Patent Grant
9329240
The present invention relates to a battery SoC estimation device that estimates the State of Charge of a battery used for electric vehicles and the likes.
For example, in electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and the likes, a rechargeable battery (a second battery) is used for supplying electric power to an electric motor that drives the vehicles and accumulating electric energy charged from the electric motor functioning as a generator to recover braking energy or from power sources provided on the ground.
In this case, it is necessary to carry out battery management by always monitoring the state of battery, especially the State of Charge (SoC) to maintain the battery in a good state over long periods.
A current integration method (a Coulomb counting method or a sequential state recording method) and an open-circuit voltage method are known as conventional methods for detecting the SoC. Specifically, in the current integration method, input and output of voltage and current of the battery are recorded as time series data, which is used for calculating the present amount of electric charge by time-integrating the current, and then the Soc is obtained based on the initial amount of electric charge charged in the battery and the full charge capacity. In the open circuit voltage method, the inputted current values and terminal voltage values of the battery are inputted, and using a battery equivalent model, the open circuit voltage values are sequentially estimated as the state quantity of the model. Then the SoC is estimated based on the open circuit voltage.
The methods described above have both merits and demerits: the estimate accuracy for a short time is higher in the former current integration method than that in the latter open circuit voltage method where the SoC is estimated, using the open circuit voltage, but the former needs to always observe, and the error becomes to be accumulated, which deteriorates its accuracy. On the other hand, the latter open circuit voltage method does not need to always observe, but the accuracy is inferior to that of the former current integration method when the change amount of charge in a short time is estimated, because the variation of the open circuit voltage is small relative to the change of the SoC.
One of the conventional battery SoC estimation device is known (for example, see the Patent Document 1), which includes a first electric quantity calculation means, a second electric quantity calculation means, and an offset amount estimation means. The first electric quantity calculation means calculates the SoC of a battery based on an open circuit voltage estimate value estimated based on the discharge-ad-charge current and the terminal voltage of the battery by the open circuit voltage method using an adaptive filter, then calculating the change amount of electric quantity charged in the battery based on the SoC.
The second electric quantity calculation means uses the current integration method to time-integrate the discharge-and-charge current of the battery and calculate the change amount of electric quantity charged in the battery based on the value of integral. The offset amount estimation means estimates the offset amount as the observed-value error of the discharge current measuring equipment based on the difference between the change amounts of the electric quantities respectively obtained by the calculation means. The device improves the estimate accuracy of the inner state of the battery such as the SoC, by suppressing the observed-value error of the discharge current measuring equipment to a small extent by compensating the offset amount to improve the accuracy of the detected current value.
In addition, the other of the conventional SoC estimation methods is known (for example, see the Patent Document 2), which includes a step of obtaining the information on a battery, a step of calculating integrated capacity, a step of judging compensation right-or-wrong, and a step of compensating the integrated value. In the step of obtaining the information on a battery, the information on the battery (current value, voltage value, temperature value) is observed. In the step of calculating integrated capacity, the current integration value is calculated by integrating the compensated current value compensated by using the voltage value. In the step of judging compensation right-or-wrong, the compensation of the current integration capacity is judged right or wrong based on the forward voltage capacity of the battery calculated based on the battery information. In the step of compensating the integrated value, the remaining capacity of the battery by compensating or not compensating the current integration capacity according to the judgment result. The device improves the calculation accuracy of the SoC by compensating the observed error of the battery information.
However, in the SoC estimation device of the former prior art, the change amounts of the electric charge estimated by the current integration method and the open circuit voltage method using the adaptive filter are compared with each other to obtain a difference, on which the error value of the current detection part (an offset amount of the observed current value) is estimated based.
However, the estimated values, such as the electric quantities obtained by the above-described methods, have different statistical characteristics, so that the error due to the statistical characteristics cannot be avoided when the electric quantities obtained by the above-described methods and being unchanged are compared with each other. The detection error of the discharge current measuring equipment cannot be estimated with a high degree of accuracy, consequently there is a problem in the deterioration in the estimate accuracy of the SoC of the battery.
In the SoC estimation device of the latter prior art, the characteristics of the discharge current measuring equipment varies according to the duration of use, the status of use, the environment of usage, and so on, and in addition the variation of individual difference cannot be avoided. Nevertheless, in the method of this prior art, the above-described estimation is carried out, assuming that every discharge current measuring equipment has the same characteristics. Therefore, it cannot be sufficiently used for estimating the error of the detection value due to the difference from the actual characteristics, and the detection error of the discharge current measuring equipment cannot be estimated with a high degree of accuracy. Consequently, there is also a problem in the deterioration in the estimate accuracy of the SoC of the battery.
