |
| 4688253 | Gumm | Aug 1987 | A |
| 4716376 | Daudelin | Dec 1987 | A |
| 4716388 | Jacobs | Dec 1987 | A |
| 4718113 | Rother et al. | Jan 1988 | A |
| 4726041 | Prohaska et al. | Feb 1988 | A |
| 4733403 | Simone | Mar 1988 | A |
| 4734591 | Ichitsubo | Mar 1988 | A |
| 4737969 | Steel et al. | Apr 1988 | A |
| 4740675 | Brosnan et al. | Apr 1988 | A |
| 4740792 | Sagey et al. | Apr 1988 | A |
| 4743858 | Everard | May 1988 | A |
| 4745463 | Lu | May 1988 | A |
| 4751468 | Agoston | Jun 1988 | A |
| 4757538 | Zink | Jul 1988 | A |
| 4761798 | Griswold, Jr. et al. | Aug 1988 | A |
| 4768187 | Marshall | Aug 1988 | A |
| 4769612 | Tamakoshi et al. | Sep 1988 | A |
| 4771265 | Okui et al. | Sep 1988 | A |
| 4772853 | Hart | Sep 1988 | A |
| 4785463 | Janc et al. | Nov 1988 | A |
| 4789837 | Ridgers | Dec 1988 | A |
| 4791584 | Greivenkamp, Jr. | Dec 1988 | A |
| 4801823 | Yokoyama | Jan 1989 | A |
| 4806790 | Sone | Feb 1989 | A |
| 4810904 | Crawford | Mar 1989 | A |
| 4810976 | Cowley et al. | Mar 1989 | A |
| 4811362 | Yester, Jr. et al. | Mar 1989 | A |
| 4811422 | Kahn | Mar 1989 | A |
| 4814649 | Young | Mar 1989 | A |
| 4816704 | Fiori, Jr. | Mar 1989 | A |
| 4819252 | Christopher | Apr 1989 | A |
| 4833445 | Buchele | May 1989 | A |
| 4841265 | Watanabe et al. | Jun 1989 | A |
| 4845389 | Pyndiah et al. | Jul 1989 | A |
| 4855894 | Asahi et al. | Aug 1989 | A |
| 4857928 | Gailus et al. | Aug 1989 | A |
| 4862121 | Hochschild et al. | Aug 1989 | A |
| 4866441 | Conway et al. | Sep 1989 | A |
| 4868654 | Juri et al. | Sep 1989 | A |
| 4870659 | Oishi et al. | Sep 1989 | A |
| 4871987 | Kawase | Oct 1989 | A |
| 4873492 | Myer | Oct 1989 | A |
| 4885587 | Wiegand et al. | Dec 1989 | A |
| 4885671 | Peil | Dec 1989 | A |
| 4885756 | Fontanes et al. | Dec 1989 | A |
| 4888557 | Puckette, IV et al. | Dec 1989 | A |
| 4890302 | Muilwijk | Dec 1989 | A |
| 4893316 | Janc et al. | Jan 1990 | A |
| 4893341 | Gehring | Jan 1990 | A |
| 4894766 | De Agro | Jan 1990 | A |
| 4896152 | Tiemann | Jan 1990 | A |
| 4902979 | Puckette, IV | Feb 1990 | A |
| 4908579 | Tawfik et al. | Mar 1990 | A |
| 4910752 | Yester, Jr. et al. | Mar 1990 | A |
| 4914405 | Wells | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4920510 | Senderowicz et al. | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4922452 | Larsen et al. | May 1990 | A |
| 4931716 | Jovanovic et al. | Jun 1990 | A |
| 4931921 | Anderson | Jun 1990 | A |
| 4943974 | Motamedi | Jul 1990 | A |
| 4944025 | Gehring et al. | Jul 1990 | A |
| 4955079 | Connerney et al. | Sep 1990 | A |
| 4965467 | Bilterijst | Oct 1990 | A |
| 4967160 | Quievy et al. | Oct 1990 | A |
| 4968958 | Hoare | Nov 1990 | A |
| 4970703 | Hariharan et al. | Nov 1990 | A |
| 4972436 | Halim et al. | Nov 1990 | A |
| 4982353 | Jacob et al. | Jan 1991 | A |
| 4984077 | Uchida | Jan 1991 | A |
| 4995055 | Weinberger et al. | Feb 1991 | A |
| 5003621 | Gailus | Mar 1991 | A |
| 5005169 | Bronder et al. | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5006810 | Popescu | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5006854 | White et al. | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5010585 | Garcia | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5012245 | Scott et al. | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5014130 | Heister et al. | May 1991 | A |
| 5014304 | Nicollini et al. | May 1991 | A |
| 5015963 | Sutton | May 1991 | A |
| 5016242 | Tang | May 1991 | A |
| 5017924 | Guiberteau et al. | May 1991 | A |
| 5020149 | Hemmie | May 1991 | A |
| 5020154 | Zierhut | May 1991 | A |
| 5020745 | Stetson, Jr. | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5052050 | Collier et al. | Sep 1991 | A |
| 5058107 | Stone et al. | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5062122 | Pham et al. | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5063387 | Mower | Nov 1991 | A |
| 5065409 | Hughes et al. | Nov 1991 | A |
| 5083050 | Vasile | Jan 1992 | A |
| 5091921 | Minami | Feb 1992 | A |
| 5095533 | Loper et al. | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5095536 | Loper | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5111152 | Makino | May 1992 | A |
| 5113094 | Grace et al. | May 1992 | A |
| 5113129 | Hughes | May 1992 | A |
| 5115409 | Stepp | May 1992 | A |
| 5122765 | Pataut | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5124592 | Hagino | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5126682 | Weinberg et al. | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5131014 | White | Jul 1992 | A |
| 5136267 | Cabot | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5140699 | Kozak | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5140705 | Kosuga | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5150124 | Moore et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5151661 | Caldwell et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5157687 | Tymes | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5159710 | Cusdin | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5164985 | Nysen et al. | Nov 1992 | A |
| 5170414 | Silvian | Dec 1992 | A |
| 5172019 | Naylor et al. | Dec 1992 | A |
| 5172070 | Hiraiwa et al. | Dec 1992 | A |
| 5179731 | Tränkle et al. | Jan 1993 | A |
| 5191459 | Thompson et al. | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5196806 | Ichihara | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5204642 | Ashgar et al. | Apr 1993 | A |
| 5212827 | Meszko et al. | May 1993 | A |
| 5214787 | Karkota, Jr. | May 1993 | A |
