Patent Grant
10307473
The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web and is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on May 2, 2011, is named 031229US.txt and is 206,590 bytes in size.
Vaccines have been one of the great public health inventions of modern medicine and have saved millions of lives. Immunizations have been proven to be an ideal means to prevent and control infections. Each year vaccines prevent up to 3 million deaths and 750,000 children are saved from disability. (Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization—Press Releases (Mar. 11, 2006) at www.gavialliance.org/media_centre/press_releases/2006_03_09_en_pr_queenrania_delhi.php). In 1999 the CDC declared immunizations the number one public health achievement of the 20th century (Ten great public health achievements-United States, 1900-1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 48:241-3 (Apr. 2, 1999)). Some bacteria like those causing tetanus or diphtheria produce a toxin that is largely responsible for the disease. This toxin can be used in a detoxified form as vaccine. However, for most bacteria there is no single toxin that can be used to develop a vaccine.
Among the most successful vaccines are surface polysaccharides of bacterial pathogens like Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae conjugated to carrier proteins. These bacteria are surrounded by a capsule, which promotes microbial virulence and resistance to phagocytic killing, as well as preventing them from desiccation.
Bacterial polysaccharides can elicit a long-lasting immune response in humans if they are coupled to a protein carrier that contains T-cell epitopes. This concept was elaborated 80 years ago (Avery, O. T., and W. F. Goebel. 1929. Chemo-immunological studies on conjugated carbohydrate-proteins. II Immunological specificity of synthetic sugar-proteins. J. Exp. Med. 50:521-533), and proven later for the polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenza type B (HIB) coupled to the protein carrier diphtheria toxin (Anderson, P. 1983. Antibody responses to Haemophilus influenzae type b and diphtheria toxin induced by conjugates of oligosaccharides of the type b capsule with the nontoxic protein CRM197. Infect Immun 39:233-8; Schneerson, R., O. Barrera, A. Sutton, and J. B. Robbins. 1980. Preparation, characterization, and immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide-protein conjugates. J Exp Med 152:361-76). This glycoconjugate was also the first conjugated vaccine to be licensed in the USA in 1987 and introduced into the US infant immunization schedule shortly thereafter. Besides HIB, conjugated vaccines were successfully used against the encapsulated human pathogens N. meningitidis and S. pneumoniae. Routine use of these vaccines has resulted in decreased nasopharyngeal colonization, as well as infection. Currently approximately ˜25% of the global vaccine market comprises conjugated vaccines.
Gram-positive bacteria have a cell membrane that is surrounded by capsular polysaccharides. Staphylococcus is one such Gram-positive bacterium.
Staphylococcus aureus causes infection. S. aureus is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen responsible for a diverse spectrum of human diseases. Although S. aureus may colonize mucosal surfaces of normal humans, it is also a major cause of wound infections and has the invasive potential to induce severe infections, including osteomyelitis, endocarditis, and bacteremia with metastatic complications (Lowy, F. D. 1998. Staphylococcus aureus infections. New Engl J Med 339:520-32). S. aureus is one of the most common agents implicated in ventilator-associated pneumonia, and it is an important and emerging cause of community-acquired pneumonia, affecting previously healthy adults and children lacking predisposing risk factors (Kollef, M. H., A. Shorr, Y. P. Tabak, V. Gupta, L. Z. Liu, and R. S. Johannes. 2005. Epidemiology and outcomes of health-care-associated pneumonia: results from a large US database of culture-positive pneumonia. Chest 128:3854-62; Shorr, A. F. 2007. Epidemiology and economic impact of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: review and analysis of the literature. Pharmacoeconomics 25:751-68).
S. aureus is the second most common cause of nosocomial bacteremia, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains account for more than 50% of all infections in intensive care units in the U.S. S. aureus infections within the hospital and in the community are increasing. MRSA strains were isolated from 2% of staphylococcal infections in 1974 and from 63% of staphylococcal infections in 2004. Many of the nosocomial MRSA strains are multi-drug resistant, and even methicillin-sensitive strains can be deadly. A recent report using population-based, active case finding revealed that 94,360 invasive MRSA infections occurred in the U.S. in 2005, and that the majority of these (58%) occurred outside of the hospital (Klevens, R. M., M. A. Morrison, J. Nadle, S. Petit, K. Gershman, S. Ray, L. H. Harrison, R. Lynfield, G. Dumyati, J. M. Townes, A. S. Craig, E. R. Zell, G. E. Fosheim, L. K. McDougal, R. B. Carey, and S. K. Fridkin. 2007. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA 298:1763-71). In this analysis, more Americans died from MRSA (>18,000 deaths) in 2005 than from AIDS.