The present invention is made to solve the above-described problems, and its object is to provide a battery SoC estimation device that can estimate the SoC of a battery with a high degree of accuracy regardless of variation and variability of the characteristics of a discharge-and charge current detecting means.
In order to achieve the object, a battery State-of-Charge estimation device of claim 1 includes: a discharge-and-charge current detection means that detects a discharge-and-charge current value of a battery; a terminal voltage detection means that detects a terminal voltage value of the battery, a current-integration-method State-of-Charge estimation means that estimates a current-integration-method State-of-Charge based on a State-of-Charge obtained by integrating the discharge-and-charge current value inputted from the discharge-and-charge current detection means and a State-of-Charge obtained at previous time, calculating a variance of the current-integration-method State-of-Charge based on information on a detection accuracy of the discharge-and-charge current detection means; an open-circuit-voltage method State-of-Charge estimation means that estimates an open-circuit-voltage State-of-Charge based on the discharge-and-charge current value inputted from the discharge-and-charge current detection means and the terminal voltage value inputted from the terminal voltage detection means, using a battery equivalent circuit model, the open-circuit-voltage method State-of-Charge estimation means calculating a variance of the open-circuit-voltage method State-of-Charge based on information of detection accuracy of the discharge-and-charge current detection means and the terminal voltage detection means; an error estimation means that estimates an estimate error of the current-integration-method State-of-Charge based on a difference between the open-circuit-voltage method State-of-Charge and the current-integration-method State-of-Charge, the variance open-circuit-voltage method State-of-Charge of current-integration-method State-of-Charge, and the variance of and a State-of-Charge calculating means that calculates a State-of-Charge of the battery based on the current-integration-method State-of-Charge and the estimate error estimated by the error estimation means.
The battery State-of-Charge estimation device of claim 2, in the device of claim 1, the open-circuit-voltage-method State-of-Charge estimation means and the error estimation means use Kalman filters, respectively.
The battery State-of-Charge estimation device of claim 3, in the device of claim 1 or 2, the current-integration-method State-of-Charge estimation means estimates the current-integration-method State-of-Charge, using the State-of-Charge that is previously obtained by the State-of-Charge calculating means.
In the battery State-of-Charge estimation device of claim 1, when the current-integration-method State-of-Charge estimation means and the open-circuit-voltage-method State-of-Charge estimation means respectively estimate the current-integration-method State-of-Charge and the open-circuit-voltage-method State-of-Charge, they are statistically computed, using the mean value and the variance. Therefore, it can estimate the State of Charge of the battery with a higher degree of accuracy relative to that of the prior art even when the discharge-and-charge current detection means and the terminal-voltage detection means the variation or the variability in their characteristics.
In the battery State-of-Charge estimation device of claim 2, the open-circuit-voltage-method State-of-Charge estimation means and the error estimation means use Kalman filters, and it is not necessary to separately calculate therefore the mean estimate value and the estimate variance value because they are originally and constantly calculated by the Kalman filters.
In the battery State-of-Charge estimation device of claim 3, the current-integration-method State-of-Charge estimation means estimates the current-integration-method State-of-Charge, using the State-of-Charge that is obtained by the State-of-Charge calculating means, and therefore the current-integration-method State-of-Charge can be estimate with a high degree of accuracy.
Hereinafter, modes for carrying out the invention will be in detail explained based on the accompanying drawings.
The battery B employs a rechargeable battery such as a lithium ion battery in this embodiment, to which is not limited. It may employ a nickel hydrogen battery, or other kinds of batteries.
The discharge-and-charge current detection part 1 detects a discharge current value in a case where the battery B supplies electric power to a not-shown electric motor and so on and a charge current value in a case where a part of brake energy is recovered by the electric motor functioning as a generator when a vehicle is braking and where the battery B is charged from a power source equipment on the ground. It detects the discharge-and-charge current value I of the current that flows in and to the battery B by using a shunt resistance or others. The detected discharge-and-charge current value I is inputted as input signal to both of the current-integration-method SoC estimation part 3 and the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC estimation part 4.
Incidentally, the current detection part 1 may appropriately employ various constructions and types, and it corresponds to a discharge-and-charge current detection means of the invention.
The terminal voltage detection part 2 detects a terminal voltage value of the battery B. The detected voltage value V is inputted to the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC estimation part 4.
