BACKGROUND
Field
The present disclosure relates generally to techniques for additively manufacturing parts and components, and more specifically to sealing powder holes in additively manufactured parts.
Background
Recently three-dimensional (3D) printing, also referred to as additive manufacturing, has presented new opportunities to efficiently build parts for automobiles and other transport structures such as airplanes, boats, motorcycles, and the like. Applying additive manufacturing processes to industries that produce these products has proven to produce a more efficient transport structure. An automobile produced using 3D printed components can be made stronger, lighter, and consequently, more fuel efficient. Advantageously, 3D printing, as compared to traditional manufacturing processes, does not significantly contribute to the burning of fossil fuels; therefore, the 3D printing of parts for automobiles can be more eco-friendly than conventional manufacturing techniques.
Automobiles and transport vehicles are constructed with components including panels, extrusions, nodes, and tubes. Additively manufactured parts formed using Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) processes can leave behind residual trapped powder necessitating post processing powder removal steps. Accordingly, there is a need to develop technologies for removing trapped powders in additively manufactured parts, in a manner that minimizes the potential for corrosion or other problems caused by the ingress of fluids into internal portions of the additively manufactured part, for example, during post-processing operations.
SUMMARY
Several aspects of techniques for sealing additively manufactured powder holes will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques.
In one aspect an apparatus comprises an exterior region, an internal lattice structure, and an aperture within the exterior region. The exterior region comprises an inner surface and an external surface. The internal lattice structure is coupled to the inner surface and configured to mechanically support the exterior region. The aperture exposes a portion of the internal lattice structure.
In another aspect a method for additive manufacturing comprises: providing an exterior region; providing an internal lattice structure; and coupling the internal lattice structure to the inner surface to provide support to the exterior region. The exterior region comprises an inner surface, an external surface, and an aperture;
In another aspect a method of manufacturing a transport structure comprises: building a support lattice; building a panel region coupled to the support lattice; and removing powder from a portion of the panel region; and adhering an overlay structure over the aperture. Powder is removed from a portion of the panel region by using an aperture in the panel region
In another aspect an additively manufactured (AM) component comprises a surface region, an interior channel, and a removable cap. The interior channel is formed within the AM component and coupled to the surface region. The removable cap is co-printed with the AM component and covers the interior channel at the surface region.
In another aspect an additively manufactured (AM) component comprises a surface region, a powder hole, and at least one segment. The powder hole is located in the surface region and coupled by an interior channel. The interior channel has a channel axis formed within the AM component. The at least one segment extends outward from a circumference of the powder hole.
In another aspect a method of removing a residual powder from an AM component comprises: co-printing at least one AM powder hole in a surface of the AM component; removing the residual powder from the AM component; and sealing the at least one AM powder hole.
It will be understood that other aspects of additively manufacturing powder holes and sealing powder holes will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, wherein it is shown and described only several embodiments by way of illustration. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, powder holes for removing trapped powder in additively manufactured parts can be realized with other embodiments without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Various aspects of apparatus and methods for sealing powder holes in additively manufactured parts will now be presented in the detailed description by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1A illustrates a cross section view of an additively manufactured (AM) part and a first co-printed cap according to an embodiment.
FIG. 1B illustrates a cross section view of an additively manufactured (AM) part and a second co-printed cap according to another embodiment.
FIG. 1C illustrates a cross section view of an additively manufactured (AM) part and a third co-printed cap according to another embodiment.
FIG. 2A illustrates a top perspective view of an AM plug positioned for friction welding according to an embodiment.
FIG. 2B illustrates a cross section view of the AM plug of FIG. 2A.
FIG. 3A illustrates a cross section view of a deformable plug with internal threads positioned for sealing a powder hole according to an embodiment.
FIG. 3B illustrates a cross section view of the deformable plug of FIG. 3A after sealing the powder hole.
FIG. 4A illustrates a cross section view of a silicone plug positioned for sealing a powder hole according to an embodiment.
FIG. 4B illustrates a cross section view of the silicone plug of FIG. 4A after expansion within the powder hole.
