The invention relates generally to the calibration of a line driving device or transceiver unit, such as a Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM), and particularly to deriving of calibration parameters.
A DSLAM typically has multiple line ports, where each such port includes a transceiver and can be connected to a subscriber line (also known as a loop). Apart from Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) communication, a DSLAM can be used for testing the quality of the lines it is applied to, typically twisted copper pairs. Such testing can be done using Single Ended Line Test (SELT). A test signal can be sent to the line(s) to be tested, and corresponding echo(es) be received. The echoes are then further analyzed to estimate the length of the total line, interfaces between line sections of different diameter, etc. To get proper measurement values, the DSLAM including its analogue front end (AFE) must be calibrated. Performing a conventional full calibration of a DSLAM takes considerable time. At least two test impedances have to be applied to each port of the DSLAM and at least three echo measurements have to be performed for each port. To get a more accurate calibration, three or more test impedances are needed. This procedure is time consuming and demands handling of every single DSLAM port.
Typically, calibration parameters are derived at “a factory”, e.g. in connection with manufacturing of DSLAMs where a single set of calibration parameters are used for a whole batch of DSLAMs, since it is assumed that component variations etc are small. For best performance, full (individual) calibration should be performed on each port of each DSLAM. Such individual calibration parameters could theoretically be obtained during production or in conjunction with deployment (central office, cabinet, etc) where the latter has the advantage that the calibration would better correspond to the usual working environment of the DSLAMs, as actual temperature, humidity, etc. However, full individual port calibration is not feasible in practice since it is time consuming and would either substantially increase costs or reduce deployment rate. Further, when installing equipment for hundreds or thousands of subscribers, an additional time-consuming calibration step quickly adds up to unacceptable levels of service interruption.
Thus, there is a need for a calibration solution that neither demands a lot of manual handling nor is time consuming during production and/or at the installation site.
It would be desirable to calibrate e.g. DSLAMs at the installation site within the short time available for this purpose. It is an object of the invention to provide a solution which enables such a calibration.
An exemplifying embodiment of the herein suggested solution could be described or summarized as a two step method:
Step One: Full Calibration of a Batch of DSLAMs Based on Batch Prototype
At the factory, a full calibration of DSLAM ports may be performed, using a single set of calibration parameters for all DSLAMs in the batch.
Step Two: Individual Port Calibration of DSLAMs at Installation and/or at Production
During the installation process in e.g. a central office or a cabinet when the DSLAMs are to be connected to subscriber lines, the calibration of the DSLAM is refined.
The use of the herein described method and arrangements may entail the following advantages:
Less manual handling: The advantage of the proposed calibration is that it demands less manual handling than a conventional calibration process. No test impedances need to be attached during the individual port calibration.
Less time consuming: Also it is less time consuming. Just one echo measurement is needed to give all DSLAM ports an individual calibration, and thousands of ports can be measured simultaneously.
Relevant ambient circumstances: As the calibration can be made quickly, it can be performed at the site where the DSLAMs are to be connected to the subscribers just before they are attached. Thus the equipment can be calibrated at a relevant, temperature, humidity etc.
According to a first aspect, a method is provided for calibration of a line driving device, such as a DSLAM, having a line port ((i.e. a port where subscriber line can be connected, sometimes called line input). The method comprises deriving of a first parameter vector, PVinf, for example Hinf. The parameter vector PVinf is derived by performing, at a first site, an echo measurement on the line driving device while the port on said line driving device is open. The method further comprises calibrating the line driving device based on the first parameter vector PVinf and a second parameter vector PVref, which second parameter vector is based on information on echo measurements performed on at least one reference line driving device.
According to a second aspect, an arrangement is provided, in a communication system, for calibration of a line driving device having a line port. The arrangement comprises a deriving unit, which is adapted to derive a first parameter vector PVinf by performing an echo measurement on the line driving device while the port on said line driving device is open. The arrangement further comprises a calibration unit, which is adapted to calibrate the line driving device based on the first parameter vector PVinf and a second parameter vector PVref, which second parameter vector is based on information on echo measurements performed on at least one reference line driving device.
According to a third aspect, a line driving device is provided, which comprises an arrangement according to the second aspect.
According to a fourth aspect, a DSLAM is provided, which comprises an arrangement according to the second aspect.
