Patent Grant
11148379
A conventional tire is a torus-shaped structure intended to be fitted onto a wheel rim, pressurized by an inflation gas and squashed on the ground under the action of a load. At any point on its running surface, which is intended to come into contact with the ground, the tire has a double curvature: a circumferential curvature and a meridian curvature. Circumferential curvature is understood to mean a curvature in a circumferential plane, defined by a circumferential direction, tangent to the running surface of the tire in the rolling direction of the tire, and a radial direction, perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the tire. Meridian curvature is understood to mean a curvature in a meridian or radial plane, defined by an axial direction, parallel to the axis of rotation of the tire, and a radial direction, perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the tire.
In that which follows, the expression “radially interior or respectively radially exterior” is understood to mean “closer to or respectively further away from the axis of rotation of the tire”. The expression “axially interior or respectively axially exterior” is understood to mean “closer to or respectively further away from the equatorial plane of the tire”, the equatorial plane of the tire being the plane which passes through the middle of the running surface of the tire and is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the tire.
It is known that the flattening of the tire on horizontal ground, in a circumferential plane and in a meridian plane, is conditioned by the values of the circumferential and meridian radii of curvature respectively, at the points of the running surface which are positioned at the limits of the patch for contact of the tire with the ground. This flattening is all the easier the larger these radii of curvature, that is to say the smaller the curvatures, since the curvature at a point, in the mathematical sense, is the inverse of the radius of curvature. It is also known that the flattening of the tire has an impact on the performance qualities of the tire, in particular the rolling resistance, grip, wear and noise.
Consequently, a person skilled in the art, who is a tire specialist, seeking to obtain a good compromise between the expected performance qualities of the tire, such as wear, grip, endurance, rolling resistance and noise, this list not being exhaustive, has developed alternative solutions to conventional tires in order to optimize the flattening thereof.
A conventional tire of the state of the art generally has a high meridian curvature, that is to say a small meridian radius of curvature, at the axial ends of the tread, known as shoulders, when the tire, fitted onto its mounting rim and inflated to its recommended operating pressure, is subjected to its service load. The mounting rim, the operating pressure and the service load are defined by standards, such as, for example, the standards of the European Tire and Rim Technical Organisation (ETRTO).
A conventional tire bears the load applied, essentially by the axial ends of the tread, or shoulders, and by the sidewalls connecting the tread to beads which ensure the mechanical connection of the tire to its mounting rim. It is known that meridian flattening of a conventional tire, with a small meridian curvature at the shoulders, is generally difficult to obtain.
The document U.S. Pat. No. 4,235,270 describes a tire having an annular body made of elastomeric material, comprising a radially exterior cylindrical part, at the periphery of the tire, which can comprise a tread, and a radially interior cylindrical part which is intended to be fitted onto a wheel rim. A plurality of walls which are spaced apart along the circumferential direction extend from the radially interior cylindrical part to the radially exterior cylindrical part and provide for the bearing of the load. Moreover, sidewalls can connect the two respectively radially interior and radially exterior cylindrical parts in order to form, in combination with the tread and the sidewalls, a closed cavity and to thus allow the tire to be pressurized. However, such a tire has a high weight, in comparison with a conventional tire, and, due to its heavy nature, is liable to dissipate a large amount of energy, which can limit its endurance and thus its lifetime.
The document WO 2009087291 describes a tire structure comprising two annular shells, one an internal, or radially interior, annular shell and one an external, or radially exterior, annular shell respectively, which are connected by two sidewalls and by a bearing structure. According to this invention, the bearing structure is pressurized and divides the annular volume of the tire into a plurality of compartments or cells, and the sidewalls are connected to or integrated with the bearing structure. In this case, the load applied is borne both by the bearing structure and the sidewalls. The distribution of pressure in the contact patch is not homogeneous in the axial width of the contact patch, with raised pressures at the shoulders due to the difficulty of meridian flattening because of the connection between the sidewalls and the bearing structure. These raised pressures at the shoulders are liable to generate significant wear of the shoulders of the tread.
The document WO 2005007422 describes a compliant wheel comprising a compliant band and a plurality of spokes extending radially inwards from the compliant band to a hub. The compliant band is intended to adapt to the surface of contact with the ground and to envelop obstacles. The spokes transmit the load borne between the compliant band and the hub, by virtue of the spokes which are not in contact with the ground being tensioned. Such a compliant wheel requires optimization of the distribution of the spokes in order to guarantee a substantially cylindrical periphery. Moreover, a compliant wheel has a relatively high weight in comparison with a conventional tire.
The object of the present invention is to provide a tire assemblage which makes possible improved flattening of the tread when the tire is subjected to a load.
Process for the Manufacture of an Assemblage According to the Invention
To this end, a subject-matter of the invention is a process for the manufacture of a tire assemblage, the assemblage comprising:
in which process:
The principle of a tire assemblage according to the invention is to have a bearing structure comprising bearing elements connecting the first and second woven or knitted fabric(s) and able, once the assemblage is arranged in the tire, to bear the load applied to the tire by the tensioning of a portion of the bearing elements positioned outside the contact patch, the bearing elements positioned in the contact patch being subjected to buckling as subjected to a compressive load and thus not contributing towards the bearing of the load applied.
By virtue of the process according to the invention, the geometric properties of the assemblage are not modified during the stage of heat treatment which makes it possible to crosslink each first and second adhesive composition. This is because, on heat treating the threadlike elements coated with an adhesive composition, a variation in their length but also their mechanical properties, in particular in elongation, is observed. Thus, by forming the assemblage and by then carrying out the stage of heat treatment of the coated first and second threadlike elements, the geometry of each first and second threadlike element but also the geometry of the assemblage, and thus the operation expected once the assemblage is in the tire, would both be modified. In the process according to the invention, as the stages of individual coating and of individual heat treatment of each first and second threadlike element are carried out before the stage of formation of the assemblage, the individual geometric properties of each first and second threadlike element are modified before the stage of formation of the assemblage, which assembling stage is carried out while taking into account the variations undergone by each threadlike element. Thus, the expected operation of the assemblage in a tire is indeed obtained.
In addition, the fact of carrying out the stages of individual coating and of individual heat treatment of each first and second threadlike element before the stage of formation of the assemblage makes it possible to avoid the formation of points of attachment at the intertwinings of the threadlike elements on each first and second woven or knitted fabric.