FIG. 5 illustrates a top perspective view of a cylindrical shaped 3-D printed structure having a powder hole and co-printed tangs according to an embodiment.
FIG. 6A illustrates a top view of a 3-D printed structure having powder hole using multiple micro holes according to an embodiment.
FIG. 6B illustrates a cross section view of the powder hole of FIG. 6A.
FIG. 7A illustrates a cross section view of a powder hole exposing a lattice structure in an additively manufactured surface according to an embodiment.
FIG. 7B illustrates a cross section view of the powder hole of FIG. 7A after sealing with a layup.
FIG. 7C illustrates a top view of the powder hole and exposed lattice of FIG. 7A.
FIG. 7D illustrates a cross section side view of the lattice and layup of FIG. 7B.
FIG. 8A illustrates a cross section side view of a powder hole with co-printed outward flanges according to an embodiment.
FIG. 8B illustrates a cross section side view of the flange distortion of the powder hole after spinning with a first die.
FIG. 8C illustrates a cross section side view of the flange distortion of the powder hole after spinning with a second die.
FIG. 8D illustrates a cross section side view of the flange distortion of the powder hole after spinning with a third die.
FIG. 8E illustrates a cross section side view of the flange distortion of the powder hole after spinning with a fourth die.
FIG. 9 illustrates a conceptual flow diagram for sealing a powder hole in an additively manufactured part.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The detailed description set forth below in connection with the drawings is intended to provide a description of exemplary embodiments of technology relating to sealing powder holes in additively manufactured (AM) parts, and it is not intended to represent the only embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. The term “exemplary” used throughout this disclosure means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration,” and should not necessarily be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments presented in this disclosure. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough and complete disclosure that fully conveys the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. However, the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and components may be shown in block diagram form, or omitted entirely, in order to avoid obscuring the various concepts presented throughout this disclosure.
The use of additive manufacturing in the context of powder holes provides significant flexibility and cost saving benefits that enable manufacturers of mechanical structures and mechanized assemblies to manufacture parts and components with complex geometries at a lower cost to the consumer. The sealing of additively manufacture (AM) powder holes, as described in the foregoing, may be used in one or more steps of the process for connecting additively manufactured parts and/or commercial off the shelf (COTS) components. Additively manufactured (AM) parts are printed three-dimensional (3D) parts that are printed by adding layer upon layer of a material based on a preprogramed design. The parts described in the foregoing may be parts used to assemble a transport structure such as an automobile. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the manufactured parts may be used to assemble other complex mechanical products such as vehicles, trucks, trains, motorcycles, boats, aircraft, and the like without departing from the scope of the invention.
Additive manufacturing using laser sintering requires post processing steps to remove residual powder. In order to remove residual powder in hard to reach locations of an AM part, powder holes may be co-printed. Although the co-printed powder holes may provide access to the residual powder in an AM part, they also expose regions of the AM part leading to structural weakness, and corrosion. Accordingly, there is a need to develop new powder holes and technologies for powder removal and their seals.
Apparatus and methods for sealing powder holes in additively manufactured parts are presented herein. In an aspect of the disclosure, powder holes may be co-printed with powder hole seals to prevent the ingress of fluids used in post-processing operations, and to prevent corrosion due to the potential introduction of foreign contaminants into the powder holes and their interaction with residual powder material. The seals prevent residual powder from corrosion, and seals against environmental exposure during these operations.
Embodiments of powder hole seals include, without limitation, co-printed caps, friction welded caps, rivets, silicone plugs, co-printed tangs, multiple micro holes, layup, and spin forming. By using one or more of the above techniques, powder holes can be sealed on AM parts to improve part strength and performance.
FIG. 1A illustrates a cross section view 100 of an additively manufactured (AM) part 104 and a co-printed cap 102 according to an embodiment. The AM part 104 has a powder hole region 106. The co-printed cap 102 is additively manufactured to close the powder hole region 106 following residual powder removal. In this exemplary embodiment, the co-printed cap 102 includes two lower hourglass-shaped structures on respective sides of the AM part 104, and an upper flat portion. As shown, the co-printed cap 102 can cover the top surface of the AM part 104. In some embodiments the AM part 104 may be printed at the same time with a cap, slightly offset from the top surface.