According to a fifth aspect, a computer program is provided, which when run in an arrangement or node according to any of the second, third or fourth aspect causes the arrangement or node to perform the corresponding method according to the first aspect.
According to a sixth aspect, a computer program product is provided, which comprises a computer program according to the fifth aspect.
The above method, arrangement, device; DSLAM; computer program and/or computer program product may be used for calibration of a/the line driving device in an advantageous way, which will be further described below.
Further, the above method, arrangement, device; DSLAM; computer program and/or computer program product may be implemented in different embodiments. The parameter vector PVref could be set to e.g. a reference value derived from one or more reference devices. Further, the parameter vector PVref may be refined by estimating said parameter vector further based on the first parameter vector PVinf. The information may relate to one or more of e.g.: a parameter vector representing echo characteristics of a reference line driving device having the line port connected to a known load; a mean value of parameter vectors representing echo characteristics of a set of reference line driving devices having the line port connected to a known load; a mean value of parameter vectors representing echo characteristics of a set of reference line driving devices having an open line port; and a relation between echo characteristics of a set of reference line driving devices having an open line port, and echo characteristics of the set of reference line driving devices having the line port connected to a known load.
The known load may be a short circuit or a reference impedance Zref. The information may be obtained from a control node in a communication system in which the line driving device is to operate. Further, the first site may be a site where the line driving device is to be located during operation in a communication system. The method may be performed e.g. during device installation and/or during manufacturing. No additional components should be needed for performing the method, than the components, which are to be used during operation. Further, the second parameter vector PVref may be based on information on measurements which are performed at a second site, which is different from the first site.
The embodiments above have mainly been described in terms of a method. However, the description above is also intended to embrace embodiments of the arrangement, device, DSLAM, computer program and computer program product configured to enable the performance of the above described features. The different features of the exemplary embodiments above may be combined in different ways according to need, requirements or preference.
The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the technology disclosed herein will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the technology disclosed herein.
In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular architectures, interfaces, techniques, etc. in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from these specific details. That is, those skilled in the art will be able to devise various arrangements which, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the invention and are included within its spirit and scope. In some instances, detailed descriptions of well-known devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the present invention with unnecessary detail. All statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and embodiments of the invention, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof. Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include both currently known equivalents as well as equivalents developed in the future, e.g., any elements developed that perform the same function, regardless of structure.
Thus, for example, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that block diagrams herein can represent conceptual views of illustrative circuitry or other functional units embodying the principles of the technology. Similarly, it will be appreciated that any flow charts, state transition diagrams, pseudo code, and the like represent various processes which may be substantially represented in computer readable medium and so executed by a computer or processor, whether or not such computer or processor is explicitly shown.
The functions of the various elements including functional blocks, including but not limited to those labeled or described as “computer”, “processor” or “controller”, may be provided through the use of hardware such as circuit hardware and/or hardware capable of executing software in the form of coded instructions stored on computer readable medium. Thus, such functions and illustrated functional blocks are to be understood as being either hardware-implemented and/or computer-implemented, and thus machine-implemented.
In terms of hardware implementation, the functional blocks may include or encompass, without limitation, digital signal processor (DSP) hardware, reduced instruction set processor, hardware (e.g., digital or analog) circuitry including but not limited to application specific integrated circuit(s) (ASIC), and (where appropriate) state machines capable of performing such functions.
Herein, a certain set of parameters will be referred to, which are commonly used in the art. However, other sets of parameters could be used, such as the elements of an impedance matrix, also known as a Z-matrix, or the elements of a scattering matrix, which reflect the same characteristics, but expressed in another way. Such other parameter sets are considered to be implicitly covered by this disclosure.
The exemplifying parameters which will be discussed herein are:
Hinf or H∞, which is the echo transfer function i.e., the quotient between the received and the sent signal of one DSLAM line port when it is open (which corresponds to infinite impedance);
H0 or H0, which is the echo transfer function, i.e., the quotient between the received and the sent signal of one DSLAM line port when it is short circuited or “shorted”, which corresponds to approximately no (zero) impedance; and
Zhyb or Zhyb is a hybrid impedance, which will be further described below.
Since it is very time consuming to obtain the calibration parameters, such parameters are typically derived at a factory. Further, in order to save time and money, calibration parameters are typically derived only from a small set of reference DSLAMs, or even a single one. The calibration parameters derived from this small set are then applied e.g. to all DSLAMs of the same type.