S. aureus USA100, also known as the New York/Japan clone, is an MRSA strain that represents the predominant U.S. hospital-acquired MRSA strain (McDougal, L. K., C. D. Steward, G. E. Killgore, J. M. Chaitram, S. K. McAllister, and F. C. Tenover. 2003. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the United States: establishing a national database. J Clin Microbiol 41:5113-20).
Epidemiologic analyses indicate that S. aureus causes approximately 2 million clinical infections each year in the U.S. alone (Fridkin, S. K., J. C. Hageman, M. Morrison, L. T. Sanza, K. Como-Sabetti, J. A. Jernigan, K. Harriman, L. H. Harrison, R. Lynfield, and M. M. Farley. 2005. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in three communities. N Engl J Med 352:1436-44; King, M. D., B. J. Humphrey, Y. F. Wang, E. V. Kourbatova, S. M. Ray, and H. M. Blumberg. 2006. Emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA 300 clone as the predominant cause of skin and soft-tissue infections. Ann Intern Med 144:309-17; Klevens, R. M., M. A. Morrison, J. Nadle, S. Petit, K. Gershman, S. Ray, L. H. Harrison, R. Lynfield, G. Dumyati, J. M. Townes, A. S. Craig, E. R. Zell, G. E. Fosheim, L. K. McDougal, R. B. Carey, S. K. Fridkin, and M. I. for the Active Bacterial Core surveillance. 2007. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA 298:1763-1771). Not only are S. aureus infections increasing in number, but the resistance of S. aureus to antibiotics is also on the increase. MRSA accounts for 40%-60% of nosocomial S. aureus infections in the U.S., and many of these strains are multi-drug resistant. Notorious as a major source of nosocomial infections, S. aureus has recently taken on a new role in causing an escalating number of community-acquired infections in non-hospitalized persons without predisposing risk factors. Virulent community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) strains are becoming more prevalent across the U.S. and Europe, and their dissemination has been observed globally (Baggett, H. C., T. W. Hennessy, K. Rudolph, D. Bruden, A. Reasonover, A. Parkinson, R. Sparks, R. M. Donlan, P. Martinez, K. Mongkolrattanothai, and J. C. Butler. 2004. Community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus associated with antibiotic use and the cytotoxin Panton-Valentine leukocidin during a furunculosis outbreak in rural Alaska. J Infect Dis 189:1565-73; Gilbert, M., J. MacDonald, D. Gregson, J. Siushansian, K. Zhang, S. Elsayed, K. Laupland, T. Louie, K. Hope, M. Mulvey, J. Gillespie, D. Nielsen, V. Wheeler, M. Louie, A. Honish, G. Keays, and J. Conly. 2006. Outbreak in Alberta of community-acquired (USA300) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in people with a history of drug use, homelessness or incarceration. Canad Med Assoc J 175:149-54; Kazakova, S. V., J. C. Hageman, M. Matava, A. Srinivasan, L. Phelan, B. Garfinkel, T. Boo, S. McAllister, J. Anderson, B. Jensen, D. Dodson, D. Lonsway, L. K. McDougal, M. Arduino, V. J. Fraser, G. Killgore, F. C. Tenover, S. Cody, and D. B. Jernigan. 2005. A clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among professional football players. N Engl J Med 352:468-75).
Not only has S. aureus resistance to methicillin become more common, but numerous isolates with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin have been reported. Seven clinical isolates of S. aureus that carry vanA and are fully resistant to vancomycin have been isolated in the U.S. These isolates are also methicillin resistant (Chang, S., D. M. Sievert, J. C. Hageman, M. L. Boulton, F. C. Tenover, F. P. Downes, S. Shah, J. T. Rudrik, G. R. Pupp, W. J. Brown, D. Cardo, and S. K. Fridkin. 2003. Infection with vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing the vanA resistance gene. New Engl J Med 348:1342-7). Because S. aureus cannot always be controlled by antibiotics and MRSA isolates are becoming increasingly prevalent in the community, additional control strategies, such as a vaccine, are sorely needed.