| 5218562 | Basehore et al. | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5220583 | Solomon | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5220680 | Lee | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5222144 | Whikehart | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5230097 | Currie et al. | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5239496 | Vancraeynest | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5239686 | Downey | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5239687 | Chen | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5241561 | Barnard | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5249203 | Loper | Sep 1993 | A |
| 5251218 | Stone et al. | Oct 1993 | A |
| 5251232 | Nonami | Oct 1993 | A |
| 5260970 | Henry et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5260973 | Watanabe | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5263194 | Ragan | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5263196 | Jasper | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5263198 | Geddes et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5267023 | Kawasaki | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5278826 | Murphy et al. | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5282023 | Scarpa | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5282222 | Fattouche et al. | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5287516 | Schaub | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5293398 | Hamao et al. | Mar 1994 | A |
| 5303417 | Laws | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5307517 | Rich | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5315583 | Murphy et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5319799 | Morita | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5321852 | Seong | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5325204 | Scarpa | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5337014 | Najle et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5339054 | Taguchi | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5339395 | Pickett et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5339459 | Schiltz et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5345239 | Madni et al. | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5353306 | Yamamoto | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5355114 | Sutterlin et al. | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5361408 | Watanabe et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5369404 | Galton | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5369789 | Kosugi et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5369800 | Takagi et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5375146 | Chalmers | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5379040 | Mizomoto et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5379141 | Thompson et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5388063 | Takatori et al. | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5389839 | Heck | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5390215 | Anita et al. | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5390364 | Webster et al. | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5400084 | Scarpa | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5404127 | Lee et al. | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5410195 | Ichihara | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5410270 | Rybicki et al. | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5410541 | Hotto | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5410743 | Seely et al. | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5412352 | Graham | May 1995 | A |
| 5416449 | Joshi | May 1995 | A |
| 5416803 | Janer | May 1995 | A |
| 5422909 | Love et al. | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5422913 | Wilkinson | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5423082 | Cygan et al. | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5428638 | Cioffi et al. | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5428640 | Townley | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5434546 | Palmer | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5438329 | Gastouniotis et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5438692 | Mohindra | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5440311 | Gallagher et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5444415 | Dent et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5444416 | Ishikawa et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5444865 | Heck et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5446421 | Kechkaylo | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5446422 | Mattila et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5448602 | Ohmori et al. | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5451899 | Lawton | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5454007 | Dutta | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5454009 | Fruit et al. | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5461646 | Anvari | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5463356 | Palmer | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5463357 | Hobden | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5465071 | Kobayashi et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5465410 | Hiben et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5465415 | Bien | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5465418 | Zhou et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5471162 | McEwan | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5471665 | Pace et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5479120 | McEwan | Dec 1995 | A |
| 5479447 | Chow et al. | Dec 1995 | A |
