Electrical energy storage devices are in widespread use in the form of batteries, fuel cells, as well as other forms of devices. Determining the health and general useful life of such devices is both commonplace and important for production as well as end-use applications.
Existing methods for measuring the expected life of a battery are focused on an approach which attempts to make a direct measurement of the impedance of the battery. The variations in the battery impedance are known to be a representation of expected battery life. Such methods are well known.
One of the noteworthy limitations of existing impedance-based methods is that they are slow to determine the impedance of the battery. This limits the applicability of such methods. Time to measure the impedance of the battery varies with the particular approach applied, but the fastest approach to spectrally determining the impedance may be as long as 10 seconds.
This long duration is not acceptable for many applications such as a quick health check in a production environment. Other situations also require much faster measurements in order to be practical.
To emphasize what is lacking in the state of the art, it is worth noting that existing approaches to battery life determination rely on scientific grade instrumentation. This is very costly and complex. Additionally, the time to make a suitable measurement is orders of magnitude longer than what is described in this application. Therefore, there is a great need to reduce the cost, complexity and time to derive a measurement for the state of a battery.
By reducing the cost, complexity and time to derive the state of a battery, many new applications and capabilities result. For example, it is possible to embed a simple circuit in the battery itself. It is possible to make battery life determination a routine and even continuously monitored measurement associated with production, storage and end-use applications of battery technology.
Additionally, it is worth noting that the typical end-use battery consumer has little knowledge about the actual state of a battery. For the typical end use customer, the only measurement available is when the device requiring battery power fails to function correctly. The end-user has only the option to replace the battery and determine if that solves the problem. No specific measurement is generally available in many end-use applications. Additionally, batteries that have been in storage for extended periods also provide no specific indication of state. Again, the alternative is to insert the battery into the intended device which requires battery power and determine if it functions as desired, or not. Finally, in the manufacture process for batteries, it is too costly and time consuming to measure the state of all batteries. Hence, quality control is not as good as it could be if the state of every battery in the production flow was measured, as is possible with the device described in this patent application.
Accordingly, in the arts of battery testing, there is a need in the arts for improved methods, apparatus, and systems assessing condition of a battery.
Real-time battery assessment of life expectancy is accomplished by determining a characteristic resonance due to the characteristic impedance of the battery under test. The well-known fact that the impedance of a battery varies monotonically is exploited by measuring the resultant phase plane oscillation associated with the parallel impedance of the reference oscillator combined with the impedance of the battery under test. The nature of the resultant oscillation provides a virtually instantaneous indication of the state of the battery where the time required is inversely proportional the frequency of the oscillator. This approach represents a significant breakthrough in both the time necessary to determine the state of a battery, as well as greatly simplifying the complexity and cost as compared to existing approaches. This approach makes it feasible to include an indication of the state of the battery as an integral component in all batteries. This is especially true for rechargeable batteries
The components in the drawings are not necessarily to scale relative to each other. Like
reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the several views.
Previously acquired test data pertaining to a reference battery that has been previously tested is retrieved from memory 110. Since the reference battery corresponds to the same type as the battery 10 under test, the battery test data acquired by the digital oscilloscope 104 is compared with the retrieved previously acquired test data. A comparison between the previously acquired test data and the acquired battery test data is used to determine a battery condition of the battery 10 that is under test. For example, the determined battery condition may correspond to a remaining useful battery life of the battery 10. A report may be then generated and output to a reporting device 126 via the output interface 112.
The disclosed systems and methods for a battery test system 100 will become better understood through review of the following detailed description in conjunction with the figures. The detailed description and figures provide examples of the various inventions described herein. Those skilled in the art will understand that the disclosed examples may be varied, modified, and altered without departing from the scope of the inventions described herein. Many variations are contemplated for different applications and design considerations, however, for the sake of brevity, each and every contemplated variation is not individually described in the following detailed description.
Throughout the following detailed description, a variety of examples for systems and methods for a battery test system 100 are provided. Related features in the examples may be identical, similar, or dissimilar in different examples. For the sake of brevity, related features will not be redundantly explained in each example. Instead, the use of related feature names will cue the reader that the feature with a related feature name may be similar to the related feature in an example explained previously. Features specific to a given example will be described in that particular example. The reader should understand that a given feature need not be the same or similar to the specific portrayal of a related feature in any given figure or example.
