Patent Application
20110269824
The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for treatment of anticancer-drug-resistant cancer.
Factors having effects on sensitivity and/or resistance of cancer cells to anticancer drugs are changes in a mechanism for excretion of such drug extracellularly, drug metabolism, DNA repair, PI3K-Akt pathway, and apoptotic pathway, for example. In particular, it is known that in many anticancer-drug-resistant cancer cells, accumulation of anticancer drugs decreases, and the expression of P-glycoprotein actively pumping out wide-ranging anticancer drugs extracellularly or of a multidrug (anticancer drug) resistance-related protein, MRP1, increases in cell membranes. Several examples of conventional techniques have been reported, such as the in vitro introduction of a gene encoded to attenuate P-glycoprotein expression into anticancer-drug-resistant cancer cells, so as to attenuate the anticancer drug resistance of the cells (Masuda Y. et al., Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1998; 42(1):9-16; Wang F S. et al., Hum Gene Ther. 1999 May 1; 10 (7): 1185-95; Yague E. et al., Gene Ther. 2004 July; 11 (14): 1170-4). However, examples reported herein are the results of in vitro experiments, and in vivo usefulness has never been demonstrated with the use of animals. Also, even after the above reports, confirmation of the effects in vivo has never been reported.
Meanwhile, a REIC/Dkk-3 gene is known as a cell-immortalization-related gene. It has been reported that the expression of this gene is suppressed in cancer cells (International Patent Publication WO01/038523 Pamphlet; Tsuji, T. et al., BiochemBiophys Res Commun 268, 20-4 (2000); Tsuji, T. et al., BiochemBiophys Res Commun 289, 257-63 (2001); Nozaki, I. et al., Int J Oncol 19, 117-21 (2001); Kurose, K. et al., J Urol 171, 1314-8 (2004)).
The REIC/Dkk-3 gene is a member of the Dkk family, and it has been suggested that it inhibits Wnt signal transduction via a Wnt receptor (Bafico, A. et al., Nat Cell Biol 3, 683-6 (2001); Hoang, B. H. et al., Cancer Res 64, 2734-9 (2004)). It has been reported that the Wnt gene plays multiple roles in important biological events such as cell growth, differentiation, and canceration (Moon, R. T. et al., Science 296, 1644-6 (2002)). Therefore, the Dkk family (4 genes of which are currently known in humans) may be similarly responsible for important functions in cell growth, differentiation, and canceration, but most members thereof remain unelucidated.
An object of the present invention is to provide a drug for causing cancer cells to restore anticancer drug sensitivity and inducing cell death in cancer cells of cancer having acquired anticancer drug resistance.
As described above, it has never been reported that a gene encoded to attenuate P-glycoprotein expression attenuates in vivo anticancer drug resistance. This strongly suggests that the effects of recovering anticancer drug sensitivity and the effects of tumor shrinkage upon the combined use of an anticancer drug have not been confirmed in vivo at levels that can be expected from in vitro results.
The present inventors administered Ad-REIC (prepared by introducing REIC/Dkk-3 DNA into an adenovirus vector) to cancer cells having resistance to an anticancer drug, doxorubicin (adriamycin). Thus, the present inventors discovered that the sensitivity of the cancer cells to the anticancer drug was recovered and the cell death (apoptosis) of the cancer cells was induced. This finding demonstrates that Ad-REIC has effects of causing cancer cells to restore sensitivity to an anticancer drug; that is, potentiating the action of the anticancer drug and thus inducing cell death in cancer.
Therefore, a cancer cell death inducing agent having effects of potentiating an anticancer drug in anticancer-drug-resistant cancer is expected to recover anticancer drug sensitivity in an in vivo animal model and/or to exert tumor shrinkage effects upon combined use with the anticancer drug in an in vivo animal model, as a result of the elimination of strong anticancer drug resistance based on the advantage of gene transfer efficiency achieved through the use of an adenovirus vector and the effects of inducing cancer cell death.
The present invention encompasses the following embodiments.
[1] A cancer cell death inducing agent having an effect of potentiating an anticancer drug for a cancer cell having anticancer drug resistance, comprising the following REIC/Dkk-3 DNA as an active ingredient:
(a) a DNA consisting of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1;
(b) a DNA hybridizing under stringent conditions to a DNA consisting of a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and encoding a protein having cell death inducing activity;
(c) a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence that begins from the 1st nucleotide and terminates at any nucleotide between the 117th nucleotide and the 234th nucleotide in the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1; or
(d) a polynucleotide hybridizing under stringent conditions to a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence that begins from the nucleotide and terminates at any nucleotide between the 117th nucleotide and the 234th nucleotide in the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, and having cell death inducing activity.
[2] A cancer cell death inducing agent having an effect of potentiating an anticancer drug for a cancer cell having anticancer drug resistance, comprising a vector containing the following REIC/Dkk-3 DNA as an active ingredient:
(a) a DNA consisting of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1;
(b) a DNA hybridizing under stringent conditions to a DNA consisting of a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, and encoding a protein having cell death inducing activity;
(c) a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence that begins from the 1st nucleotide and terminates at any nucleotide between the 117th nucleotide and the 234th nucleotide in the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1; or
(d) a polynucleotide hybridizing under stringent conditions to a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence that begins from the 1st nucleotide and terminates at any nucleotide between the 117th nucleotide and the 234th nucleotide in the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, and encoding a polypeptide having cell death inducing activity.
[3] The cancer cell death inducing agent having an effect of potentiating an anticancer drug according to [2], wherein the vector is an adenovirus vector.
[4] The cancer cell death inducing agent having an effect of potentiating an anticancer drug according to any one of [1] to [3], wherein the anticancer drug is an anticancer antibiotic.
