Patent Grant
9079965
The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on May 1, 2014, is named SEQ—103563-0162.txt and is 39.4 kilobytes in size.
Bispecific antibodies (BsAb) are antibodies or antibody-like molecules having two different binding specificities. BsAbs have broad applications in biomedicine, especially in immunotherapy for tumors. Presently, a focus of immunotherapy research is on how to utilize cell-mediated cytotoxicity of BsAb to kill tumor cells. A BsAb can be designed to target a tumor cell and an effector cell simultaneously, while triggering the effector cell's destruction of the tumor cell.
BsAb can be prepared by methods such as chemical engineering, cell engineering and genetic engineering. An advantage of genetic engineering is that the antibodies can be easily modified, which renders design and production of many different forms of bispecific antibody fragments, including diabodies, tanderm ScFv, and single-chain diabodies, as well as derivatives thereof (reviewed by Jin and Zhu, in “the design and engineering of IgG-Like bispecific antibodies”, R E Kontermann (ed), Bispecific antibodies). Since those BsAbs do not have an IgG Fc domain, their small size enhances their penetration into tumors, but they have significantly shorter half-life in vivo and also lack the ADCC effect that is associated with the constant region of the antibody.
To improve the stability and therapeutic potential, recombinant genetic modifications were made in the heavy chains to facilitate their heterodimerization and to produce greater yields of Fc-containing IgG-like bispecific antibodies. Several rational design strategies have been used to engineer antibody CH3 chains for heterodimerizaiton, namely disulfide bonds, salt bridges, knobs-into-holes. The bases for creating knob and hole in the juxtaposed positions is that the knob and hole interaction will favor heterodimer formation, whereas the knob-knob and the hole-hole interaction will prevent homodimers formation due to the deletion of favorable interactions. While this knob-into-holes approach solves the heavy chain homodimerization problem, it did not address the issues regarding mispairing between the light chain and heavy chains from two different antibodies. Although it is possible to identify identical light chains for two different antibodies, the possibility of BsAb construction using two antibody sequences that can share the common light chain is very limited.
There is a need to provide better BsAbs that are easier to prepare, have better clinical stability and efficacy and/or reduced systematic toxicity.
One embodiment of the present disclosure provides an antibody comprising (a) a light chain-heavy chain pair having specificity to a tumor cell or a microorganism; and (b) a fusion peptide comprising a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) and an Fc fragment comprising a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain, wherein the fusion peptide has specificity to an immune cell.
In some aspects, the light chain-heavy chain pair has specificity to a tumor antigen. In one aspect, the tumor antigen is selected from the group consisting of EGFR, Her2, EpCAM, CD20, CD30, CD33, CD47, CD52, CD133, CEA, gpA33, Mucins, TAG-72, CIX, PSMA, folate-binding protein, GD2, GD3, GM2, VEGF, VEGFR, Integrin, a V b 3, a 5 b 1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MET, IGF1R, EPHA3, TRAILR1, TRAILR2, RANKL, FAP and Tenascin. In one aspect, the light chain-heavy chain pair has specificity to a protein that is overexpressed on a tumor cell as compared to a corresponding non-tumor cell.
In some aspects, the light chain-heavy chain pair has specificity to a virus or bacterium. In one aspect, the light chain-heavy chain pair has specificity to an endotoxin.
In some aspects, the immune cell is selected from the group consisting of a T cell, a B cell, a monocyte, a macrophage, a neutrophil, a dendritic cell, a phagocyte, a natural killer cell, an eosinophil, a basophil, and a mast cell.
In some aspects, the fusion peptide has specificity to an antigen selected from the group consisting of CD3, CD16, CD19, CD28 and CD64.
In some aspects, the light chain is bound to the heavy chain through a disulfide bond. In some aspects, the heavy chain is bound to the fusion peptide through one or more disulfide bonds. In one aspect, the heavy chain comprises a human or a humanized Fc fragment. In one aspect, the Fc fragment of the heavy chain comprises a human IgG Fc fragment. In one aspect, the Fc fragment of the fusion peptide comprises a human or a humanized Fc fragment. In one aspect, the Fc fragment of the fusion peptide comprises a human IgG Fc fragment.
In some aspects, the heavy chain and/or the Fc fragment of the fusion peptide comprise one or more substitutions, as compared to a wild-type antibody fragment, that form an ionic bond between the heavy chain and the Fc fragment. In one aspect, the substitutions are selected from Table 2.
In some aspects, the heavy chain and/or the Fc fragment of the fusion peptide comprises one or more substitutions, as compared to a wild-type antibody fragment, that form a knob-into-the-hole conformational pairing between the heavy chain and the Fc fragment. In one aspect, the substitutions are selected from Table 3.
In some aspects, the CH2 domain is located between the scFv fragment and the CH3 domain. In one aspect, the fusion peptide does not contain a CH1 domain.
Also provided, in one embodiment, is a composition comprising an antibody of any of the above embodiment. In one aspect, the carrier is a pharmaceutical carrier.
Another embodiment provides a complex comprising an antibody of any of the above embodiments bound to one or more antigens.
Further provided is a method of preparing an antibody comprising admixing (a) a light chain-heavy chain pair having specificity to an immune cell and (b) a fusion peptide comprising a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) and an Fc fragment comprising a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain, wherein the fusion peptide has specificity to a tumor cell. In one aspect, provided is an antibody obtainable by the method.
It is to be noted that the term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity; for example, “a bispecific antibody,” is understood to represent one or more bispecific antibodies. As such, the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more,” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein.
As used herein, the term “polypeptide” is intended to encompass a singular “polypeptide” as well as plural “polypeptides,” and refers to a molecule composed of monomers (amino acids) linearly linked by amide bonds (also known as peptide bonds). The term “polypeptide” refers to any chain or chains of two or more amino acids, and does not refer to a specific length of the product. Thus, peptides, dipeptides, tripeptides, oligopeptides, “protein,” “amino acid chain,” or any other term used to refer to a chain or chains of two or more amino acids, are included within the definition of “polypeptide,” and the term “polypeptide” may be used instead of, or interchangeably with any of these terms. The term “polypeptide” is also intended to refer to the products of post-expression modifications of the polypeptide, including without limitation glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting/blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, or modification by non-naturally occurring amino acids. A polypeptide may be derived from a natural biological source or produced by recombinant technology, but is not necessarily translated from a designated nucleic acid sequence. It may be generated in any manner, including by chemical synthesis.
The term “isolated” as used herein with respect to cells, nucleic acids, such as DNA or RNA, refers to molecules separated from other DNAs or RNAs, respectively, that are present in the natural source of the macromolecule. The term “isolated” as used herein also refers to a nucleic acid or peptide that is substantially free of cellular material, viral material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. Moreover, an “isolated nucleic acid” is meant to include nucleic acid fragments which are not naturally occurring as fragments and would not be found in the natural state. The term “isolated” is also used herein to refer to cells or polypeptides which are isolated from other cellular proteins or tissues. Isolated polypeptides is meant to encompass both purified and recombinant polypeptides.
As used herein, the term “recombinant” as it pertains to polypeptides or polynucleotides intends a form of the polypeptide or polynucleotide that does not exist naturally, a non-limiting example of which can be created by combining polynucleotides or polypeptides that would not normally occur together.
“Homology” or “identity” or “similarity” refers to sequence similarity between two peptides or between two nucleic acid molecules. Homology can be determined by comparing a position in each sequence which may be aligned for purposes of comparison. When a position in the compared sequence is occupied by the same base or amino acid, then the molecules are homologous at that position. A degree of homology between sequences is a function of the number of matching or homologous positions shared by the sequences. An “unrelated” or “non-homologous” sequence shares less than 40% identity, though preferably less than 25% identity, with one of the sequences of the present disclosure.
A polynucleotide or polynucleotide region (or a polypeptide or polypeptide region) has a certain percentage (for example, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99%) of “sequence identity” to another sequence means that, when aligned, that percentage of bases (or amino acids) are the same in comparing the two sequences. This alignment and the percent homology or sequence identity can be determined using software programs known in the art, for example those described in Ausubel et al. eds. (2007) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. Preferably, default parameters are used for alignment. One alignment program is BLAST, using default parameters. In particular, programs are BLASTN and BLASTP, using the following default parameters: Genetic code=standard; filter=none; strand=both; cutoff=60; expect=10; Matrix=BLOSUM62; Descriptions=50 sequences; sort by=HIGH SCORE; Databases=non-redundant, GenBank+EMBL+DDBJ+PDB+GenBank CDS translations+SwissProtein+SPupdate+PIR. Details of these programs can be found at the NIH NCBI database. Biologically equivalent polynucleotides are those having the above-noted specified percent homology and encoding a polypeptide having the same or similar biological activity.
The term “an equivalent nucleic acid or polynucleotide” refers to a nucleic acid having a nucleotide sequence having a certain degree of homology, or sequence identity, with the nucleotide sequence of the nucleic acid or complement thereof. A homolog of a double stranded nucleic acid is intended to include nucleic acids having a nucleotide sequence which has a certain degree of homology with or with the complement thereof. In one aspect, homologs of nucleic acids are capable of hybridizing to the nucleic acid or complement thereof. Likewise, “an equivalent polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide having a certain degree of homology, or sequence identity, with the amino acid sequence of a reference polypeptide. In some aspects, the sequence identity is at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99%. In some aspects, the equivalent sequence retains the activity (e.g., epitope-binding) or structure (e.g., salt-bridge) of the reference sequence.
Hybridization reactions can be performed under conditions of different “stringency”. In general, a low stringency hybridization reaction is carried out at about 40° C. in about 10×SSC or a solution of equivalent ionic strength/temperature. A moderate stringency hybridization is typically performed at about 50° C. in about 6×SSC, and a high stringency hybridization reaction is generally performed at about 60° C. in about 1×SSC. Hybridization reactions can also be performed under “physiological conditions” which is well known to one of skill in the art. A non-limiting example of a physiological condition is the temperature, ionic strength, pH and concentration of Mg2+ normally found in a cell.
A polynucleotide is composed of a specific sequence of four nucleotide bases: adenine (A); cytosine (C); guanine (G); thymine (T); and uracil (U) for thymine when the polynucleotide is RNA. Thus, the term “polynucleotide sequence” is the alphabetical representation of a polynucleotide molecule. This alphabetical representation can be input into databases in a computer having a central processing unit and used for bioinformatics applications such as functional genomics and homology searching. The term “polymorphism” refers to the coexistence of more than one form of a gene or portion thereof. A portion of a gene of which there are at least two different forms, i.e., two different nucleotide sequences, is referred to as a “polymorphic region of a gene”. A polymorphic region can be a single nucleotide, the identity of which differs in different alleles.
