Patent Application
20220073487
The present invention relates to bioflavonoid impregnated cellulosic fibrous materials, processes for impregnating the materials and their uses. In particular, the invention relates to bioflavonoid impregnated cellulosic fibrous materials such as paper, paper towels, bamboo fibre and cardboard and articles formed from such materials.
Cellulosic fibrous materials such as paper are used in a wide variety of applications, ranging from domestic use to commercial use in, for example, hospitals, schools, kitchens and laboratories in the form of, for example, paper towels or face masks or even garments such as bamboo fibre socks.
Some materials would benefit from having antimicrobial properties. These include for example, cardboard, paper, cleaning wipes, paper towels or face masks or even garments.
GB2468836 discloses compositions comprising bioflavonoid compounds and their antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity but no suggestion was made that they could be used in impregnating fibres and materials.
The present invention relates to cellulosic materials impregnated with a bioflavonoid composition.
According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a material impregnated with a bioflavonoid composition, the bioflavonoid content of the composition comprising at least naringin and neohesperidin.
Especially preferred is when the major part of the bioflavonoid content of the composition comprises naringin and neohesperidin. Preferably, naringin and neohesperidin together form at least 50% wt/wt, more preferably at least 70% wt/wt, for example at least 75% wt/wt, for example 75%-80% wt/wt of the bioflavonoid content of the composition (excluding other biomass).
The bioflavonoid content of the composition may further comprise one or more compounds of Formula (I):
wherein R1 is a hydroxyl or methoxyl and R2 is hydrogen, hydroxyl or methoxyl and X is hydrogen or a saccharide.
A preferred option is when R2 is hydrogen and R1 is in the 3- or 4-position. Another option is when R1 is 3-hydroxy and R2 is 4-methoxyl. Preferably, X is H. More preferably, X is a saccharide.
In preferred embodiments, X is a disaccharide. Suitable disaccharides include combinations of two monosaccharides, preferably pyranoses, linked by a glycosidic bond, for example rhamnose and glucose, for example L-rhamnose and D-glucose.
Suitable disaccharides can have the structure:
wherein one of R3 and R4 is H and the other OH or both are H or both are OH. Preferably R3 is H and R4 is OH so that the disaccharide is rutinose.
Favoured aglycones of bioflavonoids for use in this invention are the disaccharides 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranose, also known as rutinose, and 2-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyra-nosyl)-beta-D-glucopyra-rose.
Suitable compounds of Formula (I) include neoeriocitrin, isonaringin, hesperidin, neodiosmin, naringenin, poncirin and rhiofolin, in addition to naringin and neohesperidin. One of these compounds may be present in addition to naringin and neohesperidin, although a mixture of two or more of these compounds is particularly preferred.
Such mixtures can be obtained by extraction from bitter oranges and the end product is called Citrus aurantium amara extract. Particularly preferred are the mixtures of bioflavonoid obtained from the extract of crushed whole immature bitter oranges. The mixtures can also be derived from the starting material comprised of the pith of immature, bitter (blood/red) oranges such as Seville oranges that are classed as ‘inedible’ and from which the pips, flesh and oily skin have been substantially removed or remain undeveloped.
Suitable mixtures can include 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or more compounds of Formula (I). A mixture comprising 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 of the above named bioflavonoids is preferable, for example containing 3, or containing 4, or containing 5, or containing 6, or containing 7, or containing 8, or containing 9 of said bioflavonoids.
It is presently believed that mixtures of such bioflavonoids have advantages over the use of a single bioflavonoid. It is particularly advantageous that extract of bitter oranges is employed without the need for isolating individual bioflavonoids. In an extract from bitter oranges biomass may be associated with up to 40-60% wt/wt, preferably about 55% wt/wt based on the weight of the bioflavonoid content of the composition. The biomass comprises pectins and other sugar derived materials. If it is desired to avoid biomass, other solubilising agents such as dextrines, for example cyclodextrin, may be employed if desired.
A particular advantage of many compositions described herein is that they may employ compounds of natural origin. Thus, for example, it is preferred to employ compounds of Formula (I) from bitter oranges. However synthetically or semi-synthetically obtained compounds may be employed if desired instead of the ones directly extracted from natural sources although this tends to be less favourable in view of cost.
