Bis-alkylene trithiophosphonate insecticides

This invention relates to a series of trithiophosphonate insecticides having the formula ##STR2## in which R is an alkylene group having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms; R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are methyl or ethyl; and R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are independently n-propyl, branched chain alkyl groups having 3 to 4 carbon atoms, and branched alkyl groups having 5 carbon atoms and a branching at the .alpha.- or .beta.-carbon atom, together with insecticidal compositions containing such compounds, and methods for their use in controlling insects.
The bridging alkylene group R may have a straight or branched chain structure. If straight chain, R preferably contains 1-4 carbon atoms; if branched, 2-5 carbon atoms, with most preferably only one branch. Examples of such bridging alkylene groups are methylene; 1,2-ethylene; 1,1-ethylene; 1,3-propylene; 1,2-propylene; 1,4-butylene; 1,3-butylene; and 1,3-(2,2-dimethyl)propylene.
R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 may be identical or different. Preferably R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are both ethyl.
R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 may also be identical or different. In one embodiment, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are both n-propyl. In another embodiment R.sub.3 is n-propyl while R.sub.4 is a branched-chain alkyl. In a third embodiment, both R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are branched alkyl. Among the branched alkyl groups, isopropyl, secondary butyl, isobutyl and tertiary butyl are most preferred.
The term "insects" as used herein refers to the broad and commonly understood usage rather than to those creatures which in the strict biological sense are classified as insects, and includes, in addition to those belonging to the class Insecta, some classes of acarids such as spiders, mites, ticks, and the like, particularly mites.
Certain compounds of this invention have demonstrated particularly good activity in controlling mites and some lepidoptera, as will be seen from the data which follows.
The compounds of the present invention may be prepared as follows.
Those compounds in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 and R.sub.4, respectively, are identical, may be prepared according to the two-step reaction scheme: ##STR3## wherein R, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are as defined above, R.sub.1 =R.sub.2, R.sub.3 =R.sub.4 and X and Y are chlorine, bromine or iodine. X and Y may be the same or different halogens.
In the first step the appropriate alkyl thionophosphine sulfide is reacted with two equivalents of a desired mercaptan in the presence of a base to produce a thioic acid salt. The starting material sulfide may be obtained for instance by the procedure described in P. E. Newallis, et al., Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1962, Vol. 27, p. 3829.
Reaction 1 is advantageously carried out at a temperature of from about -40.degree. C. to about 150.degree. C., preferably from about 0.degree. to about 80.degree. C., in an organic solvent in the presence of a base, preferably a tertiary amine. Suitable solvents include aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene or toluene, ethers such as diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran, chlorinated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride or chloroform and ketones such as acetone. Suitable tertiary amines include triethylamine, dimethyl aniline, diethylaniline and pyridine. Inorganic bases such as sodium hydroxide could be used in this step, but are less desirable as the resulting salts salts are less soluble in the solvents utilized. As the reaction is exothermic, the base is preferably added dropwise when operating on the laboratory scale or in a carefully controlled manner when operating on an industrial scale.
In the second step the thioic acid salt is reacted with an appropriate alkyl dihalide in which the halogens may be the same or different, but are preferably the same. Alkyl dibromides are most preferred. This reaction is conducted in an organic solvent such as that utilized in Reaction 1, also at temperatures of from about -40.degree. to about 150.degree. C., preferably from about 20.degree. to about 100.degree. C., and may be performed in the same apparatus.
For compounds in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, and/or R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are different, three steps are required (R, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, X and Y are as previously defined.).
In the first step, the thioic acid salt is formed as in Reaction 1.
In the second step, only one equivalent of the thioic acid salt is reacted with the alkyl halide. ##STR4##
The product of Reaction 3 is then further reacted with a different thioic acid salt (prepared as in Reaction 1) to provide the final product: ##STR5##
In this process the alkyl dihalide preferably contains two different halogen atoms and may be, for instance, bromochloromethane. Conditions and solvents for Reactions 3 and 4 are the same as those for Reaction 2.