| 5481570 | Winters | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5483193 | Kennedy et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5483245 | Ruinet | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5483549 | Weinberg et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5483600 | Werrbach | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5483691 | Heck et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5483695 | Pardoen | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5490173 | Whikehart et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5490176 | Peltier | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5493581 | Young et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5493721 | Reis | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5495200 | Kwan et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5495202 | Hsu | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5495500 | Jovanovich et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5499267 | Ohe et al. | Mar 1996 | A |
| 5500758 | Thompson et al. | Mar 1996 | A |
| 5512946 | Murata et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5513389 | Reeser et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5515014 | Troutman | May 1996 | A |
| 5517688 | Fajen et al. | May 1996 | A |
| 5519890 | Pinckley | May 1996 | A |
| 5523719 | Longo et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5523726 | Kroeger et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5523760 | McEwan | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5535402 | Leibowitz et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5539770 | Ishigaki | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5551076 | Bonn | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5552789 | Schuermann | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5555453 | Kajimoto et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5557641 | Weinberg | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5557642 | Williams | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5559468 | Gailus et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5559809 | Jeon et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5563550 | Toth | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5564097 | Swanke | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5574755 | Persico | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5579341 | Smith et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5579347 | Lindquist et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5584068 | Mohindra | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5589793 | Kassapian | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5592131 | Labreche et al. | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5600680 | Mishima et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5602847 | Pagano et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5602868 | Wilson | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5604592 | Kotidis et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5604732 | Kim et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5606731 | Pace et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5608531 | Honda et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5610946 | Tanaka et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
| RE35494 | Nicollini | Apr 1997 | E |
| 5617451 | Mimura et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5619538 | Sempel et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5621455 | Rogers et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5628055 | Stein | May 1997 | A |
| 5630227 | Bella et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5633610 | Maekawa et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5633815 | Young | May 1997 | A |
| 5634207 | Yamaji et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5636140 | Lee et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5638396 | Klimek | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5640415 | Pandula | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5640424 | Banavong et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5640428 | Abe et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5640698 | Shen et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5642071 | Sevenhans et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5648985 | Bjerede et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5650785 | Rodal | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5659372 | Patel et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5661424 | Tang | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5663878 | Walker | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5663986 | Striffler | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5668836 | Smith et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5675392 | Nayebi et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5678220 | Fournier | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5678226 | Li et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5680078 | Ariie | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5680418 | Croft et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5682099 | Thompson et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5689413 | Jaramillo et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5694096 | Ushiroku et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5697074 | Makikallio et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5699006 | Zele et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5703584 | Hill | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5705949 | Alelyunas et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5705955 | Freeburg et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5710992 | Sawada et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5710998 | Opas | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5714910 | Skoczen et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5715281 | Bly et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5721514 | Crockett et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5724002 | Hulick | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5724041 | Inoue et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5724653 | Baker et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5729577 | Chen | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5729829 | Talwar et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5732333 | Cox et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5734683 | Hulkko et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5736895 | Yu et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5737035 | Rotzoll | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5742189 | Yoshida et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5745846 | Myer et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5748683 | Smith et al. | May 1998 | A |
| 5751154 | Tsugai | May 1998 | A |
| 5757858 | Black et al. | May 1998 | A |
| 5757864 | Petranovich et al. | May 1998 | A |
| 5757870 | Miya et al. | May 1998 | A |
| RE35829 | Sanderford, Jr. | Jun 1998 | E |
| 5760629 | Urabe et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5760632 | Kawakami et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5760645 | Comte et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5764087 | Clark | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5767726 | Wang | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5768118 | Faulk et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5768323 | Kroeger et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5770985 | Ushiroku et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5771442 | Wang et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5777692 | Ghosh | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5777771 | Smith | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5778022 | Walley | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5781600 | Reeve et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5784689 | Kobayashi | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5786844 | Rogers et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5787125 | Mittel | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5790587 | Smith et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5793801 | Fertner | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5793817 | Wilson | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5793818 | Claydon et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5801654 | Traylor | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5802463 | Zuckerman | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5805460 | Greene et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5809060 | Cafarella et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5812546 | Zhou et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5818582 | Fernandez et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5818869 | Miya et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5825254 | Lee | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5825257 | Klymyshyn et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5834979 | Yatsuka | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5834985 | Sundegård | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5834987 | Dent | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5841324 | Williams | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5841811 | Song | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5844449 | Abeno et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5844868 | Takahashi et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5847594 | Mizuno | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5859878 | Phillips et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5864754 | Hotto | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5870670 | Ripley et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5872446 | Cranford, Jr. et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5878088 | Knutson et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5881375 | Bonds | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5883548 | Assard et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5884154 | Sano et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5887001 | Russell | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5892380 | Quist | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5894239 | Bonaccio et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5894496 | Jones | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5896304 | Tiemann et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5896347 | Tomita et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5896562 | Heinonen | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5898912 | Heck et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5900746 | Sheahan | May 1999 | A |
| 5900747 | Brauns | May 1999 | A |
| 5901054 | Leu et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5901187 | Iinuma | May 1999 | A |
| 5901344 | Opas | May 1999 | A |
| 5901347 | Chambers et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5901348 | Bang et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5901349 | Guegnaud et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5903178 | Miyatsuji et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5903187 | Claverie et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5903196 | Salvi et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5903421 | Furutani et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5903553 | Sakamoto et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5903595 | Suzuki | May 1999 | A |