The compositions may further comprise oleuropein. Preferably this is obtained from extraction from the leaf of the olive, for example Olea europaea. Such extracts typically contain 5% to 80% wt/wt, more preferably 10% to 70%, for example 20% wt/wt of oleuropein.
The wt/wt ratio of bioflavonoids to oleuropein can be 5:1 to 1:4, preferably 2:1 to 1:2, more preferably 1:2 to 1:1 and even more preferably 3:2. In addition to the bioflavonoid content of the composition, the composition may further comprise one or more fruit acids, for example citric acid, malic acid, and ascorbic acid. One or more of the acids are preferably neutralized with a suitable base, such as a quaternary ammonium base, for example a choline base, such as choline carbonate, bicarbonate or, preferably, hydroxide. More preferably, citric, malic and ascorbic acids are all used in the preparation of the composition, and especially preferred is when these are fully neutralized to provide citrate, malate and/or ascorbate salts. Especially preferred is choline ascorbate.
It has been found that the composition described herein is particularly effective in the presence of one or more organic acids. In one embodiment, the composition further comprises one or more organic acids.
A surprisingly effective organic acid is salicylic acid or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt optionally together with a further organic acid or pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
The salicylic acid may be obtained from willow bark extract. Alternatively, methods for synthesising salicylic acid are known to those skilled in the art.
Sometimes it is preferred that the salicylic acid is in the form of the acid rather than its salt.
Similarly, a further organic acid if present is similarly in the form of the acid rather than its salt. Suitable further organic acids include acids of up to 8 carbon atoms which are monobasic (i.e. one CO2H group), di-basic or tri-basic acid which optionally contain 1, 2 or 3 hydroxyl groups. Such further organic acid may be one or more of citric acid, malic acid, latic acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid and the like.
Such compositions can provide an approximately neutral or acid pH, when used, for example from 3 to 8, more aptly 3.5 to 7, for example 4 to 5.
At present it is preferred to employ salicylic acid and citric acid in the compositions.
Such compositions may include a solubilising agent, for example, salicylic acid such as a dextrin such as cyclodextrin.
The compositions described herein have an extremely favourable safety and environmental profile. As well as showing extremely effective antimicrobial activity, the compositions are also non-toxic, non-corrosive, renewable and completely biodegradable. The compositions disclosed in WO 2012/017186 (herein incorporated by reference) are the preferred compositions of the present invention.
The cellulosic fibrous materials of the invention may be composed of paper or cardboard or bamboo fibres. Paper is defined as a material produced from a cellulose pulp which may be derived from wood, rags or grasses. The paper may be in the form of a paper towel, towelette, cloth, wipe or pad. Paper towels have a variety of applications, for example, paper towels are used to dry a person's hands after washing, also known as hand towels. Paper towels or wipes are also used for cleaning purposes to wipe down surfaces in a hospital, laboratory or a kitchen, for example, and can also be known as kitchen roll, kitchen paper or kitchen wipes. Pads are cellulosic fibre sponges and have application in personal hygiene and in medical kits. Wipes are produced as air-laid paper where the fibres are carried and formed to the structure of paper by air.
The paper may be treated with softeners, lotions or added perfume to create a desirable “feel” or texture.
Bamboo materials may be formed of bamboo fibre which is a cellulose fibre extracted or fabricated from natural bamboo. Bamboo is a sustainable crop and, as a natural product derived entirely from plant cellulose, bamboo fibre is biodegradable by microorganisms in soil and also by sunlight. Preferably, the bamboo materials of the present invention are formed of 100% bamboo fibres although mixtures with other cellulose fibres are also contemplated.
The bamboo may also be in the form of a paper towel, towelette, wipe or pad which may have the same applications as paper towels. The bamboo fibres may also be used as a clothing fabric, optionally in combination with other known fibres, to make garments, such as socks and hospital gowns. For example, socks made from bamboo fibres impregnated with the bioflavonoid compositions described herein can help reduce foot odour. The bioflavonoid impregnated bamboo fibres are activated when they come into contact with moisture from the foot. For hospital gowns, the bioflavonoid composition is activated when the gowns come into contact with, for example, blood or urine.