[5] A cancer therapeutic drug for cancer resistant to an anticancer drug, containing the cancer cell death inducing agent having an effect of potentiating an anticancer drug according to any one of [1] to [4].
[6] A cancer therapeutic drug for cancer resistant to the above anticancer drug, which is a kit comprising an anticancer drug and the cancer cell death inducing agent according to any one of [1] to [4].
[7] The cancer therapeutic drug for cancer resistant to the anticancer drug according to [6], wherein the anticancer drug is an anticancer antibiotic.
[8] Use of the following REIC/Dkk-3 DNA or a vector containing the DNA in the manufacture of a cancer therapeutic drug for cancer resistant to an anticancer drug:
(a) a DNA consisting of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1;
(b) a DNA hybridizing under stringent conditions to a DNA consisting of a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, and encoding a protein having cell death inducing activity;
(c) a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence that begins from the 1st nucleotide and terminates at any nucleotide between the 117th nucleotide and the 234th nucleotide in the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1; or
(d) a polynucleotide hybridizing under stringent conditions to a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence that begins from the 1st nucleotide and terminates at any nucleotide between the 117th nucleotide and the 234th nucleotide in the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, and encoding a polypeptide having cell death inducing activity.
[9] The use according to [8], wherein the vector is an adenovirus vector.
[10] The use according to [8] or [9], wherein the anticancer drug is an anticancer antibiotic.
[11] A REIC/Dkk-3 DNA for use in treatment with the use of a cancer therapeutic drug for cancer resistant to an anticancer drug, which is:
(a) a DNA consisting of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1;
(b) a DNA hybridizing under stringent conditions to a DNA consisting of a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, and encoding a protein having cell death inducing activity;
(c) a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence that begins from the 1st nucleotide and terminates at any nucleotide between the 117th nucleotide and the 234th nucleotide in the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1; or
(d) a polynucleotide hybridizing under stringent conditions to a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence that begins from the 1st nucleotide and terminates at any nucleotide between the 117th nucleotide and the 234th nucleotide in the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, and encoding a polypeptide having cell death inducing activity.
[12] The REIC/Dkk-3 DNA according to [11], wherein a vector is an adenovirus vector.
[13] The REIC/Dkk-3 DNA according to [11] or [12], wherein the anticancer drug is an anticancer antibiotic.
[14] A vector containing the following REIC/Dkk-3 DNA for use in treatment with the use of a cancer therapeutic drug for cancer resistant to an anticancer drug:
(a) a DNA consisting of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1;
(b) a DNA hybridizing under stringent conditions to a DNA consisting of a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, and encoding a protein having cell death inducing activity;
(c) a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence that begins from the 1st nucleotide and terminates at any nucleotide between the 117th nucleotide and the 234th nucleotide in the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1; or
(d) a polynucleotide hybridizing under stringent conditions to a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence that begins from the 1st nucleotide and terminates at any nucleotide between the 117th nucleotide and the 234th nucleotide in the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, and encoding a polypeptide having cell death inducing activity.
[15] A vector containing the REIC/Dkk-3 DNA according to [11], which is an adenovirus vector.
[16] A vector containing the REIC/Dkk-3 DNA according to [11] or [12], wherein the anticancer drug is an anticancer antibiotic.
[17] A cancer therapeutic drug kit for cancer resistant to an anticancer drug, comprising the following REIC/Dkk-3 DNA or a vector containing the DNA and an anticancer drug:
(a) a DNA consisting of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1;
(b) a DNA hybridizing under stringent conditions to a DNA consisting of a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, and encoding a protein having cell death inducing activity;
(c) a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence that begins from the 1st nucleotide and terminates at any nucleotide between the 117th nucleotide and the 234th nucleotide in the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1; or
(d) a polynucleotide hybridizing under stringent conditions to a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence that begins from the 1st nucleotide and terminates at any nucleotide between the 117th nucleotide and the 234th nucleotide in the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, and encoding a polypeptide having cell death inducing activity.
[18] The cancer therapeutic drug kit for cancer resistant to an anticancer drug according to [17], wherein the anticancer drug is an anticancer antibiotic.
[19] A method for causing a cancer cell having anticancer drug resistance to restore anticancer drug sensitivity and then inducing cancer cell death, comprising administering the following REIC/Dkk-3 DNA or a vector containing the DNA to a cancer cell having anticancer drug resistance.
[20] The method for inducing cancer cell death according to [19], wherein the vector is an adenovirus vector.
[21] The method for inducing cancer cell death according to [19] or [20], wherein the anticancer drug is an anticancer antibiotic.
[22] A method for treating a patient with cancer that is resistant to an anticancer drug, comprising administering the following REIC/Dkk-3 DNA or a vector containing the DNA to a patient with cancer resistant to an anticancer drug.
[23] The method for treating a patient with cancer that is resistant to an anticancer drug according to [22], wherein the vector is an adenovirus vector.
[24] The method for treating a patient with cancer that is resistant to an anticancer drug according to [21] or [22], wherein the anticancer drug is an anticancer antibiotic.
[25] The method for treating a patient with cancer resistant to an anticancer drug, comprising administering the following REIC/Dkk-3 DNA or a vector containing the DNA and the anticancer drug to a patient with cancer resistant to the anticancer drug.
[26] The method for treating a patient with cancer resistant to an anticancer drug according to [25], wherein the vector is an adenovirus vector.
[27] The method for treating a patient with cancer resistant to an anticancer drug according to [25] or [26], wherein the anticancer drug is an anticancer antibiotic.
This description includes part or all of the contents as disclosed in the description and/or drawings of Japanese Patent Application No. 2007-287373, which is a priority document of the present application.
The present invention will be explained in detail as follows.