Derivation of a Parameterized Expression of the Echo Transfer Function
Considering a single DSLAM port, the Analogue Front End (AFE) of a DSLAM can be modeled as a so-called “three port”, where the ports are the sending (US), receiving (UR) and line port (Uin) of the AFE. A generic three-port network is shown in
The variables in equation (1) are assumed to be frequency dependent, i.e. Us≡Us(f) and z11≡z11(f). However, for simplicity, the frequency dependence will not be explicitly denoted in the present document.
Manipulating the equation (1), the following expression can be obtained:
where H∞, Zh0 and Zhyb are functions of the elements of the system matrix in equation. (1).
Letting Zin→∞, i.e., no load connected to port 3, equation (2) results in
H
echo|Z
i.e., the echo transfer function with open-circuit line input (or port).
Letting Zin→0, i.e., short circuit port 3, equation (7) results in
i.e., the echo transfer function with short circuited or shorted line input.
Using the definition (4), it can be seen that expression (2) describes the echo transfer function with three parameters H∞, H0 and Zhyb. The parameters H∞ and H0 are the echo transfer function with the line input open and shorted, respectively.
Further manipulation with equation (1) and (2) yield a relation between these parameters:
It can also be shown that:
where g is some function.
This indicates that the parameter Zhyb is equal to the output impedance of port 3 when the isolation between the sending (port 1) and receiving (port 2) port is high or the bridge of the AFE is in balance.
Estimation of the Echo Transfer Function Parameters
Equation (2) can be rewritten as:
H
0
Z
ho
−H
∞
Z
in
+H
echo
Z
hyb
=H
echo
Z
in, (7)
or equivalently:
Obviously, H∞, Zh0 and Zhyb can be estimated from a series of measurements for different Zin. However, H∞ may alternatively be anticipated from the single measurement corresponding to Zin→∞.
It reduces further estimation to:
Furthermore, by also achieving H0 by direct measurement, only Zhyb has to be estimated. It was stated in the definition (4), that H0=Zho/Zhyb. Thus, solving for Zhyb in equation (6), it is obtained:
Thus, the values of H∞, H0 and Zhyb can be estimated during the manufacturing process using equations (8), (9) or (10) depending on whether H∞ or H0 or none of them are known (measured) or not.
Estimation of the Line Input Impedance
Rewriting equation (10) to allow estimation of the actual input impedance of the transmission line with
where Hecho is the measured transfer function of the echo path.
Consequently, the parameters Hinf, H0 and Zhyb may be used for calibration of the IPSLAM. As previously described, these parameters (or corresponding parameters) have conventionally been derived for one or more reference devices and then been used for calibrating devices of the same type as the reference device(s), based on the assumption that the devices are equal enough. None of these parameters have been considered to be more important than the others.
Now, however, the inventors have studied the properties of these parameters, and made certain observations of importance, which will be described below.
Sensitivity of the Estimation of the Loop Impedance Due to Errors in the Model Parameters
The sensitivity of the estimated input impedance, Zin, due to the parameters H∞, H0 and Zhyb will now be examined. A first order approximation of the error can be expressed as follows:
As Zin is complex variable, the derivation of Zin must be carried out along both the real and imaginary axis. The partial derivatives are obtained as
By associating equation (12) with the equations (13)-(15), the sensitivity of Zin with respect of H∞, H0 and Zhyb can be studied.
It should be noted that the sensitivity for all the parameters increases with increasing load impedance because of the term Hecho−H∞ in the denominators. This in turn, indicates that the error will be larger for low frequencies than for high frequencies as the (input) impedance of a twisted copper pair is high for low frequencies but decays exponentially with frequency down to a constant value.
Also, it should be noted that the term Hecho−H∞ occurs squared in the denominator of (13). This means that H∞ will be the most sensitive parameter for Zin at low frequencies.
For low impedances at the line output, as for the input impedance of a twisted pair at high frequencies, the term (H0−Hecho)in nominator of (13) and (15) will be small, resulting in a low sensitivity.
The Relative Sensitivity of the Estimated Input Impedance
The relative sensitivity of Zin with respect to the relative changes of H∞, H0 and Zhyb can be found using equation (11) in equations (13), (14) and (15), respectively. A relative error due to H∞ solely, is drawn from equations (12), (11) and (13) as follows:
Similarly we obtain
From equation (18) it can be seen that the relative error of the estimated impedance,
will be directly proportional to the relative error of the Zhyb estimation.