S. aureus capsular polysaccharides are involved in infection. Many virulence factors contribute to the pathogenesis of staphylococcal infections, including surface-associated adhesions, secreted exoproteins and toxins, and immune evasion factors (Foster, T. J. 2005. Immune evasion by staphylococci. Nature Reviews Microbiology 3:948-58). Like many invasive bacterial pathogens, S. aureus produces a capsular polysaccharide (CP) (
Previous studies have correlated S. aureus capsule production with resistance to in vitro phagocytic uptake and killing (Fattom, A., R. Schneerson, S. C. Szu, W. F. Vann, J. Shiloach, W. W. Karakawa, and J. B. Robbins. 1990. Synthesis and immunologic properties in mice of vaccines composed of Staphylococcus aureus type 5 and type 8 capsular polysaccharides conjugated to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. Infect Immun 58:2367-74; Thakker, M., J.-S. Park, V. Carey, and J. C. Lee. 1998. Staphylococcus aureus serotype 5 capsular polysaccharide is antiphagocytic and enhances bacterial virulence in a murine bacteremia model. Infect Immun 66:5183-5189; Watts, A., D. Ke, Q. Wang, A. Pillay, A. Nicholson-Weller, and J. C. Lee. 2005. Staphylococcus aureus strains that express serotype 5 or serotype 8 capsular polysaccharides differ in virulence. Infect Immun 73:3502-11). Human neutrophils phagocytose capsule-negative mutants in the presence of nonimmune serum with complement activity, whereas encapsulated isolates require both capsule-specific antibodies and complement for optimal opsonophagocytic killing (Bhasin, N., A. Albus, F. Michon, P. J. Livolsi, J.-S. Park, and J. C. Lee. 1998. Identification of a gene essential for O-acetylation of the Staphylococcus aureus type 5 capsular polysaccharide. Mol Microbiol 27:9-21; Thakker, M., J.-S. Park, V. Carey, and J. C. Lee. 1998. Staphylococcus aureus serotype 5 capsular polysaccharide is antiphagocytic and enhances bacterial virulence in a murine bacteremia model. Infect Immun 66:5183-5189; Watts, A., D. Ke, Q. Wang, A. Pillay, A. Nicholson-Weller, and J. C. Lee. 2005. Staphylococcus aureus strains that express serotype 5 or serotype 8 capsular polysaccharides differ in virulence. Infect Immun 73:3502-11). Nilsson et al. (Nilsson, I.-M., J. C. Lee, T. Bremell, C. Ryden, and A. Tarkowski. 1997. The role of staphylococcal polysaccharide microcapsule expression in septicemia and septic arthritis. Infect Immun 65:4216-4221) reported that peritoneal macrophages from mice phagocytosed significantly greater numbers of a CP5-negative mutant compared to the parental strain Reynolds. Once phagocytosed, the CP5-positive strain survived intracellularly to a greater extent than the mutant strain. Cunnion et al. (Cunnion, K. M., J. C. Lee, and M. M. Frank. 2001. Capsule production and growth phase influence binding of complement to Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 69:6796-6803) compared opsonization of isogenic S. aureus strains and demonstrated that the CP5-positive strain bound 42% less serum complement (C′) than the acapsular mutant.