Incidentally, the terminal voltage detection part 2 may appropriately employ various constructions and types, and it corresponds to a terminal voltage detection means of the invention.
The current-integration-method SoC estimation part 3 is inputted with the SoC of the battery finally obtained by the subtractor 7 and the discharge-and-charge current I detected by the discharge-and-charge current 1 to calculate the current integration value by integrating the discharge-and-charge current I and obtain the charge amount. Then it calculates the current-integration-method SoC (SoCi) based on the charge amount and the SoC inputted from the subtractor 7, and it obtains a current-integration-method variance Qi based on the information q (see
Incidentally, the current-integration-method SoC (SoCi) has a value in which the true SoC is superposed with the estimate error ni. The current-integration-method SoC estimation part 3 corresponds to a current-integration-method State-of-Charge estimation means of the invention.
The multiplier 321 of the integrator 32 multiplies the output value outputted from the coefficient multiplier 31 by the computation period Ts, the output value being the present SoC. The delay part 322 multiplies the SoC obtained by the subtractor 7 by 1/z (z indicates z transformation) to obtain the previous SoC. The adder 323 adds the output value outputted from the multiplier 321 and the output value outputted from the delay part 322 to output the current-integration-method SoC (SoCi).
On the other hand, the current-integration-method variance calculating part 3B calculates a current-integration-method variance Qi based on the information q on a detection accuracy of the discharge-and-charge current detection part 1, which is obtained in advance. In this calculation, the operation of recurrent matrix is carried out, using the following equations.
Incidentally, in the following equations, P is covariance matrix, F is state transition matrix, Q is noise matrix, Ts is computation period, an additional character is time, and a superscript additional character is a symbol expressing transposition. Herein, Qi is obtained as P11 in the covariance matrix P.
The open-circuit-voltage-method SoC estimation part 4 estimates the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC (SoCv) based on the discharge-and-charge current value I inputted from the terminal voltage detection part 2 every computation period Ts and the terminal voltage value V inputted from the terminal voltage detection part 2 every computation period Ts, using the battery equivalent circuit model of the battery B. In addition, it also calculates the variance POCV of the open circuit voltage value VOCV and the variance PSOCV (=Qv) of the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC (SoCv) based on the pre-given information on the detection accuracy of the discharge-and-charge current detection part 1 and the terminal voltage detection part 2. In this embodiment, the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC estimation part 4 employs a Kalman filter, which will be later explained. Incidentally, the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC estimation part 4 corresponds to a open-circuit-voltage-method State-of-Charge estimation part 4 of the invention.
The open-circuit-voltage estimation part 4A estimates the open circuit voltage VOCV of the battery B based on the discharge-and-charge current value I inputted from the terminal voltage detection part 2 every computation period Ts, the terminal voltage value V inputted from the terminal voltage detection part 2 every computation period Ts and the open-circuit-voltage-part condenser capacity value COCV inputted from the open-circuit-voltage-part condenser capacity calculation part 4D, using the Kalman filter. In addition, it also calculates the variance POCV of the open circuit voltage based on the pre-given information on the detection accuracy of the discharge-and-charge current detection part 1 and the terminal voltage detection part 2.
The SoC calculation part 4B calculates the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC (SoCv) based on the open circuit voltage value VOCV, using the data of a relationship between the open circuit voltage value and the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC, which are measured and stored in advance. In addition, it also calculates the variance PSOCV of the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC (SoCv) based on the variance POCV, of the open circuit voltage calculated by the open-circuit-voltage estimation part 4A. Incidentally, the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC (SoCv) estimated by the SoC calculation part 4B has a value in which the true SoC is superposed with the estimate error nv.
The display part 4C calculates the open circuit value immediately before the present one by multiplying the inputted open circuit voltage value VOCV estimated by the open-circuit-voltage estimation part 4A by 1/z. The open-circuit-voltage-part condenser capacity calculation part 4D calculates the open-circuit-voltage condenser capacity value COCV of the battery B based on the open circuit voltage calculated by the delay part 4C to output it to the open-circuit-voltage estimation part 4A.
Incidentally, the open-circuit-voltage condenser capacity value COCV is obtained by using the equation: COCV=[100×(an inclination of the open circuit voltage relative to the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC (SoCv) obtained at the sampling time immediately before the present one)].
The subtracter 5 obtains the subtraction value y by the current-integration-method SoC (SoCi) obtained by the current-integration-method SoC estimation part 3 from the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC (SoCv) obtained by the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC estimation part 4 to output it to the error estimation part 6.