The cancer cell death (apoptosis) inducing agent having effects of potentiating an anticancer drug of the present invention comprises REIC/Dkk-3 DNA as an active ingredient.
The nucleotide sequence of the REIC/Dkk-3 DNA is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. Also, the amino acid sequence of a REIC/Dkk-3 protein encoded by the REIC/Dkk-3 DNA is shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
Also, REIC/Dkk-3 DNA contained in the cancer cell death inducing agent of the present invention having effects of potentiating an anticancer drug is a DNA encoding a protein having cancer cell death inducing activity, such as a DNA hybridizing under stringent conditions to a DNA having a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, a DNA having at least 85% or more, preferably 90% or more, further preferably 95% or more, and particularly preferably 97% or more identity with the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, as calculated using BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool at the National Center for Biological Information) or the like (for example, using default; that is, initially set parameters), or a DNA encoding a protein comprising an amino acid sequence that has substitution, deletion, and/or addition of one, a plurality of, or several (1 to 10, preferably 1 to 5, further preferably 1 or 2) amino acids with respect to the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the above DNA. Here, the term “stringent conditions” refers to, conditions of approximately “1×SSC, 0.1% SDS, and 37° C.,” for example. More stringent conditions are conditions of approximately “0.5×SSC, 0.1% SDS, and 42° C.” Even more stringent conditions are conditions of approximately “0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS, and 65° C.” With the more stringent conditions for hybridization, isolation of DNA having high homology with a probe sequence can be expected. However, the above combinations of conditions of SSC, SDS, and temperature are merely exemplifications. Probe concentration, probe length, the reaction time for hybridization, and the like are adequately combined, so that required stringency can be realized. Moreover, REIC/Dkk-3 DNA contained in the cancer cell death inducing agent having effects of potentiating an anticancer drug according to the present invention is a DNA encoding the protein shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
Furthermore, REIC/Dkk-3 DNA contained in the cancer cell death inducing agent of the present invention having effects of potentiating an anticancer drug is a nucleotide fragment, comprising a partial nucleotide sequence of the nucleotide sequence of the DNA. An example of such fragment is a nucleotide fragment that encodes a peptide having cell death inducing activity. Such nucleotide fragment can be easily obtained by cleaving the full-length REIC/Dkk-3 DNA at appropriate sites and then determining if the resultant has cell death inducing activity. Examples of such nucleotide fragment include: a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence that begins from the 1st nucleotide and terminates at any nucleotide between the 117th nucleotide and the 234th nucleotide in the nucleotide sequence of REIC/Dkk-3 DNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 1; and a polynucleotide hybridizing under stringent conditions to a polynucleotide consisting of a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence that begins at the 1st nucleotide and terminates at any nucleotide between the 117th nucleotide and the 234th nucleotide in the nucleotide sequence of REIC/Dkk-3 DNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and encoding a polypeptide having cell death inducing activity. Examples of a polynucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence that begins at the 1st nucleotide and terminates at any nucleotide between the 117th nucleotide and the 234th nucleotide in the nucleotide sequence of REIC/Dkk-3 DNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 include a polynucleotide (SEQ ID NO: 3) consisting of a sequence ranging from the 1st nucleotide to the 117th nucleotide and a polynucleotide (SEQ ID NO: 4) consisting of a sequence ranging from the 1st nucleotide to the 234th nucleotide.
REIC/Dkk-3 DNA can be obtained from human cells, human tissues, and the like based on the sequence information of SEQ ID NO: 1. Also, the REIC/Dkk-3 DNA can be obtained according to the description of WO01/038523.
Moreover, the present invention also encompasses a vector containing REIC/Dkk-3 DNA. The vector is introduced into a subject and then the REIC/Dkk-3 protein is expressed in vivo in the subject, so that the protein can exert the effects of inducing cancer cell death while having the effects of potentiating an anticancer drug.
A target gene (DNA) for gene therapy can be introduced into a subject by a known method. Examples of a method for introducing such gene into a subject include methods using viral vectors and methods using non-viral vectors. Various methods are known (Experimental Medicine, Separate Volume, Basic Technology for Gene Therapy, YODOSHA, 1996; Experimental Medicine, Separate Volume, Gene Transfer & Experimental Methods for Expression Analysis, YODOSHA, 1997; Ed., Japan Society of Gene Therapy, Handbook for Development and Research of Gene Therapy (Idenshi Chiryo Kaihatsu Kenkyu Handbook), NTS, 1999).
A representative example thereof is a method that uses a viral vector, such as an adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, or retrovirus as a viral vector for gene transfer. A target gene can be introduced intracellularly by introducing a target gene into a DNA virus or RNA virus such as a retrovirus, herpes virus, vaccinia virus, poxvirus, poliovirus, sindbisvirus, Sendai virus, SV40, or immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that has been rendered nontoxic and then infecting cells with the recombinant virus.