S. aureus vaccine development conventionally has involved the capsule as a target. Vaccine design for protection against staphylococcal disease is complicated by the protean manifestations and clinical complexity of S. aureus infections in humans. Many S. aureus vaccine candidates have been investigated in animal models of infection, but it has been reported that only two immunization regimens have completed phase III clinical trials (Schaffer, A. C., and J. C. Lee. 2008. Vaccination and passive immunisation against Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Antimicrob Agents 32 Suppl 1:S71-8). The first vaccine is based on the two capsular polysaccharides (CPs) (
S. aureus vaccine development has also involved surface proteins as a target. The second S. aureus clinical vaccine trial was based on the protective efficacy of antibodies to staphylococcal adhesions in preventing staphylococcal infections. S. aureus clumping factor A is a cell wall-anchored protein that is surface expressed, mediates staphylococcal adherence to fibrinogen (Foster, T. J., and M. Hook. 1998. Surface protein adhesins of Staphylococcus aureus. Trends Microbiol 6:484-8), and promotes the attachment of S. aureus to biomaterial surfaces (Vaudaux, P. E., P. Francois, R. A. Proctor, D. McDevitt, T. J. Foster, R. M. Albrecht, D. P. Lew, H. Wabers, and S. L. Cooper. 1995. Use of adhesion-defective mutants of Staphylococcus aureus to define the role of specific plasma proteins in promoting bacterial adhesion to canine arteriovenous shunts. Infection & Immunity 63:585-90), blood clots, and damaged endothelial surfaces (Moreillon, P., J. M. Entenza, P. Francioli, D. McDevitt, T. J. Foster, P. Francois, and P. Vaudaux. 1995. Role of Staphylococcus aureus coagulase and clumping factor in pathogenesis of experimental endocarditis. Infection & Immunity 63:4738-43). The fibrinogen-binding domain of ClfA is located within region A of the full-length protein (McDevitt, D., P. Francois, P. Vaudaux, and T. J. Foster. 1995. Identification of the ligand-binding domain of the surface-located fibrinogen receptor (clumping factor) of Staphylococcus aureus. Molecular Microbiology 16:895-907). ClfA plays an important role in S. aureus binding to platelets, an interaction that is critical in animal models of catheter-induced staphylococcal endocarditis (Sullam, P. M., A. S. Bayer, W. M. Foss, and A. L. Cheung. 1996. Diminished platelet binding in vitro by Staphylococcus aureus is associated with reduced virulence in a rabbit model of infective endocarditis. Infection & Immunity 64:4915-21).
Nanra et al. reported that antibodies to ClfA induced opsonophagocytic killing of S. aureus in vitro (Nanra, J. S., Y. Timofeyeva, S. M. Buitrago, B. R. Sellman, D. A. Dilts, P. Fink, L. Nunez, M. Hagen, Y. V. Matsuka, T. Mininni, D. Zhu, V. Pavliak, B. A. Green, K. U. Jansen, and A. S. Anderson. 2009. Heterogeneous in vivo expression of clumping factor A and capsular polysaccharide by Staphylococcus aureus: Implications for vaccine design. Vaccine 27:3276-80). Furthermore, mice immunized with a recombinant form of the binding region A of ClfA showed reductions in arthritis and lethality induced by S. aureus (Josefsson, E., O. Hartford, L. O'Brien, J. M. Patti, and T. Foster. 2001. Protection against experimental Staphylococcus aureus arthritis by vaccination with clumping factor A, a novel virulence determinant. Journal of Infectious Diseases 184:1572-80). Passive immunization experiments were performed in rabbits given a human polyclonal immunoglobulin preparation that contained elevated levels of antibodies specific for ClfA (Vernachio, J., A. S. Bayer, T. Le, Y. L. Chai, B. Prater, A. Schneider, B. Ames, P. Syribeys, J. Robbins, J. M. Patti, J. Vernachio, A. S. Bayer, T. Le, Y.-L. Chai, B. Prater, A. Schneider, B. Ames, P. Syribeys, J. Robbins, and J. M. Patti. 2003. Anti-clumping factor A immunoglobulin reduces the duration of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in an experimental model of infective endocarditis. Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy 47:3400-6). The combination therapy resulted in better bacterial clearance from the blood of rabbits with catheter-induced S. aureus endocarditis than did vancomycin treatment alone. In addition, passive transfer of ClfA-specific antibodies significantly reduced infection in a murine model of S. aureus mastitis (Tuchscherr, L. P., F. R. Buzzola, L. P. Alvarez, J. C. Lee, and D. O. Sordelli. 2008. Antibodies to capsular polysaccharide and clumping factor A prevent mastitis and the emergence of unencapsulated and small-colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus in mice. Infect Immun 76: 5738-44).