| 5903609 | Kool et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5903827 | Kennan et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5903854 | Abe et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5905433 | Wortham | May 1999 | A |
| 5905449 | Tsubouchi et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5907149 | Marckini | May 1999 | A |
| 5907197 | Faulk | May 1999 | A |
| 5909447 | Cox et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5909460 | Dent | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5911116 | Nosswitz | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5911123 | Shaffer et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5914622 | Inoue | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5915278 | Mallick | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5918167 | Tiller et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5920199 | Sauer | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5926065 | Wakai et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5926513 | Suominen et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5933467 | Sehier et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5937013 | Lam et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5943370 | Smith | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5945660 | Nakasuji et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5949827 | DeLuca et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5952895 | McCune, Jr. et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5953642 | Feldtkeller et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5955992 | Shattil | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5959850 | Lim | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5960033 | Shibano et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5970053 | Schick et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5973570 | Salvi et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5982315 | Bazarjani et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5982329 | Pittman et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5982810 | Nishimori | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5986600 | McEwan | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5994689 | Charrier | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5995030 | Cabler | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5999561 | Naden et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6005506 | Bazarjani et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6005903 | Mendelovicz | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6011435 | Takeyabu et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6014176 | Nayebi et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6014551 | Pesola et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6018262 | Noro et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6018553 | Sanielevici et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6026286 | Long | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6028887 | Harrison et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6031217 | Aswell et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6034566 | Ohe | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6038265 | Pan et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6041073 | Davidovici et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6047026 | Chao et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6049573 | Song | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6049706 | Cook et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6054889 | Kobayashi | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6057714 | Andrys et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6061551 | Sorrells et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6061555 | Bultman et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6064054 | Waczynski et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6067329 | Kato et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6072996 | Smith | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6073001 | Sokoler | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6076015 | Hartley et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6078630 | Prasanna | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6081691 | Renard et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6084465 | Dasqupta | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6084922 | Zhou et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6085073 | Palermo et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6088348 | Bell, III et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6091289 | Song et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6091939 | Banh | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6091940 | Sorrells et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6091941 | Moriyama et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6094084 | Abou-Allam et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6097762 | Suzuki et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6098046 | Cooper et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6098886 | Swift et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6112061 | Rapeli | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6121819 | Traylor | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6125271 | Rowland, Jr. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6128746 | Clark et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6137321 | Bazarjani | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6144236 | Vice et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6144331 | Jiang | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6144846 | Durec | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6147340 | Levy | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6147763 | Steinlechner | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6150890 | Damgaard et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6151354 | Abbey | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6160280 | Bonn et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6167247 | Kannell et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6169733 | Lee | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6175728 | Mitama | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6178319 | Kashima | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6182011 | Ward | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6192225 | Arpaia et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6195539 | Galal et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6198941 | Aho et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6204789 | Nagata | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6208636 | Tawil et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| RE37138 | Dent | Apr 2001 | E |
| 6211718 | Souetinov | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6212369 | Avasarala | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6215475 | Meyerson et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6215828 | Signell et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6223061 | Dacus et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6225848 | Tilley et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6230000 | Tayloe | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6246695 | Seazholtz et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6259293 | Hayase et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6266518 | Sorrells et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6275542 | Katayama et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6298065 | Dombkowski et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6307894 | Eidson et al. | Oct 2001 | B2 |
| 6308058 | Souetinov et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6313685 | Rabii | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6313700 | Nishijima et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6314279 | Mohindra | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6317589 | Nash | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6321073 | Luz et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6327313 | Traylor et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6330244 | Swartz et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6335656 | Goldfarb et al. | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6353735 | Sorrells et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6363262 | McNicol | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6366622 | Brown et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6366765 | Hongo et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6370371 | Sorrells et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6385439 | Hellberg | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6393070 | Reber | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6400963 | Glockler et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6404758 | Wang | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6404823 | Grange et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6421534 | Cook et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6437639 | Nguyen et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6438366 | Lindfors et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6441659 | Demone | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6441694 | Turcotte et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6445726 | Gharpurey | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6459721 | Mochizuki et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6509777 | Razavi et al. | Jan 2003 | B2 |
| 6512544 | Merrill et al. | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6512785 | Zhou et al. | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6512798 | Akiyama et al. | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6516185 | MacNally | Feb 2003 | B1 |
| 6531979 | Hynes | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6542722 | Sorrells et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6546061 | Signell et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6560301 | Cook et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6560451 | Somayajula | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6567483 | Dent et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6580902 | Sorrells et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6591310 | Johnson | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6597240 | Walburger et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6600795 | Ohta et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6600911 | Morishige et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6608647 | King | Aug 2003 | B1 |
| 6611569 | Schier et al. | Aug 2003 | B1 |
| 6618579 | Smith et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6625470 | Fourtet et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6628328 | Yokouchi et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6633194 | Arnborg et al. | Oct 2003 | B2 |
| 6634555 | Sorrells et al. | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6639939 | Naden et al. | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6647250 | Bultman et al. | Nov 2003 | B1 |
| 6647270 | Himmelstein | Nov 2003 | B1 |