Several embodiments can be envisaged. In a preferred embodiment, the assemblage comprises first and second woven fabrics. In another embodiment, the assemblage comprises first and second knitted fabrics. In yet another embodiment, the assemblage comprises a woven fabric and a knitted fabric.
Preferably, the first woven or knitted fabric is formed of one or more first threadlike elements. Preferably, the second woven or knitted fabric is formed of one or more second threadlike elements.
In a preferred embodiment, the bearing structure comprises a plurality of identical bearing elements, that is to say the geometric characteristics and constituent materials of which are identical.
The bearing elements are arranged so that they are paired, not mechanically connected, in a space delimited by the first and second woven fabric(s) or knitted fabric(s). Thus, the bearing elements behave independently in mechanical terms. For example, the bearing elements are not connected together so as to form a network or a lattice.
“Threadlike element” is understood to mean any elongate element of great length relative to its cross section, whatever the shape, for example circular, oblong, rectangular or square, or even flat, of the latter, it being possible for this threadlike element to be, for example, twisted or wavy. When it is circular in shape, its diameter is preferably less than 5 mm, more preferentially within a range extending from 100 μm to 1.2 mm.
Advantageously, the first and second crosslinked adhesive compositions are substantially identical.
Preferably, each first and second threadlike element is textile, that is to say nonmetallic, and is, for example, made of a material chosen from a polyester, a polyamide, a polyketone, a polyvinyl alcohol, a cellulose, a mineral fibre, a natural fibre, an elastomeric material or a mixture of these materials. Mention may be made, among polyesters, for example, of PET (polyethylene terephthalate), PEN (polyethylene naphthalate), PBT (polybutylene terephthalate), PBN (polybutylene naphthalate), PPT (polypropylene terephthalate) or PPN (polypropylene naphthalate). Mention may be made, among polyamides, of aliphatic polyamides, such as polyamides 4-6, 6, 6-6 (nylon), 11 or 12, and aromatic polyamides, such as aramid.
For example, each first and second threadlike element is a textile assemblage comprising one or more monofilament or multifilament textile fibres, twisted or not twisted together. Thus, in one embodiment, it will be possible to have an assemblage in which the fibres are substantially parallel to one another. In another embodiment, it will be possible to also have an assemblage in which the fibres are helically wound. In yet another embodiment, each first and second threadlike element consists of a monofilament. Each monofilament or multifilament fibre exhibits a diameter of between 5 and 20 μm, for example 10 μm.
In another embodiment, each first and second threadlike element is metallic, for example an assemblage of metal monofilaments, each metal monofilament exhibiting a diameter typically of less than 50 μm, for example 10 μm. In one embodiment, each first and second threadlike element consists of an assemblage of several metal monofilaments. In another embodiment, each first and second threadlike element consists of a metal monofilament.
In a preferred embodiment, each bearing element is a threadlike bearing element.
“Threadlike element” is understood to mean any elongate element of great length relative to its cross section, whatever the shape, for example circular, oblong, rectangular or square, or even flat, of the latter, it being possible for this threadlike element to be, for example, twisted or wavy. When it is circular in shape, its diameter is preferably less than 5 mm, more preferentially within a range extending from 100 μm to 1.2 mm.
A threadlike bearing element, in particular the bearing portion, typically exhibits a characteristic smallest dimension E of its mean section SP (which is the mean of the sections obtained by cutting the threadlike bearing element by all the surfaces parallel to the first and second woven or knitted fabric(s) and comprised between the first and second woven or knitted fabric(s)) preferably at most equal to 0.02 times the maximum spacing between the two internal faces of the first and second woven or knitted fabric(s) (which corresponds to the mean radial height H of the interior annular space once the assemblage is arranged within the tire) and an aspect ratio K of its mean section SP preferably at most equal to 3. A characteristic smallest dimension E of the mean section SP of the bearing element at most equal to 0.02 times the mean radial height H of the interior annular space rules out any heavy bearing element having a large volume. In other words, when it is threadlike, each bearing element has high slenderness in the radial direction, allowing it to buckle on passing through the contact patch. Outside the contact patch, each bearing element returns to its initial geometry, since the buckling thereof is reversible. Such a bearing element has good fatigue strength. An aspect ratio K of its mean section SP at most equal to 3 means that the characteristic largest dimension L of its mean section SP is at most equal to 3 times the characteristic smallest dimension E of its mean section SP.
A threadlike bearing element has a mechanical behaviour of threadlike type, that is to say that it can only be subjected to tensile or compressive exertions along its mean line.
It should be noted that not all the threadlike bearing elements of a bearing structure necessarily have identical lengths LP.
Preferably, each threadlike bearing element is textile, that is to say nonmetallic, and is, for example, made of a material chosen from a polyester, a polyamide, a polyketone, a polyvinyl alcohol, a cellulose, a mineral fibre, a natural fibre, an elastomeric material or a mixture of these materials. Mention may be made, among polyesters, for example, of PET (polyethylene terephthalate), PEN (polyethylene naphthalate), PBT (polybutylene terephthalate), PBN (polybutylene naphthalate), PPT (polypropylene terephthalate) or PPN (polypropylene naphthalate). Mention may be made, among polyamides, of aliphatic polyamides, such as polyamides 4-6, 6, 6-6 (nylon), 11 or 12, and aromatic polyamides, such as aramid.
For example, each threadlike bearing element is a textile assemblage comprising one or more monofilament or multifilament textile fibres, twisted or not twisted together. Thus, in one embodiment, it will be possible to have an assemblage in which the fibres are substantially parallel to one another. In another embodiment, it will be possible to also have an assemblage in which the fibres are helically wound. In yet another embodiment, each threadlike bearing element consists of a monofilament. Each monofilament or multifilament fibre exhibits a diameter of between 5 and 20 μm, for example 10 μm.
In another embodiment, each threadlike bearing element is metallic, for example an assemblage of metal monofilaments, each metal monofilament exhibiting a diameter typically of less than 50 μm, for example 10 μm. In one embodiment, each threadlike bearing element consists of an assemblage of several metal monofilaments. In another embodiment, each threadlike bearing element consists of a metal monofilament.
