Apparatus and method of efficient fluid delivery for cooling a heat producing device

Abstract

A heat exchanger includes features for alleviating high pressure drops and controlling the expansion of fluid during freezing. The heat exchanger includes an interface layer in which heat is transferred from a heat source to a fluid. A manifold layer couples to the interface layer. The manifold layer includes a first set of substantially vertical fluid paths for directing the fluid to the interface layer. The manifold layer further includes a second set of substantially horizontal fluid paths, perpendicular to the first set of fluid paths, for removing the fluid from the interface layer. Preferably, the heat exchanger includes an upper layer for circulating the fluid to and from the manifold layer. The upper layer can include at least one of a plurality of protruding features and a porous structure. Preferably, a porous structure is disposed along the interface layer.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a method and apparatus for cooling a heat producing device in general, and specifically, to a method and apparatus for efficient fluid delivery in cooling an electronic device with minimal pressure drop within the heat exchanger.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Since their introduction in the early 1980s, microchannel heat sinks have shown much potential for high heat-flux cooling applications and have been used in the industry. However, existing microchannels include conventional parallel channel arrangements which are not well suited for cooling heat producing devices which have spatially-varying heat loads. Such heat producing devices have areas which produce more heat than others. These hotter areas are hereby designated as “hot spots” whereas the areas of the heat source which do not produce as much heat are hereby termed, “warm spots”.

FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate a side view and top view of a prior art heat exchanger 10 which is coupled to an electronic device 99, such as a microprocessor via a thermal interface material (“TIM”) 98. As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, fluid generally flows from a single inlet port 12 and flows along the bottom surface 11 through the parallel microchannels 14, as shown by the arrows, and exits through the outlet port 16. The heat exchanger 10 cools the electronic device 99, the fluid flows from the inlet port 12 to the outlet port 16 in a uniform manner. In other words, the fluid flows substantially uniformly along the entire bottom surface 11 of the heat exchanger 10 and does not supply more fluid to areas in the bottom surface 11 which correspond with hot spots in the device 99. In addition, the temperature of liquid flowing from the inlet generally increases as it flows along the bottom surface 11 of the heat exchanger. Therefore, regions of the heat source 99 which are downstream or near the outlet port 16 are not supplied with cool fluid, but actually warmer fluid or two-phase fluid which has already been heated upstream. In effect, the heated fluid actually propagates the heat across the entire bottom surface 11 of the heat exchanger and region of the heat source 99, whereby hot fluid near the outlet port 16 becomes ineffective in cooling the heat source 99. This increase in heat can cause two-phase flow instabilities in which the boiling of fluid along the bottom surface 11 forces fluid away from the areas where the most heat is generated. In addition, the heat exchanger 10 having only one inlet 12 and one outlet 16 forces fluid to travel along the long parallel microchannels 14 in the bottom surface 11 for the entire length of the heat exchanger 10, thereby creating a large pressure drop due to the length the fluid must travel. The large pressure drop formed in the heat exchanger 10 makes pumping fluid to the heat exchanger 10 difficult and augments the instabilities.

FIG. 1C illustrates a side view diagram of a prior art multi-level heat exchanger 20. Fluid enters the multi-level heat exchanger 20 through the port 22 and travels downward through multiple jets 28 in the middle layer 26 to the bottom surface 27 and out port 24. In addition, the fluid traveling along the jets 28 does not uniformly flow down to the bottom surface 27. In addition, the heat exchanger in FIG. 1C exhibits the same problems discussed above with regard to the heat exchanger 10 in FIGS. 1A and 1B.

What is needed is a heat exchanger which is configured to achieve a small pressure drop between the inlet and outlet fluid ports while efficiently cooling the heat source. What is also needed is a heat exchanger which is configured to achieve proper temperature uniformity in light of hot spots in the heat source.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a heat exchanger is disclosed. The heat exchanger comprises an interface layer in which heat is transferred from a heat source having a surface to a fluid. The heat exchanger also includes a manifold layer coupled to the interface layer. The manifold layer comprises a first set of fluid paths substantially perpendicular to the surface for directing the fluid to the interface layer; and a second set of fluid paths substantially parallel to the surface and perpendicular to the first set of fluid paths for removing the fluid from the interface layer.