| 6686879 | Shattil | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6687493 | Sorrells et al. | Feb 2004 | B1 |
| 6690232 | Ueno et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6690741 | Larrick, Jr. et al. | Feb 2004 | B1 |
| 6694128 | Sorrells et al. | Feb 2004 | B1 |
| 6697603 | Lovinggood et al. | Feb 2004 | B1 |
| 6704549 | Sorrells et al. | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6704558 | Sorrells et al. | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6731146 | Gallardo | May 2004 | B1 |
| 6738609 | Clifford | May 2004 | B1 |
| 6741139 | Pleasant et al. | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6741650 | Painchaud et al. | May 2004 | B1 |
| 6775684 | Toyoyama et al. | Aug 2004 | B1 |
| 6798351 | Sorrells et al. | Sep 2004 | B1 |
| 6801253 | Yonemoto et al. | Oct 2004 | B1 |
| 6813320 | Claxton et al. | Nov 2004 | B1 |
| 6813485 | Sorrells et al. | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6823178 | Pleasant et al. | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6829311 | Riley | Dec 2004 | B1 |
| 6836650 | Sorrells et al. | Dec 2004 | B2 |
| 6850742 | Fayyaz | Feb 2005 | B2 |
| 6853690 | Sorrells et al. | Feb 2005 | B1 |
| 6865399 | Fujioka et al. | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6873836 | Sorrells et al. | Mar 2005 | B1 |
| 6876846 | Tamaki et al. | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6879817 | Sorrells et al. | Apr 2005 | B1 |
| 6882194 | Belot et al. | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6892057 | Nilsson | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6892062 | Lee et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6894988 | Zehavi | May 2005 | B1 |
| 6909739 | Eerola et al. | Jun 2005 | B1 |
| 6910015 | Kawai | Jun 2005 | B2 |
| 6917796 | Setty et al. | Jul 2005 | B2 |
| 6920311 | Rofougaran et al. | Jul 2005 | B2 |
| 6959178 | Macedo et al. | Oct 2005 | B2 |
| 6963626 | Shaeffer et al. | Nov 2005 | B1 |
| 6963734 | Sorrells et al. | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 6973476 | Naden et al. | Dec 2005 | B1 |
| 6975848 | Rawlins et al. | Dec 2005 | B2 |
| 6999747 | Su | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 7006805 | Sorrells et al. | Feb 2006 | B1 |
| 7010286 | Sorrells et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7010559 | Rawlins et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7016663 | Sorrells et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7027786 | Smith et al. | Apr 2006 | B1 |
| 7039372 | Sorrells et al. | May 2006 | B1 |
| 7050508 | Sorrells et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7054296 | Sorrells et al. | May 2006 | B1 |
| 7065162 | Sorrells et al. | Jun 2006 | B1 |
| 7072390 | Sorrells et al. | Jul 2006 | B1 |
| 7072427 | Rawlins et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7072433 | Bell | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7076011 | Cook et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7082171 | Johnson et al. | Jul 2006 | B1 |
| 7085335 | Rawlins et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7107028 | Sorrells et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7110435 | Sorrells et al. | Sep 2006 | B1 |
| 7110444 | Sorrells et al. | Sep 2006 | B1 |
| 7149487 | Yoshizawa | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7190941 | Sorrells et al. | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| 7193965 | Nevo et al. | Mar 2007 | B1 |
| 7194044 | Birkett et al. | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| 7194246 | Sorrells et al. | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| 7197081 | Saito | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| 7209725 | Sorrells et al. | Apr 2007 | B1 |
| 7212581 | Birkett et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7218899 | Sorrells et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7218907 | Sorrells et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7224749 | Sorrells et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7233969 | Rawlins et al. | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| 7236754 | Sorrells et al. | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| 7245886 | Sorrells et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7272164 | Sorrells et al. | Sep 2007 | B2 |
| 7292835 | Sorrells et al. | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7295826 | Cook et al. | Nov 2007 | B1 |
| 7308242 | Sorrells et al. | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7321640 | Milne et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7321735 | Smith et al. | Jan 2008 | B1 |
| 7321751 | Sorrells et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7358801 | Perdoor et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7376410 | Sorrells et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7379515 | Johnson et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7379883 | Sorrells | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7386292 | Sorrells et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7389100 | Sorrells et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7433910 | Rawlins et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 7454453 | Rawlins et al. | Nov 2008 | B2 |
| 7460584 | Parker et al. | Dec 2008 | B2 |
| 7483686 | Sorrells et al. | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7496342 | Sorrells et al. | Feb 2009 | B2 |
| 7515896 | Sorrells et al. | Apr 2009 | B1 |
| 7529522 | Sorrells et al. | May 2009 | B2 |
| 7539474 | Sorrels et al. | May 2009 | B2 |
| 7546096 | Sorrells et al. | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7554508 | Johnson et al. | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7599421 | Sorrells et al. | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7620378 | Sorrells et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