The terms “polynucleotide” and “oligonucleotide” are used interchangeably and refer to a polymeric form of nucleotides of any length, either deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides or analogs thereof. Polynucleotides can have any three-dimensional structure and may perform any function, known or unknown. The following are non-limiting examples of polynucleotides: a gene or gene fragment (for example, a probe, primer, EST or SAGE tag), exons, introns, messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, ribozymes, cDNA, dsRNA, siRNA, miRNA, recombinant polynucleotides, branched polynucleotides, plasmids, vectors, isolated DNA of any sequence, isolated RNA of any sequence, nucleic acid probes and primers. A polynucleotide can comprise modified nucleotides, such as methylated nucleotides and nucleotide analogs. If present, modifications to the nucleotide structure can be imparted before or after assembly of the polynucleotide. The sequence of nucleotides can be interrupted by non-nucleotide components. A polynucleotide can be further modified after polymerization, such as by conjugation with a labeling component. The term also refers to both double- and single-stranded molecules. Unless otherwise specified or required, any embodiment of this disclosure that is a polynucleotide encompasses both the double-stranded form and each of two complementary single-stranded forms known or predicted to make up the double-stranded form.
The term “encode” as it is applied to polynucleotides refers to a polynucleotide which is said to “encode” a polypeptide if, in its native state or when manipulated by methods well known to those skilled in the art, it can be transcribed and/or translated to produce the mRNA for the polypeptide and/or a fragment thereof. The antisense strand is the complement of such a nucleic acid, and the encoding sequence can be deduced therefrom.
As used herein, the term “detectable label” intends a directly or indirectly detectable compound or composition that is conjugated directly or indirectly to the composition to be detected, e.g., polynucleotide or protein such as an antibody so as to generate a “labeled” composition. The term also includes sequences conjugated to the polynucleotide that will provide a signal upon expression of the inserted sequences, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the like. The label may be detectable by itself (e.g. radioisotope labels or fluorescent labels) or, in the case of an enzymatic label, may catalyze chemical alteration of a substrate compound or composition which is detectable. The labels can be suitable for small scale detection or more suitable for high-throughput screening. As such, suitable labels include, but are not limited to radioisotopes, fluorochromes, chemiluminescent compounds, dyes, and proteins, including enzymes. The label may be simply detected or it may be quantified. A response that is simply detected generally comprises a response whose existence merely is confirmed, whereas a response that is quantified generally comprises a response having a quantifiable (e.g., numerically reportable) value such as an intensity, polarization, and/or other property. In luminescence or fluorescence assays, the detectable response may be generated directly using a luminophore or fluorophore associated with an assay component actually involved in binding, or indirectly using a luminophore or fluorophore associated with another (e.g., reporter or indicator) component.
As used herein, an “antibody” or “antigen-binding polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide or a polypeptide complex that specifically recognizes and binds to an antigen. An antibody can be a whole antibody and any antigen binding fragment or a single chain thereof. Thus the term “antibody” includes any protein or peptide containing molecule that comprises at least a portion of an immunoglobulin molecule having biological activity of binding to the antigen. Examples of such include, but are not limited to a complementarity determining region (CDR) of a heavy or light chain or a ligand binding portion thereof, a heavy chain or light chain variable region, a heavy chain or light chain constant region, a framework (FR) region, or any portion thereof, or at least one portion of a binding protein.
The terms “antibody fragment” or “antigen-binding fragment”, as used herein, is a portion of an antibody such as F(ab′)2, F(ab)2, Fab′, Fab, Fv, scFv and the like. Regardless of structure, an antibody fragment binds with the same antigen that is recognized by the intact antibody. The term “antibody fragment” includes aptamers, spiegelmers, and diabodies. The term “antibody fragment” also includes any synthetic or genetically engineered protein that acts like an antibody by binding to a specific antigen to form a complex.
A “single-chain variable fragment” or “scFv” refers to a fusion protein of the variable regions of the heavy (VH) and light chains (VL) of immunoglobulins. In some aspects, the regions are connected with a short linker peptide of ten to about 25 amino acids. The linker can be rich in glycine for flexibility, as well as serine or threonine for solubility, and can either connect the N-terminus of the VH with the C-terminus of the VL, or vice versa. This protein retains the specificity of the original immunoglobulin, despite removal of the constant regions and the introduction of the linker. ScFv molecules are known in the art and are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,892,019.
The term antibody encompasses various broad classes of polypeptides that can be distinguished biochemically. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that heavy chains are classified as gamma, mu, alpha, delta, or epsilon (γ, μ, α, δ, ε ν) with some subclasses among them (e.g., γ1-γ4). It is the nature of this chain that determines the “class” of the antibody as IgG, IgM, IgA IgG, or IgE, respectively. The immunoglobulin subclasses (isotypes) e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgG5, etc. are well characterized and are known to confer functional specialization. Modified versions of each of these classes and isotypes are readily discernable to the skilled artisan in view of the instant disclosure and, accordingly, are within the scope of the instant disclosure. All immunoglobulin classes are clearly within the scope of the present disclosure, the following discussion will generally be directed to the IgG class of immunoglobulin molecules. With regard to IgG, a standard immunoglobulin molecule comprises two identical light chain polypeptides of molecular weight approximately 23,000 Daltons, and two identical heavy chain polypeptides of molecular weight 53,000-70,000. The four chains are typically joined by disulfide bonds in a “Y” configuration wherein the light chains bracket the heavy chains starting at the mouth of the “Y” and continuing through the variable region.
Antibodies, antigen-binding polypeptides, variants, or derivatives thereof of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, multispecific, human, humanized, primatized, or chimeric antibodies, single chain antibodies, epitope-binding fragments, e.g., Fab, Fab′ and F(ab′)2, Fd, Fvs, single-chain Fvs (scFv), single-chain antibodies, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv), fragments comprising either a VL or VH domain, fragments produced by a Fab expression library, and anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies (including, e.g., anti-Id antibodies to LIGHT antibodies disclosed herein). Immunoglobulin or antibody molecules of the disclosure can be of any type (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA, and IgY), class (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2) or subclass of immunoglobulin molecule.
Light chains are classified as either kappa or lambda (K, λ). Each heavy chain class may be bound with either a kappa or lambda light chain. In general, the light and heavy chains are covalently bonded to each other, and the “tail” portions of the two heavy chains are bonded to each other by covalent disulfide linkages or non-covalent linkages when the immunoglobulins are generated either by hybridomas, B cells or genetically engineered host cells. In the heavy chain, the amino acid sequences run from an N-terminus at the forked ends of the Y configuration to the C-terminus at the bottom of each chain.
Both the light and heavy chains are divided into regions of structural and functional homology. The terms “constant” and “variable” are used functionally. In this regard, it will be appreciated that the variable domains of both the light (VL) and heavy (VH) chain portions determine antigen recognition and specificity. Conversely, the constant domains of the light chain (CL) and the heavy chain (CH1, CH2 or CH3) confer important biological properties such as secretion, transplacental mobility, Fc receptor binding, complement binding, and the like. By convention the numbering of the constant region domains increases as they become more distal from the antigen-binding site or amino-terminus of the antibody. The N-terminal portion is a variable region and at the C-terminal portion is a constant region; the CH3 and CL domains actually comprise the carboxy-terminus of the heavy and light chain, respectively.
As indicated above, the variable region allows the antibody to selectively recognize and specifically bind epitopes on antigens. That is, the VL domain and VH domain, or subset of the complementarity determining regions (CDRs), of an antibody combine to form the variable region that defines a three dimensional antigen-binding site. This quaternary antibody structure forms the antigen-binding site present at the end of each arm of the Y. More specifically, the antigen-binding site is defined by three CDRs on each of the VH and VL chains (i.e. CDR-H1, CDR-H2, CDR-H3, CDR-L1, CDR-L2 and CDR-L3). In some instances, e.g., certain immunoglobulin molecules derived from camelid species or engineered based on camelid immunoglobulins, a complete immunoglobulin molecule may consist of heavy chains only, with no light chains. See, e.g., Hamers-Casterman et al., Nature 363:446-448 (1993).
In naturally occurring antibodies, the six “complementarity determining regions” or “CDRs” present in each antigen-binding domain are short, non-contiguous sequences of amino acids that are specifically positioned to form the antigen-binding domain as the antibody assumes its three dimensional configuration in an aqueous environment. The remainder of the amino acids in the antigen-binding domains, referred to as “framework” regions, show less inter-molecular variability. The framework regions largely adopt a b-sheet conformation and the CDRs form loops which connect, and in some cases form part of, the β-sheet structure. Thus, framework regions act to form a scaffold that provides for positioning the CDRs in correct orientation by inter-chain, non-covalent interactions. The antigen-binding domain formed by the positioned CDRs defines a surface complementary to the epitope on the immunoreactive antigen. This complementary surface promotes the non-covalent binding of the antibody to its cognate epitope. The amino acids comprising the CDRs and the framework regions, respectively, can be readily identified for any given heavy or light chain variable region by one of ordinary skill in the art, since they have been precisely defined (see “Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest,” Kabat, E., et al., U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, (1983); and Chothia and Lesk, J. Mol. Biol., 196:901-917 (1987), which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties).
In the case where there are two or more definitions of a term which is used and/or accepted within the art, the definition of the term as used herein is intended to include all such meanings unless explicitly stated to the contrary. A specific example is the use of the term “complementarity determining region” (“CDR”) to describe the non-contiguous antigen combining sites found within the variable region of both heavy and light chain polypeptides. This particular region has been described by Kabat et al., U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, “Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest” (1983) and by Chothia et al., J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917 (1987), which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The CDR definitions according to Kabat and Chothia include overlapping or subsets of amino acid residues when compared against each other. Nevertheless, application of either definition to refer to a CDR of an antibody or variants thereof is intended to be within the scope of the term as defined and used herein. The appropriate amino acid residues which encompass the CDRs as defined by each of the above cited references are set forth in the table below as a comparison. The exact residue numbers which encompass a particular CDR will vary depending on the sequence and size of the CDR. Those skilled in the art can routinely determine which residues comprise a particular CDR given the variable region amino acid sequence of the antibody.
Kabat et al. also defined a numbering system for variable domain sequences that is applicable to any antibody. One of ordinary skill in the art can unambiguously assign this system of “Kabat numbering” to any variable domain sequence, without reliance on any experimental data beyond the sequence itself. As used herein, “Kabat numbering” refers to the numbering system set forth by Kabat et al., U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, “Sequence of Proteins of Immunological Interest” (1983).