The following definitions apply herein, unless otherwise indicated.
“Substantially” means to be more-or-less conforming to the particular dimension, range, shape, concept, or other aspect modified by the term, such that a feature or component need not conform exactly. For example, a “substantially cylindrical” object means that the object resembles a cylinder, but may have one or more deviations from a true cylinder.
“Comprising,” “including,” and “having” (and conjugations thereof) are used interchangeably to mean including but not necessarily limited to, and are open-ended terms not intended to exclude additional elements or method steps not expressly recited.
Terms such as “first”, “second”, and “third” are used to distinguish or identify various members of a group, or the like, and are not intended to denote a serial, chronological, or numerical limitation.
“Coupled” means connected, either permanently or releasably, whether directly or indirectly through intervening components. “Secured to” means directly connected without intervening components.
“Communicatively coupled” means that an electronic device exchanges information with another electronic device, either wirelessly or with a wire based connector, whether directly or indirectly through a communication network. “Controllably coupled” means that an electronic device controls operation of another electronic device. “Electrically coupled” means that two electrical components are electrically coupled together in parallel and/or in series, as is known in the electrical arts.
Returning to
In a preferred embodiment, the tested battery database 116 has stored base response test pattern data. The base response test pattern data acquired for the previously tested different types of reference batteries is preferably stored as a plurality of base response F(x) nonlinearities 902 (see
In a preferred embodiment, the family of base response test patterns for many different types of reference batteries is stored in the tested battery database 116. Accordingly, the battery test system 100 may be used to test any battery 10 so long as there is one family of base response test patterns for that same type of battery 10.
In some embodiments, such as when the battery 10 is in a particular type of device, then the family of base response test patterns for that particular type of battery is stored in the tested battery database 116. For example, but not limited to, the battery 10 may reside in an electric vehicle or hybrid vehicle. Here, the battery test system 100 may be integrated into the electronics system of the vehicle. The user of the vehicle can conduct a battery test of the vehicle's battery 10 in real time or near real time.
Preferably, the family of base response test pattern data from the previously tested reference batteries was acquired by the battery test system 100. However, this approach may not be practical since once a battery 10 has degraded below its useful battery life, that battery 10 must be replaced.
Alternatively, the family of base response test patterns may be acquired using a different battery test system 100 so long as the calibrated oscillators 102 are like calibrated. The family of base response test patterns for a plurality of different types of reference batteries may be remotely stored. The family of base response test pattern data for a particular type of reference battery of interest can then be downloaded into the tested battery database 116. Here, the reference battery of interest is the same type of as the batter 10 that is under test.
Also, for each previously tested types of reference batteries in the tested battery database 116, corresponding tested battery identification information is associated with each particular family of previously acquired base response test patterns. This associated battery identification and family of base response test pattern information is stored in the tested battery database 116.
In practice, the user electrically connects the positive terminal of the battery 10 to the interface 114 so that the digital oscilloscope 104 and the battery 10 are then electrically coupled together in parallel. The calibrated oscillator 102 is then actuated to generate the test signal that is received by the battery 10. The response of the battery 10 to the test signal is then detected by the digital oscilloscope 104. The digital oscilloscope 104 outputs the acquired battery test response pattern data to the processor system 106. The processor system 106, executing the pattern analysis module 118, determines a response test pattern for the battery 10.
Prior to the battery test, or at least prior to determination of the battery condition, the user inputs information that identifies the battery 10. The user input information may be input via the user interface 108 using a suitable user input device 125 (such as a keyboard, a mouse, a touch sensitive display, etc.). The battery identification information of the battery 10 may include a battery manufacturer name, a type of battery type, battery name, a battery model number, a battery serial number, or the like.
The processor system 106, executing the tested battery database 116, compares the received battery identification information with corresponding identification information for a plurality of different types of reference batteries stored in the tested battery database 116. At some juncture during this comparison process, the processor system 106 identifies one of the types of previously tested reference batteries that matches the identification information of the battery 10 that is being tested. When a match is identified between the battery identification information of the battery 10 under test and the reference battery, the processor system 106 retrieves the previously acquired base test data for that matching previously tested battery.