Fabrics made from bamboo fibres which are impregnated with the bioflavonoid compositions described herein are very useful in hospital or care home environments. For example, the bamboo fabric can be used for bedding sheets, surgical drapes, curtains and the like where it is desirable to use a material with antimicrobial properties.
Paper fibre fabrics can be used instead of the bamboo fibre fabrics described herein; however, the bamboo fibre fabrics are preferred as these fabrics are more durable than paper fibre fabrics.
Paper towels, bamboo towels and the like, may be heated, for example by using a microwave, in order to provide a hot towel. These hot towels may be disposable and/or re-heatable and can be used in restaurants, hotels and on planes.
The bioflavonoid impregnated paper and/or bamboo fibres of the invention can also be provided in the form of a face mask, such as a respiratory mask or surgical mask, to provide the user with enhanced protection against inhaling bacteria and viruses or to prevent or reduce the spread of bacteria and viruses. The face masks may be reusable or disposable. Methods of manufacturing face masks are well known in the art.
Bioflavonoid impregnated bamboo and/or paper fibres can be used in the form of single or multi-ply food pads. Such food pads are often found in the bottom of food packaging and can also be referred to as napkins or blankets. The use of these food pads is particularly desirable in food packaging containing food with a short shelf life, for example meat or fruit. The food product, for example, the meat or fruit generally sit on top of the food pad within the packaging. The bioflavonoid impregnated food pad provides a dramatic reduction in the number of bacteria such as Salmonella, E. coli and Campylobacter which cause foods such as meat and fresh fruit to decay, reducing their shelf life. The bioflavonoid impregnated food pads are particularly suitable in the packaging of meats, including poultry (e.g. chicken or turkey), lamb, beef and pork; fish, including salmon and prawns; and fruits including soft fruits such as blackberries, raspberries, loganberries, strawberries and the like.
Cardboard is heavy duty paper and may include a single thick sheet of paper or more complex configurations such as multiple corrugated and uncorrugated layers which tend to by more durable than regular paper. The cardboard of the present invention will generally be of a depth of less than about 1 cm. The impregnated cardboard can be used in packaging, for example food packaging.
The cellulosic fibrous materials of the present invention are provided in a dry form and are activated when they are wetted, i.e. when the material comes into contact with moisture, such as a liquid. The liquid may be, for example, water, body fluids, for example sweat, blood or urine, fruit juice, cooking juices and the like. The materials can be wetted before being applied to a surface to be cleaned, for example, by applying water to the material before using on a surface. Alternatively, the materials are activated during use, for example, when drying hands moisture is transferred onto the material or when using the material to wipe down a wet surface.
The materials are provided in a substantially dry form and are preferably dried by heating to constant mass.
Preferably, the amount of bioflavonoid coating impregnated in the material is uniform throughout the material.
The bioflavonoid compositions described herein are biodegradable and can be impregnated into biodegradable materials such as biodegradable paper, bamboo fibres and the like to provide environmentally friendly products.
The bioflavonoid compositions described herein show activity against a wide range of organisms including gram positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria, fungi, virus, protazoans and insect parasites. The compositions may be employed against difficult bacteria such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Clostridium difficile (C. diff), Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), and vancomycin resistant enterobacteria. The compositions may also be used against norovirus and other pathogens whereby transmission is by contact on air. In particular, the compositions described herein show activity against E. coli, S. aureus, Salmonella, B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa.
According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a process for impregnating the materials described herein with the bioflavonoid compositions described herein. Impregnation is the partial or total saturation of a material, although total saturation is preferred. In particular the material is a thin material. A thin material is defined as having a depth of less than about 1 cm. Impregnation may be after manufacture of the thin material or it may occur during manufacture of the thin material, for example, impregnation of the cellulose fibres before being formed into the material.
If impregnating pre-formed cellulosic fibrous material, the process involves immersing the material, in the bioflavonoid composition to totally or partially saturate the material with the composition. The material may then be rolled, squeezed or wrung to remove any excess of the composition. The material is then dried, either by air drying naturally, oven drying or by mechanical drying. The equipment used to mechanically dry materials will be known to those skilled in the art as will alternative drying methods. The process results in a dry material which can then be packaged as desired and later activated by wetting.