In addition to table above, the Kabat number system describes the CDR regions as follows: CDR-H1 begins at approximately amino acid 31 (i.e., approximately 9 residues after the first cysteine residue), includes approximately 5-7 amino acids, and ends at the next tryptophan residue. CDR-H2 begins at the fifteenth residue after the end of CDR-H1, includes approximately 16-19 amino acids, and ends at the next arginine or lysine residue. CDR-H3 begins at approximately the thirty third amino acid residue after the end of CDR-H2; includes 3-25 amino acids; and ends at the sequence W-G-X-G, where X is any amino acid. CDR-L1 begins at approximately residue 24 (i.e., following a cysteine residue); includes approximately 10-17 residues; and ends at the next tryptophan residue. CDR-L2 begins at approximately the sixteenth residue after the end of CDR-L1 and includes approximately 7 residues. CDR-L3 begins at approximately the thirty third residue after the end of CDR-L2 (i.e., following a cysteine residue); includes approximately 7-11 residues and ends at the sequence F or W-G-X-G, where X is any amino acid.
Antibodies disclosed herein may be from any animal origin including birds and mammals. Preferably, the antibodies are human, murine, donkey, rabbit, goat, guinea pig, camel, llama, horse, or chicken antibodies. In another embodiment, the variable region may be condricthoid in origin (e.g., from sharks).
As used herein, the term “heavy chain constant region” includes amino acid sequences derived from an immunoglobulin heavy chain. A polypeptide comprising a heavy chain constant region comprises at least one of: a CH1 domain, a hinge (e.g., upper, middle, and/or lower hinge region) domain, a CH2 domain, a CH3 domain, or a variant or fragment thereof. For example, an antigen-binding polypeptide for use in the disclosure may comprise a polypeptide chain comprising a CH1 domain; a polypeptide chain comprising a CH1 domain, at least a portion of a hinge domain, and a CH2 domain; a polypeptide chain comprising a CH1 domain and a CH3 domain; a polypeptide chain comprising a CH1 domain, at least a portion of a hinge domain, and a CH3 domain, or a polypeptide chain comprising a CH1 domain, at least a portion of a hinge domain, a CH2 domain, and a CH3 domain. In another embodiment, a polypeptide of the disclosure comprises a polypeptide chain comprising a CH3 domain. Further, an antibody for use in the disclosure may lack at least a portion of a CH2 domain (e.g., all or part of a CH2 domain). As set forth above, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the heavy chain constant region may be modified such that they vary in amino acid sequence from the naturally occurring immunoglobulin molecule.
The heavy chain constant region of an antibody disclosed herein may be derived from different immunoglobulin molecules. For example, a heavy chain constant region of a polypeptide may comprise a CH1 domain derived from an IgG1 molecule and a hinge region derived from an IgG3 molecule. In another example, a heavy chain constant region can comprise a hinge region derived, in part, from an IgG1 molecule and, in part, from an IgG3 molecule. In another example, a heavy chain portion can comprise a chimeric hinge derived, in part, from an IgG1 molecule and, in part, from an IgG4 molecule.
As used herein, the term “light chain constant region” includes amino acid sequences derived from antibody light chain. Preferably, the light chain constant region comprises at least one of a constant kappa domain or constant lambda domain.
A “light chain-heavy chain pair” refers to the collection of a light chain and heavy chain that can form a dimer through a disulfide bond between the CL domain of the light chain and the CH1 domain of the heavy chain.
As previously indicated, the subunit structures and three dimensional configuration of the constant regions of the various immunoglobulin classes are well known. As used herein, the term “VH domain” includes the amino terminal variable domain of an immunoglobulin heavy chain and the term “CH1 domain” includes the first (most amino terminal) constant region domain of an immunoglobulin heavy chain. The CH1 domain is adjacent to the VH domain and is amino terminal to the hinge region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain molecule.
As used herein the term “CH2 domain” includes the portion of a heavy chain molecule that extends, e.g., from about residue 244 to residue 360 of an antibody using conventional numbering schemes (residues 244 to 360, Kabat numbering system; and residues 231-340, EU numbering system; see Kabat et al., U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, “Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest” (1983). The CH2 domain is unique in that it is not closely paired with another domain. Rather, two N-linked branched carbohydrate chains are interposed between the two CH2 domains of an intact native IgG molecule. It is also well documented that the CH3 domain extends from the CH2 domain to the C-terminal of the IgG molecule and comprises approximately 108 residues.
As used herein, the term “hinge region” includes the portion of a heavy chain molecule that joins the CH1 domain to the CH2 domain. This hinge region comprises approximately 25 residues and is flexible, thus allowing the two N-terminal antigen-binding regions to move independently. Hinge regions can be subdivided into three distinct domains: upper, middle, and lower hinge domains (Roux et al., J. Immunol 161:4083 (1998)).
As used herein the term “disulfide bond” includes the covalent bond formed between two sulfur atoms. The amino acid cysteine comprises a thiol group that can form a disulfide bond or bridge with a second thiol group. In most naturally occurring IgG molecules, the CH1 and CL regions are linked by a disulfide bond and the two heavy chains are linked by two disulfide bonds at positions corresponding to 239 and 242 using the Kabat numbering system (position 226 or 229, EU numbering system).
As used herein, the term “chimeric antibody” will be held to mean any antibody wherein the immunoreactive region or site is obtained or derived from a first species and the constant region (which may be intact, partial or modified in accordance with the instant disclosure) is obtained from a second species. In certain embodiments the target binding region or site will be from a non-human source (e.g. mouse or primate) and the constant region is human.
As used herein, “percent humanization” is calculated by determining the number of framework amino acid differences (i.e., non-CDR difference) between the humanized domain and the germline domain, subtracting that number from the total number of amino acids, and then dividing that by the total number of amino acids and multiplying by 100.
By “specifically binds” or “has specificity to,” it is generally meant that an antibody binds to an epitope via its antigen-binding domain, and that the binding entails some complementarity between the antigen-binding domain and the epitope. According to this definition, an antibody is said to “specifically bind” to an epitope when it binds to that epitope, via its antigen-binding domain more readily than it would bind to a random, unrelated epitope. The term “specificity” is used herein to qualify the relative affinity by which a certain antibody binds to a certain epitope. For example, antibody “A” may be deemed to have a higher specificity for a given epitope than antibody “B,” or antibody “A” may be said to bind to epitope “C” with a higher specificity than it has for related epitope “D.”
As used herein, the terms “treat” or “treatment” refer to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures, wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) an undesired physiological change or disorder, such as the progression of cancer. Beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable. “Treatment” can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment. Those in need of treatment include those already with the condition or disorder as well as those prone to have the condition or disorder or those in which the condition or disorder is to be prevented.
By “subject” or “individual” or “animal” or “patient” or “mammal,” is meant any subject, particularly a mammalian subject, for whom diagnosis, prognosis, or therapy is desired. Mammalian subjects include humans, domestic animals, farm animals, and zoo, sport, or pet animals such as dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rabbits, rats, mice, horses, cattle, cows, and so on.
As used herein, phrases such as “to a patient in need of treatment” or “a subject in need of treatment” includes subjects, such as mammalian subjects, that would benefit from administration of an antibody or composition of the present disclosure used, e.g., for detection, for a diagnostic procedure and/or for treatment.
Bispecific Antibodies
One embodiment of the present disclosure provides a heterodimer antibody, which comprises of two different antigen-binding polypeptide units. In some aspects, the heterodimer differs in size from its corresponding homodimer, and the size difference can be utilized to facilitate separation of hetero- and homo-dimers.
In some aspects, one of the two antigen-binding polypeptide units comprises a light chain-heavy chain pair like a wild-type antibody. Throughout the disclosure, this unit is also referred to as a “monovalent unit.” The other antigen-binding polypeptide unit, in some aspects, comprises a single chain variable fragment (scFv). Such an scFv can be fused to a constant fragment (Fc) of an antibody. This fusion peptide is also referred to as “single-chain unit” throughout the disclosure.
Surprisingly, the present disclosure demonstrates that such an asymmetric antibody is stable and retains high antigen-binding efficiency. This is unexpected because it has been demonstrated that even homodimers of single-chain antibodies are unstable under physiological conditions. Ahmad et al. “scFv Antibody: Principles and Clinical Application,” Clinical and Developmental Immunology, 2012:980250 (2012), for instance, shows that scFv-based IgG like antibodies are not stable and need to be further engineered to reduce aggregates and improve stability.
Further, by virtue of the asymmetricity, a heterodimer has a different molecular weight from a homodimer comprising either one of the antigen-binding polypeptide units. Based on the molecular weight difference between the heterodimer and homodimer, the desired heterodimer can be readily separated from the homodimer.
The ability to easily separate heterodimers from homodimers is particular advantageous for the preparation of bispecific antibodies, in which each of the two antigen-binding polypeptides has specificity to a different epitope. This is because neither of the two types of homodimers (i.e., homodimer comprising the monovalent units, or the single-chain units) has the desired dual specificities provided by the heterodimer.
In one embodiment, such a bispecific antibody has specificity to a tumor cell or a microorganism and specificity to an immune cell, which brings the tumor cell or microorganism to close proximity of the immune cell, leading to the elimination of the tumor cell or microorganism through activated immune response.
In a particular aspect, the monovalent unit has specificity to a tumor cell or a microorganism, and the single-chain unit has specificity to an immune cell. The asymmetric bispecific antibody that has such arranged specificities is also referred to as a “monovalent single-chain bispecific antibody” or “MSBODY”. By contrast, an asymmetric bispecific antibody, in which the monovalent unit has specificity to an immune cell and the single-chain unit has specificity to a tumor cell or a microorganism, is referred to as an “SMBODY”. Another bispecific antibody has two single-chain units, of which one has specificity to a tumor cell or a microorganism and the other has specificity to an immune cell, is referred to as an “SSBODY”.
An unexpected discovery of the present disclosure is that, even though MSBODY and SMBODY have the same binding motifs and similar molecular weight, when binding to the target tumor cell, however, MSBODY showed higher stability and affinity than SMBODY. In this context, it is interesting to note that although anti-Her2/anti-CD3 MSBODY and SMBODY resulted in similar cytotoxicity against high Her2-expressing BT474 cells, the MSBODY format showed higher cytotoxicity to low Her2-expressing breast cancer cell lines including MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. As not all tumor cells that express a tumor antigen necessarily express the antigen at a high level, such a capability of MSBODY shows unique advantage in clinical applications.
In one embodiment, therefore, provided is an antibody comprising: (a) a light chain-heavy chain pair having specificity to a tumor cell; and (b) a fusion peptide comprising a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) and an Fc fragment comprising a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain, wherein the fusion peptide has specificity to an immune cell.
In another embodiment, provided is an antibody comprising: (a) a light chain-heavy chain pair having specificity to a microorganism, such as GP120 for HIV, HA2 for influenza, and shiga-like toxin 2B for E. Coli; and (b) a fusion peptide comprising a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) and an Fc fragment comprising a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain, wherein the fusion peptide has specificity to an immune cell.
Also illustrated in
The single-chain unit is also illustrated in
In some aspects, the heavy chain of the monovalent unit is bound to the fusion peptide through one or more disulfide bonds. In one aspect, the one or more disulfide bonds are formed between amino acid residues at the hinge regions between the CH1 (or VLb) and the CH2 domains.