The dependences of the relative errors of H0 and H∞ are, however, more complicated. From expression (16) we can see that the denominator of the right part of the equality will go towards zero when large impedances are applied to the line output of the DSLAM. This means that the error of the parameter estimation will be multiplied with a factor larger than one, thus magnifying the error.
From expression (17) we can see an analogue dependence between the relative error of the estimation of H0 and the relative error of the estimated impedance. Here, the error will increase with decreasing load impedance. Also, this relation will be frequency dependent.
Note, however, that neither of the terms is squared as in (13). Thus, the relative sensitivity of Zin will be similar for the relative change of H0 and H∞.
Sensitivity of the Estimation of the Loop Impedance Due to Errors in the Echo Measurements
Up to now, we have only taken the accuracy of the model parameters into consideration when analyzing the accuracy of the input impedance. Equation (11) indicates that the accuracy of the estimation of the input impedance is strongly dependent of the corresponding echo measurements. We can suspect problems with cancellation for large values and, especially, low values of impedances.
We proceed analogous to the preceding section. Differentiating the right part of equation (11) results in:
The relative error of the input impedance is obtained by identification using equation (11) again. This result in
From equation (19b) it can be seen that the relative error of the estimation of the input impedance will be emphasized for large input impedances. Further, a dependence of the parameter Zhyb can be seen. From equation (19b) it can be seen that the relative “magnitude” of the estimation of the error of the input impedance will be less dependent of the measurement error. However, for large values or small values of impedance the sensitivity will raise, but not in quadratic manner.
Calibration
Study the expression for the estimation of the input impedance again:
To be able to make proper impedance estimations from echo measurements, the values of the parameters H∞, H0 and Zhyb need to be known with great accuracy.
In the following sections, examples will be given of how DSLAMS can be calibrated in a two step manner based on the observations made above.
Calibration Procedure
Below, a possible method for estimating the parameters H∞, H0 and Zhyb will be described.
The expressions (8), (9) and (10) allow several ways to perform calibration. The expressions can be the base for Mean Square (MS) estimations of the calibration parametersH∞, H0 and Zhyb. Using expression (8) given the impedance of three arbitrary loads Zin1, Zin2 and Zin3 together with their corresponding echoes Hecho1, Hecho2, Hecho3 result in:
The operators “*” and “.” denote vector and scalar multiplication respectively. The expression (21) has the solution
x=A
−1
·b. (26)
Thus, to obtain a proper solution for the three calibration parameters H∞, H0 and Zhyb, at least three output terminal loads and corresponding echoes are needed. Note that two of the loads can e.g. be simply shorted or open output terminals.
A calibration method utilizing the realizations described above may be regarded as comprising two steps. A first step, where reference parameters are derived, and a second step, where at least one value for an individual DSLAM is derived. The two step method will be further described below.
Estimating all Parameters in a First Calibration Step
Above, it was described how the parameters H∞, H0 and Zhyb can be estimated for two or more ports of one or more reference DSLAMs (a batch sample) during the manufacturing process:
Apply the mean value (derived from reference DSLAM(s)) of each parameter to all ports of the DSLAMs to be installed at the site. Using equation (5) and denoting these mean values
The accuracy of the Zin estimation will depend on how well the actual parameters H28 k, H0k and Zhybk resemble the mean parameters
A Second Individual Estimation of Hinf in a Second Calibration Step
At a second calibration step, one or more of the calibration parameters can be estimated for each individual DSLAM port to be installed. These new individual estimates will then substitute the (mean) values obtained at the manufacturing process.
According to the previous discussion concerning the influence of errors in different parameters, it may be concluded that the accuracy of the parameter H∞ seriously influence the estimation of line input impedance. More so than errors in H0 and Zhyb. Thus, it may be concluded that it is most important to derive a refined individual estimate of H∞, as compared to the other parameters.
Thus, if possible, estimate this parameter for each line of each DSLAM, preferably at the final location of the equipment, i.e. the place where it will serve the subscribers. The estimations will then be performed in the final operation environment with proper temperature, humidity, etc.