Alternatively, the cellulosic fibres used to produce the material may first be immersed in the bioflavonoid composition to totally or partially saturate the fibres with the composition which are then dried either before or after being formed into materials such as paper or cardboard by methods known in the art.
Alternatively, the materials may be impregnated by spraying the bioflavonoid composition onto the materials so that the composition impregnates the outer surface region of the material to achieve at least partial impregnation. Spraying may also be used to impregnate the fibres during manufacture or extraction, before being formed into the materials of the invention.
A particular method for impregnating paper towels is disclosed in Example 3. Fibrous bamboo products may also be impregnated in the same way as disclosed in Example 3.
Preferably, the processes described above provide uniform bioflavonoid impregnation throughout the cellulosic fibrous material. A concentration of between 0.005 and 0.75%, preferably between 0.005 and 0.5%, more preferably between 0.025% and 0.5%, even more preferably between 0.025 and 0.1% of the bioflavonoid composition is used. The compositions described herein are water soluble and water can be used to dilute the bioflavonoid composition to the desired concentration.
According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of reducing the bacterial load on a surface. The method of reducing the bacterial load on a surface is provided by two mechanisms. Firstly, the kill is achieved by the action of the bioflavonoid compositions and then secondly the contaminants are mechanically removed by the material itself via the action of placing on and wiping the surface, i.e. mechanical wiping.
The surface may be any bioactive surface and could be either a human or non-human surface. For example, a human surface may include the skin on the hands, feet or face. A non-human surface may include any surface of sanitary importance which may carry a contaminant, for example, the surfaces found in schools, bathrooms, kitchens, factories, for example food factories, laboratories, hospitals and the like.
For food contact the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires the active to effect a 5 log reduction of the challenge organism in 30 seconds. Preferably, the materials of the present invention effect at least a 5 log reduction of the bacteria load on a surface in 30 seconds.
According to a fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided a packaged product wherein the product is formed of a dry cellulosic fibrous material impregnated with a bioflavonoid composition. The product and the bioflavonoid composition are as described in the first aspect of the invention.
The cellulosic product may be individually packaged. Alternatively, the product may be packaged as part of a multi-pack. Known packaging methods and materials may be used to package the products of the present invention, for example conventional filmic agents or cardboard boxes.
In order that the invention may be more fully understood it will now be described, by way of example only, and with reference to the following Figure(s), in which:
The bioflavonoid content may comprise 40-50%, for example about 45% wt/wt of the bioflavonoid composition. A suitable source of a bioflavonoid composition is herein referred to as “HPLC 45” or “Citrox BC” of which about 45% (of the total composition of HPLC 45/Citrox BC) comprises bioflavonoids. The bioflavonoids are in admixture with biomass residues of extraction from bitter oranges, such as pectins, sugars and minor organic acids, which make up the remaining 55%. HPLC 45 is available from Exquim (a company of Grupo Ferrer) as Citrus Bioflavonoid Complex 45% HPLC.
Staphylococcus aureus was chosen as a representative gram positive organism. This organism is found on mammalian skin and is, therefore, shed into the surrounding environment. E. coli was chosen as the representative of the gram negative enteric bacteria. This organism is found in the digestive tract of birds, mammals and reptiles. Its presence in the environment signals fecal contamination. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was chosen to represent the non-enteric gram-negative bacteria. This genera of bacteria is present in water with related species representing major plant pathogens and human opportunistic pathogens. Bacillus subtilis was chosen as the representative gram positive spore-formers. This bacterium is found in soil and water but is also ubiquitous in the environment. This species forms endospores as a survival mechanism. Bacterial endospores are the most resistant form of life on Earth and, therefore, represent an ongoing concern for sanitation, disinfection and sterilisation processes. Endospores represent the “ultimate” challenge for any antimicrobial agent.
Procedure
A pure culture of a single microorganism is grown in an appropriate broth. The culture is standardized using standard microbiological techniques to have a concentration of very near 1 million cells per millilitre. The more standard the microbial culture, the more reproducible the test results. The antimicrobial agent is diluted a number of times, 1:1, using sterile diluents. After the antimicrobial agent has been diluted, a volume of the standardised inoculums equal to the volume of the diluted antimicrobial agent is added to each dilution vessel, bringing the microbial concentration to approximately 500,000 cells per millilitre. The inoculated, serially diluted antimicrobial agent is incubated at an appropriate temperature for the test organism for a pre-set period, usually 18 hours. After incubation, the series of dilution vessels is observed for microbial growth, usually indicated by turbidity and/or a pellet of microorganisms in the bottom of the vessel. The last tube in the dilution series that does not demonstrate growth corresponds with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the antimicrobial agent.