The heat exchanger preferably includes an upper layer for circulating the fluid to and from the manifold layer. The upper layer can include a plurality of protruding features or a porous medium which improve flow control and also control freezing direction within the heat exchanger under conditions of fluid freezing. Preferably, the upper layer includes a central reservoir in which the fluid is delivered from an inlet port or ports of the heat exchanger. The heat exchanger preferably includes a porous copper structure disposed along the interface layer. The heat exchanger can include microchannels and/or micropins formed to channel fluid flow and promote heat transfer.

Preferably, the fluid is in single phase flow conditions. Alternatively, at least a portion of the fluid can be in two phase flow conditions. In another embodiment, at least a portion of the fluid can undergo a transition between single and two phase flow conditions in the heat exchanger.

Preferably, each fluid path is positioned to cool at least one interface hot spot region in the heat source. Preferably, the interface layer is coupled to the heat source. Alternatively, the interface layer is integrally formed to the heat source. The heat source can be an integrated circuit.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a heat exchanger is disclosed. The heat exchanger includes an interface layer in which heat is transferred from a heat source having a surface to a fluid. The heat exchanger also includes a manifold layer coupled to the interface layer. The manifold layer further comprises a first set of fluid paths substantially perpendicular to the surface for directing the fluid to the interface layer and a second set of fluid paths substantially parallel to the surface and perpendicular to the first set of fluid paths for removing the fluid from the interface layer. The heat exchanger further comprises an upper layer for circulating the fluid to and from the manifold layer. The upper layer can include a plurality of protruding features which improve flow control within the heat exchanger.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a manifold layer is configured to direct fluid to and from an interface layer within a heat exchanger. The manifold layer comprises a first set of fluid paths substantially perpendicular to the interface layer for directing the fluid to the interface layer and a second set of fluid paths substantially parallel to the interface layer perpendicular to the first set of fluid paths for removing the fluid from the interface layer.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a method of cooling a heat source coupled to an interface layer of a heat exchanger is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of: circulating a fluid into a central reservoir; directing the fluid through a first set of fluid paths substantially perpendicular to the interface layer; and removing the fluid from the interface layer through a second set of fluid paths substantially parallel to the interface layer and perpendicular to the first set of fluid paths. The method can also include the step of providing an upper layer to circulate the fluid to and from each fluid path. The method can further include the step of coupling a plurality of protruding features to the upper layer to improve flow control within the heat exchanger.

Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent after reviewing the detailed description of the preferred and alternative embodiments set forth below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A illustrates a side view of a conventional heat exchanger.

FIG. 1B illustrates a top view of the conventional heat exchanger.

FIG. 1C illustrates a side view diagram of a prior art multi-level heat exchanger.

FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic diagram of a closed loop cooling system incorporating an embodiment of the heat exchanger of the present invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates a perspective view of the upper layer for circulating fluid to and from the manifold layer and which includes a plurality of protruding features for controlling freezing within the heat exchanger in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates a bottom view of the upper layer for circulating fluid to and from the manifold layer and which includes a plurality of protruding features for flow control within the heat exchanger, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates a lateral cross-sectional view of the heat exchanger including the upper layer, the manifold layer and the interface layer in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates an alternative lateral cross-sectional view of the heat exchanger including the upper layer, the manifold layer and the interface layer in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 7 illustrates a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the heat exchanger which shows a flow path from the inlet port to the outlet port in accordance with the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

Generally, the heat exchanger captures thermal energy generated from a heat source by passing fluid through selective areas of the interface layer which is preferably coupled to the heat source. In particular, the fluid is directed to specific areas in the interface layer to cool the hot spots and areas around the hot spots to generally create temperature uniformity across the heat source while maintaining a small pressure drop within the heat exchanger. As discussed in the different embodiments below, the heat exchanger utilizes a plurality of apertures, channels and/or fingers in the manifold layer as well as conduits in the intermediate layer to direct and circulate fluid to and from selected hot spot areas in the interface layer. Alternatively, the heat exchanger includes several ports which are specifically disposed in predetermined locations to directly deliver fluid to and remove fluid from the hot spots to effectively cool the heat source.

It should be noted that although the present invention is preferably described as a microchannel heat exchanger, the present invention can be used in other applications and is not limited to the discussion herein.

FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic diagram of a closed loop cooling system 30 which includes a flexible fluid delivery microchannel heat exchanger 100 in accordance with the present invention. As shown in FIG. 2, the fluid ports 108, 109 are coupled to fluid lines or tubular members 38 which are coupled to a pump 32 and heat rejector 36. The pump 32 pumps and circulates fluid within the closed loop 30. In one alternative, one fluid port 108 is used to supply fluid to the heat exchanger 100. In addition, one fluid port 109 is used to remove fluid from the heat exchanger 100. In one embodiment, a uniform, constant amount of fluid flow enters and exits the heat exchanger 100 via the respective fluid ports 108, 109. Alternatively, the amount of fluid flow through the inlet and outlet port(s) 108, 109 can vary with time.

As shown in FIG. 2, the heat exchanger 100 is coupled to a heat source 99, such as an electronic device, including, but not limited to a microchip and integrated circuit, whereby a thermal interface material 98 is preferably disposed between the heat source 99 and the heat exchanger 100. Alternatively, the heat exchanger 100 is directly coupled to the surface of the heat source 99. It is also apparent to one skilled in the art that the heat exchanger 100 is alternatively integrally formed into the heat source 99, whereby the heat exchanger 100 and the heat source 99 are formed as one piece.

It is preferred that the heat exchanger 100 of the present invention is configured to be directly or indirectly in contact with the heat source 99 which is rectangular in shape, as shown in the figures. However, it is apparent to one skilled in the art that the heat exchanger 100 can have any other shape conforming with the shape of the heat source 99. For example, the heat exchanger 100 of the present invention can be configured to have an outer semicircular shape (not shown) which allows the heat exchanger 100 to be in direct or indirect contact with a corresponding semicircular shaped heat source (not shown). In addition, it is preferred that the heat exchanger 100 is slightly larger in dimension than the heat source 99 within the range of and including 0.5–10.0 millimeters.

FIG. 3 illustrates a perspective view of an upper layer 200 of the heat exchanger 100 (FIG. 2), in accordance with the present invention. The upper layer 200 circulates fluid to and from a manifold layer 350 (FIGS. 5–7) coupled to a reservoir 225 (FIG. 5) of the upper layer 200. The upper layer 200 houses an inlet port 210 and an outlet port 230. The inlet port 210 channels the fluid through the upper layer 200 from an inlet side of the tubular member (FIG. 2) of the system 30 (FIG. 2). The outlet port 230 channels the fluid away from an interface layer 400 (FIG. 5) and a copper foam (FIG. 5) to an outlet side of the tubular member 38 (FIG. 2).

FIG. 4 illustrates a bottom view of the upper layer 200 for circulating fluid to and from the manifold layer 350 (FIGS. 5–7) and which includes a plurality of protruding features 220 for controlling freezing within the heat exchanger 100 (FIG. 2) in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. As shown, the inlet port 210 can include multiple inlet openings to channel the fluid through the upper layer 200 from an inlet side of the tubular member (FIG. 2) of the system 30 (FIG. 2). Similarly, the outlet port 230 can include multiple outlet openings to channel the fluid away from the upper layer 200 to an outlet side of the tubular member 38 (FIG. 2). The fluid circulates and travels around and under the features 220. The features 220 are not acting as flow direction channels.

In one embodiment, the upper layer 200 can include discrete structures. The discrete structures can be, partly or fully, a porous structure through which the fluid flows. Alternatively, the lid can be hollow.

FIG. 5 illustrates a lateral cross-sectional view of a heat exchanger 300 including an upper layer 200 as described above, a manifold layer 350 and an interface layer 400, in accordance with the present invention. The upper layer 200 includes a plurality of optional protruding features 220 and a reservoir 225. The manifold layer 350 includes a plurality of inlet flow channels 360 and outlet flow channels 370. The interface layer 400 is preferably disposed between the heat source 99 (FIG. 2) and the manifold layer 350. The heat source 99 is preferably an integrated circuit. The interface layer 400 preferably includes a porous copper structure 410 disposed along a bottom surface of the interface layer 400. The upper layer 200, the manifold layer 350, and the interface layer 400 are preferably bonded together using a bonding technique (e.g., epoxy bonding, brazing, welding and soldering).