A phase III clinical trial was reportedly designed to protect against late-onset sepsis in 2000 low birth weight, premature neonates. The infants received up to four administrations of Veronate, a human immunoglobulin preparation pooled from donors with elevated antibody titers against ClfA and SdrG. Despite the promising results from a similar phase II clinical trial, this prophylactic therapy resulted in no reduction in the frequency of staphylococcal infections in the neonates (DeJonge, M., D. Burchfield, B. Bloom, M. Duenas, W. Walker, M. Polak, E. Jung, D. Millard, R. Schelonka, F. Eyal, A. Morris, B. Kapik, D. Roberson, K. Kesler, J. Patti, and S. Hetherington. 2007. Clinical trial of safety and efficacy of INH-A21 for the prevention of nosocomial staphylococcal bloodstream infection in premature infants. J Pediatr 151:260-5).
It has been shown that protein glycosylation occurs, but rarely does so naturally, in prokaryotic organisms. On the other hand, N-linked protein glycosylation is an essential and conserved process occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotic organisms. It is important for protein folding, oligomerization, stability, quality control, sorting and transport of secretory and membrane proteins (Helenius, A., and Aebi, M. (2004). Roles of N-linked glycans in the endoplasmic reticulum. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 73, 1019-1049). Protein glycosylation has a profoundly favorable influence on the antigenicity, the stability and the half-life of a protein. In addition, glycosylation can assist the purification of proteins by chromatography, e.g. affinity chromatography with lectin ligands bound to a solid phase interacting with glycosylated moieties of the protein. It is therefore established practice to produce many glycosylated proteins recombinantly in eukaryotic cells to provide biologically and pharmaceutically useful glycosylation patterns.
Conjugate vaccines have been successfully used to protect against bacterial infections. The conjugation of an antigenic polysaccharide to a protein carrier is required for protective memory response, as polysaccharides are T-cell independent antigens. Polysaccharides have been conjugated to protein carriers by different chemical methods, using activation reactive groups in the polysaccharide as well as the protein carrier. (Qian, F., Y. Wu, O. Muratova, H. Zhou, G. Dobrescu, P. Duggan, L. Lynn, G. Song, Y. Zhang, K. Reiter, N. MacDonald, D. L. Narum, C. A. Long, L. H. Miller, A. Saul, and G. E. Mullen. 2007. Conjugating recombinant proteins to Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoProtein A: a strategy for enhancing immunogenicity of malaria vaccine candidates. Vaccine 25:3923-3933; Pawlowski, A., G. Kallenius, and S. B. Svenson. 2000. Preparation of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugates vaccines utilizing new fragmentation and conjugation technologies. Vaccine 18:1873-1885; Robbins, J. B., J. Kubler-Kielb, E. Vinogradov, C. Mocca, V. Pozsgay, J. Shiloach, and R. Schneerson. 2009. Synthesis, characterization, and immunogenicity in mice of Shigella sonnei O-specific oligosaccharide-core-protein conjugates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:7974-7978).
Conjugate vaccines can be administered to children to protect them against bacterial infections and can provide a long lasting immune response to adults. Constructs of the invention have been found to generate an IgG response in animals. It is believed that the polysaccharide (i.e. sugar residue) triggers a short-term immune response that is sugar-specific. Indeed, the human immune system generates a strong response to specific polysaccharide surface structures of bacteria, such as O-antigens and capsular polysaccharides. However, as the immune response to polysaccharides is IgM dependent, the immune system develops no memory. The protein carrier that carries the polysaccharide, however, triggers an IgG response that is T-cell dependent and that provides long lasting protection since the immune system develops memory. For this reason, in developing a vaccine, it is advantageous to develop it as a protein carrier-polysaccharide conjugate.
Prokaryotic organisms rarely produce glycosylated proteins. However, it has been demonstrated that a bacterium, the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni, can glycosylate its proteins (Szymanski, et al. (1999). Evidence for a system of general protein glycosylation in Campylobacter jejuni. Mol. Microbiol. 32, 1022-1030). The machinery required for glycosylation is encoded by 12 genes that are clustered in the pgl locus. Disruption of glycosylation affects invasion and pathogenesis of C. jejuni but is not lethal as in most eukaryotic organisms (Burda P. and M. Aebi, (1999). The dolichol pathway of N-linked glycosylation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1426(2):239-57). It has been shown that the pgl locus is responsible for N-linked protein glycosylation in Campylobacter and that it is possible to reconstitute the N-glycosylation of C. jejuni proteins by recombinantly expressing the pgl locus and acceptor glycoprotein in E. coli at the same time (Wacker, M., D. Linton, P. G. Hitchen, M. Nita-Lazar, S. M. Haslam, S. J. North, M. Panico, H. R. Morris, A. Dell, B. W. Wren, and M. Aebi. 2002. N-linked glycosylation in C. jejuni and its functional transfer into E. coli. Science 298:1790-3).
