This patent generally pertains to oil wells with downhole pumps and more specifically to means for prolonging the life of casings, tubing and/or collars associated with such oil wells.
An oil well is a complex engineering system designed for extracting crude oil or other production fluid from the earth's crust. The system consists of various parts including a wellhead, casing, production tubing, a pumpjack, sucker rods, a downhole pump, a seating nipple, a gas anchor, and a bull plug. The wellhead is located at the surface and serves as the entry point to the wellbore.
The casing is a long series of steel pipe that lines the hole drilled in the ground and protects the wellbore from collapsing. It also helps inhibit oil, gas, and water from mixing and contaminating the oil reservoir deep underground.
The production tubing, on the other hand, is smaller in diameter than the casing. Tubing is made up of several individual pipes, called joints, that are threaded together to form a continuous string. The string of tubing runs from the wellhead and down through the casing to where it connects to the downhole pump. Tubing is designed to transport the oil from the reservoir to the surface.
Sucker rods are a series of long steel rods that are threaded together to form a continuous string of sucker rods. The sucker rods extend from the pumpjack at the surface, down through the production tubing, and to the downhole pump. The sucker rods transmit the up-and-down motion of the pumpjack to the downhole pump.
The downhole pump is a mechanical reciprocating pump attached to the production tubing near the bottom of the wellbore to extract oil from the reservoir. The downhole pump is driven in reciprocating motion by the pumpjack, via the sucker rods, to force the oil up through the tubing to the surface.
Other parts of an oil well include the bull plug, seating nipple, and gas anchor. The bull plug is a solid metal plug used to close the lower end of the tubing. The seating nipple affixes the downhole pump to the string of tubing. The gas anchor is a perforated tube extending below the downhole pump. The gas anchor helps separate gas from the oil, thereby ensuring that the oil flows smoothly up the tubing.
Over time, some parts of an oil well can erode or corrode, leading to reduced efficiency and potentially dangerous conditions. The casing and tubing, for example, can experience corrosion-induced pitting due to exposure to acidic gases or fluids, leading to leaks and instability.
Referring to
In some examples, the string of sucker rods 20b is interconnected by threaded connections. Likewise, some examples of the string of tubing 20a are interconnected by threaded tubing collars 24 (also known as couplings). In the illustrated example, the string of tubing 20a includes a seating nipple 26 and a perforated sub 28. The seating nipple 26 holds the pump 18, and the perforated sub 28 is a section of perorated tube extending several feet below the pump 18.
Some examples of the downhole pump 18 include a pump housing 30 with a standing valve 32, a plunger 34 with a traveling valve 36, and a pump chamber 38 between the two valves 32 and 36. In some examples, a gas anchor 40, in the form of a tube with slits 42, connects to the lower end of the pump housing 30. The gas anchor 40 directs the production fluid 14 into a suction inlet 44 that leads to the standing valve 32. An upper flange 46 and a set of seals 48 (e.g., packing, glands, chevron seals, etc.) holds the pump housing 30 fixed to the seating nipple 26.
In the illustrated example, a combination bull plug 50 is screwed onto a lower tubing collar 24 to block off the bottom end of the perforated sub 28. The combination bull plug 20 helps prevent the production fluid 14 from bypassing a gas/liquid separation flow pattern created by gas anchor 40 and the perforated sub 28. Details of the combination bull plug 20 can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 818,804; which is specifically incorporated herein by reference.
To mitigate chemical or galvanic corrosion of the casing 16, the tubing collars 24, and/or the perforated sub 28; the bottom tubing cap 10 is attached to the lower end of the wellstring 20, as shown in
Under normal operation, the production fluid 14 flows sequentially through the perforations 22 in the casing 16. up through an annulus 54 between the casing 16 and the string of tubing 20a, through apertures 56 in the perforated sub 28, down through another annulus 58 between the perforated sub 28 and the gas anchor 40, through the slits 42 in the gas anchor 40, up through the gas anchor 40, through the suction inlet 44 of the pump housing 30, through the standing valve 32, through the pump chamber 38, through the traveling valve 36, and up through the string of tubing 20a to the top of the well 12.
The flow is driven by a known pumpjack driving the string of sucker rods 20b in reciprocating motion, which in turn drives the pump's plunger 34 in reciprocating motion along the pump chamber 38. The valves 32 and 36 act as one-way check valves to ensure the production fluid 14 moves in the right direction.
Various examples of the bottom tubing cap 10 (e.g., bottom tubing caps 10a, 10b and 10c) are shown in
In some examples, the internal threads 70 are also on the lower section 64b of the collar 24 to help grip the protective plug 60. In some examples, the protective plug 60 is engaged in intimate contact with the internal threads 70 on the lower section 64b. The term, “intimate contact,” as it relates to the protective plug 60 being in intimate contact with the internal threads 70, means that at least a portion of the protective plug 60 actually touches at least a portion of the internal threads 70. So even though some portions of protective plug 60 are in intimate contact with the internal threads 70, other portions of the protective plug 60 might be spaced apart from the internal threads 70.