Still referring to FIG. 5, the fluid enters into the upper layer 200 via the inlet port 210 manifold layer 350 via the inlet flow channels 360, which include multiple openings and channels, and into the interface layer 400. The fluid then flows through apertures (not shown) of the porous copper structure 410 and exits out of the interface layer 400 and into and through the outlet flow channels 370, which also include multiple openings and channels, which have a flow direction perpendicular to the flow direction of the inlet flow channels 360. The fluid then flows out of the outlet flow channels 370 and back to the upper layer 200 to the outlet port 230 (FIGS. 3 and 4). The speed of the fluid through the porous copper structure 410 can be reduced by using multiple inlet openings and flow passages of the inlet flow channels 360 which reduces overall pressure drop for flow to occur through the porous copper structure 410 and provides efficient cooling of the integrated circuit. The inlet channels 360 are substantially normal to a surface of the integrated circuit while the outlet channels 370 are substantially parallel to the surface of the integrated circuit.

FIG. 6 illustrates an alternative lateral cross-sectional view of the heat exchanger 300 including the upper layer 200, the manifold layer 350 and the interface layer 400 in accordance with the present invention. The upper layer 200 includes a plurality of protruding features 220. The cross-sectional view of FIG. 6 shows ends of half of the optional features 220. As mentioned above, the fluid flows around and under the optional features 220. The manifold layer 350 includes a plurality of inlet flow channels (inlet slots) 360 and outlet flow channels (outlet slots) 370. The inlet flow channels 360 are fluid paths which are substantially perpendicular to the heat source 99 (FIG. 2) for directing the fluid to the interface layer 400. The outlet flow channels 370 are fluid paths which are substantially parallel to the heat source 99 (FIG. 2) and perpendicular to the inlet flow channels 360. It will be appreciated that, in an alternative embodiment, fluid can flow in an opposite flow direction. The interface layer 400 is preferably disposed between the heat source 99 (FIG. 2) and the manifold layer 350. The interface layer 400 preferably includes a porous copper structure 410 disposed along a bottom surface of the interface layer 400. The inlet slots 360 allow for downward flow into the foam 410. The outlet slots 370 allow for exit flow out of the porous copper structure 410. The upper layer 200, the manifold layer 350, and the interface layer 400 are preferably bonded together using a bonding technique (e.g., epoxy bonding, brazing, welding, soldering or diffusion bonding).

FIG. 7 illustrates a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a heat exchanger 300 which shows a flow path from the inlet port 210 to the outlet port 230 in accordance with the present invention. The heat exchanger 300 includes an upper layer 200, a manifold layer 350 and an interface layer 400. The upper layer 200 includes a plurality of optional protruding features 220. The fluid can flow between and under the optional features 220. The manifold layer in FIG. 7 shows a plurality of inlet slots for allowing downward flow into the interface layer 400. A porous copper structure 410 is disposed along a bottom surface of the interface layer 400. Alternatively, the interface layer 400 can include a plurality of microchannels (not shown) to channel fluid flow and promote heat transfer. In addition, the interface layer 400 can include a plurality of micropins (not shown) to channel fluid flow and promote heat transfer.

In the above embodiments, the fluid is in any of single phase flow (i.e., liquid), two phase flow (i.e., liquid/vapor mixture), or a transition between single and two phase flow. Single phase fluids is preferred. The system can be designed so that colder fluid is delivered at a high flow rate to hot spot regions of the interface layer 400 using the designs described above. For two phase fluids, such as a mixture of vapor and liquid, one method of effective cooling of the hot spots is to cause the fluid to boil at the hot spot to effectively cool the hot spot. It is well known that the temperature and boiling point of a two-phase fluid is directly proportional to the pressure of the fluid. In particular, as the amount of pressure in the fluid increases, the temperature and boiling point of the fluid increases. In contrast, as the amount of pressure decreases in the fluid, the temperature and boiling point of the fluid decreases. The heat exchanger 300 utilizes this pressure/temperature phenomenon of the fluid under single or two phase flow to effectively cool the hot spots and achieve temperature uniformity in the heat source 99 (FIG. 2).

For single phase flow, the heat exchanger 300 is configured to channel fluid that is a relatively low temperature to various parts of the interface layer 400 which is at a relatively higher temperature. The lower temperature fluid subjected to the hot spots will effectively cool the hot spots to a desired temperature while the higher temperature fluid will cool the warm or cold spots to the same desired temperature. In effect, the single phase flow achieves temperature uniformity in the heat source 99 (FIG. 2) by directing the fluid at the adequate temperature to the desired locations in the interface layer 400 to effectively cool the locations to a desired temperature.