In some aspects, the CH2 domain of the single-chain unit is located between the scFv fragment and the CH3 domain. In other words, the scFv fragment is connected at the CH2 end of the Fc fragment. In some aspects, the single-chain unit does not contain a CH1 domain.
In one aspect, either or both of the monovalent unit and the single-chain unit comprise human antibody sequences or humanized sequences. For instance, in one aspect, the heavy chain of the monovalent unit comprises a human or humanized Fc fragment. In a particular aspect, the Fc fragment of the heavy chain comprises a human IgG Fc fragment.
Likewise, in one aspect, the Fc fragment of the fusion peptide comprises a human or humanized Fc fragment. In a particular aspect the Fc fragment of the fusion peptide comprises a human IgG Fc fragment.
Modifications to the antibodies can be introduced to further stabilize or improve activity of the antibodies. For instance, in one aspect, the Fc fragment of the heavy chain of the monovalent unit and/or the Fc fragment of the fusion peptide can include one or more substitutions, as compared to a wild-type antibody fragment, that form an ionic bond between them.
In one aspect, one of the Fc fragments contains one or more substitutions with amino acid residues having a positive charge under physiological conditions and the other Fc fragment contains one or more substitutions with one or more amino acid residues having a negative charge under physiological conditions. In one aspect, the positively charged amino acid residue can be arginine (R), histidine (H) or lysine (K). In another aspect, the negatively charged amino acid residue can be aspartic acid (D) or glutamic acid (E). Amino acid residues that can be substituted include, without limitation, D356, E357, L368, K370, K392, D399 and K409. Table 2 below lists non-limiting examples of combinations of such substitutions.
In some aspects, the Fc fragment of the heavy chain of the monovalent unit and/or the Fc fragment of the fusion peptide can include one or more substitutions, as compared to a wild-type antibody fragment, that form a knob-into-the-hole conformational pairing between them. Knob-into-hole designs are known in the art. See, e.g., Ridgway et al. ““Knob-into-holes” engineering of antibody CH3 domains for heavy chain heterodimerization,” Protein Engineering 9(7):617-21 (1996).
In one aspect, K366 on one of the Fc fragment is substituted with a relatively large amino acid residue, such as tyrosine (Y) or tryptophan (W). Then Y407 on the other Fc fragment can be substituted with a relatively small amino acid residue, such as threonine (T), alanine (A) or valine (V). Table 3 below shows a few non-limiting examples of combinations of substitutions.
In some aspects, the antibody can include either an ionic bond or a knob-into-hole or both of them. Table 4 below shows certain examples in this regard.
In some aspects, the monovalent unit of the bispecific antibody of the present disclosure has specificity to a tumor cell. In one aspect, the monovalent unit specifically recognizes a tumor antigen.
A “tumor antigen” is an antigenic substance produced in tumor cells, i.e., it triggers an immune response in the host. Tumor antigens are useful in identifying tumor cells and are potential candidates for use in cancer therapy. Normal proteins in the body are not antigenic. Certain proteins, however, are produced or overexpressed during tumorigenesis and thus appear “foreign” to the body. This may include normal proteins that are well sequestered from the immune system, proteins that are normally produced in extremely small quantities, proteins that are normally produced only in certain stages of development, or proteins whose structure is modified due to mutation.
An abundance of tumor antigens are known in the art and new tumor antigens can be readily identified by screening. Non-limiting examples of tumor antigens include EGFR, Her2, EpCAM, CD20, CD30, CD33, CD47, CD52, CD133, CEA, gpA33, Mucins, TAG-72, CIX, PSMA, folate-binding protein, GD2, GD3, GM2, VEGF, VEGFR, Integrin, a V b 3, a 5 b 1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MET, IGF1R, EPHA3, TRAILR1, TRAILR2, RANKL, FAP and Tenascin.
In some aspects, the monovalent unit has specificity to a protein that is overexpressed on a tumor cell as compared to a corresponding non-tumor cell. A “corresponding non-tumor cell” as used here, refers to a non-tumor cell that is of the same cell type as the origin of the tumor cell. It is noted that such proteins are not necessarily different from tumor antigens. Non-limiting examples include carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), which is overexpressed in most colon, rectum, breast, lung, pancreas and gastrointestinal tract carcinomas; heregulin receptors (HER-2, neu or c-erbB-2), which is frequently overexpressed in breast, ovarian, colon, lung, prostate and cervical cancers; epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is highly expressed in a range of solid tumors including those of the breast, head and neck, non-small cell lung and prostate; asialoglycoprotein receptor; transferrin receptor; serpin enzyme complex receptor, which is expressed on hepatocytes; fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), which is overexpressed on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), for anti-angiogenesis gene therapy; folate receptor, which is selectively overexpressed in 90% of nonmucinous ovarian carcinomas; cell surface glycocalyx; carbohydrate receptors; and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, which is useful for gene delivery to respiratory epithelial cells and attractive for treatment of lung diseases such as Cystic Fibrosis.
In some aspects, the monovalent unit has specificity to an microorganism. Non-limiting examples of microorganism include microorganism surface receptors and endotoxins. Examples of endotoxins include, without limitation, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipooligosaccharide (LOS).
In some aspects, the single-chain unit has specificity to an immune cell. In one aspect, the immune cell is selected from the group consisting of a T cell, a B cell, a monocyte, a macrophage, a neutrophil, a dendritic cell, a phagocyte, a natural killer cell, an eosinophil, a basophil, and a mast cell.
In one aspect, the single-chain unit specifically recognizes an antigen selected from the group consisting of CD3, CD16, CD19, CD28 and CD64.
Exemplary sequences for each of the polypeptide chains in the bispecific ligand are provided. In one aspect, the fusion peptide of the single-chain unit has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In one aspect, the heavy chain of the monovalent unit has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In one aspect, the light chain of the monovalent unit has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.
Any of the antibodies or polypeptides described above may further include additional polypeptides, e.g., a signal peptide to direct secretion of the encoded polypeptide, antibody constant regions as described herein, or other heterologous polypeptides as described herein.
It will also be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that antibodies as disclosed herein may be modified such that they vary in amino acid sequence from the naturally occurring binding polypeptide from which they were derived. For example, a polypeptide or amino acid sequence derived from a designated protein may be similar, e.g., have a certain percent identity to the starting sequence, e.g., it may be 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% identical to the starting sequence.
Furthermore, nucleotide or amino acid substitutions, deletions, or insertions leading to conservative substitutions or changes at “non-essential” amino acid regions may be made. For example, a polypeptide or amino acid sequence derived from a designated protein may be identical to the starting sequence except for one or more individual amino acid substitutions, insertions, or deletions, e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, fifteen, twenty or more individual amino acid substitutions, insertions, or deletions. In certain embodiments, a polypeptide or amino acid sequence derived from a designated protein has one to five, one to ten, one to fifteen, or one to twenty individual amino acid substitutions, insertions, or deletions relative to the starting sequence.
In certain embodiments, an antigen-binding polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence or one or more moieties not normally associated with an antibody. Exemplary modifications are described in more detail below. For example, a single-chain Fv antibody fragment of the disclosure may comprise a flexible linker sequence, or may be modified to add a functional moiety (e.g., PEG, a drug, a toxin, or a label).
Antibodies, variants, or derivatives thereof of the disclosure include derivatives that are modified, i.e., by the covalent attachment of any type of molecule to the antibody such that covalent attachment does not prevent the antibody from binding to the epitope. For example, but not by way of limitation, the antibodies can be modified, e.g., by glycosylation, acetylation, pegylation, phosphorylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting/blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, linkage to a cellular ligand or other protein, etc. Any of numerous chemical modifications may be carried out by known techniques, including, but not limited to specific chemical cleavage, acetylation, formylation, metabolic synthesis of tunicamycin, etc. Additionally, the antibodies may contain one or more non-classical amino acids.
In other embodiments, the antigen-binding polypeptides of the present disclosure may contain conservative amino acid substitutions.
A “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which the amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain. Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art, including basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine), nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan), beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine). Thus, a nonessential amino acid residue in an immunoglobulin polypeptide is preferably replaced with another amino acid residue from the same side chain family. In another embodiment, a string of amino acids can be replaced with a structurally similar string that differs in order and/or composition of side chain family members.
Non-limiting examples of conservative amino acid substitutions are provided in the table below, where a similarity score of 0 or higher indicates conservative substitution between the two amino acids.
In some embodiments, the antibodies may be conjugated to therapeutic agents, prodrugs, peptides, proteins, enzymes, viruses, lipids, biological response modifiers, pharmaceutical agents, or PEG.
The antibodies may be conjugated or fused to a therapeutic agent, which may include detectable labels such as radioactive labels, an immunomodulator, a hormone, an enzyme, an oligonucleotide, a photoactive therapeutic or diagnostic agent, a cytotoxic agent, which may be a drug or a toxin, an ultrasound enhancing agent, a non-radioactive label, a combination thereof and other such agents known in the art.
The antibodies can be detectably labeled by coupling it to a chemiluminescent compound. The presence of the chemiluminescent-tagged antigen-binding polypeptide is then determined by detecting the presence of luminescence that arises during the course of a chemical reaction. Examples of particularly useful chemiluminescent labeling compounds are luminol, isoluminol, theromatic acridinium ester, imidazole, acridinium salt and oxalate ester.
The antibodies can also be detectably labeled using fluorescence emitting metals such as 152Eu, or others of the lanthanide series. These metals can be attached to the antibody using such metal chelating groups as diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DTPA) or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Techniques for conjugating various moieties to an antibody are well known, see, e.g., Amon et al., “Monoclonal Antibodies For Immunotargeting Of Drugs In Cancer Therapy”, in Monoclonal Antibodies And Cancer Therapy, Reisfeld et al. (eds.), pp. 243-56 (Alan R. Liss, Inc. (1985); Hellstrom et al., “Antibodies For Drug Delivery”, in Controlled Drug Delivery (2nd Ed.), Robinson et al., (eds.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., pp. 623-53 (1987); Thorpe, “Antibody Carriers Of Cytotoxic Agents In Cancer Therapy: A Review”, in Monoclonal Antibodies “84: Biological And Clinical Applications, Pinchera et al. (eds.), pp. 475-506 (1985); “Analysis, Results, And Future Prospective Of The Therapeutic Use Of Radiolabeled Antibody In Cancer Therapy”, in Monoclonal Antibodies For Cancer Detection And Therapy, Baldwin et al. (eds.), Academic Press pp. 303-16 (1985), and Thorpe et al., “The Preparation And Cytotoxic Properties Of Antibody-Toxin Conjugates”, Immunol. Rev. (52:119-58 (1982)).