The N-linked protein glycosylation biosynthetic pathway of Campylobacter has significant similarities to the polysaccharide biosynthesis pathway in bacteria (Bugg, T. D., and P. E. Brandish. 1994. From peptidoglycan to glycoproteins: common features of lipid-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 119:255-62). Based on the knowledge that antigenic polysaccharides of bacteria and the oligosaccharides of Campylobacter are both synthesized on the carrier lipid, undecaprenyl pyrophosphate (UndPP), the two pathways were combined in E. coli (Feldman, M. F., M. Wacker, M. Hernandez, P. G. Hitchen, C. L. Marolda, M. Kowarik, H. R. Morris, A. Dell, M. A. Valvano, and M. Aebi. 2005. Engineering N-linked protein glycosylation with diverse O antigen lipopolysaccharide structures in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:3016-21). It was demonstrated that PglB does not have a strict specificity for the lipid-linked sugar substrate. The antigenic polysaccharides assembled on UndPP are captured by PglB in the periplasm and transferred to a protein carrier (Feldman, M. F., M. Wacker, M. Hernandez, P. G. Hitchen, C. L. Marolda, M. Kowarik, H. R. Morris, A. Dell, M. A. Valvano, and M. Aebi. 2005. Engineering N-linked protein glycosylation with diverse O antigen lipopolysaccharide structures in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:3016-21; Wacker, M., M. F. Feldman, N. Callewaert, M. Kowarik, B. R. Clarke, N. L. Pohl, M. Hernandez, E. D. Vines, M. A. Valvano, C. Whitfield, and M. Aebi. 2006. Substrate specificity of bacterial oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) suggests a common transfer mechanism for the bacterial and eukaryotic systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:7088-93). It was shown that Campylobacter PglB transfers a diverse array of UndPP linked oligosaccharides if they contain an N-acetylated hexosamine at the reducing terminus (Wacker et al. (2006)), allowing conjugation of an antigenic polysaccharide to a protein of choice through an N-glycosidic linkage. While this may provide a theoretical basis for production of conjugated vaccines in vivo, many difficult challenges need to be overcome in order to realize this theoretical possibility.
Based on this previous discovery that C. jejuni contains a general N-linked protein glycosylation system, E. coli had been modified to include the N-linked protein glycosylation machinery of C. jejuni. In this way, glycosylated forms of proteins native to C. jejuni in an E. coli host were produced. It had been further shown that this process could be used to produce glycosylated proteins from different origins in modified E. coli host for use as vaccine products. Production by E. coli is advantageous because large cultures of such modified E. coli hosts can be produced which produce large quantities of useful vaccine.
Using this process to produce a glycosylated protein in a modified E. coli host for use as a vaccine product for S. aureus encounters problems that have been perceived to be insurmountable. First, E. coli is a Gram-negative bacterium and its saccharide biosynthesis pathways differ greatly from those of a Gram-positive bacterium, such as S. aureus, after the polymerization step. In addition, it would have been infeasible to genetically engineer E. coli to produce the S. aureus capsular polysaccharide directly consistent with previous technologies. For example, S. aureus is a Gram positive organism and its capsule synthesis is associated with cell envelope structure and construction of the cellular hull. The capsule producing biosynthetic machinery is specifically designed to arrange the capsular polysaccharide (PS) on the outside of the cell and its cell wall. It would have been extremely difficult, for at least the reason that it would be highly resource-intensive, to produce this capsule in a modified E. coli organism, because the cell envelope of E. coli is constructed in a fundamentally different way. The biosynthetic machinery for capsule assembly from PS precursor would be non-functional due to the different environment. Whereas the S. aureus capsule must transit a single membrane, in E. coli there is an additional membrane which needs to be crossed to reach the final location of an authentic capsule. Furthermore, as the S. aureus capsule is very large, it was believed to be infeasible to make a large capsule like the S. aureus capsule between the two membranes of E. coli.