In all cases, the desired product may be recovered by removing precipitated salts, followed by evaporation or distillation of the solvent.

The following represent examples of the preparation of compounds of this invention.
EXAMPLE 1
Preparation of Di-(S-tert.-butyl ethylthiophosphonodithioato)ethane
(Compound No. 1 herein)
(a) Ethylthionophosphine sulfide (6.64 g, 0.026 mole) and tert-butyl mercaptan (4.82 g, 0.053 mole) were dissolved in 100 ml tetrahydrofuran. Then, 5.4 g (0.053 mole) triethylamine was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for one hour then refluxed at 67.degree. C. for 15 minutes, cooled, and the solvent removed on a rotary evaporator. The residue liquid was placed under high vacuum to remove any remaining solvent or reagent. There was obtained 12.6 g (75% of theoretical yield) of the intermediate product S-tert.-butyl ester of ethylthionophosphonodithioic acid triethylamine salt.
(b) The triethylamine salt obtained in step (a) above (12.6 g, 0.04 mole) and 3.76 g (0.02 mole) of 1,2-dibromoethane were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran. The mixture was refluxed for 2 days at 67.degree. C. The precipitated triethylamine hydrobromide was removed by filtration. The filtrate was reduced in volume under vacuum, and a residual oil taken up in ether. The ether solution was washed twice with water, then dried over magnesium sulfate. The ether was removed in vacuo, yielding 7.2 g of a thick oil. This oil was purified by medium pressure liquid chromatography using ethyl acetate/hexanes (2:98) as the eluent. There was obtained 2.09 g (12% of theoretical yield) of the desired liquid product. The structure was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy.
EXAMPLE 2
Preparation of 1,3-Di-(S-sec.-butyl ethylthiophosphonodithioata)butane
(Compound No. 20 herein)
(a) A solution was prepared containing 21.0 g (0.085 mole) ethylthionophosphine sulfide and 15.3 g (0.17 mole) sec.-butyl mercaptan in 100 ml tetrahydrofuran. To the solution was added dropwise 17.1 g (0.17 mole) triethylamine. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The solvent was removed under vacuum leaving 54 g (100% of theroetical yield) of the intermediate product S-sec-butyl ester of ethylthionophosphonodithioic acid triethylamine salt, a viscous liquid.
(b) A solution was prepared containing 14.4 g (0.046 mole) of the triethylamine salt prepared in step (a) and 4.5 g (0.02 mole) 1,3-dibromobutane in 100 ml tetrahydrofuran. The mixture was refluxed for 3 days at 67.degree. C. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue taken up in ether. The ether solution was washed twice with water, dried over magnesium sulfate and reduced under vacuum. The liquid residue was purified by medium pressure liquid chromatography using ethyl acetate/hexanes (2:98) as the eluent. There was obtained 5.1 g (53% of theoretical yield) of the desired product, a liquid. The structure of the product was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy.
EXAMPLE 3
Preparation of (S-tert.-Butyl ethylthiophosphonodithioato) (S-isobutyl ethylthiophosphonodithioato)methane
(Compound 6 herein)
(a) The S-tert.-butyl ester of ethylthiophosphonodithoic acid, triethylamine salt (50.3 g, 0.16 mole) and bromochloromethane (104.0 g, 0.8 mole) were dissolved in 250 ml tetrahydrofuran. The mixture was refluxed at 67.degree. C. for 18 hours. The precipitated triethylamine hydrobromide was removed by filtration. The filtrate was reduced in volume under vacuum and the residual oil taken up in ether. The ether solution was washed twice with water, then dried over magnesium sulfate. The ether was removed in vacuo, leaving 30.9 g (74% of theoretical yield) of a yellow oil, S-chloromethyl S-tert.-butyl ethylthiophosphonodithioate. The structure was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy.