When a gene according to the present invention is used for gene therapy using virus, an adenovirus vector is preferably used. The adenovirus vector is characterized in that: (1) it allows a gene to be introduced into many types of cell, (2) it allows a gene to be efficiently introduced even into cells at the stationary phase, (3) it makes condensation possible by centrifugation, so that high-titer (10 PFU/ml to 11 PFU/ml or more) virus can be obtained; and (4) it is suitable for direct gene transfer in vivo into tissue cells. As adenoviruses for gene therapy, the 1st generation adenovirus vector prepared by deleting the E1/E3 region (Miyake, S., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 93, 1320, 1996), the 2nd generation adenovirus vector prepared by deleting the E2 or E4 region in addition to the E1/E3 region (Lieber, A., et al., J. Virol., 70, 8944, 1996; Mizuguchi, H. & Kay, M. A., Hum. Gene Ther., 10, 2013, 1999), and the 3rd generation adenovirus vector (GUTLESS) prepared by deleting the adenovirus genome almost completely (Steinwaerder, D. S., et al., J. Virol., 73, 9303, 1999) have been developed. Any adenovirus vector can be used for introducing a gene according to the present invention without particular limitation. Furthermore, an adeno-AAV hybrid vector prepared by imparting incorporation ability to the AAV chromosome (Recchia, A., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 96, 2615, 1999) or an adenovirus vector that is capable of incorporation into a chromosome with the use of a transposon gene can be used, for example. Such adenovirus vector can also be used to achieve long-term gene expression. Also, a peptide sequence having tissue-specific transferability to an H1 loop of an adenovirus fiber is inserted, so that tissue specificity can also be imparted to the adenovirus vector (Mizuguchi, H. & Hayakawa, T., Nippon Rinsho, 7, 1544, 2000).
In the present invention, an adenovirus vector containing REIC/Dkk-3 DNA is referred to as Ad-REIC.
Also, without the use of the above viruses, a target gene can be introduced into cells or tissues using a recombinant expression vector prepared by incorporating a gene expression vector such as a plasmid vector thereinto. For example, a gene can be introduced into cells by a lipofection method, a phosphoric acid-calcium coprecipitation method, a DEAE-dextran method, a direct injection method for DNA using a micro-glass tube, or the like. A recombinant expression vector can also be incorporated into cells by a gene transfer method using internal liposome, a gene transfer method using electrostatic type liposome, an HVJ-liposome method, an improved HVJ-liposome method (HVJ-AVE liposome method), a method using an HVJ-E (envelope) vector, a receptor-mediated gene transfer method, a method for transferring a DNA molecule together with a carrier (metal particle) into cells using a particle gun, a method for directly introducing naked-DNA, an introduction method using various polymers, or the like. Any expression vector can be used for these cases, as long as it enables the expression of a target gene in vivo. Examples of such expression vector include pCAGGS (Gene 108, 193-200 (1991)), pBK-CMV, pcDNA3, 1, pZeoSV (Invitrogen Corporation, stratagene), and pVAX1.
A vector comprising REIC/Dkk-3 DNA may further comprise a promoter and an enhancer for appropriate gene transcription, a poly A signal, a marker gene for labeling and/or selection of cells transfected with a gene, and the like. As a promoter in such case, a known promoter can be used.
For introduction of the cancer cell death inducing agent of the present invention comprising REIC/Dkk-3 DNA and having effects of potentiating an anticancer drug into a subject, an in vivo method that involves direct introduction of a gene therapeutic agent or an ex vivo method that involves extracting a type of cell from a human, introducing ex vivo a gene therapeutic agent into the cell, and then returning the cell into the body can be employed, for example (NIKKEI SCIENCE, Inc., 1994 April Issue, p. 20-45; The Pharmaceuticals Monthly, 36(1), 23-48 (1994); Extra Edition, Experimental Medicine, 12 (15), (1994); Ed., Japan Society of Gene Therapy, Handbook for Development and Research of Gene Therapy (Idenshi Chiryo Kaihatsu Kenkyu Handbook), NTS, 1999).
The cancer cell death inducing agent of the present invention comprising REIC/Dkk-3 DNA and having effects of potentiating an anticancer drug can be used as a therapeutic drug against cancer that is resistant to the anticancer drug.
In the present invention, the term “effects of potentiating an anticancer drug” means to attenuate the anticancer drug resistance of cancer and to maintain the anti-cancer activity of the anticancer drug. Specifically, the cancer cell death inducing agent of the present invention having effects of potentiating an anticancer drug causes cancer to restore its sensitivity to an anticancer drug and thus induces cancer cell death.
Examples of anticancer drugs to be targeted by the present invention include: anticancer antibiotics such as adriamycin (doxorubicin), dactinomycin, actinomycin D, chromomycin, daunomycin, bleomycin, peplomycin, donorubicin, epirubicin, and mitomycin C; alkylating agents such as a nitrosourea agent, nitrogen mustard (e.g., cyclophosphamide), dacarbazine, carmustine (BCNU), busulfan, ifosfamide, nimustine hydrochloride, lomustine (CCNU), and ranimustine (MCNU); antimetabolites such as methotrexate, aminopterin, 6-mercaptopurine, 5-fluorouracil, carmofur, cytarabine, hydroxy carbamide, and gemcitabine; plant alkaloid agents such as vinblastine, vincristine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, CPT-11 (irinotecan), and etoposide; hormonal agents; substances that modify biological functions, such as lentinan, picibanil, and bestatin; procarbazine; cisplatin; and carboplatin. Examples thereof also include anti-androgen agents that suppress the functions of androgenic hormones, which are used for treatment of particularly prostatic cancer. Examples of anti-androgen agents include leuplin, casodex, odyne, prostal, estracyt, and honvan. Examples thereof further include molecular targeting drugs exerting anti-cancer effects using cancer cell-specific molecules as indices. Examples of molecular targeting drugs include: tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as imatinib mesylate, gefitinib, erlotinib, vandetanib, and sunitinib; Raf kinase inhibitors such as sunitinib; TNF-α inhibitors such as etanercept; and monoclonal antibodies such as rituximab, cetuximab, infliximab, trastuzumab, and bevacizumab.