The principle that enzymes from different organisms can work together has been shown before (e.g. Rubires, X., F. Saigi, N. Pique, N. Climent, S. Merino, S. Alberti, J. M. Tomas and M. Regue. 1997. A gene (wbbL) from Serratia marcescens N28b (04) complements the rfb-50 mutation of Escherichia coli K-12 derivatives. J. Bacteriol 179(23): 7581-6). However, it is believed that no modified LPS polysaccharide from a Gram-positive organism has previously been produced in a Gram-negative organism.
We have now surprisingly discovered a novel S. aureus bioconjugate vaccine. This novel S. aureus vaccine is based on the novel and unexpected discovery that an oligo- or polysaccharide of a prokaryote having one Gram strain can glycosylate a protein in a host prokaroyte having a different Gram strain. Further novel and unexpected features of the invention include without limitation the embodiments set forth below.
More generally, the present invention is directed to a bioconjugate vaccine, such as a Gram-positive vaccine, comprising a protein carrier comprising an inserted nucleic acid consensus sequence; at least one oligo- or polysaccharide from a bacterium such as a Gram-positive bacterium linked to the consensus sequence, and, optionally, an adjuvant. Further, the invention is directed to a Gram-positive bacteria vaccine, such as an S. aureus vaccine, or other bacteria vaccine, made by a glycosylation system using a modified LPS biosynthetic pathway, which comprises the production of a modified capsular polysaccharide or LPS.
The instant invention is additionally directed to a recombinant N-glycosylated protein comprising a protein comprising at least one inserted consensus sequence D/E-X-N-Z-S/T, wherein X and Z may be any natural amino acid except proline; and at least one oligo- or polysaccharide from a bacterium such as a Gram-positive bacterium linked to said consensus sequence.
The present is furthermore directed to a combination of a modified capsular polysaccharide of S. aureus with a protein antigen from the same organism by N-glycosidic linkage.
The invention is further directed to host prokaryotic organisms comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding one or more glycosyltransferase of a first prokaryotic species, such as a Gram-positive species; one or more glycosyltransferases of a different prokaryotic species, such as a Gram-negative species; a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein; and a nucleotide sequence encoding an OTase. The invention is additionally directed to an engineered host prokaryotic organism comprising an introduced nucleotide sequence encoding glycosyltransferases native only to a Gram-positive prokaryotic organism; a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein; and a nucleotide sequence encoding an OTase.
The invention is furthermore directed to methods of producing a bioconjugate vaccine in a host prokaryotic organism comprising nucleic acids encoding one or more glycosyltransferases of a first prokaryotic species, such as a Gram-positive species, for example, S. aureus; one or more glycosyltransferases of a second prokaryotic species, a protein; and an OTase. In addition, the present invention is directed to the production of bioconjugate vaccines by producing in Gram-negative bacteria modified capsular polysaccharides, which can be transferred to lipid A core by WaaL and/or linked to a carrier of choice by the OTase.
The invention is further directed to methods of producing glycosylated proteins in a host prokaryotic organism comprising nucleotide sequence encoding glycosyltransferases native to a first prokaryotic organism and also encoding glycosyltransferases native to a second prokaryotic organism that is different from the first prokaryotic organism. The present invention is additionally directed to the production of proteins N-glycosylated with capsular polysaccharides of Gram-positive bacteria, which are synthesized by a combination of different glycosyltransferases from different organisms. The invention is furthermore directed to the production of glycosylated proteins in a host prokaryotic organism comprising an introduced nucleotide sequence encoding glycosyltransferases native only to a Gram-positive prokaryotic organism.
The instant invention is moreover directed to plasmids, such as, plasmids comprising one or more of SEQ. ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4. The invention also includes plasmids comprising one or more of SEQ. ID NO: 6; SEQ. ID NO: 7; SEQ. ID NO: 8 and SEQ. ID NO: 16. The invention also relates to plasmids comprising one or more of SEQ. ID NO: 10; SEQ. ID NO: 11; and SEQ. ID NO: 12. Moreover, the invention is directed to plasmids comprising one or more of SEQ. ID NO: 13; SEQ. ID NO: 15; SEQ. ID NO: 15; SEQ. ID NO: 17; SEQ ID NO: 18; SEQ. ID NO: 19; SEQ. ID NO: 20; SEQ. ID NO: 21 and SEQ. ID NO: 27.