(b) S-Chloromethyl S-tert.-butyl ethylthiophosphonodithioate (2.6 g, 0.01 mole) and the S-isobutyl ester of ethylthiophosphonodithioic acid triethylamine salt (3.2 g, 0.01 mole) were dissolved in 150 ml tetrahydrofuran and refluxed at 67.degree. C. for 48 hours. The precipitated salt was removed by filtration and the filtrate reduced under vacuum. The residual oil was taken up in ether and washed twice with water. The ether solution was dried over MgSO.sub.4, then reduced in vacuo to a yellow oil. The oil was purified by medium pressure liquid chromatography using ethyl acetate/hexanes (2:98) as the eluent. There was obtained 1.4 g (30% of theoretical yield) of pure product, whose structure was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy.
The following Table I depicts representative compounds of this invention, which may be prepared by the process previously described. Structures of these compounds were confirmed by analysis as above.
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________ ##STR6##Cmpd.No. R R.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3 R.sub.4 n.sub.D.sup.30__________________________________________________________________________ 1 CH.sub.2 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 t-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 t-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 1.6022 2 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 1.6502 3 CH.sub.2 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 t-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 1.6139 4 CH.sub.2 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 i-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 i-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 1.6055 5 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 i-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 i-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 1.5992 6 CH.sub.2 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 t-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 i-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 1.6123 7 CH.sub.2 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 i-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 i-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 1.6227 8 (CH.sub.2).sub.3 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 t-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 t-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 1.6055 9 (CH.sub.2).sub.4 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 t-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 t-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 1.598010 CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 t-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 t-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 1.594111 CH.sub.2 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 s-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 s-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 1.614012 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 t-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 t-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 1.606413 CH.sub.2 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 CH(CH.sub.3)CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2 CH(CH.sub.3)CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2 viscous14 CHCH.sub.3 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 1.613215 CH.sub.2 C(CH.sub.3).sub.2 CH.sub.2 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 viscous16 CHCH.sub.3 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 i-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 i-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 viscous17 (CH.sub.2).sub.3 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 1.611318 (CH.sub.2).sub.3 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 s-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 s-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 1.597619 CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 1.555820 CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 s-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 s-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 1.595621 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 s-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 s-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 1.607522 CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 t-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 t-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 --__________________________________________________________________________
Insecticidal Evaluation Tests
The compounds in Table I above were tested for insecticidal activity using the following testing procedures. LD-50 values, based on the results of these tests, and/or calculated according to dosage-mortality curves, are expressed in Table II.
Housefly [Musca domestica]:
(a) Contact: Test compounds were diluted in acetone and aliquots pipetted onto the bottom of aluminum dishes. To insure even spreading of the chemical on the bottom of the dishes, 1 ml of acetone containing 0.01% peanut oil was also added to each dish. After all solvents had evaporated, the dishes were placed in circular cardboard cages containing 25 female houseflies, 1-2 days old. The cages were covered on the bottom with cellophane and on the top with tulle netting, and each contained a sugar-water saturated cotton plug for maintenance of the flies. Mortality was recorded after 48 hours. Test levels ranged from 100 .mu.g/25 female houseflies downward. The LD-50 values are expressed below in Table II under the heading "HF-C", in terms of .mu.g of the test compound per 25 female flies.
(b) Fumigant: Test compounds were diluted in acetone and aliquots pipetted onto 55 mm filter paper discs in the bottom of aluminum dishes. Immediately after the acetone had completely evaporated the dishes were placed in circular cardboard cages (volume--285 ml) containing 25 female houseflies. The cages were sealed on both ends with cellophane and each contained a sugar-water saturated cotton plug for maintenance of the flies. A piece of netting was placed over the aluminum dish in the cage in such a way that the flies were unable to come into direct contact with the chemically treated filter paper. Mortality was recorded after 48 hours. Test levels ranged from 100 .mu.g/25 female houseflies downward. The LD-50 values are expressed in the followng Table II under the heading "HF-F", in terms of .mu.g of the test compound per 25 female houseflies per 285 ml volume of the test container.