In one embodiment, each threadlike bearing element extends alternately from the first woven or knitted fabric towards the second woven or knitted fabric and from the second woven or knitted fabric towards the first woven or knitted fabric, on moving along the threadlike bearing element.
More preferably still, each threadlike bearing element is interlaced with each first and second woven or knitted fabric. Such an assemblage exhibits the advantage of being able to be manufactured in a single weaving stage. However, it is also possible to envisage manufacturing the assemblage in two stages, a first stage of manufacture of the first and second woven or knitted fabric(s) and a second stage of interlacing of the threadlike bearing element or elements with the first and second woven or knitted fabric(s). In both cases, the interlacing of each bearing element with each first and second woven or knitted fabric makes it possible to ensure the mechanical anchoring of each bearing element in each first and second woven or knitted fabric and thus to confer the desired mechanical properties on the bearing structure.
Preferably, the threadlike bearing element comprises:
Each threadlike bearing portion which connects the internal faces of the first and second woven or knitted fabric(s) to one another can be characterized geometrically by its length LP and by its mean section SP, which is the mean of the sections obtained by cutting the threadlike bearing portion by all the surfaces parallel to the first and second woven or knitted fabric(s) and comprised between the first and second woven or knitted fabric(s). In the most frequent case of an unchanging section of the bearing element and the threadlike bearing portion, the mean section SP is equal to this unchanging section.
The mean section SP of each threadlike bearing portion comprises a characteristic largest dimension L and a characteristic smallest dimension E, the ratio K=L/E of which is known as the aspect ratio. By way of examples, a circular mean section SP, having a diameter equal to d, has an aspect ratio K=1, a rectangular mean section SP, having a length L and a width l, has an aspect ratio K=L/l, and an elliptical mean section SP, having a major axis A and a minor axis a, has an aspect ratio K=A/a.
In a preferred embodiment, the first woven or knitted fabric is a woven fabric comprising intertwinings of a first family of the first threadlike elements, substantially parallel to one another, and of a second family of the first threadlike elements, substantially parallel to one another.
In a preferred embodiment, the second woven or knitted fabric is a woven fabric comprising intertwinings of a first family of the second threadlike elements, substantially parallel to one another, and of a second family of the second threadlike elements, substantially parallel to one another.
In this preferred embodiment, the woven fabric comprises, in a way known to a person skilled in the art, a weave characterizing the intertwining of the threadlike elements of the first and second families. According to the embodiments, this weave is of plain, twill or satin type. Preferably, in order to confer good mechanical properties in a tire use, the weave is of plain type.
In another embodiment, the first and/or the second woven or knitted fabric is a knitted fabric comprising interlaced loops.
Preferably, the first and second threadlike elements of the first family extending along a first direction and the first and second threadlike elements of the second family extending along a second direction, the first and second directions form, with one another, an angle ranging from 70° to 90°.
Thus, in a preferred embodiment in which the first woven or knitted fabric is a woven fabric comprising intertwinings of a first family of the first threadlike elements, substantially parallel to one another, and of a second family of the first threadlike elements, substantially parallel to one another, each first threadlike anchoring portion is wound, at least in part, around at least one of the first threadlike elements of at least one of the first and second families of the first threadlike elements of the first woven fabric.
In a preferred embodiment in which the second woven or knitted fabric is a woven fabric comprising intertwinings of a first family of the second threadlike elements, substantially parallel to one another, and of a second family of the second threadlike elements, substantially parallel to one another, each second threadlike anchoring portion is wound, at least in part, around at least one of the second threadlike elements of at least one of the first and second families of the second threadlike elements of the second woven fabric.
More preferably still, as each first family consists of first and second warp threadlike elements and the second family consists of first and second weft threadlike elements, each first and second threadlike anchoring portion is wound, at least in part, around first and second weft threadlike elements respectively of each first and second woven fabric. In another embodiment, each first and second threadlike anchoring portion is wound, at least in part, around first and second warp threadlike elements respectively of each first and second woven fabric.
The mechanical characteristics of such woven fabrics, such as their tensile stiffness and their tensile breaking force, according to the meaning of the threadlike elements of the first family or that of the threadlike elements of the second family, depend on the characteristics of the threadlike elements, such as, for textile threadlike elements, the count, expressed in tex or g/1000 m, the tenacity, expressed in cN/tex, and the standard contraction, expressed in %, these threadlike elements being distributed according to a given density, expressed in number of threads/dm. All these characteristics depend on the constituent material of the threadlike elements and on their process of manufacture.
Preferably, the first woven fabric extending along a main general direction, the first threadlike elements of at least one of the first and second families extend along a direction forming, with the main general direction of the first woven fabric, an angle at least equal to 10° and at most equal to 45°. More preferably still, the first family consisting of first warp threadlike elements and the second family consisting of first weft threadlike elements, the first warp threadlike elements form an angle at least equal to 10° and at most equal to 45° with the main direction of the first woven fabric. More preferably still, the first weft threadlike elements form an angle at least equal to 10° and at most equal to 45° with the main direction of the first woven fabric.
Preferably, the second woven fabric extending along a main general direction, the second threadlike elements of at least one of the first and second families extend along a direction forming, with the main general direction of the second woven fabric, an angle at least equal to 10° and at most equal to 45°. More preferably still, the first family consisting of second warp threadlike elements and the second family consisting of second weft threadlike elements, the warp threadlike elements form an angle at least equal to 10° and at most equal to 45° with the main direction of the second woven fabric. More preferably still, the second weft threadlike elements form an angle at least equal to 10° and at most equal to 45° with the main direction of the second woven fabric.
Main general direction is understood to mean the general direction along which the woven fabric extends according to its greatest length.
In one embodiment, each first threadlike element is coated directly with a layer of a first adhesion primer and the layer of the first adhesion primer is coated with the layer of the first adhesive composition.
In one embodiment each second threadlike element is coated directly with a layer of a second adhesion primer and the layer of the second adhesion primer is coated with the layer of the second adhesive composition.
Each first and second adhesion primer is, for example, an epoxy resin and/or an isocyanate compound, which is optionally blocked. Each first and second adhesive composition used can be a conventional RFL (resorcinol/formaldehyde latex) adhesive or alternatively the adhesives described in Applications WO 2013/017421, WO 2013/017422, WO 2013/017423, WO 2015007641 and WO 2015007642.