The error estimation part 6 estimates the estimate error ni of the current-integration-method SoC (SoCi) based on the current-integration-method variance Qi obtained by the current-integration-method SoC estimation part 3, the subtraction value y obtained by the subtracter 5, and the open-circuit-voltage-method variance Qv, using the Kalman filter. Incidentally, the error estimation part 6 also estimates the estimate error nv of the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC (SoCv). The error estimation part 6 corresponds to an error estimation means of the invention.
Herein, the Kalman filter, which is used in the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC estimation part 4 and the error estimation part 6, will be explained.
In the Kalman filter of the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC estimation part 4, the battery equivalent circuit model of the battery B is inputted with the same input (the discharge-and-charge current, the terminal voltage, the temperature and so on) as one inputted to the actual battery B, and the outputs (the terminal voltages) are compared with each other. If there is a difference therebetween, the difference is multiplied by a Kalman gain and the battery equivalent circuit model is feed-backed and modified so that the difference becomes to be the minim value. This operation is sequentially repeated to estimate the open circuit voltage value and others as true inner state quantities.
In the Kalman filter of the error estimation part 6, the error difference estimated by using the error model is compared with the subtracter value of the SoC obtained by the subtracter 5. If there is a difference therebetween, the difference is multiplied by a Kalman gain and the estimate error is feed-backed and modified so that the error becomes to be the minimum value. This operation is sequentially repeated to estimate the true error of the SoC.
In the Kalman filter, the following discrete system is used.
where the additional character k is time. In the above-described equation,
<Eq. 3>
Herein, the process noise and the noise at the detection parts are normal white noise of the mean value 0 and the variances Q, R, and they are expressed by the following equation by using the variances Qi, Qv respectively obtained by the current-integration-method SoC estimation part 3 and the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC estimation part 4.
Q=[Qi 0 0 Qv] <Eq. 4>
In the embodiment, it becomes a variable value because it is calculated by using the variances calculated the current-integration-method SoC estimation part 3 and the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC estimation part 4.
Accordingly, it is possible to estimate the error that is allowed for sequential estimate accuracy (the values of variances) of the current-integration-method SoC estimation part 3 and the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC estimation part 4 which are at an upstream side of the error estimation part 6, and therefore the SoC can be estimated with a higher degree of accuracy.
The Kalman filter uses the algorism using the following equations.
<Eq. 5>
Kk=Pk1HT(HPk-1HT+R)−1 <Eq. 1>
xk=F(xk-1+Kk(yk−HTxk-1) <Eq. 2>
Pk=F(Pk-1−Kk−KkHTPk-1)FT+Q <Eq. 3>
where Kk is the Kalman gain, Xk is a mean estimate value, and Pk is estimated variance.
As shown in
The variance-value calculation part 8 is inputted with the covariance matrix P, the variance value as the output value outputted from the variance-value calculation part 8, and the Kalman gain outputted from the Kalman gain calculation part 9 to estimate the estimated variance Pk, using the above-described equation of Eq. 3.
The Kalman gain calculation part 9 is inputted with the estimated variance value Pk inputted from the variance value estimation part 8 and the nominal white noise R to calculate the Kalman gain K, using the above-described equation of Eq. 1.
The mean-value calculation part 10 has a subtracter 11, a multiplier 12, an adder 13, a delay part 14, a multiplier 15, and a multiplier 16. It calculates the state variable x based on the observed value y (=SoCv−SoCi) inputted from the subtracter 5 and the Kalman gain K obtained by the Kalman gain calculation part 9, using the above-described equation of Eq. 2.
The subtracter 10 of the mean-value calculation part 10 subtracts the output value of the multiplier 16 from the inputted observed-value y.
The multiplier 12 multiplies the Kalman gain K obtained by the Kalman gain calculation part 9 by the output value of the subtracter 11.
The adder 13 adds the output value of the multiplier 12 and the output value of the multiplier 15 to output the additional value to the delay part 14. The delay part 14 obtains the additional value, as the state variable x, immediately before the present one, by multiplying the additional value of the adder 13 by 1/z.
The multiplier 15 obtains the multiplication value by multiplying the state matrix F by the state variable x inputted from the delay part 14 to output the multiplication value to the multiplier 16.
The multiplier 16 obtains the multiplication value by multiplying the output matrix H by the output value of the multiplier 15 to output the multiplication value to the subtracter 11.
Incidentally, as the Kalman filter originally and sequentially calculates the mean estimate value and variance when it estimates the state quantities of the battery B, it is not necessary to separately calculate them.