Examples of cancer targeted by the present invention include brain•nerve tumor, skin cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, lymphoma•leukemia, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, anal rectal cancer, esophageal cancer, uterine cancer, mammary cancer, adrenal cancer, renal cancer, renal pelvic and ureteral cancer, bladder cancer, prostatic cancer, urethral cancer, penile cancer, testicular cancer, bone tumor•bone sarcoma, leiomyoma, rhabdomyoma, and mesothelioma. In particular, mammary cancer and bladder cancer are preferred. Among these examples of cancer, the present invention is effective against cancer cases characterized by, after treatment that involves intravenous administration of an anticancer drug such as adriamycin, the presence of cancerous lesions against which the anticancer drug has attenuated to exert tumor shrinkage effects and cancer cases characterized by the presence of cancerous lesions against which the anticancer drug is clinically inferred to exert no effects of tumor shrinkage.
The cancer cell death inducing agent of the present invention having effects of potentiating an anticancer drug causes endoplasmic reticulum stress in cancer cells. The endoplasmic reticulum stress induces JNK activation, P-glycoprotein concentration decreases as a result, and then the function of excreting the anticancer drug decreases in cells, so that the anticancer drug is thought to induce cancer cell death even at a lower concentration thereof. Furthermore, through mediation of induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and JNK activation, a wide range of cytotoxic signals within cells can function to eliminate the anticancer drug resistance.
The cancer cell death inducing agent of the present invention having effects of potentiating an anticancer drug comprises REIC/Dkk-3 DNA or a vector containing the DNA as well as a pharmacologically acceptable carrier, a diluent, or an excipient.
The cancer cell death inducing agent of the present invention having effects of potentiating an anticancer drug can be administered in various forms, such as tablets, capsules, granules, powders, or syrups via oral administration, or injection preparations, drops, suppositories, sprays, eye drops, transnasal preparations, or adhesive preparations via parenteral administration.
The cancer cell death inducing agent of the present invention having effects of potentiating an anticancer drug can also be topically administered. For example, the cancer cell death inducing agent can exert its effects through administration thereof via injection to a cancer site or the like.
Preferably, the agent is directly injected into a local cancer lesion once or several times so that the agent is spread throughout the cancer lesion. Before and after injection, treatment that involves intravenous administration of an anticancer drug such as adriamycin is performed.
The present invention also encompasses a pharmaceutical composition comprising an anticancer drug and the cancer cell death inducing agent having the effects of potentiating the anticancer drug in combination. Specifically, the present invention encompasses: a cancer therapeutic drug that is a kit comprising an anticancer drug and REIC/Dkk-3 DNA; and a pharmaceutical composition for cancer treatment comprising an anticancer drug and REIC/Dkk-3 DNA.
The cancer cell death inducing agent of the present invention having effects of potentiating an anticancer drug contains a carrier, a diluent, and an excipient that are generally used in the field of preparations. For example, as a carrier for tablets or an excipient, lactose, magnesium stearate, or the like is used. As an aqueous solution for injection, saline, an isotonic solution containing dextrose, and another adjuvant is used, for example. An appropriate solubilizing agent such as alcohol, polyalcohol such as propylene glycol, a nonionic surfactant, or the like may also be used in combination. As an oily fluid, sesame oil, soybean oil, or the like is used. As a solubilizing agent, benzyl benzoate, benzyl alcohol, or the like may also be used in combination.
The dose differs depending on symptoms, age, body weight, and the like. Administration may be carried out once per several days or several weeks or several months, in an amount ranging from 0.001 mg to 100 mg via subcutaneous injection, intramuscular injection, or intravenous injection.
The cancer cell death inducing agent of the present invention having effects of potentiating an anticancer drug may be administered to a cancer patient affected by a cancer type above, who has a cancer lesion confirmed to show resistance to treatment with an anticancer drug.
The cancer cell death inducing agent of the present invention having effects of potentiating an anticancer drug is confirmed to exert the effects of cancer cell death-tumor shrinkage even in the case of single-agent administration. Furthermore, combined use of this agent and an anticancer drug doubly induces anti-cancer effects, so that strong effects of tumor shrinkage are expected.
Hereafter, the present invention is described in greater detail with reference to the following examples, although the present invention is not limited thereto.
In these Examples, examination was conducted by the following method using the following materials.
Cell lines used in the Examples of the present invention were human mammary cancer cell lines MCF7/Wt (wild-type), MDA-MB-231, SK-BR-3, and HCC1806 and HeLa which is a human uterine cancer cell line. These cell lines were obtained from the ATCC (American Type Culture Collection). The anticancer-drug-resistant mammary cancer cell line (multidrug-resistant mammary cancer cell line) MCF7/ADR was provided by Dr. K. H. Cowan, the Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska, Medical Center (Batist G et al. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 15544-15549). As control cells, human fibroblasts and OUMS24 were used. They were established by the present inventors (Bai L et al. Int J Cancer 1993; 53: 451-456). Cell lines were each cultured using the following culture solutions.
OUMS24 was cultured under conditions of 5% CO2 using Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal calf serum, penicillin (100 IU/ml), and streptomycin (100 μg/ml). MCF7/ADR was cultured using RPMI-1640 medium (Sigma) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal calf serum, penicillin (100 IU/ml), streptomycin (100 μg/ml), and 10 μM doxorubicin (adriacin (Trademark, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd.)). The other cell lines were cultured using RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal calf serum, penicillin (100 IU/ml), and streptomycin (100 μg/ml).