In another embodiment, each first and second threadlike element is coated directly with a layer respectively of each first and second adhesive composition.
Where this is in one or other of the embodiments described above, it can be advantageous to activate the surface of the first and second threadlike elements by the physical route, for example by using a treatment by radiation, such as a beam of electrons, or by plasma.
In one embodiment, each bearing element being a threadlike bearing element:
Assemblage According to the Invention
Another subject-matter of the invention is a tire assemblage, the assemblage comprising:
The fact of carrying out the stages of individual coating and of individual heat treatment of each first and second threadlike element before the stage of formation of the assemblage makes it possible to avoid the formation of points of attachment at the intertwinings of the threadlike elements on each first and second woven or knitted fabric. Thus, on the one hand, each first and second woven or knitted fabric of the assemblage according to the invention is substantially devoid of points of attachment due respectively to the first and second adhesive compositions between respectively the first and second threadlike elements. On the other hand, the first and second reinforcing elements are individually better penetrated by respectively each first and second adhesive composition, in contrast to first and second reinforcing elements which would have been coated after the formation of each first and second woven fabric and the penetration of which by respectively each first and second adhesive composition at the intertwinings would have been detrimentally affected.
A further subject-matter of the invention is a tire assemblage, the assemblage comprising:
Assembly According to the Invention
An additional subject-matter of the invention is a tire assembly, the assembly comprising:
In one embodiment, each polymeric composition comprises at least one elastomer, preferably a diene elastomer. Elastomer or rubber (the two terms being synonyms) of the diene type is understood to mean, generally, an elastomer resulting, at least in part (i.e., a homopolymer or a copolymer), from diene monomers (monomers bearing two conjugated or unconjugated carbon-carbon double bonds). This composition can then be either in the raw state or in the cured state.
Particularly preferably, the diene elastomer of the rubber composition is selected from the group consisting of polybutadienes (BRs), synthetic polyisoprenes (IRs), natural rubber (NR), butadiene copolymers, isoprene copolymers and the mixtures of these elastomers. Such copolymers are more preferably selected from the group consisting of butadiene/stirene copolymers (SBRs), isoprene/butadiene copolymers (BIRs), isoprene/stirene copolymers (SIRs), isoprene/butadiene/stirene copolymers (SBIRs) and the mixtures of such copolymers.
Each polymeric composition can comprise just one diene elastomer or a mixture of several diene elastomers, it being possible for the diene elastomer or elastomers to be used in combination with any type of synthetic elastomer other than a diene elastomer, indeed even with polymers other than elastomers, for example thermoplastic polymers.
Furthermore, in this embodiment, each polymeric composition comprises, in addition to the elastomer, preferably the diene elastomer, a reinforcing filler, for example carbon black, a crosslinking system, for example a vulcanization system, and various additives.
In another embodiment, each polymeric composition comprises at least one thermoplastic polymer. A thermoplastic polymer is, by definition, heat meltable. Examples of such thermoplastic polymers are aliphatic polyamides, for example nylon, polyesters, for example PET or PEN, and thermoplastic elastomers.
Thermoplastic elastomers (abbreviated to “TPEs”) are elastomers provided in the form of block copolymers based on thermoplastic blocks. With a structure intermediate between thermoplastic polymers and elastomers, they are formed, in a known way, of rigid thermoplastic, in particular polystirene, sequences connected by flexible elastomer sequences, for example polybutadiene or polyisoprene sequences for unsaturated TPEs or poly(ethylene/butylene) sequences for saturated TPEs. This is the reason why, in a known way, the above TPE block copolymers are generally characterized by the presence of two glass transition peaks, the first peak (the lower, generally negative, temperature) relating to the elastomer sequence of the TPE copolymer and the second peak (the higher, positive, temperature, typically greater than 80° C. for preferred elastomers of the TPS type) relating to the thermoplastic (for example stirene blocks) part of the TPE copolymer. These TPE elastomers are often triblock elastomers with two rigid segments connected by a flexible segment. The rigid and flexible segments can be positioned linearly, in a star or branched configuration. These TPE elastomers can also be diblock elastomers with a single rigid segment connected to a flexible segment. Typically, each of these segments or blocks contains at least more than 5, generally more than 10, base units (for example, stirene units and isoprene units for a stirene/isoprene/stirene block copolymer).
Preferably, the thermoplastic elastomer is unsaturated. Unsaturated TPE elastomer is understood to mean, by definition and in a well-known way, a TPE elastomer which is provided with ethylenic unsaturations, that is to say which comprises (conjugated or unconjugated) carbon-carbon double bonds; conversely, a “saturated” TPE elastomer is, of course, a TPE elastomer which is devoid of such double bonds.
The first and second polymeric compositions can be different or identical. For example, the first polymeric composition can comprise a diene elastomer and the second polymeric composition can comprise a thermoplastic elastomer, or vice versa.
Tire According to the Invention
The invention also relates to a tire comprising an assemblage as defined above or an assembly as defined above.
In one embodiment, the tire comprises:
The second impregnated woven or knitted structure forming the second, radially interior, structure of revolution of the tire is intended to provide, among other functions, for the bonding of the assemblage, and thus of the tire, with the fitting means. The first impregnated woven or knitted structure forming the first, radially exterior, structure of revolution of the tire is intended to provide, among other functions, for the bonding of the assemblage with the crown structure of revolution.
Preferably, since each sidewall has a curvilinear length LF, the curvilinear length LF of each sidewall is advantageously at least equal to 1.05 times, preferably 1.15 times, the mean radial height H of the interior annular space. More advantageously still, the curvilinear length LF of each sidewall is at least equal to 1.3 times and at most equal to 1.6 times the mean radial height H of the interior annular space. This characteristic of sidewall length guarantees that the deformation of the sidewall will not impair the meridian flattening of the tire type device tire due to an excessively low curvature.
Advantageously, the sidewalls are not directly bonded to the assemblage and preferably are not directly bonded to the bearing elements. The sidewalls partly contribute to the bearing of the load, depending on their own structural stiffness. However, the sidewalls have an independent mechanical behaviour and do not interfere in the mechanical behaviour of the bearing structure. The sidewalls generally comprise at least one elastomeric material and can optionally comprise a reinforcement.