In order to differentiate between a microbiostatic agent (bacteria are not killed just inhibited) and a microbiocidal agent (bacteria are killed) an MBC test is performed. When a microbiostatic agent is removed or neutralized, previously inhibited bacteria begin to grow again. Each well showing no growth/turbidity in the MIC test is sub-cultured on media that contains no biocide. Any microbial growth resulting from this test indicates that, at that concentration, the active is microbiostatic. If the subculture results in no bacterial regrowth, then, at that concentration, the active is microbiosidal. The range of concentration of Citrox BC active tested was 0.075-0.75%.
The MIC test is an established “screen” for the biostatic (and possibly also biocidal) activity of liquid antimicrobials. It is often used to find the appropriate concentrations of an antimicrobial active to use for further efficacy testing. Performing both the MIC and MBC test will enable one to differentiate between a biocidal or biostatic mode of action. Depending on the concentration of active used and the contact time an active will often demonstrate both biostatic and biocidal modes of action.
The range of Citrox BC active tested was 0.075%-0.75%. For P. aeruginosa, no MIC value was obtained as all concentrations of the Citrox BC active tested showed no turbidity (Table 2).
MCB testing showed that all concentrations were also bactericidal for B. subtilis, there was also no MIC value obtained demonstrating that inhibition of growth took place at all concentrations tested. The MBC value obtained for B. subtilis was 0.315% Citrox BC active. This means that concentrations ranging from 0.075% to 0.315% are bacteristatic and all concentrations of the Citrox BC active greater than or equal to 0.315% are bactericidal.
These results indicate that gram negatives like P. aeruginosa are more easily killed by the Citrox BC active than the gram positive B. subtilis.
Procedure
All timed kill tests were performed using a standard viable count procedure. Reference NB X34689.
The following neutralising solution was used in all kill tests.
Tween 80—3%
Saponin—3%
Histidine—0.1%
Cysteine—0.1%
Rationale
A timed kill test assesses the amount of time it takes to kill a defined population of microorganisms. A wide variety of microorganisms are killed by the Citrox BC active. An important first step in characterising this active for use in an antimicrobial towel is to verify the kill claims. Claims for efficacy are based on the number of bacterial killed within a defined time frame. The most rigorous claims are those made for food contact where the active must affect a 5 log reduction of the challenge organism in 30 seconds.
Bacterial kill kinetics are affected by bacterial numbers, the concentration of active used and the contact time. In order to determine the most effective range of the Citrox BC active, S. aureus was used in a 10 minute kill test to assess the efficacy of various concentrations of the Citrox BC active. A >6.56 log reduction was observed for all concentrations (0.45-0.65%) of the Citrox BC active tested (Table 3).
When B. subtilis was used as a challenge organism, 0.7% Citrox BC was required to effect a >5 log reduction in 10 minutes (Table 4). Based on previous tests, 0.5% active is the most effective for general use.
Timed kill studies using E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were performed using 0.5% Citrox BC active with a contact time of 30 seconds. Log reductions of >6.4 were seen for all organisms (Table 5). This confirms that this active would meet the criteria for use in food contact situations.
E. coli
P. aeruginosa
S. aureus
As stated above, the ultimate test for any antimicrobial active is the ability to kill spores. Any chemical or process that kills a bacterial spore is, by definition, a sterilant. In order to assess if the Citrox BC active was sporicidal, a kill test was performed on an actual spore suspension. Citrox BC, over a range 0.5% to 1.5%, was tested over a 1 hour time period. There were some limitations to this test. The spore suspension (B. subtilis, ATCC 6633, 6.4×104 CFU/pellet, Microbiologics) in the test was only at ˜2×104 CFU/ml, limiting the log reduction calculation. The lyophilized pellets were found to contain charcoal, a substance known to neutralise the bioflavonoid component of the Citrox BC active. With those limitations, approximately a 2 log reduction in spores was demonstrated. This indicates that the Citrox BC active has definite activity against spores. Spore suspensions at a higher titer without a charcoal additive should be used to investigate this activity further.