As previously described, the calibration parameter H∞ can be estimated by just measuring an echo with no line terminals connected (open line input). See equation (3). Thus, no special preparations are required, such as e.g. applying of different loads to the line inputs. Further, the measurement can be performed simultaneously for thousands of DSLAM lines e.g. all lines of all of the DSLAMs set up to be installed at the site of future operation. Thus, the procedure of deriving a new individual estimate of H∞ requires only a minimum of measurement time and need for manual handling. Denote these refined values of the calibration parameter H∞ with Ĥ∞. Thus, an estimation of the input impedance performed with DSLAM port n among of all the DSLAMs to be installed can be written as:
Utilizing Relations Between the Calibration Parameters
As indicated in equation (5), the calibration parameters are related to each other. This can be utilized to improve the estimation of the calibration parameters H0 and Zhyb using the individual calibration estimation of H∞(Ĥ∞) discussed above. Derivating H0 in equation (5) with respect to H∞ results in:
Denote a refined estimate of H0 with Ĥ0. Equation (29) can then be approximated with
which can be rewritten to:
This expresses that a refined value of
ΔH∞=Ĥ∞−
A statistical Approach for Estimating the Relation Between the Calibration Parameters
In the general case the relation between the calibration parameters can be described with equation (5). This expression, however, contains unknown parameters and the relation (31) can, thus perhaps not be used directly to correct H0 or Zhyb.
However, in the first calibration step, statistics from the measurements performed on a set of two or more reference DSLAM ports may be collected. These data or statistics can be used for estimating the relation between, e.g. a new estimate of H0, denoted Ĥ0, and the stored mean of H0, denoted
Mathematically this may be formulated as regression between the dependent variable H0 and an explanatory variable H∞. Further, a linear dependency is assumed as a satisfactory approximation of the relation. That a linear dependency is probable is indicated by equation (5).
Equations may then be written as follows
Ĥ
0
−
0=α·(Ĥ∞−
where i=1 . . . N, and N is the number of measured DSLAM ports and α is known in the literature as the regression coefficient and finally, εi is called the error term.
Hence determining the linear regression coefficients may be reduced to solve either of two equivalent formal mathematical problems, namely
In the first case, the vector H∞(i) is assumed to have Gaussian probability density function having individual mean value and variance. In the second case Gaussian distribution is not necessary.
Without going into details, it can be shown that in both cases a subsequent relation has to be fulfilled, namely
and therefore the regression coefficient, α, can be determined as
From (34) one may derive the procedure to obtain a corrected value of H0 by
or equivalently
In this case four parameters
There is, however, an alternative but less memory-effective way to describe this using the cross correlation coefficient between H0 and H∞, ρH
The use of this expression requires one more (vector) variable to be stored as compared to when using the expression (37).
Similarly a dependence between Ĥ∞ and
Thus, by updating an individual value of H∞ for each port of the DSLAMs to be installed in e.g. a central office or street cabinet, the other calibration parameters can be updated too, by using their statistics and statistical interrelationship.
Example of Proposed Method—Two Step Calibration
Step One: Batch Prototype/Reference DSLAM(s)
At the factory, a full calibration of DSLAM lines may be performed. At least for the statistical approach, the measurements in the first step should be performed on at least two ports of preferably at least two reference DSLAMs. However, for the simpler case, less may suffice:
Step Two: Individual Calibration at Installation
During the installation process in e.g. a central office or a cabinet, before the DSLAMs are connected to subscriber lines, calibration of the individual ports is refined by performing of:
Below, further exemplifying embodiments will be described with reference to figures. The description below reflects what has been described above using other words, and provides generic examples and specific different possibilities.
Exemplifying Procedure,
Initially, a first parameter vector, PVinf is derived by performing an echo measurement on a line driving device, LDD or Transceiver Unit (TU), such as a DSLAM, in a first action 202. The parameter vector PVinf may be identical to Hinf, described above. However, PVinf is also considered to embrace alternatively defined corresponding calibration parameters. The echo measurement is performed while the line input (cf. Uin in
The LDD is then calibrated in an action 204. The calibration is based on the first parameter vector PVinf and at least a second parameter vector PVref (cf. H0 or Zhyb). The second parameter vector PVref is based on information on echo measurements performed on at least one reference LDD. PVref may be the calibrating parameter H0 or Zhyb, described above, or a corresponding calibration parameter in analogy with the reasoning concerning Hinf above.