In the case of effective pressurization by an inflation gas, the tire then exhibits a pneumatic stiffness, due to the pressure, which will also contribute to the bearing of the applied load. Usually, for use on a passenger vehicle, the pressure is at least equal to 0.5 bar, preferably at least equal to 1 bar. The higher the pressure, the greater the contribution of the pneumatic stiffness to the bearing of the load applied and, correspondingly, the lower the contribution of the structural stiffness of the bearing structure and/or of the sidewalls and/or of the respectively radially exterior and radially interior structures of revolution to the bearing of the load applied. In the absence of pressurization and in the case of a low structural stiffness of the sidewalls, the bearing structure and the respectively radially exterior and radially interior structures of revolution would be compelled to provide virtually all of the bearing of the load, the sidewalls mainly having only a protective role with respect to possible attack by elements external to the tire.
The first impregnated woven or knitted structure forming the first, radially exterior, structure of revolution of the tire exhibits an axis of revolution coincident with the axis of rotation of the tire. The second impregnated woven or knitted structure forming the second, radially interior, structure of revolution of the tire is coaxial with the first impregnated woven or knitted structure forming the first, radially exterior, structure of revolution of the tire.
The interior annular space has a mean radial height H. When the tire is subjected to a nominal radial load ZN and is in contact with flat ground by a contact surface area A, the bearing elements, connected to the portion of the first impregnated woven or knitted structure forming the first, radially exterior, structure of revolution of the tire in contact with the ground via the first woven or knitted fabric, are subjected to buckling in compression and at least a part of the bearing elements, connected to the portion of the first impregnated woven or knitted structure forming the first, radially exterior, structure of revolution of the tire not in contact with the ground, are in tension.
In order to withstand the load applied, the mean surface density D of threadlike bearing portions per unit of surface area of the first impregnated woven or knitted structure forming the first, radially exterior, structure of revolution, expressed in 1/m2, being is at least equal to (S/SE)*Z/(A*Fr), where S is the surface area, in m2, of the radially interior face of the crown structure of revolution, SE is the binding surface area between the external face of the first impregnated woven or knitted structure forming the first, radially exterior (which is the external face of the first band), structure of revolution and the radially interior face of the crown structure of revolution, in m2, ZN is the nominal radial load, in N, applied to the tire, A is the ground contact surface area, in m2, of the tire and Fr is the breaking force, in N, of each bearing portion. The nominal radial load ZN is the recommended load for use of the tire. The ground contact surface area A is the surface area over which the tire is squashed on the ground under the action of the nominal radial load ZN.
The expression according to which D is at least equal to (S/SE)*Z/(A*Fr) reflects, in particular, the fact that the mean surface density D of the bearing portions increases as the nominal radial load ZN increases and/or as the ratio of SE/S surfaces, representing the degree of overlap of the radially interior face of the crown structure of revolution by the first impregnated woven or knitted structure forming the first, radially exterior, structure of revolution, decreases. The mean surface density D of the bearing portions decreases as the tensile breaking force Fr of a bearing portion increases.
Such a mean surface density D of the bearing portions makes it possible, on the one hand, for the bearing elements in tension outside the contact patch to bear the nominal radial load ZN and, on the other hand, for the bearing elements in compression in the contact patch to guarantee a flattening of the tread, both in a circumferential plane and in a meridian plane, which is improved in comparison with the known tires of the state of the art.
Generally, the surface density of the bearing portions is unvarying both in the circumferential direction and in the axial direction, that is to say that the distribution of the bearing portions is uniform both circumferentially and axially: the mean surface density D is thus equal to the unvarying surface density. The advantage of an unvarying surface density is that it helps to give the tread a virtually cylindrical geometry, with a reduced “rippling” effect, in comparison with other tires of the state of the art.
However, in some embodiments, the surface density of the bearing portions may be variable in the circumferential direction and/or in the axial direction, that is to say that the distribution of the bearing portions is not necessarily uniform circumferentially and/or axially, hence the introduction of the characteristic of mean surface density D of bearing portions.
The surface density D of the bearing portions, expressed in 1/m2, is advantageously at least equal to 3*(S/SE)*Z/(A*Fr). A higher surface density of bearing portions improves the homogenization of the pressures in the ground contact patch and guarantees a higher safety coefficient with respect to the load applied and with respect to the endurance.
The surface density D of the bearing portions, expressed in 1/m2, is more advantageously still at least equal to 6*(S/SE)*Z/(A*Fr). An even higher surface density of bearing portions improves even further the homogenization of the pressures in the ground contact patch and makes it possible to further increase the safety coefficient with respect to the load applied and with respect to the endurance.
The mean surface density D of the bearing portions, expressed in 1/m2, is advantageously at least equal to 5000.
In some embodiments, the surface area SE is substantially equal to the surface area S, that is to say that the first impregnated woven or knitted structure forming the first, radially exterior, structure of revolution first woven or knitted fabric completely overlaps the radially interior face of the crown structure of revolution. Under these conditions, the minimum mean surface density D of the bearing portions is equal to Z/(A*Fr).
In other embodiments, SE is different from S and even SE<S. This is because the first impregnated woven or knitted structure is not necessarily continuous (axially and/or circumferentially) and can consist of juxtaposed portions of woven or knitted fabric: in this case, the surface area SE is the sum of the binding surface areas between the external faces of the first impregnated woven or knitted structure forming the first, radially exterior, structure of revolution (which are the external faces of the first layer) and the radially interior face of the crown structure of revolution. Thus, when SE<S, the first impregnated woven or knitted structure forming the first, radially exterior, structure of revolution does not completely overlap, that is to say only partially overlaps, the radially interior face of the crown structure of revolution.
This design advantageously makes it possible to have an assemblage which can be manufactured independently and integrated in a single block during the manufacture of the tire. The assemblage used can be rendered integral with other elements of the tire by vulcanization, adhesive bonding or any other process for bonding the first and second layers of the first and second polymeric compositions.
The first radially exterior woven or knitted fabric and the second radially interior woven or knitted fabric serve as interfaces between the bearing elements and the respectively radially exterior and radially interior structures of revolution, which are thus not in direct contact.
By virtue of the tire described, an improved flattening of the tread, in particular in a meridian plane, by an increase in the meridian radii of curvature at the axial ends of the tread, is observed.