The processor system 106, executing the pattern recognizer module 120, then compares the determined response test pattern for the battery 10 with family of base response test patterns for the corresponding reference battery. When a match between the determined response test pattern for the battery 10 and one of the family of base response test patterns is identified, battery state information associated with the matching base response test pattern is retrieved from the tested battery database 116. For example, but not limited to, the battery state information for the previously acquired response test pattern of the reference battery may indicate a remaining life of seventy-five percent (75%). Accordingly, the remaining life of the battery 10 under test can be estimated to be 75% by the processor system 106.
Some embodiments may be configured to use a suitable interpolation algorithm to compute the battery condition for the response test pattern determined for the battery using the family of base response test patterns for that type of battery. In the illustrative example of
Once the battery condition for the battery 10 has been determined, the processor system 106, executing the battery life report module 122, may then generate a report indicating the determined battery state information indicating the battery condition of the tested battery 10. The generated report may be output, via the output interface 112, to a reporting device 126. Non limiting example of a reporting device 126 may be a smart phone 126a, a printer 126b, and/or a display screen 126c. Any suitable reporting device 126 may be used by the various embodiments. In some applications, the reporting device 126 may also be used as a user input device 124, such as the smart phone 126a. As is well-known in the electrical arts, any electronic oscillator is characterized by an equation of the form of equation (1), which has an equivalent circuit described by
{umlaut over (x)}+μf(x){dot over (x)}+x=0, (1)
μF(x)=∫0xμf(s)ds. (2)
The derivation of the above equations (1) and (2) is straightforward. By applying Kirchhoff s Current Law to the circuit of
which is imposed as a constraint to simplify the equation, then (1) results with
Since, due to physical limitations
is only mathematically valid, an actual circuit will have a scaling factor that can be ignored with respect to determining the shape of the phase plane characteristics. To avoid such scaling, the equivalent formulation of (3) can be used instead, at the expense of more complex visualizations of results. x is also substituted for V in order to highlight the generality of this result, which has both physical and mathematical significance. All the descriptions which follow could be formulated in terms of equations (1), or (3). In a non-limiting example embodiment, equation (1) is chosen because it is slightly simpler in form. This is a completely general result for any oscillator circuit. Also, an equivalent circuit, where x=a current, instead of a voltage, is also possible to derive. For this disclosure only the voltage-based embodiment is utilized, but it is evident than an alternative current-based embodiment, with equivalent dynamics is known to those skilled in the art.
Without exclusion to other embodiments, it can be assumed that x in equation (1) is a voltage and that would correspond to V in
as is well-known in mathematics.
It has units of volts/sec.
as is well-known in mathematics. It has units of volts/sec2.
It is well-known that batteries have a characteristic impedance. One skilled in the art appreciates that impedances, in an electrical parallel combination, result in a so-called equivalent impedance. Assuming impedance is a complex number, which is usual, and that it is indicated by the nomenclature Z (as is usual), the equivalent impedance that is governed by two parallel impedances is determined by equation (4).
For this disclosure, without elimination of other equivalent considerations, Z1 can be thought to represent the impedance of F(x), and Z2 can be thought to represent the impedance of the battery under test. Z2 is well-known to have the important characteristic that it varies in a monotonic fashion over the life of the battery. Hence, it is a well-performing indicator of battery life. Certain regular phases of Z2 are known to have a 1-to-1 correspondence to battery life.
When the battery 10 is connected, the characteristic oscillation 302, 402 of the
calibrated oscillator 102 will achieve a 1-to-1 mapping of the characteristic impedance (response test pattern) of the battery 10, which is associated with the frequency of oscillation of the oscillator described by equation (1). This characteristic measurement can be thought of as converting from the impedance measurements to the phase plane measurements (see the characteristic oscillation 302 in
In order to maximize performance, it is prudent to choose an oscillator frequency of operation that corresponds to a section the battery impedance characteristics that experiences the greatest variation as a function of the age of the battery. Accordingly, there is typically greater variation in the impedance of the battery 10 at higher frequencies. The calibrated oscillator 102 is ideally suited to operate at the higher frequencies of interest. However, if appropriate, any frequency of interest can be accommodated. It is expected that the best frequency of operation will be a function of the nature of the battery under test. Without expert knowledge of the nature of the battery impedance characteristics, any oscillator frequency is likely to work satisfactorily.