| 7653145 | Sorrells et al. | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7653158 | Rawlins et al. | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 20010015673 | Yamashita et al. | Aug 2001 | A1 |
| 20010036818 | Dobrovolny | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20020021685 | Sakusabe | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020037706 | Ichihara | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020042257 | Sorrells et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020080728 | Sugar et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020098823 | Lindfors et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020132642 | Hines et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020163921 | Ethridge et al. | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| 20030045263 | Wakayama et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030078011 | Cheng et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030081781 | Jensen et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030149579 | Begemann et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030193364 | Liu et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20040125879 | Jaussi et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20050085207 | Sorrells et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050085208 | Sorrells et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20060002491 | Darabi et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060039449 | Fontana et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060209599 | Kato et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1936252 | Jan 1971 | DE |
| 35 41 031 | May 1986 | DE |
| 42 37 692 | Mar 1994 | DE |
| 196 27 640 | Jan 1997 | DE |
| 692 21 098 | Jan 1998 | DE |
| 196 48 915 | Jun 1998 | DE |
| 197 35 798 | Jul 1998 | DE |
| 0 035 166 | Sep 1981 | EP |
| 0 087 336 | Aug 1983 | EP |
| 0 099 265 | Jan 1984 | EP |
| 0 087 336 | Jul 1986 | EP |
| 0 254 844 | Feb 1988 | EP |
| 0 276 130 | Jul 1988 | EP |
| 0 276 130 | Jul 1988 | EP |
| 0 193 899 | Jun 1990 | EP |
| 0 380 351 | Aug 1990 | EP |
| 0 380 351 | Feb 1991 | EP |
| 0 411 840 | Feb 1991 | EP |
| 0 423 718 | Apr 1991 | EP |
| 0 411 840 | Jul 1991 | EP |
| 0 486 095 | May 1992 | EP |
| 0 423 718 | Aug 1992 | EP |
| 0 512 748 | Nov 1992 | EP |
| 0 529 836 | Mar 1993 | EP |
| 0 548 542 | Jun 1993 | EP |
| 0 512 748 | Jul 1993 | EP |
| 0 560 228 | Sep 1993 | EP |
| 0 632 288 | Jan 1995 | EP |
| 0 632 577 | Jan 1995 | EP |
| 0 643 477 | Mar 1995 | EP |
| 0 643 477 | Mar 1995 | EP |
| 0 411 840 | Oct 1995 | EP |
| 0 696 854 | Feb 1996 | EP |
| 0 632 288 | Jul 1996 | EP |
| 0 732 803 | Sep 1996 | EP |
| 0 486 095 | Feb 1997 | EP |
| 0 782 275 | Jul 1997 | EP |
| 0 785 635 | Jul 1997 | EP |
| 0 789 449 | Aug 1997 | EP |
| 0 789 449 | Aug 1997 | EP |
| 0 795 955 | Sep 1997 | EP |
| 0 795 955 | Sep 1997 | EP |
| 0 795 978 | Sep 1997 | EP |
| 0 817 369 | Jan 1998 | EP |
| 0 817 369 | Jan 1998 | EP |
| 0 837 565 | Apr 1998 | EP |
| 0 862 274 | Sep 1998 | EP |
| 0 874 499 | Oct 1998 | EP |
| 0 512 748 | Nov 1998 | EP |
| 0 877 476 | Nov 1998 | EP |
| 0 977 351 | Feb 2000 | EP |
| 2 245 130 | Apr 1975 | FR |
| 2 669 787 | May 1992 | FR |
| 2 743 231 | Jul 1997 | FR |
| 2 161 344 | Jan 1986 | GB |
| 2 215 945 | Sep 1989 | GB |
| 2 324 919 | Nov 1998 | GB |
| 47-2314 | Feb 1972 | JP |
| 55-66057 | May 1980 | JP |
| 56-114451 | Sep 1981 | JP |
| 58-7903 | Jan 1983 | JP |
| 58-031622 | Feb 1983 | JP |
| 58-133004 | Aug 1983 | JP |
| 59-022438 | Feb 1984 | JP |
| 59-123318 | Jul 1984 | JP |
| 59-144249 | Aug 1984 | JP |
| 60-58705 | Apr 1985 | JP |
| 60-130203 | Jul 1985 | JP |
| 61-30821 | Feb 1986 | JP |
| 61-193521 | Aug 1986 | JP |
| 61-232706 | Oct 1986 | JP |
| 61-245749 | Nov 1986 | JP |
| 62-12381 | Jan 1987 | JP |
| 62-047214 | Feb 1987 | JP |
| 63-54002 | Mar 1988 | JP |
| 63-65587 | Mar 1988 | JP |
| 63-153691 | Jun 1988 | JP |
| 63-274214 | Nov 1988 | JP |
| 64-048557 | Feb 1989 | JP |
| 2-39632 | Feb 1990 | JP |
| 2-131629 | May 1990 | JP |
| 2-276351 | Nov 1990 | JP |
| 4-123614 | Apr 1992 | JP |
| 4-127601 | Apr 1992 | JP |
| 4-154227 | May 1992 | JP |
| 5-175730 | Jul 1993 | JP |
| 5-175734 | Jul 1993 | JP |
| 5-327356 | Dec 1993 | JP |
| 6-237276 | Aug 1994 | JP |
| 6-284038 | Oct 1994 | JP |
| 7-154344 | Jun 1995 | JP |
| 7-169292 | Jul 1995 | JP |
| 7-307620 | Nov 1995 | JP |
| 8-23359 | Jan 1996 | JP |
| 8-32556 | Feb 1996 | JP |
| 8-139524 | May 1996 | JP |
| 8-288882 | Nov 1996 | JP |
| 9-36664 | Feb 1997 | JP |
| 9-171399 | Jun 1997 | JP |
| 10-22804 | Jan 1998 | JP |
| 10-41860 | Feb 1998 | JP |
| 10-96778 | Apr 1998 | JP |
| 10-173563 | Jun 1998 | JP |
| 11-98205 | Apr 1999 | JP |
| WO 8001633 | Aug 1980 | WO |
| WO 9118445 | Nov 1991 | WO |
| WO 9405087 | Mar 1994 | WO |
| WO 9501006 | Jan 1995 | WO |
| WO 9519073 | Jul 1995 | WO |
| WO 9602977 | Feb 1996 | WO |
| WO 9608078 | Mar 1996 | WO |
| WO 9639750 | Dec 1996 | WO |
| WO 9708839 | Mar 1997 | WO |
| WO 9708839 | Mar 1997 | WO |
| WO 9738490 | Oct 1997 | WO |
| WO 9800953 | Jan 1998 | WO |
| WO 9824201 | Jun 1998 | WO |
| WO 9840968 | Sep 1998 | WO |
| WO 9840968 | Sep 1998 | WO |
| WO 9853556 | Nov 1998 | WO |
| WO 9923755 | May 1999 | WO |
| WO 0031659 | Jun 2000 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20070293182 A1 | Dec 2007 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60204796 | May 2000 | US | |
| 60213363 | Jun 2000 | US | |
| 60272043 | Mar 2001 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 09855851 | May 2001 | US |
| Child | 10961342 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 09550644 | Apr 2000 | US |
| Child | 09855851 | US |
