Patent Application
20100121973
The invention generally relates to annotating streaming media, and more specifically to augmentation of streaming media.
Streaming media content, such as webcasts, television and radio, typically have static metadata associated with each that is determined well in advance of broadcast. As such, it is very difficult to annotate live content or content that cannot be fully reviewed prior to broadcast.
The present invention provides methods and apparatus, including computer program products, for augmentation of streaming media.
In general, in one aspect, the invention features a method including receiving streaming media, applying a speech-to-text recognizer to the received streaming media, identifying keywords, determining topics, and augmenting speech elements with one or more content items.
In another aspect, the invention features a system including a media server configured to receive streaming media, a speech processor for segmenting the streaming media into speech elements and non-speech audio elements, identifying keywords within the speech audio elements, and determining a topic based on one or more of the identified keywords, and an augmentation server for augmenting the streaming media with one or more content items based on the topic.
In still another aspect, the invention features a method including receiving streaming media, selecting a segment of the streaming media, separating the selected segment into speech elements and non-speech audio elements, identifying keywords within each of the speech elements, determining a topic based on one or more of the identified keywords, and augmenting the selected segment with one or more content items selected based on the topic.
Other features and advantages of the invention are apparent from the following description, and from the claims.
The invention will be more fully understood by reference to the detailed description, in conjunction with the following figures, wherein:
Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements.
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Each of the clients 12 can be implemented on such hardware as a smart or dumb terminal, network computer, wireless device, personal data assistant (PDA), information appliance, workstation, minicomputer, mainframe computer, or other computing device, that is operated as a general purpose computer or a special purpose hardware device solely used for serving as a client 12 in the system 10.
Each of the clients 12 include client interface software for receiving streaming media and may be implemented in various forms, for example, in the form of a Java® applet that is downloaded to the client 12 and runs in conjunction with a web browser application, such as Firefox®, Opera® or Internet Explorer®. Alternatively, the client software may be in the form of a standalone application, implemented in a language such as Java, C++, C#, VisualBasic or in native processor-executable code. In one embodiment, if executing on the client 12, the client software opens a network connection to a server 16 over a communications network 14 and communicates via that connection to the server(s) 16.
The communications network 14 connects the clients 12 with the server(s) 16. A communication may take place via any media such as telephone lines, Local Area Network (LAN) or Wide Area Network (WAN) links (e.g., T1, T3, 56 kb, X.25), broadband connections (e.g., ISDN, Frame Relay, ATM), wireless links, and so forth. Preferably, the communications network 14 can carry Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol communications, and Hypertext Transfer Protocol/Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTP/HTTPS) requests made by the client software and the connection between the client software and the server can be communicated over such TCP/IP networks. The type of network is not a limitation, however, and any suitable network may be used. Typical examples of networks that can serve as the communications network 14 include a wireless or wired Ethernet-based intranet, a LAN or WAN, and/or the global communications network known as the Internet, which may accommodate many different communications media and protocols.
Each of the servers 16 typically includes a processor 28, memory 30 and a storage device 32. Memory 20 can include an operating system 34 and a process 100 for augmentation of streaming media.
One or more of the servers 16 may implement a media server, a speech recognition processor and an augmentation server. The media server and speech recognition processor provide application processing components. These components are preferably implemented on one or more server class computers that have sufficient memory, data storage, and processing power and that run a server class operating system (e.g. SUN Solaris, GNU/Linux, Microsoft® Windows XP, and later versions, or other such operating system). Other types of system hardware and software can also be used, depending on the capacity of the device, the number of users and the amount of data received. For example, the server may be part of a server farm or server network, which is a logical group of one or more servers. As another example, there may be multiple servers associated with or connected to each other, or multiple servers may operate independently but with shared data. As is typical in large-scale systems, application software can be implemented in components, with different components running on different server computers, on the same server, or some combination.
The media server can be configured to receive streaming media and the speech processor configured for segmenting the streaming media into speech elements and non-speech audio elements, identifying keywords within the speech audio elements, and determining a topic based on one or more of the identified keywords. The augmentation server can be configured for augmenting the streaming media with one or more content items selected based on the topic and placed temporally to coincide with one of the non-speech audio elements, for example in intervening silence, or with the corresponding speech audio elements.
A data repository server may also be used to store the content used to augment the streaming media. Examples of databases that may be used to implement this functionality include the MySQL® Database Server by Sun Microsystems, the PostgreSQL® Database Server by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group of Berkeley, Calif., and the ORACLE® Database Server offered by ORACLE Corp. of Redwood Shores, Calif.