It is also worthwhile to note that the oscillators under consideration are not pure sinusoidal oscillations, which would be characterized by a very “round” circle in the phase plane. Hence, non-sinusoidal oscillations, based on Fourier Analysis, can be thought of as being comprised of more than one sinusoid component. Therefore, the interaction with the impedance of the battery is actually distributed across more than one frequency, which only tends to improve the accuracy of the phase plane measurement, derived from the parallel combination of the oscillator impedance and that of the battery under test, which is the focus of this disclosure.
The phase plane oscillation of the calibrated oscillator 102, when placed in parallel with the battery 10 under test, will result in a monotonically varying oscillation (see
The significant advantage of this approach is that the measurement that is derived from the shape and location of the closed curve in the phase plane of
Moreover, the circuitry for a suitable F(x) is relatively simple and requires only a DC source. This means that the entire apparatus, shown in
The calibrated oscillator 102 of
The calibrated oscillator 102 of
These previously acquired response test patterns for the reference battery are illustrated in
One skilled in the art appreciates that to generate the plurality of first phase plane curves for a reference battery, a plurality of reference batteries each at different battery conditions must be pre-tested to determine their respective battery condition. For example, when the first phase plane curves EX 1, EX 2, EX 3, EX 4, EX 5, and EX 6 are acquired, six reference batteries with different battery conditions are tested to determine their respective phase plane curve (family of base response test patterns). Since each of the tested reference batteries are identical, other than their battery condition, then an assumption can be made that if the battery 10 under test is of the same type as the tested plurality of like batteries, that the first phase plane curves of the reference batteries will correspond to the first phase plane curve (the response test pattern) of the battery 10 under test.
Accordingly, as described herein, the phase plane curve of the battery 10 may be compared to the phase plane curves of the plurality of pre-tested reference batteries. The assumption then is that the phase plane curve of the battery 10 under test that best matches one of the plurality of phase plane curves will correlate to the battery condition of the pre-tested like battery having the best-matched phase plane curve. In some embodiments, a suitable interpolation process between two closest phase plane curves may be made to more closely approximate the battery condition of the battery 10 under test.
In the various embodiments, the processing system 106 may be any suitable processor or device. The processing system 106 may be a commercially available processor. Examples of commercially available processors include, but are not limited to, a Pentium microprocessor from Intel Corporation, Power PC microprocessor, SPARC processor, PA-RISC processor or 68000 series microprocessor. In other embodiments, the processing system 106 may be a mainframe type processor system. The processing system 106 may be a specially designed and fabricated processor, or may be part of a multi-purpose processing system, in accordance with embodiments of the battery test system 100.
It should be emphasized that the above-described embodiments of the battery test system 100 are merely possible examples of implementations of the invention. Many variations and modifications may be made to the above-described embodiments. All such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of this disclosure and protected by the following claims.
Furthermore, the disclosure above encompasses multiple distinct inventions with independent utility. While each of these inventions has been disclosed in a particular form, the specific embodiments disclosed and illustrated above are not to be considered in a limiting sense as numerous variations are possible. The subject matter of the inventions includes all novel and non-obvious combinations and subcombinations of the various elements, features, functions and/or properties disclosed above and inherent to those skilled in the art pertaining to such inventions. Where the disclosure or subsequently filed claims recite “a” element, “a first” element, or any such equivalent term, the disclosure or claims should be understood to incorporate one or more such elements, neither requiring nor excluding two or more such elements.
Applicant(s) reserves the right to submit claims directed to combinations and subcombinations of the disclosed inventions that are believed to be novel and non-obvious. Inventions embodied in other combinations and subcombinations of features, functions, elements and/or properties may be claimed through amendment of those claims or presentation of new claims in the present application or in a related application. Such amended or new claims, whether they are directed to the same invention or a different invention and whether they are different, broader, narrower, or equal in scope to the original claims, are to be considered within the subject matter of the inventions described herein.