For instance, in some examples, even though the protective plug 60 is engaged in intimate contact with the internal threads 70 on the lower section 64b, the protective plug 60 and the internal threads 70 on the lower section 64b define a helical gap 72 therebetween. The helical gap 72 runs partway along a root 74 of the internal threads 70. So as not to diminish the structural integrity of the bottom tubing cap 10, the helical gap 72, in some examples, is spaced apart from the lower collar edge 66. Thus, in such examples, the helical gap 72 is closer to an upper plug end 76 of the protective plug 10 than to the lower collar edge 66.
In some examples, the helical gap 72 extending only partway along the thread's root 74 provides a telltale indicator that the protective plug 10 was melted and cast in place rather than machined and screwed in place. Thus, the existence of the helical gap 72 indicates that the protective plug 60 is bonded intimately well to the collar 24 to ensure an effective galvanic coupling between the protective plug 60 and the collar 24.
In some examples, the protective plug 60 is engaged in intimate contact with the collar's lower section 64b even in cases where the collar's lower section 64b does not necessarily have the internal threads 70. The protective plug 60 has its upper plug end 76 axial interposed between the lower collar edge 66 and the upper collar edge 68. The terms, “axial” and “axially” refer to a direction running parallel to a longitudinal axis 78 of the downhole pump 18.
The protective plug 60 has a lower plug end 80 extending axially beyond the collar 24. The protective plug 10 has an intermediate surface 82 axially interposed between the lower plug end 80 and the upper plug end 76. The intermediate surface 82 of the protective plug 10 is adjacent to the lower collar edge 66.
The protective plug 60 is comprised of a second material 84 (
In some examples, to help prevent galvanic corrosion at a critical location 86 where the protective plug 60 contacts the collar 24, some examples of bottom tubing cap 10 include the polymeric coating 62 that overlies the lower collar edge 66 and the intermediate surface 82 of the protective plug 60. In some examples, the polymeric coating 62 is an epoxy.
The combination of the coating 62, the collar 24 and the protective plug 60 creates a three-way interface 88 comprising three adjoining materials including a first material (steel), a second material (aluminum and alloys thereof) and a third material (polymeric material). In some examples, each of the three adjoining materials are within two millimeters of each other to inhibit corrosion in a particularly concentrated area where the three materials come together.
Although some examples of the protective plug 60 are made of pure aluminum, oxides tend to build up on pure aluminum, and oxides can inhibit cathodic protection. To minimize oxidation, some examples of protective plug 60 are comprised of an aluminum alloy, wherein only most of the alloy consists of aluminum by weight. Some example aluminum alloys have a portion of indium, wherein the indium makes up 0.014 to 0.200 percent by weight of the aluminum alloy. Some example aluminum alloys have a portion of gallium, wherein the gallium makes up 0.092 to 0.110 percent by weight of the aluminum alloy. Such proportions have been found to be effective and fall within a US military specification known as MIL-DTL-24779.
The slightly smaller minor outer diameter 100 helps protect the three-way interface 88 from abrasion when the wellstring 20 is lowered into the casing 16. In some examples, the minor outer diameter 100 is 0.5 mm to 7 mm smaller than the collar's outer diameter 92 and 0.5 mm to 7 mm smaller than the outermost diameter 102 of the protective plug 60. In this example, the coating 62 has an inner diameter 104 that is the same as the minor outer diameter 100, so the coating's inner diameter 104 is also less than the collar's outer diameter 92.
In
Referring further to
The molten second material 84 coming in contact with the collar's internal threads 70 creates the helical gap 72 near the upper plug end 76. It takes longer for the molten second material 84 to cool near the lower collar edge 66, so the roots 74 of internal threads 70 in that area are more thoroughly filled with the second molten material 84.
The block-off 118 helps prevent the molten second material 84 from filling the collar's upper section 64a. Some examples of the block-off 118 include a heat resistant fabric pad 128 to enhance the block-off's ability to seal against the collar's internal threads 70. In some examples, the fabric pad 128 can be discarded after each use so the rest of the block-off 118 can be reused.
Arrows 130 of
Arrow 132 of
In some examples, the casting method illustrated in
The term, “linear discontinuity” as it relates to a surface means that the surface, regardless of how the surface was made, has at least a slight step or ridge running along a substantially straight line. The term, “substantially straight line” refers to a line that deviates less than one centimeter from a perfectly straight line. In some examples, the linear discontinuity 138 is identified as having a step dimension 144 of at least 0.025 mm.