This results, in particular, in a homogenization of the pressures in the ground contact patch, which contributes to increasing the lifetime in terms of wear and the grip of the tire.
An increase in the natural vibrational frequencies of the tire, which contributes to improving the vibrational and acoustic comfort of the tire, is also observed.
Finally, the rolling resistance of such a tire is substantially decreased, which is favourable to a fall in the fuel consumption of the vehicle.
Process for the Manufacture of a Tire According to the Invention
A further subject-matter of the invention is a process for the manufacture of a tire, in which:
In one embodiment, the tire comprising:
in which process:
Preferably, in order to form the interior annular space, each sidewall is joined to each axial end of the first and second structures of revolution, so as to form the interior annular space.
Advantageously, the interior annular space is opened out by pressurization by an inflation gas of the interior annular space.
Preferably, after the interior annular space has been opened out, a crown structure of revolution is wound radially on the outside of the first structure of revolution.
The invention will be better understood on reading the description which will follow, given solely as nonlimiting example and made with reference to the drawings, in which:
A frame of reference X, Y, Z corresponding to the usual respectively axial (along the YY′ direction), radial (along the ZZ′ direction) and circumferential (along the XX′ direction) orientations of a tire has been represented in the figures.
A tire in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention and denoted by the general reference 20 has been represented in
The tire 20 comprises an assemblage 24 comprising a first impregnated woven or knitted structure 25 and a second impregnated woven or knitted structure 27. The second impregnated woven or knitted structure 27 is arranged radially on the inside, with respect to the first impregnated woven structure 25. In the case in point, each first and second structure 25, 27 is an impregnated woven structure. In an alternative form, each first and second structure 25, 27 is an impregnated knitted structure.
As illustrated in
In the tire 20, the first woven fabric 26 is arranged radially on the outside, with respect to the second woven fabric 28. Each first and second polymeric composition 34, 36 comprises, for example, an elastomeric composition comprising at least one elastomer, preferably a diene elastomer, for example natural rubber.
Within the tire 20, the first impregnated woven structure 25 forms a first structure of revolution 25′ and the second impregnated woven structure 27 forms a second structure of revolution 27′ arranged radially on the inside of the first structure of revolution 25′.
The assemblage 24 also comprises a bearing structure 30 comprising bearing elements 32 connecting the first and second woven fabrics 26, 28 together. The bearing structure 30 is in this instance formed of a plurality of bearing elements 32.
Furthermore, the tire 20 comprises a crown structure of revolution 55 arranged radially on the outside of the first impregnated woven structure 25 forming the first, radially exterior, structure of revolution 25′. The crown structure of revolution 55 comprises a circumferential reinforcement 54 and a tread 58, as illustrated in
The circumferential reinforcement 54 comprises a polymeric composition, for example an elastomeric composition comprising at least one elastomer, preferably a diene elastomer, for example natural rubber, in which several metal or textile reinforcing elements 56, known to a person skilled in the art, are embedded.
The circumferential reinforcement 54 is arranged radially on the outside of the first impregnated woven structure 25 forming the first, radially exterior, structure of revolution 25′ of the tire 20. The tread 58 is intended to come into contact with the ground. The tread 58 is formed of a polymeric composition, for example an elastomeric composition comprising at least one elastomer, preferably a diene elastomer, for example natural rubber. The tread 58 is arranged radially on the outside of the circumferential reinforcement 54.
As illustrated in
The first impregnated woven structure 25 forming the first, radially exterior, structure of revolution 25′ of the tire 20 exhibits an internal face 42 and an external face 43 and also two axial ends 44. The internal face 42 is an internal face of the first woven fabric 26 and the external face 43 is an external face of the first layer 33. Within the tire 20, the internal face 42 is arranged radially on the inside of the external face 43 and the external face 43 is in contact with a radially interior face of the crown structure of revolution 55.
The second impregnated woven structure 27 forming the second, radially interior, structure of revolution 27′ of the tire 20 exhibits an internal face 46 and an external face 47 and also two axial ends 48. The internal face 46 is an internal face of the second woven fabric 28 and the external face 47 is an external face of the second layer 35. Within the tire 20, the internal face 46 is arranged radially on the outside of the external face 47.
The two faces 42 and 46 face one another and are substantially parallel to one another. Within the tire 20, each surface 42, 46 describes a cylinder of revolution around the axis YY′ of the tire 20.
With reference to
The tire 20 also comprises an interior annular space 52 delimited, on the one hand, by each internal face 42 and 46 and, on the other hand, by the two sidewalls 50. The interior annular space 52 forms a closed cavity which can be pressurized by an inflation gas, for example air. The bearing elements 32 are in pairs independent in the interior annular space 52.
In this first embodiment, the assemblage 24 extends axially in continuous fashion between the two sidewalls 50 of the tire 20. The assemblage 24 extends circumferentially over one turn around the axis of revolution YY′ of the tire 20 so as to form an axially continuous assemblage band 51, as illustrated in
In
An external face 53 of the first woven fabric 26, before it is placed in the tire 20, has been represented in
The first woven fabric 26 is a woven fabric comprising intertwinings of a first family of first threadlike elements 64, known as first warp threadlike elements, and of a second family of first threadlike elements 66, known as first weft threadlike elements. The first warp threadlike elements 64 of the first woven fabric 26 are substantially parallel to one another and extend along a “warp” direction. The first weft threadlike elements 66 of the first woven fabric 26 are substantially parallel to one another and extend along a “weft” direction. The first threadlike elements 64, 66 are coated with at least one layer of a first crosslinked adhesive composition and are obtained after a stage of individual coating of each first threadlike element 64, 66 by the layer of the first adhesive composition, followed by a stage of individual heat treatment of each first coated threadlike element 64, 66. In the case in point, each first threadlike element 64, 66 is coated with a layer of a first adhesion primer, in this instance a primer based on an epoxy resin and on blocked isocyanate, this layer of adhesion primer being itself coated with the layer of the first adhesive composition, in this instance an adhesive of RFL type.