Protein expression was examined by Western blot. Cells were washed twice with PBS and then protein extraction was carried out using a lysis buffer (50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 250 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1% NP-40, 1 mM DTT, 1 mM PMSF, 5 μg/ml leupeptin, 5 μg/ml aprotinin, 2 mM Na3VO4, 1 mM NaF, and 10 mM β-GP). After centrifugation, a protein level in a supernatant was adjusted. Each resultant was diluted with 2×SDS sample buffer in an amount equivalent thereto and then heated at 95° C. for 5 minutes. Each sample (10 μg of a protein) was subjected to electrophoresis with 7.5% SDS-PAGE gel and then the resultant was transferred to a PVDF membrane. Blocking was carried out at room temperature for 1 hour using Tris buffered saline (TBS) containing 10% fat-free milk powder, 6% glycine, and 0.1% Tween-20. Primary antibodies used herein were: an anti-human REIC/Dkk-3 antibody (1:1000); an anti-JNK antibody sc-571 (1:500) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology); an anti-c-Jun antibody sc-1694 (1:500) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology); an anti-phosphorylated JNK antibody #9255 (1:500) (Cell Signaling Technology); an anti-phosphorylated c-Jun antibody #9261 (1:500) (Cell Signaling Technology); an anti-cleavage caspase-3 antibody #9661 (1:500) (Cell Signaling Technology); an anti-tubulin antibody T5168 (1:8000) (Sigma); and an anti-P-glycoprotein antibody C219 (1:250) (Calbiochem). After sufficient washing with TBS (T-TBS) and 0.1% Tween-20, a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody was added. Furthermore, after sufficient washing using T-TBS, color development was carried out by an enhanced chemiluminescence detection method (ECL kit). One (1) μM JNK inhibitor SP600125 (A. G. Scientific, Inc.) was added to some samples, so as to inhibit the kinase activity of JNK.
Full-length REIC/Dkk-3 cDNA was introduced into a cosmid vector pAxCAwt and then the resultant was transferred by the COS-TPC method (Takara Bio) to an adenovirus vector (Abarzua F et al. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 9617-9622). An adenovirus vector (Ad-LacZ) containing a LacZ gene was used as a control.
To examine in vitro cell death induction, cells were seeded in a 6-well flat bottom plate and then cultured for 24 hours. Cells were treated with Ad-LacZ and Ad-REIC at various MOIs (multiplicities of infection) in serum free medium for 2 hours and then the medium was exchanged with fresh complete medium. After 48 hours of incubation, an Hoechst33342 stock solution was added at a concentration of 2 μg/ml. Cells were incubated under dark conditions for 10 minutes. Hoechst33342 is an intercalater staining reagent, with which a total amount of chromatin and the degree of condensation of chromatin can be examined (Belloc F et al., Cytometry 1994; 17: 59-65, Maciorowski Z et al., Cytometry 1998; 32: 44-50). Death of cells having highly condensed and fragmented nuclei was observed using a fluorescence microscope and then such cells were identified. Such cells confirmed to have undergone cell death in 3 to 5 different visual fields were counted under a microscope.
To detect in vivo cells for which cell death had been confirmed, TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated UTP end labeling) assay was carried out using a Fluorescein In Situ Cell Detection Kit (Roche). Specifically, tumor tissues were cut into sections and each section was added into an OCT compound and then rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen. Each frozen section sample (10 μm) was fixed with methanol at room temperature for 30 minutes, washed, impregnated with PBS containing 0.1% Triton X-100, and then stained with a TUNEL reaction mixture.
Cells were seeded in a 96-well flat bottom microplate at 1000 cells per well. After 24 hours of incubation, cells were treated with Ad-LacZ and Ad-REIC at 100 MOI in serum free medium for 2 hours, followed by exchange with fresh complete medium. After 48 hours, floating dead cells were removed by medium exchange. Adhering cells were cultured with doxorubicin at various concentrations for 72 hours. At the end of incubation, cell survival rates were measured using CellTiter96 (trademark) Aqueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (Promega Corp.).
Cells were seeded in a 6-well flat bottom plate and then cultured for 24 hours. After 24 hours of incubation, cells were treated with Ad-LacZ and Ad-REIC at 100 MOI in serum free medium for 2 hours, followed by exchange with fresh complete medium. After 48 hours, floating dead cells were removed by medium exchange, adhering cells were cultured with 10 μM doxorubicin for 36 hours. At the end of incubation, the red autofluorescence of doxorubicin was observed and scanned. Scanned images were subjected to quantitative determination of the accumulation density of doxorubicin using Scion Image (Scion Corp).
Female athymic (nu/nu) mice of 5-6 weeks of age were obtained from Charles River Laboratories International, Inc. On day 3 before injection of tumor cells, 17β estradiol pellets (SE-121, Innovative Research of America) were grafted in the right shoulder region of each mouse via subcutaneous injection. MCF7/Wt cells (5×106 cells/0.1 ml PBS) were injected into the back on the left of each mouse and then a tumor was allowed to increase to 3 mm to 6 mm. Mice were divided randomly into 7 groups. Subsequently, 1.2×108 plaque forming units (PFU) of adenovirus vectors (Ad-LacZ and Ad-REIC) were adjusted with PBS to 0.1 ml and then the resultant was injected into the tumor. As a negative control, the same amount of PBS was injected. Tumor size was measured once every two weeks. Tumor volume was calculated by a formula (½×(w1×w2×w2); w1 represents the maximum diameter of a tumor and w2 represents the minimum diameter of a tumor) established by experiments.
Data were expressed with average value±SE. Unpaired Student's t test was conducted for 2 groups. “P<0.05” was defined to indicate a significant difference. Analysis was conducted using a Statview 4.5 software program (Abucus concepts).
REIC/Dkk-3 protein expression in various cell lines was examined. Cell lines used herein were MCF7/Wt (wild-type), MDA-MB-231, SK-BR-3, and HCC1806 which are human mammary cancer cell lines as well as HeLa which is a human uterine cancer cell line. Human fibroblasts and OUMS24 were used as positive controls for expression (Abarzua F et al., Cancer Res 2005; 65: 9617-9622). In primary cultured human mammary cancer epithelial cells (HMEC) for which tubulin had been used as a loading control, the REIC/Dkk-3 protein was clearly observed between molecular weights of 60 kDa and 70 kDa. This accords with the result that a plurality of bands were observed corresponding to the REIC/Dkk-3 protein as analyzed by Western blot (Barzua F et al., Cancer Res 2005; 65: 9617-9622; Kurose K et al., J Urol 2004; 171: 1314-13181; Hsieh S Y, Oncogene 2004; 23: 9183-9189).