For two phase flow, the heat exchanger 300 of the present invention is configured to channel fluid using a similar approach discussed above. In particular, the heat exchanger 300 of the present invention supplies lower pressure fluid to the hot spot regions of the interface layer 400 to purposely cause boiling at the hot spot regions. It is well known that boiling of a two phase fluid causes a significant pressure drop due to a substantial increase in acceleration of the two phase fluid. As stated above regarding the pressure-temperature relationship, a significant drop in fluid pressure will naturally cause the temperature to significantly drop to a temperature corresponding with the reduced pressure. Accordingly, the heat exchanger 300 is configurable to channel two phase fluid already at a relatively lower pressure to the interface hot spot regions. In addition, the heat exchanger 300 is configurable to channel fluid at a relatively higher pressure to cooler areas of the interface layer 400. The lower pressure fluid, upon coming into contact with the interface hot spot region, will significantly heat up and begin to boil at a much lower boiling point, thereby generating a pressure drop. As a result of the decrease in pressure, the temperature of the boiling two phase fluid effectively decreases. As a result, the two phase fluid becomes cooler and is able to more effectively cool the hot spot. It is apparent that the same theory applies in the reversing two phase fluid into single phase fluid to achieve temperature uniformity in the heat source 99 (FIG. 2).

The heat exchanger 300 of the present invention utilizes multiple fluid conditions to effectively achieve temperature uniformity in the heat source 99 (FIG. 2). The heat exchanger 300 is configurable to control the cooling effect of the fluid in each desired area by manipulating the fluid flow rate and/or the pressure of the fluid in the desired area using one pump 32 (FIG. 2). Alternatively, the heat exchanger 300 controls the cooling effect of the fluid in each desired area by manipulating the fluid flow rate and/or the pressure of the fluid in the desired area using multiple pumps.

The present invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments incorporating details to facilitate the understanding of the principles of construction and operation of the invention. Such reference herein to specific embodiments and details thereof is not intended to limit the scope of the claims appended hereto. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications may be made in the embodiment chosen for illustration without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A heat exchanger comprising: a. an interface layer in which heat is transferred from a heat source having a surface to a fluid; andb. a manifold layer coupled to the interface layer, the manifold layer further comprising: i. a first set of fluid paths substantially perpendicular to the surface for directing the fluid to the interface layer; andii. a second set of fluid paths substantially parallel to the surface and perpendicular to the first set of fluid paths for removing the fluid from the interface layer.

2. The heat exchanger of claim 1 further including an upper layer for circulating the fluid to and from the manifold layer.

3. The heat exchanger of claim 2 wherein the upper layer includes a plurality of protruding features.

4. The heat exchanger of claim 2 wherein the upper layer includes a porous structure.

5. The heat exchanger of claim 2 wherein the upper layer includes a central reservoir in which the fluid is delivered from an inlet port of the heat exchanger.

6. The heat exchanger of claim 1 wherein the fluid is in single phase flow conditions.

7. The heat exchanger of claim 6 wherein at least a portion of the fluid is in two phase flow conditions.

8. The heat exchanger of claim 7 wherein at least a portion of the fluid undergoes a transition between single and two phase flow conditions in the heat exchanger.

9. The heat exchanger of claim 1 wherein each fluid path is positioned to cool at least one interface hot spot region in the heat source.

10. The heat exchanger of claim 1 wherein the interface layer is coupled to the heat source.

11. The heat exchanger of claim 1 wherein the interface layer is integrally formed to the heat source.

12. The heat exchanger of claim 1 wherein the heat source is an integrated circuit.

13. The heat exchanger of claim 1 further including a porous structure disposed along the interface layer.

14. The heat exchanger of claim 1 further including a plurality of microchannels formed to channel fluid flow and promote heat transfer.

15. The heat exchanger of claim 1 further including a plurality of micropins disposed along the interface layer.

16. A heat exchanger comprising: a. an interface layer in which heat is transferred from a heat source having a surface to a fluid;b. a manifold layer coupled to the interface layer, the manifold layer further comprising: i. a first set of fluid paths substantially perpendicular to the surface for directing the fluid to the interface layer; andii. a second set of fluid paths substantially parallel to the surface and perpendicular to the first set of fluid paths for removing the fluid from the interface layer; andc. an upper layer for circulating the fluid to and from the manifold layer.