The co-printed cap 102 can be configured to break off to remove residual trapped powder so as to advantageously allow the powder to be trapped in the part during post-processing operations. Additionally, the powder cap 102 may shield trapped powder from media and liquids used in post-processing operations. By using the powder cap 102 as a shield, messy coagulation of powder can be avoided and/or reduced.
Once post-processing operations are completed, the co-printed cap 102 may be breached for removing residual powder. In some embodiments the co-printed cap 102 can be configured to break off from the AM part 104 when a mechanical force is applied. In other embodiments, a hole may be drilled in the co-printed cap 102 in order to produce an orifice for removing residual trapped powder.
Additionally, the co-printed cap 102 can be additively manufactured to have a low value for wall thickness. Once the part has been printed and post-processing operations have been performed, a hole may be easy drilled through the thin wall. Thin walls can easily break so as to allow residual powder removal. In some embodiments, the region 110 where the co-printed cap 102 interfaces with the AM part 104 can be additively manufactured to include properties that encourage bond failure, such as a low material density at the interface. Including such properties may facilitate removal of the co-printed cap 102.
FIG. 1B illustrates a cross section view of an additively manufactured (AM) part 104 and a second co-printed cap 103 according to another embodiment. The principles described above apply as well to this embodiment, except that the co-printed cap 103 has a hexagonal shape and is disposed in the interior of powder hole region 106. The co-printed cap 103 can be broken off or breached to remove excess powder. The hexagonal shape of the cap 103 is such that the cap 103 meets the part 104 at essentially a point region 110, which may make removal of the cap 103 easier. FIG. 1C illustrates a cross section view of an additively manufactured (AM) part 104 and a third co-printed cap 105 according to another embodiment. The co-printed cap is angled inward relative to an upper surface of the AM part 104. The interface 110 between the cap co-printed cap 105 and the AM part 104 is also made very small. These features enable easy removal of the co-printed cap 105.
FIG. 2A illustrates a top perspective view 200a of an AM plug 202 positioned for friction welding according to an embodiment. FIG. 2B illustrates a cross section view 200b of the AM plug 202. The AM plug 202 is positioned above an AM part 210 with surfaces 211 and 213. As shown in FIGS. 2A-B, the AM plug 202 has a recessed tool coupling feature 204, a locating extension 212, a locating extension 214, a flash projection 206, and a flash projection 208. The flash projections 206 and 208 contact surfaces 211 and 213, respectively.
The tool coupling feature 204 can interface with a tool and/or a robot effector. In an embodiment, the tool coupling feature 204 can be hexagonal in shape. The location extensions can facilitate interfacing the AM plug 202 with AM part 210 above the powder hole region. The flash projections 206 and 208 can be used to form a friction weld between the AM plug 202 and the surfaces 211 and 213.
Friction can be generated between the AM plug 202 and the surfaces 211 and 213 by applying a mechanical force. The AM plug 202 can be configured to rotate so as to generate friction, which in turn creates heat to form the weld.
An upset force can be applied during post-processing in order to remove oxidized material from the surface of AM part 210, thereby completing the bond. Additionally, powder holes can advantageously be standardized for friction welding.
Although FIGS. 2A-B show an embodiment using a hexagonal shape for interfacing with a robot effector, other configurations using alternative shapes are possible.
FIG. 3A illustrates a cross section view 300a of a deformable plug 306 with internal threads 312 positioned for sealing a powder hole 314 within an AM part 302 according to an embodiment. The deformable plug 306 in this embodiment has an open surface region 310 and extends downward into the powder hole 314 to threads 312. The AM part 302 has an extended surface region with extensions 304 and 305. As shown, the deformable plug 306 can be positioned between extensions 304 and 305. In order to install the deformable plug 306, automation tools and robots can be used. In this embodiment, buckling induces deformation of deformable plug 306 and corresponding displacement of internal threads 312.