Polynucleotides Encoding the Antibodies and Methods of Preparing the Antibodies
The present disclosure also provides for isolated polynucleotides or nucleic acid molecules encoding the antibodies, variants or derivatives thereof of the disclosure.
Exemplary sequences encoding each of the polypeptide chains in the bispecific ligand are provided. In one aspect, the fusion peptide of the single-chain unit is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In one aspect, the heavy chain of the monovalent unit is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In one aspect, the light chain of the monovalent unit is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.
The polynucleotides of the present disclosure may encode the entire heavy and light chain variable regions of the antigen-binding polypeptides, variants or derivatives thereof on the same polynucleotide molecule or on separate polynucleotide molecules. Additionally, the polynucleotides of the present disclosure may encode portions of the heavy and light chain variable regions of the antigen-binding polypeptides, variants or derivatives thereof on the same polynucleotide molecule or on separate polynucleotide molecules.
Methods of making antibodies are well known in the art and described herein. In certain embodiments, both the variable and constant regions of the antigen-binding polypeptides of the present disclosure are fully human. Fully human antibodies can be made using techniques described in the art and as described herein. For example, fully human antibodies against a specific antigen can be prepared by administering the antigen to a transgenic animal which has been modified to produce such antibodies in response to antigenic challenge, but whose endogenous loci have been disabled. Exemplary techniques that can be used to make such antibodies are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,150,584; 6,458,592; 6,420,140 which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.
In certain embodiments, the prepared antibodies will not elicit a deleterious immune response in the animal to be treated, e.g., in a human. In one embodiment, antigen-binding polypeptides, variants, or derivatives thereof of the disclosure are modified to reduce their immunogenicity using art-recognized techniques. For example, antibodies can be humanized, primatized, deimmunized, or chimeric antibodies can be made. These types of antibodies are derived from a non-human antibody, typically a murine or primate antibody, that retains or substantially retains the antigen-binding properties of the parent antibody, but which is less immunogenic in humans. This may be achieved by various methods, including (a) grafting the entire non-human variable domains onto human constant regions to generate chimeric antibodies; (b) grafting at least a part of one or more of the non-human complementarity determining regions (CDRs) into a human framework and constant regions with or without retention of critical framework residues; or (c) transplanting the entire non-human variable domains, but “cloaking” them with a human-like section by replacement of surface residues. Such methods are disclosed in Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 57:6851-6855 (1984); Morrison et al., Adv. Immunol. 44:65-92 (1988); Verhoeyen et al., Science 239:1534-1536 (1988); Padlan, Molec. Immun. 25:489-498 (1991); Padlan, Molec. Immun. 31:169-217 (1994), and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,585,089, 5,693,761, 5,693,762, and 6,190,370, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
De-immunization can also be used to decrease the immunogenicity of an antibody. As used herein, the term “de-immunization” includes alteration of an antibody to modify T-cell epitopes (see, e.g., International Application Publication Nos.: WO/9852976 A1 and WO/0034317 A2). For example, variable heavy chain and variable light chain sequences from the starting antibody are analyzed and a human T-cell epitope “map” from each V region showing the location of epitopes in relation to complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) and other key residues within the sequence is created. Individual T-cell epitopes from the T-cell epitope map are analyzed in order to identify alternative amino acid substitutions with a low risk of altering activity of the final antibody. A range of alternative variable heavy and variable light sequences are designed comprising combinations of amino acid substitutions and these sequences are subsequently incorporated into a range of binding polypeptides. Typically, between 12 and 24 variant antibodies are generated and tested for binding and/or function. Complete heavy and light chain genes comprising modified variable and human constant regions are then cloned into expression vectors and the subsequent plasmids introduced into cell lines for the production of whole antibody. The antibodies are then compared in appropriate biochemical and biological assays, and the optimal variant is identified.
The binding specificity of antigen-binding polypeptides of the present disclosure can be determined by in vitro assays such as immunoprecipitation, radioimmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA).
Alternatively, techniques described for the production of single-chain units (U.S. Pat. No. 4,694,778; Bird, Science 242:423-442 (1988); Huston et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 55:5879-5883 (1988); and Ward et al., Nature 334:544-554 (1989)) can be adapted to produce single-chain units of the present disclosure. Single-chain units are formed by linking the heavy and light chain fragments of the Fv region via an amino acid bridge, resulting in a single-chain fusion peptide. Techniques for the assembly of functional Fv fragments in E. coli may also be used (Skerra et al., Science 242: 1038-1041 (1988)).
Examples of techniques which can be used to produce single-chain Fvs (scFvs) and antibodies include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,946,778 and 5,258,498; Huston et al., Methods in Enzymology 203:46-88 (1991); Shu et al., Proc. Natl. Sci. USA 90:1995-1999 (1993); and Skerra et al., Science 240:1038-1040 (1988). For some uses, including in vivo use of antibodies in humans and in vitro detection assays, it may be preferable to use chimeric, humanized, or human antibodies. A chimeric antibody is a molecule in which different portions of the antibody are derived from different animal species, such as antibodies having a variable region derived from a murine monoclonal antibody and a human immunoglobulin constant region. Methods for producing chimeric antibodies are known in the art. See, e.g., Morrison, Science 229:1202 (1985); Oi et al., BioTechniques 4:214 (1986); Gillies et al., J. Immunol. Methods 125:191-202 (1989); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,807,715; 4,816,567; and 4,816,397, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
Humanized antibodies are antibody molecules derived from a non-human species antibody that bind the desired antigen having one or more complementarity determining regions (CDRs) from the non-human species and framework regions from a human immunoglobulin molecule. Often, framework residues in the human framework regions will be substituted with the corresponding residue from the CDR donor antibody to alter, preferably improve, antigen-binding. These framework substitutions are identified by methods well known in the art, e.g., by modeling of the interactions of the CDR and framework residues to identify framework residues important for antigen-binding and sequence comparison to identify unusual framework residues at particular positions. (See, e.g., Queen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,089; Riechmann et al., Nature 332:323 (1988), which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.) Antibodies can be humanized using a variety of techniques known in the art including, for example, CDR-grafting (EP 239,400; PCT publication WO 91/09967; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,225,539; 5,530,101; and 5,585,089), veneering or resurfacing (EP 592,106; EP 519,596; Padlan, Molecular Immunology 28(4/5):489-498 (1991); Studnicka et al., Protein Engineering 7(6):805-814 (1994); Roguska, et al., Proc. Natl. Sci. USA 91:969-973 (1994)), and chain shuffling (U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,332, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety).
Completely human antibodies are particularly desirable for therapeutic treatment of human patients. Human antibodies can be made by a variety of methods known in the art including phage display methods using antibody libraries derived from human immunoglobulin sequences. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,444,887 and 4,716,111; and PCT publications WO 98/46645, WO 98/50433, WO 98/24893, WO 98/16654, WO 96/34096, WO 96/33735, and WO 91/10741; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Human antibodies can also be produced using transgenic mice which are incapable of expressing functional endogenous immunoglobulins, but which can express human immunoglobulin genes. For example, the human heavy and light chain immunoglobulin gene complexes may be introduced randomly or by homologous recombination into mouse embryonic stem cells. Alternatively, the human variable region, constant region, and diversity region may be introduced into mouse embryonic stem cells in addition to the human heavy and light chain genes. The mouse heavy and light chain immunoglobulin genes may be rendered non-functional separately or simultaneously with the introduction of human immunoglobulin loci by homologous recombination. In particular, homozygous deletion of the JH region prevents endogenous antibody production. The modified embryonic stem cells are expanded and microinjected into blastocysts to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to produce homozygous offspring that express human antibodies. The transgenic mice are immunized in the normal fashion with a selected antigen, e.g., all or a portion of a desired target polypeptide. Monoclonal antibodies directed against the antigen can be obtained from the immunized, transgenic mice using conventional hybridoma technology. The human immunoglobulin transgenes harbored by the transgenic mice rearrange during B-cell differentiation, and subsequently undergo class switching and somatic mutation. Thus, using such a technique, it is possible to produce therapeutically useful IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE antibodies. For an overview of this technology for producing human antibodies, see Lonberg and Huszar Int. Rev. Immunol. 73:65-93 (1995). For a detailed discussion of this technology for producing human antibodies and human monoclonal antibodies and protocols for producing such antibodies, see, e.g., PCT publications WO 98/24893; WO 96/34096; WO 96/33735; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,413,923; 5,625,126; 5,633,425; 5,569,825; 5,661,016; 5,545,806; 5,814,318; and 5,939,598, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. In addition, companies such as Abgenix, Inc. (Freemont, Calif.) and GenPharm (San Jose, Calif.) can be engaged to provide human antibodies directed against a selected antigen using technology similar to that described above.
Completely human antibodies which recognize a selected epitope can also be generated using a technique referred to as “guided selection.” In this approach a selected non-human monoclonal antibody, e.g., a mouse antibody, is used to guide the selection of a completely human antibody recognizing the same epitope. (Jespers et al., Bio/Technology 72:899-903 (1988). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,332, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.)
In another embodiment, DNA encoding desired monoclonal antibodies may be readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and light chains of murine antibodies). The isolated and subcloned hybridoma cells serve as a preferred source of such DNA. Once isolated, the DNA may be placed into expression vectors, which are then transfected into prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cells such as E. coli cells, simian COS cells, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells or myeloma cells that do not otherwise produce immunoglobulins. More particularly, the isolated DNA (which may be synthetic as described herein) may be used to clone constant and variable region sequences for the manufacture antibodies as described in Newman et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,658,570, filed Jan. 25, 1995, which is incorporated by reference herein. Essentially, this entails extraction of RNA from the selected cells, conversion to cDNA, and amplification by PCR using Ig specific primers. Suitable primers for this purpose are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,658,570. As will be discussed in more detail below, transformed cells expressing the desired antibody may be grown up in relatively large quantities to provide clinical and commercial supplies of the immunoglobulin.
Additionally, using routine recombinant DNA techniques, one or more of the CDRs of the antigen-binding polypeptides of the present disclosure, may be inserted within framework regions, e.g., into human framework regions to humanize a non-human antibody. The framework regions may be naturally occurring or consensus framework regions, and preferably human framework regions (see, e.g., Chothia et al., J. Mol. Biol. 278:457-479 (1998) for a listing of human framework regions). Preferably, the polynucleotide generated by the combination of the framework regions and CDRs encodes an antibody that specifically binds to at least one epitope of a desired polypeptide, e.g., LIGHT. Preferably, one or more amino acid substitutions may be made within the framework regions, and, preferably, the amino acid substitutions improve binding of the antibody to its antigen. Additionally, such methods may be used to make amino acid substitutions or deletions of one or more variable region cysteine residues participating in an intrachain disulfide bond to generate antibody molecules lacking one or more intrachain disulfide bonds. Other alterations to the polynucleotide are encompassed by the present disclosure and within the skill of the art.