17. The heat exchanger of claim 16 wherein the upper layer includes a plurality of protruding features.

18. The heat exchanger of claim 16 wherein the upper layer includes a porous structure.

19. The heat exchanger of claim 16 wherein the upper layer includes a central reservoir in which the fluid is delivered from an inlet port of the heat exchanger.

20. The heat exchanger of claim 16 wherein the fluid is in single phase flow conditions.

21. The heat exchanger of claim 20 wherein at least a portion of the fluid is in two phase flow conditions.

22. The heat exchanger of claim 21 wherein at least a portion of the fluid undergoes a transition between single and two phase flow conditions in the heat exchanger.

23. The heat exchanger of claim 16 wherein each fluid path is positioned to cool at least one interface hot spot regions in the heat source.

24. The heat exchanger of claim 16 wherein the interface layer is coupled to the heat source.

25. The heat exchanger of claim 16 wherein the interface layer is integrally formed to the heat source.

26. The heat exchanger of claim 16 wherein the heat source is an integrated circuit.

27. The heat exchanger of claim 16 further including a porous structure disposed along the interface layer.

28. The heat exchanger of claim 16 further including a plurality of microchannels formed to channel fluid flow and promote heat transfer.

29. The heat exchanger of claim 16 further including a plurality of micropins disposed along the interface layer.

30. A manifold layer configured to direct fluid to and from an interface layer within a heat exchanger, the manifold layer comprising: a. a first set of fluid paths substantially perpendicular to the interface layer for directing the fluid to the interface layer; andb. a second set of fluid paths substantially parallel to the interface layer and perpendicular to the first set of fluid paths for removing the fluid from the interface layer.

31. The manifold layer of claim 30 wherein the manifold layer is coupled to an upper layer which circulates the fluid to and from the manifold layer, the upper layer including a central reservoir in which the fluid is delivered from an inlet port of the heat exchanger.

32. The manifold layer of claim 30 wherein the interface layer is coupled to a heat source.

33. The manifold layer of claim 30 wherein the fluid is in single phase flow conditions.

34. The manifold layer of claim 33 wherein at least a portion of the fluid is in two phase flow conditions.

35. The manifold layer of claim 34 wherein at least a portion of the fluid undergoes a transition between single and two phase flow conditions in the heat exchanger.

36. The manifold layer of claim 32 wherein each fluid path is positioned to cool at least one interface hot spot region in the heat source.

37. The manifold layer of claim 32 wherein the interface layer is integrally formed to the heat source.

38. The manifold layer of claim 32 wherein the heat source is an integrated circuit.

39. The manifold layer of claim 30 further including a porous structure disposed along the interface layer.

40. The manifold layer of claim 30 further including a plurality of microchannels formed to channel fluid flow and promote heat transfer.

41. A method of cooling a heat source coupled to an interface layer of a heat exchanger, the method comprising the steps of: a. circulating a fluid into a central reservoir;b. directing the fluid through a first set of fluid paths substantially perpendicular to the interface layer; andc. removing the fluid from the interface layer through a second set of fluid paths substantially parallel to the interface layer and perpendicular to the first set of fluid paths.

42. The method of claim 41 further including the step of providing an upper layer to circulate the fluid to and from each fluid path.

43. The method of claim 42 further including the step of coupling a plurality of protruding features to the upper layer.

44. The method of claim 42 further including the step of coupling a porous structure to the upper layer.

45. The method of claim 43 wherein the upper layer includes a central reservoir in which the fluid is delivered from an inlet port of the heat exchanger.

46. The method of claim 41 wherein the fluid is in single phase flow conditions.

47. The method of claim 46 wherein at least a portion of the fluid is in two phase flow conditions.

48. The method of claim 47 wherein at least a portion of the fluid undergoes a transition between single and two phase flow conditions in the heat exchanger.

49. The method of claim 41 wherein each fluid path is positioned to cool at least one interface hot spot region in the heat source.

50. The method of claim 41 wherein the interface layer is integrally formed to the heat source.

51. The method of claim 41 wherein the heat source is an integrated circuit.

52. The method of claim 41 wherein the interface layer includes a porous copper foam disposed along the interface layer.

53. The method of claim 41 wherein the interface layer includes a plurality of microchannels formed to channel fluid flow and promote heat transfer.

54. The method of claim 41 wherein the interface layer includes a plurality of micropins disposed along the interface layer.