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Receiving (102) the streaming media may include preprocessing the received streaming media to segment content. The segmented content can represent speech, silence, applause, laughter, other noise detection, scene change, and/or motion.
Process 100 applies (104) a speech-to-text recognizer to the received streaming media. In general, speech recognition (also known as automatic speech recognition or computer speech recognition) converts spoken words to text. In implementations, the speech-to-text recognizer is a keyword spotter.
Process 100 identifies (106) keywords. In implementations, identified keywords are processed with keywords in editorial metadata associated with the received streaming media. The editorial metadata can include one or more of a title and description.
In implementations, the identified keywords are assigned a confidence score.
In an example, identifying (106) keywords includes applying natural language processing (NLP) to closed captioning/editorial transcripts. In another example, identifying (106) keywords can include applying statistical natural language processing (NLP), a rules-based NLP, a simple editorial keyword list processing, or statistical keyword list processing.
Process 100 determines (108) topics. In implementations, determining (108) topics is based on one or more of the identified keywords, on derivation from a statistical categorization into a known taxonomy of topics, on derivation from a rules-based categorization into a known taxonomy of topics, on filtering from a list of keywords, and/or on composition from a list of keywords.
Process 100 augments (110) speech elements with one or more content items. The content items can be placed temporally to coincide with non-speech elements.
The one or more content items can be selected based on topics or on one or more of the identified keywords. In an example, the content items include advertisements. The advertisements can be inserted within the streaming media itself or shown along side the streaming media on a Web page. The advertisements can reside on an external source or be provided to the topics as metadata to one or more external engines.
Augmenting (110) can be performed while the streaming media is playing or prior to the streaming media playing.
In implementations, augmenting (110) can include an insertion of the one or more content items into the streaming media or spliced into the streaming media by a video/audio player. The streaming media can include a radio broadcast or Internet-streamed audio and/or video.
The one or more content items can be placed within the streaming media at a minimum temporal displacement from the speech elements on which selection of the content items is based.
Process 100 can limit the augmentation to a maximum number of content items. In a specific example, the maximum number of content items is one.
Process 100 can include converting (112) the speech elements into text and generating (114) a text-searchable representation of the streaming media.
Process 100 can include streaming (116) the augmented media. Process 100 can include providing (118) the keywords with the streamed augmented media.
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Process 200 identifies (208) keywords within each of the speech elements. The identified keywords can be filtered using keywords in editorial metadata associated with the received streaming media. The editorial metadata can include one or more of a title and description.
In one example, identifying (208) keywords includes applying full continuous speech-to-text processing. In another example, identifying (208) keywords includes applying a keyword spotter.
In, still another example, identifying (208) keywords includes applying natural language processing (NLP) to closed captioning/editorial transcripts. In another example, identifying (208) keywords includes applying one of statistical natural language processing (NLP), rules-based NLP, simple editorial keyword list processing, and/or statistical keyword list processing.
Process 200 determines (210) a topic based on one or more of the identified keywords.
Process 200 augments (212) the selected segment with one or more content items. The content items can be selected based on the topic and placed temporally to coincide with one of the non-speech audio elements. In one example, augmenting (212) is performed while the streaming media is playing or prior to the streaming media playing. In another example, augmenting (212) includes an insertion of the one or more content items into the streaming media or spliced into the streaming media by a video/audio player. The content items can be advertisements and the advertisements can be inserted within the streaming media itself or shown along side the streaming media on a Web page.
Process 200 may also include converting (214) the speech elements into text and generating (216) a text-searchable representation of the streaming media.
In one of many implementations, the process for identifying and presenting topic-relevant content within (or in conjunction with) real-time broadcast or streaming media includes four phases. In a first phase, streaming media is received and processed to determine speech and non-speech audio elements.
In a second phase, the speech elements are analyzed using one or more speech recognition processes to identify keywords, which in turn influence the selection of a topic.
In a third phase, the non-speech elements are analyzed to identify sections (e.g., time-slots) during which additional content can be added to the streaming media without (or with a minor) interruption of the primary content.
Fourth, the identified topic influences the selection of content items to be added to the primary content, and placed at the identified time positions. As a result, a user experiences the primary content as intended by the provider, and immediately thereafter (or in some cases during) is presented with a topic-relevant advertisement.