Black Bean Aphid [Aphis fabae (Scop.)]:
Contact: Nasturtium plants (Tropaeolum sp.) approximately 5 cm tall, were transplanted into sandy loam soil in small cups and infested with 25-50 black bean aphids of mixed ages. Twenty-four hours later they were sprayed to the point of runoff with 50--50 acetone-water solutions of the test compounds. Treated plants were held in the greenhouse and mortality was recorded after 48 hours. Test concentrations ranged from 0.05% downward. The LD-50 values are expressed below in Table II under the heading "BA-C" in terms of percent of the test compound in the sprayed solution.
Tobacco Budworm [Heliothis virescens (Fabricius)]:
(a) Contact: Test compounds were diluted in a 50--50 acetone-water solution. Cotton (Gossypium sp.) cotyledons were immersed in the test solutions for 2-3 seconds and placed on a wire screen to dry. The dried leaves were placed in petri dishes containing a moistened piece of filter paper and infested with 5 second-instar tobacco budworm larvae. The dishes were placed in a high humidity chamber for 5 days, and percent mortality of the larvae recorded. Test concentrations ranged from 0.1% downward. The LD-50 values are expressed below in Table II under the heading "TBW-C" in terms of percent of the test compound in the solution.
(b) Eggs: Paper towel patches of 2-day old eggs of the tobacco budworm were dipped in acetone solutions of the test compounds and placed in petri dishes containing a portion of larval rearing medium. Treated eggs were maintained at 78.degree. F. and mortality was recorded after all control eggs had hatched and the young larvae were feeding on the media. Test concentrations ranged from 0.1% downward. The LD-50 values are expressed below in Table II under the heading "TBW-E" in terms of percent of the test compound in the solution.
Beet Armyworm (Spodoptera exigua):
Test compounds were diluted in a 50--50 acetone-water solution. Young leaves of sugar beets (Beta vulgaris) were immersed in the test solutions for 2-3 seconds and placed on a wire screen to dry. The dried leaves were placed in petri dishes containing a moistened filter paper and infested with five second-instar beet armyworm larvae. The dishes were placed in a high humidity chamber. Mortality of the larvae was recorded five days later. Test concentrations ranged from 0.1% downward. The LD-50 values are expressed below in Table II under the heading "BAW" in terms of percent of the test compound in solution.
Cabbage Looper [Trichoplusia ni (Hubner)]:
Test compounds were diluted in a 50--50 acetone-water solution. Cotyledons of hyzini squash (Calabacita abobrinha), approximately 1.times.0.5 inches, were immersed in the test solutions for 2-3 seconds and placed on a wire screen to dry. The dried leaves were placed in petri dishes containing a moistened piece of filter paper and infested with 5 second-instar cabbage looper larvae. The dishes were placed in a high humidity chamber. Mortality of the larvae was recorded 5 days later. Test concentrations ranged from 0.1% downward. The LD-50 values are expressed below in Table II under the heading "CL" in terms of percent of the test compound in this solution.
Aster Leafhopper [Macrosteles fascifrona (Stal)]:
Oat seedlings (Avena sp.) were grown in a commercial potting soil in plastic cups. When the plants were approximately 10 cm tall they were thinned to 3 plants per cup and dipped for 2-3 seconds in 50--50 acetone-water solutions of the test compounds. When the plants had dried, a clear plastic tube was placed over them and the bottom end pressed into the cup. Ten aster leafhopper adults/nymphs were then placed in each tube and the tops of the tubes covered with white organdy cloth. Mortality counts were made after 48 hours. Test concentrations ranged from 0.05% downward. The LD-50 values are expressed below in Table II under the heading "LH" in terms of percent of the test compound in the solution.