In addition, techniques developed for the production of “chimeric antibodies” (Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA: 851-855 (1984); Neuberger et al., Nature 372:604-608 (1984); Takeda et al., Nature 314:452-454 (1985)) by splicing genes from a mouse antibody molecule, of appropriate antigen specificity, together with genes from a human antibody molecule of appropriate biological activity can be used. As used herein, a chimeric antibody is a molecule in which different portions are derived from different animal species, such as those having a variable region derived from a murine monoclonal antibody and a human immunoglobulin constant region.
Yet another highly efficient means for generating recombinant antibodies is disclosed by Newman, Biotechnology 10: 1455-1460 (1992). Specifically, this technique results in the generation of primatized antibodies that contain monkey variable domains and human constant sequences. This reference is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. Moreover, this technique is also described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,658,570, 5,693,780 and 5,756,096 each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Alternatively, antibody-producing cell lines may be selected and cultured using techniques well known to the skilled artisan. Such techniques are described in a variety of laboratory manuals and primary publications. In this respect, techniques suitable for use in the disclosure as described below are described in Current Protocols in Immunology, Coligan et al., Eds., Green Publishing Associates and Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley and Sons, New York (1991) which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, including supplements.
Additionally, standard techniques known to those of skill in the art can be used to introduce mutations in the nucleotide sequence encoding an antibody of the present disclosure, including, but not limited to, site-directed mutagenesis and PCR-mediated mutagenesis which result in amino acid substitutions. Preferably, the variants (including derivatives) encode less than 50 amino acid substitutions, less than 40 amino acid substitutions, less than 30 amino acid substitutions, less than 25 amino acid substitutions, less than 20 amino acid substitutions, less than 15 amino acid substitutions, less than 10 amino acid substitutions, less than 5 amino acid substitutions, less than 4 amino acid substitutions, less than 3 amino acid substitutions, or less than 2 amino acid substitutions relative to the reference variable heavy chain region, CDR-H1, CDR-H2, CDR-H3, variable light chain region, CDR-L1, CDR-L2, or CDR-L3. Alternatively, mutations can be introduced randomly along all or part of the coding sequence, such as by saturation mutagenesis, and the resultant mutants can be screened for biological activity to identify mutants that retain activity.
Treatment and Diagnostic Methods
As described herein, the antigen-binding polypeptides, variants or derivatives of the present disclosure may be used in certain treatments and diagnostic methods associated with cancer or an infectious disease.
The present disclosure is further directed to antibody-based therapies which involve administering the bispecific antibodies of the disclosure to a patient such as an animal, a mammal, and a human for treating one or more of the disorders or conditions described herein. Therapeutic compounds of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, antibodies of the disclosure (including variants and derivatives thereof as described herein) and nucleic acids or polynucleotides encoding antibodies of the disclosure (including variants and derivatives thereof as described herein).
The antibodies of the disclosure can also be used to treat, inhibit or prevent diseases, disorders or conditions including malignant diseases, disorders, or conditions associated with such diseases or disorder such as diseases associated with increased cell survival, or the inhibition of apoptosis, for example cancers (such as follicular lymphomas, carcinomas with p53 mutations, and hormone-dependent tumors, including, but not limited to colon cancer, cardiac tumors, pancreatic cancer, melanoma, retinoblastoma, glioblastoma, lung cancer, intestinal cancer, testicular cancer, stomach cancer, neuroblastoma, myxoma, myoma, lymphoma, endothelioma, osteoblastoma, osteoclastoma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, adenoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma and ovarian cancer); autoimmune disorders (such as, multiple sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, autoimmune diabetes, biliary cirrhosis, Behcet's disease, Crohn's disease, polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus and immune-related glomerulonephritis, autoimmune gastritis, autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, and rheumatoid arthritis) and viral infections (such as herpes viruses, pox viruses and adenoviruses), inflammation, graft vs. host disease (acute and/or chronic), acute graft rejection, and chronic graft rejection. Antigen binding polypeptides, variants or derivatives thereof of the present disclosure are used to inhibit growth, progression, and/or metastasis of cancers, in particular those listed above or in the paragraph that follows.
Additional diseases or conditions associated with increased cell survival, that may be treated, prevented, diagnosed and/or prognosed with the antibodies or variants, or derivatives thereof of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, progression, and/or metastases of malignancies and related disorders such as leukemia (including acute leukemias (e.g., acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia (including myeloblastic, promyelocytic, myelomonocytic, monocytic, and erythroleukemia)) and chronic leukemias (e.g., chronic myelocytic (granulocytic) leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia)), polycythemia vera, lymphomas (e.g., Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's disease), multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, heavy chain disease, and solid tumors including, but not limited to, sarcomas and carcinomas such as fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyo sarcoma, colon carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilm's tumor, cervical cancer, testicular tumor, lung carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, menangioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma and retinoblastoma.
The antibodies of the present disclosure can also be used to treat an infectious disease caused by a microorganism, or kill a microorganism, by targeting the microorganism and an immune cell to effect elimination of the microorganism. In one aspect, the microorganism is a virus including RNA and DNA viruses, a Gram positive bacterium, a Gram negative bacterium, a protozoa or a fungus. Non-limiting examples of infectious diseases and related microorganisms are provided in Table 6 below.
Acinetobacter baumannii
Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces
gerencseriae and Propionibacterium propionicus
Trypanosoma brucei
Entamoeba histolytica
Anaplasma genus
Bacillus anthracis
Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
Ascaris lumbricoides
Aspergillus genus
Babesia genus
Bacillus cereus infection
Bacillus cereus
Bacteroides infection
Bacteroides genus
Balantidium coli
Baylisascaris genus
Piedraia hortae
Blastocystis hominis infection
Blastocystis hominis
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Borrelia infection
Borrelia genus
Clostridium botulinum
Brucella genus
Burkholderia infection
Burkholderia species
Mycobacterium ulcerans
Campylobacter genus
Candida species
Bartonella henselae
Staphylococcus
Trypanosoma cruzi
Haemophilus ducreyi
Chlamydia
Chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection
Chlamydophilapneumoniae
Vibrio cholerae
Clonorchis sinensis
Clostridium difficile
Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides
posadasii
Cryptococcus neoformans
Cryptosporidium genus
Cyclospora cayetanensis
Taenia solium
Cytomegalovirus
Dientamoeba fragilis
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Diphyllobothrium
Dracunculus medinensis
Echinococcus genus
Ehrlichia genus
Enterobius vermicularis
Enterococcus infection
Enterococcus genus
Enterovirus genus
Rickettsia prowazekii
Fasciolopsis buski
Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica
Clostridium perfringens
Fusobacterium infection
Fusobacterium genus
Clostridium species
Geotrichum c andidum
Giardia intestinalis
Burkholderia mallei
Gnathostoma spinigerum and
Gnathostoma hispidum
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Klebsiella granulomatis
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus agalactiae
Haemophilus influenzae
Helicobacter pylori
Escherichia coli O157:H7, O111 and
Histoplasma capsulatum
Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator
americanus
Ehrlichia ewingii
Anaplasmaphagocytophilum
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis
diminuta
Isospora belli
Kingella kingae infection
Kingella kingae
Legionella pneumophila
Legionella pneumophila
Leishmania genus
Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium
lepromatosis
Leptospira genus
Listeria monocytogenes
Borrelia species
Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
Plasmodium genus
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Neisseria meningitidis
usually Metagonimus yokagawai
Microsporidia phylum
Rickettsia typhi
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Nocardia species
Onchocerca volvulus
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Pasteurella genus
Pediculosis capitis (Head lice)
Pediculus humanus capitis
Pediculosis corporis (Body lice)
Pediculus humanus corporis
Pediculosis pubis (Pubic lice, Crab lice)
Phthirus pubis
Bordetella pertussis
Yersinia pestis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Prevotella genus
Chlamydophila psittaci
Coxiella burnetii
Streptobacillus moniliformis and Spirillum
minus
Rhinosporidium seeberi
Rickettsia genus
Rickettsia akari
Rickettsia rickettsii
Salmonella genus
Sarcoptes scabiei
Schistosoma genus
Shigella genus
Sporothrix schenckii
Staphylococcus genus
Staphylococcus genus
Strongyloides stercoralis
Treponema pallidum
Taenia genus
Clostridium tetani
chophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton
mentagrophytes
Trichophyton rubrum
Malassezia genus
Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati
Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati
Toxoplasma gondii
Trichinella spiralis
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichuris trichiura
Francisella tularensis
Ureaplasma urealyticum
Trichosporon beigelii
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Yersinia enterocolitica
A specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the particular antigen-binding polypeptide, variant or derivative thereof used, the patient's age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet, and the time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the severity of the particular disease being treated. Judgment of such factors by medical caregivers is within the ordinary skill in the art. The amount will also depend on the individual patient to be treated, the route of administration, the type of formulation, the characteristics of the compound used, the severity of the disease, and the desired effect. The amount used can be determined by pharmacological and pharmacokinetic principles well known in the art.
Methods of administration of the antigen-binding polypeptides, variants or include but are not limited to intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, and oral routes. The antigen-binding polypeptides or compositions may be administered by any convenient route, for example by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc.) and may be administered together with other biologically active agents. Thus, pharmaceutical compositions containing the antigen-binding polypeptides of the disclosure may be administered orally, rectally, parenterally, intracistemally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments, drops or transdermal patch), bucally, or as an oral or nasal spray.
The term “parenteral” as used herein refers to modes of administration which include intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrasternal, subcutaneous and intraarticular injection and infusion.
Administration can be systemic or local. In addition, it may be desirable to introduce the antibodies of the disclosure into the central nervous system by any suitable route, including intraventricular and intrathecal injection; intraventricular injection may be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example, attached to a reservoir, such as an Ommaya reservoir. Pulmonary administration can also be employed, e.g., by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent.
It may be desirable to administer the antigen-binding polypeptides or compositions of the disclosure locally to the area in need of treatment; this may be achieved by, for example, and not by way of limitation, local infusion during surgery, topical application, e.g., in conjunction, with a wound dressing after surgery, by injection, by means of a catheter, by means of a suppository, or by means of an implant, said implant being of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes, such as sialastic membranes, or fibers. Preferably, when administering a protein, including an antibody, of the disclosure, care must be taken to use materials to which the protein does not absorb.
In another embodiment, the antigen-binding polypeptide or composition can be delivered in a vesicle, in particular a liposome (see Langer, 1990, Science 249:1527-1533; Treat et al., in Liposomes in the Therapy of Infectious Disease and Cancer, Lopez-Berestein and Fidler (eds.), Liss, New York, pp. 353-365 (1989); Lopez-Berestein, ibid., pp. 317-327; see generally ibid.)