The subtracter 7 subtracts the estimate error ni obtained by the error estimation part 6 from the current-integration-method SoC (SoCi) estimated by the current-integration-method SoC estimation part 3 to obtain the SoC of the battery B. The subtracter 7 corresponds to a state-of-charge calculation means of the invention.
The operation of the SoC calculation device of the first embodiment is as follows.
The discharge-and-charge current value I of the battery B and the terminal voltage value V thereof are sequentially detected by the discharge-and-charge current detection part 1 and the terminal voltage detection part 2 during the activation of the SoC calculation device. Incidentally, these detected values are transformed from analog values to digital values, then the digital values being used for digital computation.
The current-integration-method SoC estimation device 3 obtains the current-integration-method SoC (SoCi) and this variance Qi based on the discharge-and-charge current value I, the pre-given information (variation) of the discharge-and-charge current detection part 1, and the SoC obtained by the subtracter 7.
On the other hand, the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC estimation part 4 obtains the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC (SoCv) and this variance Qv based on the discharge-and-charge current value I, the terminal voltage V, and the pre-given information (variance) of the discharge-and-charge current detection part 1 and the terminal voltage detection part 2, using the Kalman filter.
The error estimation part 6 is inputted with the variances Qi, Qv, which are respectively obtained by the current-integration-method SoC estimation device 3 and the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC estimation part 4, and the observed value y (=SoCv−SoCi) to estimate the estimate error ni of the current-integration-method SoC (SoCi), using the Kalman filter.
The subtracter 7 subtracts the estimate error ni as noise from the current-integration-method SoC (SoCi) obtained by the current-integration-method SoC estimation part 3 to obtain the SoC of the battery B.
Herein,
Incidentally, in
As shown in
In addition, as shown in
Further, as shown in
On the other hand, as shown in
Next,
The current-integration-method SoC (SoCi) estimated by the current-integration-method SoC estimation part 3 departs to a larger amount as the time elapses as shown in
On the other hand, the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC (SoCv) estimated by the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC estimation part 4 does not depart to a larger content as the time elapses, but it constantly varies to a large content for a short time, so that a large error frequently occurs.
However, in the SoC estimation device of the first embodiment, the current-integration-method SoC estimation part 3 and the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC estimation part 4 allow for the mean values and the variances, and the error estimation part 6 and the subtracter 7 obtain the SoC. Therefore, a deviation from the true value, namely the error is small, and it does not depart to a larger amount as the time elapses. That is, it is understood that the SoC estimation device of the first embodiment can estimate the SoC with a high degree of accuracy.
As explained above, the SoC estimation device of the first embodiment can obtain the following advantages.
In the SoC estimation device of the first embodiment, when the current-integration-method SoC (SoCi) and the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC (SoCv) are respectively calculated by the current-integration-method SoC estimation device 3 and the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC estimation device 4, they are statistically computed, using the mean value and the variance, to estimate the estimate error, so that the SoC is calculated. Therefore, the SoC of the battery B can be calculated with a higher degree of accuracy relative to that of the prior art even when the discharge-and-charge current detection part 1 and the terminal voltage detection part 2 have the variation or the variability in their characteristics.
In addition, the open-circuit-voltage-method SoC estimation part 4 and the error estimation part 6 uses the Kalman filters, respectively. Therefore, the state quantities of the battery B can be easily and with a high degree of accuracy estimated. The Kalman filters originally and sequentially calculate the mean estimate value and estimated variance value, and accordingly it is not necessary to separately calculate these values.
Further, the current-integration-method SoC estimation part 3 estimates the current-integration-method SoC (SoCi) based on the SoC obtained by the subtracter 7. Therefore, the current-integration-method SoC (SoCi) can be estimated with a high degree of accuracy.
Next, a battery SoC estimation device according to a second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to
In the first embodiment shown in
The other construction is the same as that of the first embodiment.
Thus, the current-integration-method SoC (SoCi) outputted from the current-integration-method SoC estimation part 3 is inputted to the delay part 32 of the current-integration-method SoC estimation part 3, which can decrease the error of the SoC relative to that in the prior art although the error becomes somewhat larger than that of the first embodiment.
While there have been described with reference to embodiments, to which the invention is not limited. The invention includes a design change and modification as long as they do not depart from the subject-matter of the invention.
For example, in the invention, although the noise matrix Q is the variable value, it may be a fixed value as in the conventional Kalman filter. In this case, it can obtain the estimate accuracy higher than that in the prior art although its estimate accuracy slightly decreases relative to that using the variable value.
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