FIG. 3B illustrates a cross section view 300b of the deformable plug 306 after sealing the powder hole 314. The internal threads 312 may, upon buckling, compress to regions 313a and 313b within the powder hole 314. In this way the deformable plug 306 fastens to the AM part 302 and forms a seal. The internal threads 312 of the deformable plug 306 may be used to engage with a mandrel. AM part 302 can then be securely connected via the threads 312 and mandrel to another part, such as another node or a portion of a panel.
FIG. 4A illustrates a cross section view 400a of a silicone plug 410 positioned for sealing a powder hole 406 within an AM part 402 according to an embodiment. These embodiments includes using soft metal expansion pieces in powder hole 406. The deformation of soft metal expansion pieces 408 and 409 is induced by expansion of the silicone plug 410. Attached at the bottom of silicone plug 410 is a stiff lower section 417 adapted to resist deformation. The AM part 402 has protrusions 404 and 405. The soft metal expansion piece 408 is conformed and positioned adjacent to the protrusion 404. The other soft metal expansion piece 409 is conformed and positioned adjacent to the protrusion 405. Additionally, locator guides 412 and 413 can be attached with nuts 407 and 411 near the expansion pieces 408 and 409, respectively. A tool 419 for applying pressure to the silicone plug 410 can be placed in the region above the powder hole 402 and aligned between locator guides 412 and 413. The tool 419 can engage with nuts 407 and 411 to obtain the necessary leverage to apply pressure in the downward vertical direction relative to the powder hole 402.
FIG. 4B illustrates a cross section view 400b of the silicone plug 410 of FIG. 4A after the tool 419 has been used to apply pressure in the downward vertical direction into the powder hole 406. The tool 419 can be used to grab nuts 407 and 411 to apply the downward pressure and expand the silicone plug 410 in a wider configuration extending substantially between and/or beyond the guides 412 and 413. The resulting change in shape of the silicone plug 410 induces a corresponding expansion of the metal expansion pieces 408 and 409 such that pieces 408 and 409 can conform to the shape of adjacent AM parts 402. Alternatively, the silicone plug 410 can be manually placed between the guides 412 and 413 prior to insertion of tool 419. As shown, the silicone plug 410 may rest at the bottom of or beneath the soft metal expansion pieces 408 and 409. In addition to the metal expansion pieces being expanded to conform to AM parts 402, the deformed silicone plug 410 may form a strong seal around protrusions 404 and 405. Further, the bottom part of silicone plug 410 retains a curvature due to the rigid structure 417 attached to the plug as shown in FIG. 4A. The entire structure may result in a strong seal for the powder hole.
FIG. 5 illustrates a top perspective view 500 of a cylindrical shaped 3-D printed structure having powder hole 512 and co-printed tangs 502-510 according to an embodiment. The tangs 502-510 can be additively manufactured to be thin strips of metal. The tangs 502-510 can be oriented in the same direction as the powder hole 512, thereby advantageously eliminating the need for support material. Additionally, the tangs 502-510 can be crimped to effectively seal the powder hole 512 by application of a mechanical force. The tangs 502-510 can be designed to overlap when crimped, so as to form a flattened closed region above the powder hole 512. In some embodiments, an adhesive or sealant may be added to further seal the powder hole after the tangs have been crimped.
FIG. 6A illustrates a top view 600a of a 3-D printed structure 602 with a powder hole 604 using multiple holes 606 according to an embodiment. Similarly, FIG. 6B illustrates a cross section view 600b of the powder hole 604. Residual powder within the AM part 602 can be removed through the holes 606. Then, a sealant and/or adhesive can be disposed on the plurality of smaller holes in order to seal them. A lid or other surface object may also be adhered to the part 602 to cover the holes. The multiple holes 606 may be used primarily as a feeling mechanism for equipment to locate the powder hole features. In an embodiment, the multiple powder holes 606 are incorporated at the surface of the powder hole 604, but these multiple smaller holes 606 do not feed all the way in and through the part. Rather, the smaller holes 606 may terminate in an area shortly below the surface, where the bigger channel may feed the powder into them. Eliminating the requirement that the smaller holes 606 extend all the way through the larger powder hole 604 advantageously reduces mass of the overall part, in addition to simplifying and shortening the overall print job.