German Cockroach [Blatella germanica (Linn.)]:
Test compounds were diluted in a 50--50 acetone-water solution. Two ml of the solution was sprayed through a hand spray gun into circular cardboard cages containing 10 one-month old German cockroach nymphs. The test cages were covered on the bottom with cellophane and on the top with tulle netting. Percent mortality was recorded 4 days later. Test concentrations ranged from 0.1% downward. The LD-50 values are expressed below in Table II under the heading "GR" in terms of percent of the test compound in the sprayed solution.
Lygus Bug [Lygus hesperus (Knight)]:
Test compounds were diluted in a 50--50 acetone-water solution. Two cc of the solution was sprayed through a hand-spray gun into circular cardboard cages containing 1 green bean pod and 10 adult lygus bugs. The test cages were covered on the bottom with cellophane and on the top with tulle netting. Percent mortality was recorded 48 hours later. Test concentrations ranged from 0.05% downward. The LD-50 values are expressed below in Table II under the heading "LB" in terms of percent of the test compound in the sprayed solution.
Western Spotted Cucumber Beetle Larvae [Diabrotica undecimpunctata undecimpunctata (Mannherheim)]:
Ten grams of moist potting soil was placed in a plastic cup. Test compounds were dissolved in acetone or an other appropriate solvent. A 0.05 ml aliquot of the test sample, diluted to the desired concentration, was added to the soil. The cup was capped and the soil was mixed on a vortex mixer for approximately 15 seconds. An indentation was made on the surface of the soil and approximately 50 Diabrotica eggs were added. The eggs were covered with soil and maintained at room temperature (approximately 70.degree. F. or 21.degree. C.). Four days later a section of Romaine lettuce (Latuca sativa) leaf was placed in the treated cups. One week later the cups were examined for live larvae. Test concentrations ranged from 25 ppm downward. The LD-50 values are expressed below in Table II under the heading "Diabrotica" in terms of ppm of the test compound in the soil.
Acaricidal Evaluation Test
The two-spotted mite (2SM) [Tetranychus urticae (Koch)] was employed in tests for miticides. The test procedure was as follows:
Pinto bean plants (Phaseolus sp.) approximately 10 cm tall, were transplanted into sandy loam soil in small cups and thoroughly infested with two-spotted mites of mixed ages and sexes. Twenty-four hours later the infested plants were inverted and dipped for 2-3 seconds in 50--50 acetone-water solutions of the test compounds. Treated plants were held in the greenhouse, and 7 days later mortality was determined for both adult mites and the nymphs hatching from eggs which were on the plants at the time of treatment. Test concentrations ranged from 0.05% downward. The LD-50 values are expressed below in Table II under the headings "2SM-A" (i.e., adults) and "2SM-E" (i.e., eggs) in terms of percent concentration of the test compound in the solution.
Systemic Evaluation Test
This test evaluates the root adsorption and upward translocation of the candidate systemic compound. The two-spotted mite (2SM) [Tetranychus urticae (Koch)] and the bean aphid (BA) [Aphis fabae (Scop.)] were employed in the test for systemic activity. Tests were conducted as follows:
Two-Spotted Mite:
Test compounds were dissolved in acetone and aliquots diluted in 200 ml of water in glass bottles. Two pinto bean plants (Phaseolus sp.) with expanded primary leaves, were supported in each bottle by cotton plugs so that their roots and stems were immersed in the treated water. The plants were then infested with 75-100 two-spotted mites of various ages and sexes. One week later the mortality of the adult mites and nymphs was recorded. Test concentrations of the chemicals in the water ranged from 10 ppm downward.
Black Bean Aphid:
Nasturtium plants (Tropaeolum sp.), approximately 5 cm tall, were transplanted into 400 g of sandy loam soil in one-pint containers. Test chemicals were dissolved in acetone and aliquots were diluted in 50-60 ml of water. The treated water was poured onto the surface of the soil and allowed to thoroughly soak in. The treated plants were infested with 25-50 black bean aphids of mixed ages and sexes and held in the greenhouse. Mortality was recorded after three days. Test concentrations ranged from 10 ppm downward.