Calibrating, in this case, means providing necessary calibration parameters, such that these are accessible for the LDD when needed, e.g. for SELT, when measurements are to be performed and e.g. Zin be estimated based on the result of the measurement and the calibration parameters, c.f. equation (11). The calibration parameters could e.g. be stored in a memory in the LDD, or be uploaded and stored in a management or control node, such as e.g. a Copper Plant Manager, CPM, or Access Performance Manager, APM. The LDD is considered to be calibrated if adequate calibration parameters are made accessible for the LDD. Here, the calibration involves that PVinf and PVref are stored, or arranged to be stored, in a suitable place where they may be easily accessed, e.g. in an external management system, etc. as previously described. There may be more than two calibration parameters involved in the calibration, cf. Hinf, H0 and Zhyb described earlier.
In the simplest case, PVinf is derived from measurements on the LDD, and PVref is a reference vector, which has been previously derived from measurements on one or more reference LDDs (of the same type as the individual LDD from which PVinf is derived). The reference vector may be derived from one or more reference LDDs having e.g. short circuited line input(s), or, line input(s) connected to a known impedance Zref. For a PVref corresponding to H0, the measurement was performed on the reference LDD when the line input of the device was short circuited; and for a PVref corresponding to Zhyb, the measurement was performed with a known impedance Zref connected to the line input of the reference LDD. In principal, one measurement on one reference LDD could suffice for deriving a PVref. However, a mean value of measurements performed on more than one line and/or a set of more than one reference LDD would provide a better value, cf.
By measuring the one value to which the calibration is most sensitive (as described above) on an individual LDD in question, and using predefined reference values, e.g.
Exemplifying Procedure,
As an alternative to using e.g. “only” a mean value derived from reference LDDs as PVref, said mean value could be refined and adjusted for the individual LDD. For example, the second parameter vector PVref could be estimated in an action 304, based on information on echo measurements performed on a set of reference LDDs, and, further based on the first parameter vector PVinf, and thus be refined.
This could be achieved by using statistics/statistical properties, which have been previously derived from measurements on the reference LDDs. The statistics/statistical properties should relate to a relation, dependence or correlation between echo characteristics of the set of reference LDDs when having an open line input, and echo characteristics of the set of reference LDDs when having the line input connected to a known load. By known load is here meant either a short circuit or a known reference impedance Zref. The statistics provide an estimate of the relation between the calibration parameter PVinf (cf. Hinf) and a calibration parameter PVref (cf. H0 or Zhyb) for the type of LDD in question. Thus, when having derived PVinf for an individual LDD, an individual value for PVref could be derived from the statistics/statistical properties, as previously described [refer to section and figure which describes this]. The relation between the parameter vectors could alternatively be derived deterministically based on formulated expressions for the relation (e.g. equation (5)) and appropriate input values. This is however anticipated to be more computationally complex and to provide an inferior result as compared to the statistical approach. Further, the deterministic relation is mostly not known.
The measurements on reference LDDs referred to in the above examples are assumed to be performed at a site, which is different from the site where the LDD is to be located during operation in a communication system. The reference LDDs may be e.g. a small batch out of a large series of LDDs. These measurements on reference type specimens could e.g. be performed in a factory, or similar, where the LDDs are manufactured.
The measurement on an individual LDD, from which PVinf is to be derived, may in principal be performed at the same site as the measurements on reference LDDs are performed, which site is different from the site where the LDD is to be located during operation. However, in a preferred embodiment, the measurement on the individual LDD is performed at the site where the LDD is to be located during operation, e.g. the central office or the cabinet where the equipment is to be connected to subscriber lines. If the measurement is performed at the site of operation, the calibration will be performed under realistic circumstances, such as the right temperature, humidity, etc., and thus be adapted to adequate real conditions, as previously described. For example, the measurement for deriving PVinf could be performed on the individual LDD during device installation, before connecting the LDD to the lines. The suggested procedure could be performed for a large number of LDDs in parallel, if many LDDs are to be installed at the same site.
The deriving of calibration parameters and the calibration may be triggered by running an initialization/calibration script e.g. as a part of an installation procedure. Such a script and/or the predefined calibration information could be stored in the LDD or in a control node such as a CPM or APM, or, at least partly, be downloaded from an external node e.g. via the Internet, or be retrieved from an USB memory. The calibration procedure could be triggered e.g. automatically when a predefined condition, such as the finishing of an operation or a manufacturing test, is fulfilled and/or following a command from a person executing the installation of one or more LDDs, e.g. DSLAMs.