During the first phase, the streaming media is segmented into “chunks.” Chunking the media limits the amount of media analyzed at any one time, and enables selected content to be added shortly after the “chunk” is broadcast. In contrast, automatic labeling of large chunks of media content (e.g., a thirty-minute TV episode) can leave an unacceptable time lag before the labeling information is available to the producer in order to select an advertisement. Furthermore, automatically labeling smaller chunks (e.g., 30 seconds) without regard to natural breaks in the content can create breaks in the middle of words or phrases that may be critical to accurate topic selection. In contrast, the invention determines an optimal “chunk size” based on automatically detected natural boundaries in speech, thereby balancing the need for keywords to determine a topic and the need to place advertisements at acceptable places within the media. Once a chunk is selected, speech elements are separated from non-speech audio elements such as applause, laughter, music or silence.
In some embodiments, chunks can be further divided into utterances (ranging in length from a single phoneme to a few syllables or one or two words) and tagged to identify start and end times for the chunks. For example, if the segmentation process determines that the currently-processed chunk contains ample keywords to determine a topic (or has reached some maximum time limit), the current speech element may be used to identify the start of the next chunk. In this manner, each utterance can be sent to the speech recognition processor to identify keywords and topics.
As an example, the table below shows the distinction between cutting segments every 30 seconds without regard to content as compared to cutting segments based on utterance boundaries. The left hand column of the table includes a transcript from a radio broadcast in which certain words were “cut” at the segmentation boundary. In contrast, the use of natural utterance boundaries to drive segmentation is shown in the right hand column. By segmenting the media at natural breaks in speech, the segments do not contain partial sentences or words, and thus the identification of a topic is more accurate.
With chunks identified and parsed, the speech elements may then be processed using various speech-recognition techniques during the second phase to generate metadata describing the streamed media. The metadata may then be used to identify keywords and entities (e.g., proper nouns) that influence the determination of a topic for the streaming media. In some instances, utterances may be grouped into a “window” representing a portion of the streaming media. This window may be fixed (e.g., once the window is processed an entirely new window is generated and analyzed) or moving, such that new utterances are added to the window as others complete processing. The window may be of any length, however a thirty (30) second window provides sufficient content to be analyzed but is short enough that any content added to the streaming media will be presented to the user shortly after the utterances that determined which content to be added.
In the third phase, the non-speech portions of the streaming media are analyzed to determine if they represent a natural break in the audio, thereby enabling the addition of content (e.g., advertisements) in a non-obtrusive manner. For example, long pauses (greater than 5 seconds, for example) of silence or applause following portions of a political speech related to healthcare can be augmented with advertisements for health care providers, requests for contributions to candidates or other topic-relevant ads. The table below includes a segmented transcription of a radio broadcast with the streaming media segmented into chunks with natural breaks and a non-speech segment identified as a possible augmentation point. Each segment includes a start time, a segment type (break, utterance number, or non-speech segment id), the transcript, and an action (no action, send transcript to speech recognition engine, or augment with advertisement). The words identified in bold are recognized by the speech recognition engine influence the selection of metadata and topics for this segment.
Republican anti-tax spending message
Globe reporter Andy Kendrick writes that the
By using a moving window of utterances that include the segment being analyzed, “stale” utterances are dropped from the analysis and new utterances are added. In the above example, the selected topic for segments U26-U28 may be identified as “politics” and as utterances U29 and U30 are received, U26 and U27 are dropped out of the moving window and the topic changes to “local news.” Because the data is being delivered with a very low latency from actual broadcast time, users are provided with a quick recap of what is being broadcast.
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The techniques described in detail herein enable automatically recognizing keywords and topics as they occur within a broadcast or streamed media. The recognition of key topics occur in a timely manner such that relevant content can be added to, or broadcast with, the media as it is streamed.
Embodiments of the invention can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations of them. Embodiments of the invention can be implemented as a computer program product, i.e., a computer program tangibly embodied in an information carrier, e.g., in a machine readable storage device or in a propagated signal, for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus, e.g., a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple computers. A computer program can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.
Method steps of embodiments of the invention can be performed by one or more programmable processors executing a computer program to perform functions of the invention by operating on input data and generating output. Method steps can also be performed by, and apparatus of the invention can be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application specific integrated circuit).
Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read only memory or a random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer are a processor for executing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto optical disks, or optical disks. Information carriers suitable for embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto optical disks; and CD ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in special purpose logic circuitry.
It is to be understood that the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not to limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/113,709, filed Nov. 12, 2008, and titled AUGMENTATION OF STREAMING MEDIA, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61113709 | Nov 2008 | US |