(2) Induction of Cell Death of MCF7/Wt and MCF7/ADR Cells as a Result of Treatment with Ad-REIC
Possible use of REIC/Dkk-3 for gene therapy for mammary cancer was examined by causing REIC/Dkk-3 overexpression in mammary cancer cell lines using Ad-REIC. The experiment was conducted 3 to 6 times.
(3) Increased Sensitivity of Multidrug-Resistant MCF7/ADR to Doxorubicin as a Result of Treatment with Ad-REIC
The further usefulness of Ad-REIC in cancer therapy was examined using multidrug-resistant MCF7/ADR cells. MCF/Wt and MCF7/ADR cells were divided into 3 groups: a group of cells that were not treated, a group of cells treated with Ad-LacZ, and a group of cells treated with Ad-REIC. Cells were exposed to various concentrations of doxorubicin was evaluated, as was the ability of REIC/Dkk-3 overexpression to cause cells to restore drug resistance. MCF7/Wt cells were observed to show no significant difference that depended on treatment group.
(4) Downregulation of P-Glycoprotein in MCF7/ADR Cells in Activated JNK-c-Jun-Dependent Manner as a Result of Treatment with Ad-REIC
Expression levels of various proteins under REIC/Dkk-3 overexpression were measured by Western blot. Cells were treated with Ad-LacZ and Ad-REIC at 100 MOI. After 48 hours, floating dead cells were removed, adhering cells were lysed, and then the resultants were used as samples. To inhibit kinase activity of JNK in treatment with Ad-REIC, a 1 μM JNK inhibitor (SP600125) was added immediately after treatment with Ad-REIC.
(5) Intracellular Accumulation of Doxorubicin as a Result of Treatment with Ad-REIC
Intracellular accumulation of doxorubicin was examined at a concentration of 10 μM in order to examine the effects of treatment with Ad-REIC on doxorubicin kinetics in each type of cells.
(6) Suppression of Mammary Cancer Growth in Mammary Cancer Xenograft Model as a Result of Intratumoral Treatment (Administration of) with Ad-REIC
In vitro cell death induction due to REIC/Dkk-3 overexpression was confirmed in MCF/Wt cells. Next, in vivo anti-tumor effects of Ad-REIC were examined using a subcutaneous injection tumor model.
It was demonstrated by this Example that REIC/Dkk-3 is useful for gene therapy against cancer. Adenovirus-mediated REIC/Dkk-3 overexpression induced cell death in mammary cancer cells and cell death took place in a JNK phosphorylation-dependent manner. MCF/Wt tumor growth inhibition in the mouse model can be explained by the effects of tumor cell death resulting from in vivo treatment with Ad-REIC. Furthermore, REIC/Dkk-3 overexpression downregulates P-glycoprotein expression through mediation of JNK activation in drug-resistant MCF7/ADR mammary cancer cells, so as to change the nature of the cell line from being resistant to the drug (doxorubicin) to being sensitive to the same.
The present inventors have previously reported that JNK activation resulting from administration of Ad-REIC plays a major role in cell death in various cancer cell lines (Abarzua F et al., Cancer Res 2005; 65: 9617-9622, Abarzua F et al., Int J Mol Med 2007; 20: 37-43; Tanimoto R et al., Int J Mol Med 2007; 19: 363-368). In prostatic cancer PC-3 cells, REIC/Dkk-3 overexpression activates JNK, decreases the Bcl-2 protein level, induces localization of the BaX protein in mitochondria, and then releases cytochrome C into the cytoplasm, thereby causing cell death (apoptosis) (Abarzua F et al., Cancer Res 2005, 65: 9617-9622).
In this Example, it was demonstrated that administration of Ad-REIC induced cell death in many mammary cancer cell lines (MCF7/Wt, MCF7/ADR, and SK-BR-3), but did not induce cell death in primary human mammary epithelial cells. Moreover, almost no REIC/Dkk-3 protein expression was observed in the mammary cancer cell lines, but REIC/Dkk-3 protein was abundant in primary epithelial cells. These results suggest that REIC/Dkk-3 overexpression selectively induces cell death in mammary cancer cells not expressing endogenous REIC/Dkk-3. This phenomenon is similar to phenomena noted in previous reports (Abarzua F et al., Cancer Res 2005, 65: 9617-9622; Abarzua F et al., Int J Mol Med 2007, 20: 37-43; Tanimoto R et al., Int J Mol Med 2007, 19: 363-368), suggesting that deletion or absence of REIC/Dkk-3 protein expression is important for cell death induction in cancer cells. Administration of Ad-REIC to cancer cells in which no REIC/Dkk-3 is present causes endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) and then induces cell death in a JNK-dependent manner. Interestingly, overexpression of a certain kind of protein causes JNK activation induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell death (Cudna R E, Biotechnol Bioeng 2003, 81: 56-65; Herr I. et al, Blood 2001, 98: 2603-2614). Accordingly, it is thought that REIC/Dkk-3 protein overexpression itself induces significant endoplasmic reticulum stress and then activates JNK in the endoplasmic reticula of cancer cells in which REIC/Dkk-3 protein expression is absent or unable to take place smoothly, so that cell death takes place.