The L-50 values are expressed below in Table II under the headings "2SM-S" and "BA-S" in terms of percent concentration of the test compound in the water and soil, respectively.
TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________(LD.sub.50) Dia- bro- BA 2-SM tica,Cmpd. HF, ug S, S, TBW, % BAW, CL, LH, GR, LB, ppmNo. C F* C, % ppm A, % ppm E, % C E % % % % % (soil)__________________________________________________________________________ 1 30 29 0.06 >10 0.0002 >10 0.002 0.01 >0.1 0.05 0.002 0.006 0.03 0.03 0.8 2 >100 >100 >0.05 >10 0.002 >10 0.002 0.01 >0.1 0.08 0.01 >0.05 >0.1 >0.05 >25 3 80 >100 0.03 >10 0.001 >10 0.001 0.007 >0.1 0.01 0.002 0.01 >0.1 >0.1 >25 4 35 -- 0.01 6 0.006 >10 0.006 0.007 0.08 -- -- -- -- -- 2 5 >100 >100 0.01 >10 0.006 >10 0.002 0.007 0.08 -- -- -- -- -- >25 6 52 >100 0.01 >10 0.006 >10 0.002 0.007 >0.1 -- -- -- -- -- 3 7 >100 >100 0.03 >10 0.006 >10 0.06 0.005 >0.1 -- -- 0.01 -- -- >25 8 31 >100 0.05 >10 0.006 >10 0.003 0.003 >0.1 0.03 0.01 0.006 0.05 0.03 7.5 9 30 >100 0.01 >10 >0.05 >10 >0.05 0.003 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.1 0.05 >2510 58 >100 0.006 >10 0.0003 >10 0.0006 0.001 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.01 >0.1 0.04 >2511 >100 >100 >0.05 >10 0.0006 >10 0.002 0.002 0.08 >0.1 0.05 0.05 0.1 >0.05 1712 34 >100 0.03 >10 0.0006 >10 0.002 0.001 >0.1 0.03 0.005 >0.03 0.1 >0.05 1713 >100 >100 0.006 >10 0.002 6 0.01 0.005 0.02 >0.1 0.1 0.03 >0.1 >0.05 >2514 70 >100 0.05 >10 0.003 >10 0.006 0.01 >0.1 0.08 0.04 0.03 0.04 >0.05 7.515 >100 >100 >0.05 >10 0.03 >10 0.006 0.01 >0.1 >0.1 >0.1 >0.05 >0.1 >0.05 >2516 34 34 0.05 -- 0.002 >10 0.006 >0.1 0.07 >0.1 0.09 >0.05 >0.1 >0.05 7.517 >100 >100 >0.05 >10 >0.05 >10 >0.05 0.08 >0.1 0.1 0.08 -- -- -- 1718 <100 -- 0.003 >10 0.0003 >10 0.0001 0.05 0.07 0.075 0.08 -- -- -- 1719 75 >100 >0.05 >10 >0.05 >10 >0.05 >0.1 >0.1 >0.05 >0.05 -- -- -- <2520 >100 >100 0.01 >10 0.002 >10 0.006 0.075 >0.1 0.075 0.075 -- -- -- <2521 100 >100 0.03 >10 0.001 >10 0.003 0.03 0.05 >0.1 0.075 -- -- -- 0.7522 100 >100 0.006 >10 0.0003 >10 0.006 0.006 0.03 0.03 0.006 -- -- -- >25__________________________________________________________________________ Key: C = Contact Test E = Test on eggs F = Fumigant Test A = Test on adults S = Systemic Test * = Per 285 ml volume container
In practice, a pure compound can be used as an insecticide. However, in general, the compounds are first formulated with one or more inert (i.e. non-chemically reactive, plant compatible or herbicidally inert) carriers or diluents suitable for insecticidal use, before being applied.