The second woven fabric 28 is a woven fabric comprising intertwinings of a first family of second threadlike elements 68, known as second warp threadlike elements, and of a second family of second threadlike elements 70, known as second weft threadlike elements. The second warp threadlike elements 68 of the second woven fabric 28 are substantially parallel to one another and extend along a “warp” direction. The second weft threadlike elements 70 of the second woven fabric 28 are substantially parallel to one another and extend along a “weft” direction. The second threadlike elements 68, 70 are coated with at least one layer of a second crosslinked adhesive composition and are obtained after a stage of individual coating of each second threadlike element 68, 70 by the layer of the second adhesive composition, followed by a stage of individual heat treatment of each second coated threadlike element 68, 70. In the case in point, each second threadlike element 68, 70 is coated with a layer of a second adhesion primer, in this instance a primer based on an epoxy resin and on blocked isocyanate, this layer of adhesion primer being itself coated with the layer of the second adhesive composition, in this instance an adhesive of RFL type.
In the case in point, the first and second adhesion primers are identical. The first and second adhesive compositions are identical.
Within each first and second woven fabric 26, 28, the warp and weft directions form, with one another, an angle ranging from 70° to 90°. In the case in point, the angle is substantially equal to 90°.
The first and second threadlike elements 64, 66, 68, 70 are all substantially identical. Each first and second threadlike element 64, 66, 68, 70 is a textile threadlike element, in this instance made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In the case in point, each first and second threadlike element 64, 66, 68, 70 is a spun threadlike element exhibiting a linear density equal to 170 tex and a tenacity equal to 66 cN/tex.
The bearing elements 32 are threadlike bearing elements. Each threadlike bearing element 32 extends alternately from the first woven fabric 26 towards the second woven fabric 28 and from the second woven fabric 28 towards the first woven fabric 26, on moving along the threadlike bearing element 32. In addition, each threadlike bearing element 32 is interlaced with the first woven fabric 26 and the second woven fabric 28. Each threadlike bearing element 32 is a textile threadlike bearing element, in this instance made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In the case in point, each bearing element is a spun threadlike element exhibiting a linear density equal to 55 tex and a tenacity equal to 54 cN/tex. In the embodiment described, the threadlike bearing elements 32 are devoid of any layer of adhesive composition.
Each threadlike bearing element 32 comprises a threadlike bearing portion 74 extending between the first and second woven fabrics 26, 28, in particular between the internal faces 42 and 46. Each threadlike bearing element 32 comprises first and second threadlike portions 76, 78 for anchoring the threadlike bearing element 32 respectively in the first woven fabric 26 and the second woven fabric 28. Each first and second threadlike anchoring portion 76, 78 prolongs a bearing portion 74 respectively into each first woven fabric 26 and second woven fabric 28. Each first and second threadlike anchoring portion 76, 78 is wound, at least in part, around several threadlike elements of the first families of warp threadlike elements 64, 68 respectively of each first woven fabric 26 and each second woven fabric 28. Thus, each threadlike anchoring portion 76, 78 connects two threadlike bearing portions 74 together.
The threadlike anchoring portions 76 of the threadlike bearing elements 32 are seen in
In
Analogously, the second warp threadlike elements 68 of the second, radially interior, woven fabric 28 extend along a direction forming, with the main general direction of the second, radially interior, woven fabric 28, an angle A3 at least equal to 10° and at most equal to 45°. The second weft threadlike elements 70 of the second, radially interior, woven fabric 28 extend along a direction forming, with the main general direction of the first woven fabric 26, an angle A4 at least equal to 10° and at most equal to 45°. In the case in point, A1=A2=A3=A4=45°.
A threadlike bearing portion 74 of a threadlike bearing element 32 has been represented in
The tire 20 has been represented partially in
The first warp threadlike elements 64 of the first woven fabric 26 extend along a direction forming, with the circumferential direction XX′ of the tire 20, an angle B1 which is less than the angle A1. Likewise, the first weft threadlike elements 66 of the first woven fabric 26 extend along a direction forming, with the circumferential direction XX′ of the tire 20, an angle B2 which is less than the angle A2.
The second warp threadlike elements 68 of the second, radially interior, woven fabric 28 extend along a direction forming, with the circumferential direction XX′ of the tire 20, an angle B3. Likewise, the second weft threadlike elements 70 of the second, radially interior, woven fabric 28 extend along a direction forming, with the circumferential direction XX′ of the tire 20, an angle B4.
In the case in point, each angle B1, B2 is respectively less than each angle A1, A2 and is at least equal to 10° and less than 45° and in this instance B1=B2=38°. Each angle B3, B4 is respectively substantially equal to each angle A3, A4 and is at least equal to 10° and less than or equal to 45° and in this instance B3=B4=45°.
The tire 20, the stiffness characteristics of which are presented in
A manufacturing process according to the invention will now be described with reference to
In a stage prior to the formation of the assemblage 24, each first and second threadlike element 64, 66, 68, 70 is coated with the layers of adhesion primer and of adhesive composition. To do this, the first and second threadlike elements 64, 66, 68, 70 are first of all directly coated with the layer of adhesion primer in a first aqueous bath (approximately 94% of water) based on epoxy resin (polyglycerol polyglycidyl ether, approximately 1%) and on isocyanate compound (blocked caprolactam, approximately 5%). The layer of adhesion primer is then coated with the layer of adhesive composition, in this instance an RFL adhesive (approximately 81% by weight of water) based on resorcinol (approximately 2%), formaldehyde (approximately 1%) and a rubber latex (approximately 16% of NR, SBR and VP-SBR rubbers). The layers of primer and of adhesive composition are then dried, for example in a drying oven at 140° C. for 30 s. The first and second coated threadlike elements 64, 66, 68, 70 are then heat treated, so as to crosslink the layers of primer and of adhesive composition, by passing the first and second coated threadlike elements 64, 66, 68, 70 through a treatment oven at 240° C. for 30 s.
Then, in a stage of formation of the assemblage 24, the first threadlike elements 64, 66 are assembled, so as to form the first woven fabric 26, and the second threadlike elements 68, 70 are assembled, so as to form the second woven fabric 28. The bearing elements 32 are also assembled with the first and second woven fabrics 26, 28. In the embodiment described as example, the first and second coated and heat-treated threadlike elements 64, 66, 68, 70 are assembled, in a single stage and thus simultaneously, with the bearing elements 32, so as to form the assemblage 24. In another embodiment, each first and second woven fabric 26, 28 is first of all formed separately and then the first and second woven fabrics 26, 28 are connected together with the bearing elements 32. The stage of formation of the assemblage 24 according to the invention is carried out in a way known by a person skilled in the art of woven fabrics.