In yet another embodiment, the antigen-binding polypeptide or composition can be delivered in a controlled release system. In one embodiment, a pump may be used (see Sefton, 1987, CRC Crit. Ref Biomed. Eng. 14:201; Buchwald et al., 1980, Surgery 88:507; Saudek et al., 1989, N. Engl. J. Med. 321:574). In another embodiment, polymeric materials can be used (see Medical Applications of Controlled Release, Langer and Wise (eds.), CRC Pres., Boca Raton, Fla. (1974); Controlled Drug Bioavailability, Drug Product Design and Performance, Smolen and Ball (eds.), Wiley, New York (1984); Ranger and Peppas, J., 1983, Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. 23:61; see also Levy et al., 1985, Science 228:190; During et al., 1989, Ann. Neurol. 25:351; Howard et al., 1989, J. Neurosurg. 71:105). In yet another embodiment, a controlled release system can be placed in proximity of the therapeutic target, i.e., the brain, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose (see, e.g., Goodson, in Medical Applications of Controlled Release, supra, vol. 2, pp. 115-138 (1984)). Other controlled release systems are discussed in the review by Langer (1990, Science 249:1527-1533).
In a specific embodiment where the composition of the disclosure comprises a nucleic acid or polynucleotide encoding a protein, the nucleic acid can be administered in vivo to promote expression of its encoded protein, by constructing it as part of an appropriate nucleic acid expression vector and administering it so that it becomes intracellular, e.g., by use of a retroviral vector (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,980,286), or by direct injection, or by use of microparticle bombardment (e.g., a gene gun; Biolistic, Dupont), or coating with lipids or cell-surface receptors or transfecting agents, or by administering it in linkage to a homeobox-like peptide which is known to enter the nucleus (see, e.g., Joliot et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:1864-1868), etc. Alternatively, a nucleic acid can be introduced intracellularly and incorporated within host cell DNA for expression, by homologous recombination.
The amount of the antibodies of the disclosure which will be effective in the treatment, inhibition and prevention of an inflammatory, immune or malignant disease, disorder or condition can be determined by standard clinical techniques. In addition, in vitro assays may optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise dose to be employed in the formulation will also depend on the route of administration, and the seriousness of the disease, disorder or condition, and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient's circumstances. Effective doses may be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems.
As a general proposition, the dosage administered to a patient of the antigen-binding polypeptides of the present disclosure is typically 0.1 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg of the patient's body weight, between 0.1 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg of the patient's body weight, or 1 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg of the patient's body weight. Generally, human antibodies have a longer half-life within the human body than antibodies from other species due to the immune response to the foreign polypeptides. Thus, lower dosages of human antibodies and less frequent administration is often possible. Further, the dosage and frequency of administration of antibodies of the disclosure may be reduced by enhancing uptake and tissue penetration (e.g., into the brain) of the antibodies by modifications such as, for example, lipidation.
The methods for treating an infectious or malignant disease, condition or disorder comprising administration of an antibody, variant, or derivative thereof of the disclosure are typically tested in vitro, and then in vivo in an acceptable animal model, for the desired therapeutic or prophylactic activity, prior to use in humans. Suitable animal models, including transgenic animals, are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, in vitro assays to demonstrate the therapeutic utility of antigen-binding polypeptide described herein include the effect of an antigen-binding polypeptide on a cell line or a patient tissue sample. The effect of the antigen-binding polypeptide on the cell line and/or tissue sample can be determined utilizing techniques known to those of skill in the art, such as the assays disclosed elsewhere herein. In accordance with the disclosure, in vitro assays which can be used to determine whether administration of a specific antigen-binding polypeptide is indicated, include in vitro cell culture assays in which a patient tissue sample is grown in culture, and exposed to or otherwise administered a compound, and the effect of such compound upon the tissue sample is observed.
Various delivery systems are known and can be used to administer an antibody of the disclosure or a polynucleotide encoding an antibody of the disclosure, e.g., encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, recombinant cells capable of expressing the compound, receptor-mediated endocytosis (see, e.g., Wu and Wu, 1987, J. Biol. Chem. 262:4429-4432), construction of a nucleic acid as part of a retroviral or other vector, etc.
In a further embodiment, the compositions of the disclosure are administered in combination with an antineoplastic agent, an antiviral agent, antibacterial or antibiotic agent or antifungal agents. Any of these agents known in the art may be administered in the compositions of the current disclosure.
In another embodiment, compositions of the disclosure are administered in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent. Chemotherapeutic agents that may be administered with the compositions of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, antibiotic derivatives (e.g., doxorubicin, bleomycin, daunorubicin, and dactinomycin); antiestrogens (e.g., tamoxifen); antimetabolites (e.g., fluorouracil, 5-FU, methotrexate, floxuridine, interferon alpha-2b, glutamic acid, plicamycin, mercaptopurine, and 6-thioguanine); cytotoxic agents (e.g., carmustine, BCNU, lomustine, CCNU, cytosine arabinoside, cyclophosphamide, estramustine, hydroxyurea, procarbazine, mitomycin, busulfan, cis-platin, and vincristine sulfate); hormones (e.g., medroxyprogesterone, estramustine phosphate sodium, ethinyl estradiol, estradiol, megestrol acetate, methyltestosterone, diethylstilbestrol diphosphate, chlorotrianisene, and testolactone); nitrogen mustard derivatives (e.g., mephalen, chorambucil, mechlorethamine (nitrogen mustard) and thiotepa); steroids and combinations (e.g., bethamethasone sodium phosphate); and others (e.g., dicarbazine, asparaginase, mitotane, vincristine sulfate, vinblastine sulfate, and etoposide).
In an additional embodiment, the compositions of the disclosure are administered in combination with cytokines. Cytokines that may be administered with the compositions of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, anti-CD40, CD40L, and TNF-a.
In additional embodiments, the compositions of the disclosure are administered in combination with other therapeutic or prophylactic regimens, such as, for example, radiation therapy.
Compositions
The present disclosure also provides pharmaceutical compositions. Such compositions comprise an effective amount of an antibody, and an acceptable carrier. In a specific embodiment, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans. Further, a “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” will generally be a non-toxic solid, semisolid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type.
The term “carrier” refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the therapeutic is administered. Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. Water is a preferred carrier when the pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. The composition, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents such as acetates, citrates or phosphates. Antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose are also envisioned. These compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained-release formulations and the like. The composition can be formulated as a suppository, with traditional binders and carriers such as triglycerides. Oral formulation can include standard carriers such as pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, etc. Examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences by E. W. Martin, incorporated herein by reference. Such compositions will contain a therapeutically effective amount of the antigen-binding polypeptide, preferably in purified form, together with a suitable amount of carrier so as to provide the form for proper administration to the patient. The formulation should suit the mode of administration. The parental preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
In an embodiment, the composition is formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a pharmaceutical composition adapted for intravenous administration to human beings. Typically, compositions for intravenous administration are solutions in sterile isotonic aqueous buffer. Where necessary, the composition may also include a solubilizing agent and a local anesthetic such as lignocaine to ease pain at the site of the injection. Generally, the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent. Where the composition is to be administered by infusion, it can be dispensed with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline. Where the composition is administered by injection, an ampoule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to administration.
The compounds of the disclosure can be formulated as neutral or salt forms. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those formed with anions such as those derived from hydrochloric, phosphoric, acetic, oxalic, tartaric acids, etc., and those formed with cations such as those derived from sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, ferric hydroxides, isopropylamine, triethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, etc.
Materials
Polynucleotides encoding VL and VH of anti human Her2 humanized monoclonal antibody Herceptin, VL and VH of anti human CD3 humanized monoclonal antibody HOKT3, IgG1 heavy chain constant region CH1, the hinge region of Hinge and Fc, and kappa chain constant region of CL were obtained from Life Technologies Inc. (Carlsbad, Calif.). The linker sequence, (GGGGS)3 (residues 120 to 134 of SEQ ID NO: 1), connecting the OKT3 ScFv and VL and VH, was synthesized using conventional methods.
Methods and Results
1. Construction of Expression Vectors
pcDNA3.1 (−) was used as the expression vector to prepare the Herceptin heavy chain expression construct. pcDNA3.1 (+) Hygro was used as expression vector to prepare the Herceptin light chain expression construct and the HOKT3 single-chain construct. Primers were designed according to the sequences of VL, VH, ScFv, CH1 and Fc and multiple cloning sites of pcDNA3.1 (−) and pcDNA3.1 (+) Hygro vectors (Table 7). The VL and CL, VH and CH1, CH1 and Fc, ScFv VL and VH, ScFv and Fc fragments were connected by the overlap extension PCR method.
PCR amplification conditions for VL, CL, VH and CH1 included incubation at 95° C. for 5 minutes followed by 25 cycles of 30 seconds of degeneration at 95° C., 30 seconds annealing at 56° C., 1 minute extension at 72° C., with a closing extension for 10 minutes at 72° C.
PCR amplification conditions for Fc and ScFv were similar except that each of the 25 cycles included 1 minute of degeneration at 95° C., 1 minute annealing at 56° C., and 2 minutes extension at 72° C. 1 minute.
Overlap extension PCT was used to connect VH and CH1, and VL and CL of Herceptin. Equal amounts of recovered VH and CH1, or VL and CL, and CH1 and Fc served as templates and primers to each other. Other conditions are similar to conventional PCR, with 2 cycles of: 2 minutes of denaturing at 95° C., 2 minutes of annealing at 55° C., 2 minutes of extension at 72° C. Then VH 5′end oligonucleotide primers and CL 3′ end primers were added, incubated with 25 cycles of 95° C. denaturing for 1 minute, 1 minute at 56° C. for annealing, and extension for 2 minutes at 72° C. The closing loop included 10 minutes extension at 72° C.
The conditions of overlap extension PCR connection for VH-CH1 and Fc, ScFv and Fc included recovered VHCH1 with equal amount of Fc, ScFv and Fc as template and primer. The initial incubation included 2 cycles of 95° C. denaturing for 2 minutes, 55° C. annealing for 2 minutes, and extension at 72° C. for 3 minutes. VH 5′end oligonucleotide primers and CL 3′ end primer were then added, followed by 25 cycles of 1 minute denaturing at 95° C., 1 minute annealing at 56° C., and 3 minutes extension at 72° C. The closing a loop included 10 minutes extension at 72° C.
PCR products were collected with a DNA fragment Recovery Kit and the VH-CH1-Fc fragment was isolated with dual digestions with NheI and XhoI. The fragment was then inserted into the pcDNA3.1(−) vector and was named pcDNA3.1(−)-Herceptin Heavy Chain. Likewise, the ScFv-Fc fragment for HOKT3 (with dual digestion by NheI and XhoI), the VL-CL fragment of Herceptin (with dual digestion by NheI and BamHI), were also inserted into pcDNA3.1(+)Hygro vector and were named pcDNA3.1(+)Hygro-HOKT3 single chain and pcDNA3.1(+)Hygro-Herceptin light chain, respectively.