The compositions or formulations, including a compound as described herein, may take any one of a number of solid or liquid forms. Examples of solid forms are dusts, granules, tablets, powders and the like. Examples of liquid forms are emulsions, solutions, suspensions, flowables, emulsifiable concentrates and pastes. Such compositions may contain, in addition to the active compound or compounds, various carriers or diluents; surface-active agents (wetting agents, dispersing agents and/or emulsifying agents); solvents (water, or organic solvents such as aromatic solvents or chlorinated aliphatic solvents); adhesives; thickeners; binders; anti-foaming agents; and other substances as mentioned herein. Solid carriers or diluents included in such compositions or formulations may include, for example, ground natural minerals such as kaolins, alumina, calcium carbonate, silica, kieselguhr, clays, etc.; ground synthetic minerals such as various silicates and aluminosilicates and ground vegetable products such as bark, cornmeal, sawdust, cellulose powder and the like.
To manufacture solid compositions, the active substances are mixed with solid carriers or diluents such as those mentioned above and the mixture is ground to the appropriate size. Granules can be manufactured by dissolving an active compound in an organic solvent and applying the mixture, for example, by atomization, onto an absorptive granulated inert material, such as silica. Adhesives may be utilized to assist in the incorporation of the compound onto the solid particles.
Wettable powders and pastes are obtained by mixing and grinding an active compound with one or more dispersing agents and/or solid carriers or diluents. Also included may be wetting agents and/or dispersing agents, for example, lignins, methyl cellulose, naphthalenesulfonic acid derivatives, fatty alcohol sulfates and various types of akali and alkaline earth metal salts of fatty acids.
Emulsifiable concentrates are generally obtained by dissolving the active compound in an organic solvent, for example, butanol, cyclohexanone, xylenes, or higher boiling aromatic hydrocarbons. To obtain suspensions or emulsions in water, wetting agents may also be added.
Flowables are prepared by mixing an active compound with one or more dispersing agents and/or solid additives, and a liquid (which may be water or an organic solvent) in which the active compound is relatively insoluble, and grinding the mixture.
Both liquid and solid compositions may be in microcapsule or encapsulated form, to permit release of the enclosed active compound at a controlled rate over a period of time. Liquid compositions of this type contain encapsulated droplets of approximately 1-50 microns in diameter, including the active compound and optionally a solvent. The encapsulating material is an inert porous membrane of a polymeric material.
Solid encapsulated compositions generally take the form of granules, in which the liquid containing the active component is trapped in the pores of the granular support by a porous polymeric membrane through which the active ingredient may migrate at a controlled rate, or which membrane breaks down at a controlled rate to permit escape of the active ingredient.
Typical encapsulating materials include natural and synthetic rubbers, cellulosic materials, styrene-butadiene copolymers, polyacrylonitriles, polyacrylates, polyamides, polyisocyanates, polyurethanes, mixed copolymers of the foregoing and starch xanthates.
It is possible to use highly concentrated liquid compositions containing up to about 95% by weight of the active compound, or even the 100% active compound alone, when applying the compound in the form of a finely divided liquid by use of various atomizing equipment, for example by airplane spraying techniques. For other purposes, however, the various types of compositions which can be utilized for these compounds will contain varying amounts of the compound according to the type of composition and the intended use.
In general, insecticidal compositions may contain from 5 to 95% of the active compound, more preferably from 10 to 85%. Some typical compositions will contain an active compound as follows: wettable powders: 25 to 80% active compound; oil suspensions, emulsions, solutions, flowables, and emulsifiable concentrates: 5 to 85% active compound; aqueous suspensions: 20 to 50% active compound; dusts and powders: 5 to 20% active compound; granules and pellets: 5 to 20% active compound.
In addition to the active compound and the various agents utilized in preparing compositions and formulations mentioned, such compositions may also contain one or more other active compounds of the type mentioned herein as well as other active pesticidal agents, such as herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, acaricides, nematocides, bactericides, and plant growth regulators. Such compounds may also contain soil disinfectants or fumigants and may further contain fertilizers, thus making it possible to provide multi-purpose compositions containing one or more of the active compounds described herein as well as, optionally, other pesticides and also fertilizers, all intended and formulated for use at the same locus.