1) Procedure: Adding Citrox BC to Paper Towel
Bounty® (“Bounty” is a registered trademark of Procter & Gamble) brand paper towels were used to make the dry antimicrobial towels. Bounty® paper towels are a conventional, commercially available paper towel product. Citrox BC active concentrate was diluted to desired concentrations. One paper towel was immersed completely into the diluted active and then wrung out by hand. The towel was dried overnight.
2) Procedure: Weight of Citrox BC Active Dried onto Bounty® Brand Paper Towel
Bounty® brand paper towels were dried to a constant weight in a 54° C. oven. Various dilutions of the Citrox BC active were dried onto Bounty® brand paper towels as described above. The towels were dried at room temperature overnight. The treated towels were then dried to a constant weight at 54° C. The weight difference between the untreated and treated towels is presumed to be the weight of the Citrox BC active.
3) Procedure: For Testing Affect of Administration of Impregnated Paper Towels to a Surface
Using the lab bench top as a representative hard, non-porous surface, a grid was marked off using tape. Cotton-tipped swabs saturated with a broth culture of the challenge organism were used to inoculate the surface and air dried. Paper towels treated with dilutions of the Citrox BC active were wetted and then used to clean the inoculated bench top. The bench top was visibly wet for 3 minutes (contact time) and then allowed to completely air dry. RODAC (Replicate Organism Detection and Counting) plates were used to sample the cleaned surface for surviving bacteria. The plates were incubated overnight at a temperature appropriate to the challenge organism. Colonies were counted and the number used to calculate CFU/cm2. Results were calculated by averaging the counts from five 3″×3″ “grid squares”.
4) Procedure: RODAC Sampling
A RODAC plate is used to touch the surface to be sampled after which the plate is incubated at an appropriate temperature. There are nutrients in the media that promote the growth of a variety of microbes. Lecithin and Polysorbate 80 are incorporated in the agar and function as disinfectant/sanitizer neutralisers. The type and number of microorganisms is detected by the appearance of colonies on the surface of the agar medium. Collection of samples from the same area before and after cleaning and treatment with a disinfectant permits the evaluation of sanitary procedures.
Results
Paper towels wetted with water and containing no Citrox BC active were assessed for the ability to remove bacteria from a contaminated hard surface. The results for this control (i.e. unimpregnated paper towels) are shown by the bar labelled “0” in
These results show that a dry antimicrobial towel are activated by wetting.
Different dilutions of the Citrox BC active were dried onto Bounty® brand paper towels. These treated towels were used to decontaminate a lab bench heavily inoculated with bacteria. The ability of the treated towels to affect a decrease of contaminants on the lab bench was evaluated using RODAC plates.
A method was developed to assess ability of a paper towel impregnated with the Citrox BC active to reduce bacterial numbers on a contaminated hard surface. RODAC plates are recommended for the detection and enumeration of microorganisms present on surfaces of sanitary importance. RODAC plates are specially constructed so that an agar medium can be overfilled producing a dome-shaped surface that can be pressed on a surface for sampling its microbial content. RODAC plates are used in a variety of programs to establish and monitor cleaning techniques and schedules.
When using a paper towel plus an antimicrobial active, one must keep in mind that removal of bacteria from a contaminated surface occurs by two mechanisms: first is the kill achieved by the action of the antimicrobial active and second is mechanical removal of the contaminants by the paper towel itself.
Lab scale antibacterial towels were used to calculate the weight of the Citrox BC active dried onto the towels. The weight of active present on the towel (Table 6) can be used as a starting point for cost analysis.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1215171.8 | Aug 2012 | GB | national |
| 1218829.8 | Oct 2012 | GB | national |
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/422,759, filed Feb. 20, 2015, which is a 35 U.S.C. § 371 filing of International Patent Application No. PCT/GB2013/052218, filed Aug. 22, 2013, which claims priority to Great Britain Patent Application Nos. 1218829.8, filed Oct. 19, 2012, and 1215171.8, filed Aug. 24, 2012, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14422759 | Feb 2015 | US |
| Child | 17400396 | US |