2. Point Mutations
Point mutations were generated with Quickchange® Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit and primers (Table 8) for pcDNA3.1(−)-Herceptin Heavy chain and pcDNA3.1 (+) Hygro-HOKT3 single chain Fc. The reactions were carried out in accordance with kit manuals. The mutations were confirmed by sequencing (sequencing vectors are shown in
Table 9 below shows the sequences of each of the chains in the anti-Her2/neu-anti-CD3 bispecific antibody.
3. Amplification
The recombinant plasmids were transformed into E. coli TOP10. Single colonies were picked and grown on LB medium containing 100 mg/L ampicillin, at 37° C. for 16 hours under oscillation conditions. The bacteria were then collected by 8000×g centrifugation for 10 minutes. Plasmids were isolated with Tiangen endotoxin kit, dissolved in 1 ml elution EB buffer. 1.42 ml isopropanol and 0.42 ml NaCl were used to precipitate the plasmids, which were washed with 70% 0.5 ml ethanol, twice, followed by air-dry in clean bench, and dissolution in sterilizing ultrapure water (1 ml). Plasmid concentrations were measured at OD260/280. An OD260/280 value between 1.8˜1.9 indicates high purity of plasmid DNA.
4. Transfection and Expression of MSBODY in Mammalian Cells 293F
Twenty-four hours prior to transfection, 1×106 293F cells were inoculated in a 125 ml flask containing 28 ml 293 freestyle medium at 37° C. with 8% CO2 at 130 rpm. One hundred μl 293fectin was added to 1 ml OPtiMEM and, upon mixing, was incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes. Meanwhile, recombinant plasmids pcDNA3.1 (+) Hygro-HOKT3 single chain LDY, pcDNA3.1-Herceptin Heavy chain TKK (−) and pcDNA3.1 (+) Hygro-Herceptin light chain were admixed at a ratio of 3:2:1. The total amount of DNA quantity was 30 ug, dissolved in 1 ml OPtiMEM. Then DNA and 293fectin were fully mixed, and the total volume was 2 ml, which was incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes. The mixture was then added to the cell culture. The cells were cultured at 37° C. with 5% CO2, in an incubator, at 130 rpm, for 5 days. Antibody expression in cell supernatant was detected by SDS-PAGE and western blot (
5. Antibody Purification
The cell culture was centrifuged at 2000×g and the supernatant was collected and filtered with a 0.22 micron filtration. The collected cultured was diluted with 10 times (by volume) binding buffer (9.5 mM NaH2PO4+40.5 mM Na2HPO4, pH7.0), then purified through Sepharose Fast Flow protein A affinity chromatography column (purchased from GE company, 5 ml volume), Fab Affinity KBP Agarose High Flow Resin(purchased from ACROBiosystemscompany, 5 ml volume), and SP cation-exchanged chromatography column (purchased from GE company, 10 ml), based on manufacturer's manuals. The purified proteins were confirmed with 6% gel SDS-PAGE and coomassie blue staining (see
The ability of the anti-Her2/neu-anti-CD3 bispecific antibody (MSBODY) to bind to cells having Her2 and CD3 was tested with BT474, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).
3×105 BT474 cells were collected from cell culture, and incubated with 50 μl 1 PBS, 10 nM Herceptin or 20 nM of the bispecific antibody. Thirty minutes later, the cells were washed twice with 1% FBS/PBS and the mixed with 2.5 μl 1 PE-labeled anti-human IgG Fc. The mixtures were incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes, and the cells were again washed with 1% FBS/PBS. The samples were then subject to examination on the FACS equipment.
As
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) also express CD3. 1.5×106 PBMC cells were prepared and incubated with 50 μl 1 PBS, 12.5 nM hOKT3 or 12.5 nM of the bispecific antibody. The abundance of PBMC cells bound by the bispecific ligand (dark solid line) was as high as by HOKT3 (dark dotted line) (
BT-474 cells, serving as target cells, were plated in a 96-well plate (10000 cells/well). Twenty-four hours later, isolated human PBMC (effector cells) were added, and the mixture was then co-incubated with a HOKT3 antibody, a MSBODY, a human IgG protein or PBS alone (40:1 effector-to-target (E-T) ratio).
Antibody-induced cytotoxicity was measured for MSBODY, Herceptin, HOKT3, and Herceptin+HOKT3, with human IgG as control. BT-474 cells (target cell) were first stained with 5 M CFSE and then mixed with human PBMC (effector cells; E-T ratio: 5:1). Equal concentrations of Herceptin, HOKT3, Herceptin+HOKT3, MSBODY and human IgG were added into the cell culture. Following 24-hour incubation, the cells were collected and stained with 1 μg/ml PI, and were counted with flow cytometry (MoFlo XDP, Beckman Coulter). A cell was counted as dead it was dually stained with CFSE and PI. Cell death rate was measured as the ratio between dead cells and total cells. The cytotoxicity was calculated as the difference between the measured cell death rate and natural cell death rate. The results were shown in
Another cytotoxicity study was performed with human T lymphocyte as the effector cell and BT-474 as the target cell. BT-474 cells were first stained with 5 μM CFSE. The next day, human PBMC were mixed with 50 nM human IgG, Herceptin+HOKT3, MSBODY, or PBS, at room temperature for 30 minutes. The cells were then washed twice with 1% FBS-PBS, and then resuspended in 20% FBS. The treated PBMC cells were then added to BT-474 cells, at E-T ratios of: 20:1, 10:1, 5:1, 2.5:1 and 1.25:1. The mixed cells were incubated for 48 hours (
This example, therefore, shows unexpectedly that MSBODY is as effective as HOKT3 in causing cell aggregation and causes higher cytotoxicity than both Herceptin and HOKT3.
This example compares the MSBODY with other types of antibodies that have specificity to either or both Her2/neu and CD3, and shows the unexpectedly high activity and stability of the MSBODY.
The various types of antibodies tested in this example are illustrated in
The antibody in
To compare the binding affinity of MSBODY and SMBODY to Her2 expressing cells, 3×105 BT-474 cells were incubated with various dilutions of purified MSBODY or SMBODY in 50 μl of Dulbecco's PBS+1% Fetal Bovine Serum (1% FBS-PBS) for 30 minutes at room temperature (RT) with gentle mixing. Cells were then washed two times in 1% FBS-PBS and incubated for 30 minutes in 50 μl of 1% FBS-PBS containing 10 μg/ml PE conjugated mouse anti-human IgG Fc antibody (Biolegend, 409304). Cells were again washed twice, re-suspended in 1% FBS-PBS, and subjected to flow cytometry.
BT-474 cells used in the described binding assay were analyzed by flow cytometry (MoFlo XDP, Beckman Coulter) to detect cell-bound antibody (
The thermal stability of MSBODY, as compared to SMBODY and various single-chain antibodies, was measured with a thermal challenge assay. Herceptin, Herceptin single-chain, MSBODY and SSBODY were diluted to 0.5 mg/mL and placed at various temperatures ranging from 37° C. to 82° C. (5° C. steps) for one hour.
Her2 proteins (2.5 μg/ml), incubated at 4° C. overnight were treated with 3% F BS for 2 hours. After 3 washes with PBST, the antibodies were diluted to 1 nM and reacted with Her2 for 1 hour. Subsequently, anti-human IgG Fc-HRP (1:10K) were added and kept at reacting temperature for half an hour. The samples were then washed five times with PBST and stained with TMB, which was read at OD 450.
Antibody-induced cytotoxicity was measured for MSBODY and SMBODY, with human IgG as control. Her2-high BT-474 cells that express relatively high level of Her2 protein, and Her2-low cells such as MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 that express relatively low level of Her2 protein, were first stained with 5 μM CFSE and then mixed with human PBMC (effector cells; E-T ratio: 5:1). Equal concentrations of MSBODY, SMBODY and human IgG were added into the cell culture. Following 48-hour incubation, the cells were collected and stained with 1 μg/ml PI, and were counted with flow cytometry (MoFlo XDP, Beckman Coulter). A cell was counted as dead when it was dually stained with CFSE and PI. Cell death rate was measured as the ratio between dead cells and total cells. The cytotoxicity was calculated as the difference between the measured cell death rate and natural cell death rate. The results were shown in
The above examples show the preparation and testing of a specific monovalent single-chain bispecific antibody (MSBODY), which includes a monovalent unit specific for Her2/neu and a single-chain unit for CD3. Using similar methods, additional such MSBODY can be prepared and used, each having a monovalent unit recognizing a tumor cell and a single-chain unit recognizing an effector cell.
For instance, one MSBODY can include a monovalent unit containing a modified light chain and heavy chain of an antibody such as rituximab, an anti-AC133 antibody and cetuximab. The heavy chain and light chain sequences of rituximab sequence are provided in the table below.
The heavy chain and light chain sequences of an anti-AC133 antibody sequence are provided in the table below.
The heavy chain and light chain sequences of cetuximab are provided in the table below.
Each of the heavy chains as illustrated above can be modified to introduce a salt-bridge and/or a knob into the hole. Examples of such modifications are provided in Tables 1-3.
The present disclosure is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described which are intended as single illustrations of individual aspects of the disclosure, and any compositions or methods which are functionally equivalent are within the scope of this disclosure. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the methods and compositions of the present disclosure without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, it is intended that the present disclosure cover the modifications and variations of this disclosure provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20070287170 | Davis et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20080031874 | Sanders | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20100286374 | Kannan et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20110217302 | Odegard et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20130058937 | Auer et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130078249 | Ast et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130078250 | Ast et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130171095 | Bernett et al. | Jul 2013 | A1 |
| 20140154253 | Ng et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| 20140170149 | Neijssen et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| WO-2012069466 | May 2012 | WO |
| WO-2012123949 | Sep 2012 | WO |
| WO-2012143524 | Oct 2012 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| Muda et al., Protein Eng. Design Selection, May 2011; 24(5):447-54. |
| Annemiek V. van Spriel, et al., “Immunotherapeutic Perspective for Bispecific Antibodies”, Immunology Today, Aug. 2000, vol. 21, No. 8, pp. 391-397, ISSN 0167-5699. |
| Ahmad, et al., “scFv antibody: Principles and clinical application”, Clinical and Developmental Immunology, pp. 1-15, (2012). |
| Jin, et al., “The design and Engineering of IgG-Like bispecific antibodies”, Bispecific Antibodies, Chapter 9, pp. 1-19, (2010). |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/CN2012/084982 dated Aug. 12, 2013. |
| Ridgway, et al., “Knobs-into-holes engineering of antibody CH3 domains for heavy chain heterodimerization”, Protein Engineering, vol. 9, No. 7, pp. 617-621, (1996). |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20140243505 A1 | Aug 2014 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/CN2012/084982 | Nov 2012 | US |
| Child | 14209708 | US |