Control of insect pests is accomplished by applying a composition containing an insecticidally effective amount of an active compound as described herein to the insect, to a locus at which insecticidal control is desired, or to food sources (including seeds) on which the insects feed. For use in the last mentioned manner it is preferable to utilize a compound which is not volatile. Thus, the control may be achieved by direct application of the active compounds to the insects and indirectly by application of the compounds to a locus to be protected (such as crop lands, grass ranges and forests), to a source of food for insects or to other insect habitats (for example, breeding or swarming areas). The rates of application of the active compound, and the concentration applied, will vary according to whether the compound or composition is being directly applied to the insect or indirectly, to a locus, food or habitat. In the latter case the rate of the application, depending on the nature of the insect or insects to be controlled, and the plant environment, will generally vary from about 0.01 to about 100 pounds per acre (about 0.112 to about 112 kg/ha).
It should be noted that the active compound need not be insecticidally active per se to effect insect control. The purposes of this invention are fully served if such compounds are rendered active by external influences, such as light or heat, or by some physiological action which occurs when the compound is ingested into the body of the insect.
Compositions containing one or more of the active compounds described, in an insecticidally effective amount, may be applied to the plant, locus or insect habitat in any conventional manner.
When used in connection with crop or other plant protection, application may be made in a preventive (i.e. before infestation) or eradicative manner (i.e., after infestation). Thus, powders and various liquid compositions containing the active compound can be applied by the use of power dusters, boom and hand sprayers and spray dusters, or applied from airplanes as dusts or sprays. When applied in the latter method they may be effective in very low dosages.
Compositions including active compounds may also be applied by addition to irrigation waters supplied to the field to be treated. This method of application permits penetration of the compounds into the soil as the water is absorbed therein.
Compositions including active compounds may additionally be used to protect plant seeds from being attacked by soil-borne insect pests after planting and during germination, by applying the composition to the seeds as a seed dressing. This is performed generally by mixing the seeds with an active composition in either liquid or solid form (preferably liquid) in a suitable mixing apparatus. Liquid compositions for this purpose may contain an adhesive or sticking agent, such as methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, etc., to assist the composition in adhering to the seed. If a solid composition is utilized for this purpose, an adhesive agent may be sprayed on the seeds during or after mixing.
For use as a soil insecticide, the active compound, or compositions containing it, may be mixed with the soil in any conventional manner, before, during or after planting of the plant seeds. Liquid compositions may be applied by spraying onto the surface or by incorporation in irrigation or sprayed water. Solid or liquid compositions containing an active compound may be incorporated into the soil prior to or during planting by discing, plowing or other mixing operations, in order to locate the active ingredient below the surface of the soil so as to be most effective in controlling undesirable larvae.
Some examples of compositions containing the active compounds of this invention are:
______________________________________Component Weight %______________________________________Composition A: Granular SolidCompound 1 10attapulgite clay granules 90Total 100%Composition B: Wettable PowderCompound 10 80wetting agent (sodium dialkyl- 1naphthalene sulfonate)dispersing agent (sodium 4lignosulfonate)diluent (aluminum magnesium silicate) 15Total 100%Composition C: Dilute SolutionCompound 11 5solvent (xylene) 95Total 100%Composition D: Emulsifiable ConcentrateCompound 18 50Emulsifier (blend of metal 10sulfonates and polyoxy-ethylene ethers)solvent (xylene) 40Total 100%Composition E: Concentrated SolutionCompound 18 90solvent (xylene) 10Total 100%______________________________________

Number	Date	Country
1132132	Jun 1962	DEX
1139492	Nov 1962	DEX
1342830	Oct 1963	FRX

Bis-alkylene trithiophosphonate insecticides

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