Exemplifying Arrangement,
Below, an exemplifying arrangement in a communication system, for calibration of a LDD will be described with reference to
The arrangement 400 comprises a deriving unit 402, which is adapted to derive a first parameter vector PVinf by performing an echo measurement on the LDD while the line input of said LDD is open. The arrangement further comprises a calibration unit 408, which is adapted to calibrate the LDD based on the first parameter vector PVinf and a second parameter vector PVref, which second parameter vector is based on information on echo measurements performed on at least one reference LDD.
The arrangement may further comprise an estimating unit 406, adapted to estimate (and thus refine) the second parameter vector PVref based on statistics/statistical properties on measurements performed on reference LDDs and further based on the first parameter vector PVinf, as previously described. More than one calibration parameter vector PVref could be estimated, cf. H0, Ĥ0 and Zhyb, {circumflex over (Z)}hyb. In case the information on echo measurements performed on at least one reference LDD needs to be retrieved from some remote entity or a memory, as described above, the arrangement may comprise an obtaining unit 404, adapted to receive or retrieve the information. The information may comprise e.g. a parameter vector representing echo characteristics of one or more reference LDDs having an open line input and a line input connected to a known load, respectively (c.f. e.g. mean values of Hinf, H0 and and Zhyb, i.e.
Exemplifying Arrangements/Nodes,
The arrangement 400 may partly or entirely be comprised in an LDD and/or in a control node. This is illustrated in
The arrangements and/or nodes/devices described above may be implemented e.g. by one or more of: a processor or a micro processor and adequate software stored in a memory, a Programmable Logic Device (PLD), Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) or other electronic component(s) configured to perform the actions mentioned above. The arrangements may be described as comprising processing circuitry configured to perform the relevant actions.
Furthermore, the arrangement 700 comprises at least one computer program product 708 in the form of a non-volatile memory, e.g. an EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), a flash memory and a hard drive. The computer program product 708 comprises a computer program 710, which comprises code means, which when executed in the processing unit 706 in the arrangement 700 causes the arrangement and/or a node in which the arrangement is comprised to perform the actions e.g. of the procedure described earlier in conjunction with
The computer program 710 may be configured as a computer program code structured in computer program modules. Hence, in an exemplifying embodiment, the code means in the computer program 710 of the arrangement 700 may comprise an obtaining module 710a for obtaining e.g. of information on measurements on reference LDDs. The arrangement 700 comprises a deriving or measurement module 710b for deriving of calibration parameters. The computer program may further comprise an estimation module 710c for estimating one or more calibration parameter vectors. The computer program 710 further comprises a calibration module 710d for calibration of an individual LDD.
The modules 710a-d could essentially perform the actions of the flows illustrated in
Although the code means in the embodiment disclosed above in conjunction with
The processor may be a single CPU (Central processing unit), but could also comprise two or more processing units. For example, the processor may include general purpose microprocessors; instruction set processors and/or related chips sets and/or special purpose microprocessors such as ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuit). The processor may also comprise board memory for caching purposes. The computer program may be carried by a computer program product connected to the processor. The computer program product may comprise a computer readable medium on which the computer program is stored. For example, the computer program product may be a flash memory, a RAM (Random-access memory) ROM (Read-Only Memory) or an EEPROM, and the computer program modules described above could in alternative embodiments be distributed on different computer program products in the form of memories within the network node.
It is to be understood that the choice of interacting units or modules, as well as the naming of the units are only for exemplifying purpose, and nodes suitable to execute any of the methods described above may be configured in a plurality of alternative ways in order to be able to execute the suggested process actions.
It should also be noted that the units or modules described in this disclosure are to be regarded as logical entities and not with necessity as separate physical entities.
Although the description above contains many specificities, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but as merely providing illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments of this invention. It will be appreciated that the scope of the present invention fully encompasses other embodiments which may become obvious to those skilled in the art, and that the scope of the present invention is accordingly not to be limited. Reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless explicitly so stated, but rather “one or more.” All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the above-described embodiments that are known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed hereby. Moreover, it is not necessary for a device or method to address each and every problem sought to be solved by the present invention, for it to be encompassed hereby.