P-glycoprotein plays a central role in excretion of anticancer drug, so as to increase cell survival against the anticancer drug. Also, upregulation of P-glycoprotein is an important mechanism by which cancer cells become resistant to the toxic effects of an anticancer drug (Ueda K. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 1987, 84: 3004-3008; Giai M. et al., Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1991, 12: 359-373, 11). Interestingly, it was revealed by previous examination that a transcription factor, c-Jun, is a major determinant for downregulation of P-glycoprotein (Fujita T et al., Int J Cancer 2005, 117: 670-682; Miao Z H et al., Cancer Res 2003, 63: 4527-4532). REIC/Dkk-3 overexpression in MCF7/ADR cells causes c-Jun activation in a JNK-dependent manner, in a similar manner as in the case of downregulation of P-glycoprotein. Hence, it is thought that in cells to which Ad-REIC has been administered, phosphorylated c-Jun to be induced by JNK activation mediates the reverse of P-glycoprotein-dependent anti-doxorubicin resistance. This is evidenced by the result that intracellular doxorubicin accumulation in drug-resistant MCF7/ADR cells significantly increases after administration of Ad-REIC. Furthermore, with the use of another doxorubicin-(adriamycin) resistant cancer cell line (KK47/ADR (KK47/ADM) bladder cancer cells), it was confirmed that REIC/Dkk-3 overexpression due to Ad-REIC downregulated P-glycoprotein takes place in a JNK- and c-Jun-dependent manner, so as to accelerate drug resistance (Example 2). Therefore, JNK activation can be the mechanism for the effects of reversing drug resistance by administration of Ad-REIC, depending on downregulation of P-glycoprotein. However, in view of significant cell death induction after administration of Ad-REIC, cell injury itself can cause changes in the intracellular system involved in anti-cancer resistance.
In this Example, in vitro and in vivo therapeutic effects of administration of Ad-REIC on mammary cancer were demonstrated. Ad-REIC not only induces cell death but also causes cells to restore resistance to an anticancer drug, even in the case of single-agent administration. Specifically, REIC/Dkk-3 can exert significant anti-cancer effects when used in combination with a conventionally employed anticancer drug.
An examination similar to that in Example 1 was conducted using normal bladder cancer cells and bladder cancer cells having acquired resistance to an anticancer drug.
Cell lines used herein were KK47 (KK47/Wt) which is a bladder cancer cell line and KK47/ADR (KK47/ADM) which is an anticancer drug (doxorubicin)-resistant cell line of KK47 (Kimiya K. et al., J Urol. 1992 August, 148 (2 Pt I), 441-5; Hasegawa S. et al., Br J Cancer. 1995 May; 71 (5): 907-13) (all cells were provided by the Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University).
PC3 (1×105 cells) was seeded in a 6-well plate. After 24 hours, PC3 was transfected with pTracer-EF-A-1 (#1: 1-39 aa), -2 (#2: 1-78 aa), or -6 (Full: 1-350aa) plasmid, in which REIC/Dkk-3 fragment cDNA had been inserted, using a TransIT (trademark) Keratinocyte reagent (transfection reagent (Mirus Bio Corporation)). pTracer-EF-A-1 contains cDNA (cDNA comprising a sequence ranging from the 1st nucleotide to the 117th nucleotide of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1) encoding a sequence ranging from the 1st amino acid to the 39th amino acid of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2. pTracer-EF-A-2 contains cDNA (cDNA comprising a sequence ranging from the 1st nucleotide to the 234th nucleotide of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1) encoding a sequence ranging from the 1st amino acid to the 78th amino acid of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2. pTracer-EF-A-3 contains cDNA (cDNA comprising a sequence ranging from the 1st nucleotide to the 1050th nucleotide of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1) encoding a sequence ranging from the 1st amino acid to the 350th amino acid of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2. OUMS-24 was transfected with each plasmid using FuGENE (trademark)-HD reagent (transfection reagent (Roche Applied Science)). After 48 hours, cells were subjected to nuclear staining alive using Hoechst33342 and then they were observed via a fluorescence microscope. The rate (%) of cells that had died (cells that had undergone karyopyknosis) was calculated using the case of GFP-positive cells (cells containing plasmids) as a denominator.
Plasmids used for transfection of PC3 are capable of causing simultaneous expression of an inserted gene (REIC/Dkk-3 fragment) and GFP with the use of different promoters. Therefore, through detection of GFP (green), cells expressing the REIC fragment can be detected indirectly. At 48 hours after transfection, cell apoptosis induction was evaluated.
The cancer cell death inducing agent of the present invention, which has the effects of potentiating an anticancer drug for cancer cells having anticancer drug resistance, has cancer cell death-anti-tumor effects on anticancer-drug-resistant cancer, even in the case of single-agent administration. Furthermore, the cancer cell death inducing agent can recover the effects of an anticancer drug when it is used in combination with the anticancer drug. The cancer cell death inducing agent is a topically applicable preparation having such biphasic effects.
Cases in which the preparation of the present invention may be administered are cases of patients who have cancer lesions observed to be resistant to anticancer drug therapy. The preparation of the present invention found to exert cancer cell death tumor shrinkage effects even in the case of single-agent administration and an anticancer drug are administered in combination, so that anti-cancer effects are doubly induced and thus strong anti-tumor effects can be expected.
Strict discrimination between anticancer-drug-resistant cancer and drug-sensitive cancer is clinically difficult. The preparation of the present invention can also be expected to exert anti-cancer effects against drug-sensitive cancer. Hence, administration of the preparation at the initial stage of anticancer drug therapy becomes possible, unlike the cases of conventional techniques of attenuating P-glycoprotein expression while targeting anticancer-drug-resistant cancer. The preparation is also advantageous in that it is clinically applicable to a wide range of cases.
All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2007-287373 | Nov 2007 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2008/070541 | 11/5/2008 | WO | 00 | 7/15/2010 |