As with the helical gap 72, the linear discontinuity 138 provides a telltale indicator that the protective plug 60 was melted and cast in place rather than machined and screwed in place. Thus, the existence of the linear discontinuity 138 indicates that the protective plug 60 is bonded intimately well to the collar 24 to ensure an effective galvanic coupling between the protective plug 60 and the collar 24.
Some methods for making the bottom tubing cap 10 can be defined as described in the following examples 1-14.
Example-1 A method for making a bottom tubing cap for an oil well that includes a downhole pump connected to a wellstring, wherein the wellstring comprises a string of tubing and a string of sucker rods; the method comprising: providing a mold that defines a cavity; inserting a collar into the cavity, the collar having an inner surface that includes an upper section and a lower section, the collar having a lower collar edge adjacent to the lower section, the collar having an upper collar edge adjacent to the upper section, the upper section having internal threads for screwing the collar onto the wellstring, the collar being comprised of a first material; heating a second material to a liquid state, the second material being a metal alloy selected from the group consisting of an aluminum alloy, a magnesium alloy, and a zinc alloy; pouring the second material into the cavity such that the second material comes in intimate contact with the collar; cooling the second material to a solid state to create a protective plug that adheres to the collar, thereby creating the bottom tubing cap comprising the collar and the protective plug, the protective plug having an upper plug end axial interposed between the lower collar edge and the upper collar edge, the protective plug having a lower plug end extending axially beyond the collar, the protective plug having an intermediate surface axially interposed between the lower plug end and the upper plug end, the intermediate surface of the protective plug being adjacent to the lower collar edge; and removing the bottom tubing cap from the cavity.
Example-2 The method of Example-1, further comprising applying a coating on the intermediate surface such that the coating covers at least some of the intermediate surface of the plug and covers at least some of the collar adjacent to the intermediate surface.
Example-3 The method of Example-1, further comprising: inserting a block-off member into the cavity such that the block-off member extends into the upper section of the collar; pouring the second material into the cavity such that the second material comes in contact with the block-off member; and separating the block-off member from the bottom tubing cap.
Example-4 The method of Example-1, wherein the internal threads are also on the lower section, and the method further comprising: pouring the second material into the cavity such that the second material comes in intimate contact with the internal threads on the lower section; and creating a helical gap between the protective plug and the internal threads such that the helical gap is closer to the upper plug end than to the lower collar edge, and the helical gap is spaced apart from the lower collar edge.
Example-5 The method of Example-1, wherein the internal threads are also on the lower section, and the method further comprising pouring the second material into the cavity such that the second material comes in intimate contact with the internal threads on the lower section.
Example-6 The method of Example-1, further comprising applying a coating on the intermediate surface such that the coating covers at least some of the intermediate surface of the plug and covers at least some of the collar adjacent to the intermediate surface, and the coating comprises a polymeric material.
Example-7 The method of Example-1, further comprising applying a coating on the intermediate surface such that the coating covers at least some of the intermediate surface of the plug and covers at least some of the collar adjacent to the intermediate surface, and the coating is an epoxy.
Example-8 The method of Example-1, further comprising applying a coating on the intermediate surface such that the coating covers at least some of the intermediate surface of the plug and covers at least some of the collar adjacent to the intermediate surface; wherein the coating has an inner diameter, the collar has an outer diameter, and the outer diameter of the collar is greater than the inner diameter of the coating.
Example-9 The method of Example-1, wherein the mold comprises a first mold part and a second mold part, and the method further comprising: moving the first mold part in contact with the second mold part to create the cavity therebetween; and creating a parting line on the protective plug, wherein the parting line coincides in position where the first mold part comes in contact with the second mold part.
Example-10 The method of Example-1, wherein the protective plug is axially longer than the collar.
Example-11 The method of Example-1, wherein the protective plug is heavier than the collar.
Example-12 The method of Example-1, wherein the second material is an aluminum alloy falling within a US military specification defined by MIL-DTL-24779.
Example-13 The method of Example-1, wherein the second material comprises an aluminum alloy with a portion of indium, wherein the portion of indium makes up 0.014 to 0.200 percent by weight of the aluminum alloy.
Example-14 The method of Example-1, wherein the second material comprises an aluminum alloy with a portion of gallium, wherein the portion of gallium makes up 0.092 to 0.110 percent by weight of the aluminum alloy.
Example-15 The method of Example-1, wherein the collar is mostly steel and the protective plug is mostly aluminum.
It should be noted that a metal alloy is any a mixture of a metal and one or more additional materials. It should also be noted that the wellstring 20 comprises at least one or more of the following: the string of tubing 20a, the string of sucker rods 20b, the seating nipple 26, the downhole pump 18, the perforated sub 20, the gas anchor 40, the combination bull plug 50, and the collars 24 associated with the string of tubing 20a.
Although certain example methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture have been disclosed herein, the scope of coverage of this patent is not limited thereto. On the contrary, this patent covers all methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture fairly falling within the scope of the claims of this patent.