FIG. 7A illustrates a cross section view 700a of a powder hole 704 exposing a lattice structure 706 in an additively manufactured surface 703 according to an embodiment. The part surface 703 may be printed with the internal lattice structure and with the powder hole 704 and exposed lattice 706. In other embodiments, the powder hole 704 may be formed by removing a portion of the part surface 703 after the AM process. The powder hole 704 may be used for easy removal of trapped powder due to the print.
FIG. 7B illustrates a cross section view 700b of the powder hole 704 after sealing with a layup 714. The layup 714 can be an aluminum alloy and/or composite material. Alternatively, the layup 714 can be a material such as fiberglass.
FIG. 7C illustrates a top view 700c of the powder hole and exposed lattice 706. FIG. 7D illustrates a cross section side view 700d of the lattice 706 and layup 714. Once the residual powder is removed, the layup 714 may be adhered over the powder hole 704 and exposed lattice 706 so as to protect the lattice 706. As shown in FIG. 7D, additional adhesive may be applied in the layup sections 726 and 728 to further secure the layup.
In another embodiment, a powder hole can be closed by using a spin forming process. Spin forming is a process by which a tool is rotated at high speed and formed into an axially symmetric part. Spin forming may also involve the application of elevated temperatures. FIG. 8A illustrates a cross section side view 800a of a powder hole with co-printed outward flanges 806 according to an embodiment. The outward flanges 806 can extend from the surface 802 of an AM part. FIG. 8B illustrates a cross section side view 800b of a spin-forming procedure using the outward flanges 806 and a spin-forming tool such as a computer numerical controlled (CNC) lathe. The spin forming tool may use a variety of dies for shaping the part. FIG. 8B shows the flange distortion of the powder hole after spinning with a first die 821a. FIG. 8C illustrates a cross section side view 800c of the flange distortion of the powder hole after spinning with a second die 821b. FIG. 8D illustrates a cross section side view 800d of the flange distortion of the powder hole after spinning with a third die 821c. FIG. 8E illustrates a cross section side view 800e of the flange distortion of the powder hole after spinning with a fourth die 821d.
The spin forming process may require application of a localized force to the outward flanges 806 while rotating at a high speed. This can cause the part to distort over a mandrel. As described above, a series of die can perform this operation, where the die 821a-d of FIGS. 8A-E may be rotating. The rotation can be used to deform the flange. Towards the completion of rotations, the flange can become very hot such that once the last die distorts the flange, the flanges 806 merge and seal the powder hole. This process may rely on the flange being heated to a temperature above the recrystallization temperature so as to obtain the requisite ductile properties. As shown by the sequence of steps portrayed in FIGS. 8A-E, the plurality of die can be used to spin form the outward flanges 806 from the open position in FIG. 8A to a closed position in FIG. 8E such that the powder hole is sealed.
FIG. 9 illustrates a conceptual flow diagram 900 for sealing a powder hole in an additively manufactured part. In step 902 an additively manufactured part is co-printed with a lattice structure. As described above with reference to FIGS. 1-8E, residual powder may remain; thus, in step 904 an aperture powder hole region is co-printed with the AM part of step 902. For instance, a powder hole of one or more of the prior FIGS. 1-8E can be co-printed with the AM part. In step 906, residual powder is removed from the AM part via the aperture powder hole region. In step 908 an overlay, such as the overlay of FIG. 7B, is adhered over the powder hole region.
Although the conceptual flow diagram 900 provides an embodiment where an overlay is used in step 908, other flow steps relating to embodiments of FIGS. 1-8E are possible. For instance, instead of using an overlay, the rivet 306 of FIGS. 3A-B can be used to seal the powder hole region.
The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these exemplary embodiments presented throughout this disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the concepts disclosed herein may be applied to other techniques for sealing powder holes. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the exemplary embodiments presented throughout the disclosure, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the exemplary embodiments described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112(f), or analogous law in applicable jurisdictions, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “step for.”
Patent Application
20190337056