Then, in a stage of impregnation of the first and second woven fabrics 26, 28, each first and second woven fabric 26, 28 is respectively impregnated with the first and second polymeric compositions 34, 36, so as to form the first and second bands 33, 35 and to constitute the first and second impregnated woven structures 25, 27.
The assembly 90 according to the invention represented in
In the example of the first embodiment, the threadlike bearing elements 32 are individually identical. Each bearing element 32 is made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and exhibits a mean section SP equal to 7*10−8 m2 and a breaking stress Fr/SP equal to 470 MPa. The mean surface density D of the threadlike bearing portions 74 per unit of surface area of the first impregnated woven structure 25 and per unit of surface area of the second impregnated woven structure 27 is equal to 85 000 yarns/m2. The breaking force Fr is equal to 33 N.
A confection cylinder is available, the diameter of which is equal to that of the fitting means on which the tire 20 is intended to be fitted. The confection cylinder is substantially of revolution around an axis of revolution coaxial with the axis of revolution YY′ of the tire 20. The assembly 90 of
The interior annular space 52 is then formed. To do this, in the embodiment described, each sidewall 50 is joined to each axial end 44, 48 of the first impregnated woven structure 25 and of the second impregnated woven structure 27, so as to form the interior annular space 52.
At least one of the first and second impregnated woven structures 25, 27, in the case in point solely the first impregnated woven structure 25, is then separated radially, with respect to the axis of revolution of the tire 20. To do this, in the embodiment described, the interior annular space 52 is opened out by pressurization with an inflation gas of the interior annular space 52, for example air. The assembly 90 according to the invention represented in
Subsequently, on continuing to radially separate at least one of the first and second impregnated woven structures 25, 27, in the case in point solely the first impregnated woven structure 25, with respect to the axis of revolution YY′ of the tire 20, the interior annular space 52 is opened out by pressurization with the inflation gas. The assembly represented in
During the radial separation of at least one of the first and second impregnated woven structures 25, 27 with respect to the axis of revolution YY′ of the tire 20, generally known as conformation, the diameter of the first impregnated woven structure 25 forming the first radially exterior structure of revolution 25′ of the tire 20, and thus of the first woven fabric 26, increases, whereas the diameter of the second impregnated woven structure 27 forming the second radially interior structure of revolution 27′ of the tire 20, and thus of the second woven fabric 28, remains substantially constant. The radial distance, with respect to the axis of revolution YY′ of the tire 20, of the first woven fabric 26 significantly increases during the conformation, as well as its circumferential length, and the angles formed by the first warp threadlike elements 64 and the first weft threadlike elements 66, with the circumferential direction XX′ of the tire 20, which are initially equal to 45°, decrease and become at least equal to 10° and at most equal to 45°, after conformation, in this instance equal to B1=B2=38°. The radial distance, with respect to the axis of revolution YY′ of the tire 20, of the second woven fabric 28 remains substantially constant during the conformation, its circumferential length does not vary substantially and the angles formed by the second warp threadlike elements 68 and the second weft threadlike elements 70, with the circumferential direction XX′ of the tire 20, which are initially equal to 45°, remain substantially equal to 45°, after conformation; in this instance; B3=B4=45°.
The crown structure of revolution 55 is then wound radially on the outside of the first impregnated woven structure 25 forming the first, radially exterior, structure of revolution 25′.
Subsequently, the interior annular space 52 is depressurized down to ambient atmospheric pressure. The tire 20 is then obtained in the raw state. Finally, the tire 20 is crosslinked, for example by vulcanization, in order to obtain the tire 20 in the cured state.
A tire 20 according to a second embodiment has been represented in
Unlike the tire according to the first embodiment, in the tire 20 according to the second embodiment, the assemblage 24 extends axially in a noncontinuous fashion between the two sidewalls 50 of the tire 20. The assemblage 24 extends circumferentially over several turns around the axis of revolution YY′ of the tire 20 so as to form a winding of an axially noncontinuous assemblage strip 92.
Thus, as is illustrated in
In a design of strip type, the binding surface area SE of the external face 43 of the first impregnated woven structure 25 forming the first, radially exterior, structure of revolution 25′ of the tire 20 radially exterior woven fabric with the radially interior face 59 of the crown structure of revolution 55 is the sum of the binding surface areas of the juxtaposed strip 92 axial portions 94.
The strip 92 is wound helically around the axis of revolution of the tire 20 so that, before conformation, the first warp threadlike elements 64 and the first weft threadlike elements 66 of the first woven fabric 26 extend along a direction forming, with the circumferential direction XX′, respectively an angle A1, A2 at least equal to 10° and at most equal to 45°, and so that the second warp threadlike elements 68 and the second weft threadlike elements 70 of the second, radially interior, woven fabric 28 extend along a direction forming, with the main general direction of the second, radially interior, woven fabric 28, respectively an angle A3, A4 at least equal to 10° and at most equal to 45°. In the case in point, A1=A2=A3=A4=45°.
As in the first embodiment, after conformation, the angles formed by the first warp threadlike elements 64 and the first weft threadlike elements 66, with the circumferential direction XX′, which are initially equal to 45°, decrease and become at least equal to 10° and at most equal to 45°, after conformation, in this instance equal to B1=B2=38°. The angles formed by the second warp threadlike elements 68 and the second weft threadlike elements 70, with the circumferential direction XX′, of the tire 20, which are initially equal to 45°, remain substantially equal to 45°.
The invention is not limited to the embodiments described above.
It will be possible to envisage the embodiment in which:
Thus, in this embodiment, each threadlike bearing element is coated with at least one layer of a third crosslinked adhesive composition and is obtained after a stage of individual coating of each threadlike bearing element by the layer of the third adhesive composition, followed by a stage of individual heat treatment of each coated threadlike bearing element.
In this embodiment, during the stage of formation of the assemblage, each coated and heat-treated threadlike bearing element is assembled with the first and second coated and heat-treated threadlike elements, so as to form the assemblage.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1562630 | Dec 2015 | FR | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR2016/053450 | 12/15/2016 | WO | 00 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2017/103491 | 6/22/2017 | WO | A |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 20180361791 A1 | Dec 2018 | US |