The invention is additionally directed to transformed bacterial cells, such as, for example, bacterial cells transformed with a plasmid comprising one or more of SEQ. ID NO. 2; SEQ. ID NO: 3; SEQ. ID NO: 4; SEQ. ID NO: 17; SEQ. ID NO: 18; SEQ. ID NO: 19 and SEQ. ID NO: 20; SEQ. ID NO: 21; and SEQ. ID NO: 27. The instant invention is further directed to a bacterial cell transformed with a plasmid comprising one or more of SEQ. ID NO: 5; SEQ. ID NO: 8; SEQ. ID NO: 9; SEQ. ID NO: 10; SEQ. ID NO: 11; SEQ. ID NO: 12; SEQ. ID NO: 13; SEQ. ID NO: 14; SEQ. ID NO: 15 and SEQ. ID NO: 16.
The instant invention is further directed to a method of inducing an immune response against an infection caused by Gram-positive and other bacteria in a mammal. In one embodiment, the method comprises administering to said mammal an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising: protein comprising at least one inserted consensus sequence D/E-X-N-Z-S/T, wherein X and Z may be any natural amino acid except proline; and one or more oligo- or polysaccharides, the one or more oligo- or polysaccharides being the same or different as another of the one or more oligo- or polysaccharides, from a Gram-positive bacterium linked to said consensus sequence.
In another aspect, the invention features a method of identifying a target polysaccharide for use in glycosylating a protein with said target polysaccharide, in whole or in part. Said glycosylated protein comprising the target polysaccharide can be used, for example, in vaccine compositions. In one embodiment, the method of identifying a target polysaccharide includes: identifying a Gram-positive bacterium, such as S. aureus, as a target; identifying a first repeating unit of a polysaccharide produced by said Gram-positive bacterium comprising at least three monomers; identifying a polysaccharide produced by a bacterium of a Gram-negative species comprising a second repeating unit comprising two of the same monomers as said first repeating unit.
The present invention is also directed to a method for modifying a bacterium of a first bacterial species such as a Gram-negative species. In one embodiment, the method includes: identifying a first repeating unit of a polysaccharide of a Gram-positive species, such as S. aureus, comprising three monomers; identifying a polysaccharide produced by a bacterium of a second Gram-negative species comprising another repeating unit comprising two of the same monomers of the first repeating unit; inserting into said bacterium of a first Gram-negative species one or more nucleotide sequences encoding glycosyltransferases that assemble a trisaccharide comprising: a) said second repeating unit; and b) a monomer of said first repeating unit not present in said second repeating unit; inserting a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein; and inserting a nucleotide sequence encoding an OTase.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, an LPS polysaccharide from a Gram-positive organism has now been shown to be produced in a Gram-negative organism. We believe that this is a novel result that represents an important and significant departure from the prior art.
Nucleic acids within the scope of the invention are exemplified by the nucleic acids of the invention contained in the Sequence Listing. Any nucleic acid encoding an immunogenic component, or portion thereof, which is capable of expression in a host cell, can be used in the present invention. The following sequence descriptions are provided to facilitate understanding of certain terms used throughout the application and are not to be construed as limiting embodiments of the invention.
SEQ ID NO: 1 depicts pLAFR1 (Gene Bank Accession AY532632.1) containing the O11 O-antigen sequence from P. aeruginosa PAO103 in the EcoRI site, complementary strand (partially from Gen Bank Accession AF236052).
SEQ ID NO: 2 depicts pLAFR1 containing the CP5 chimeric cluster, corresponding to the pLAFR1-O11 with the cap5HIJ genes replacing wbjA-wzy by homologous recombination. The inserted sequence also contains a cat cassette for selection of homologous recombined clones.
SEQ ID NO: 3 depicts pLAFR1 containing the CP5 chimeric cluster with the cap5K flippase gene, corresponding to the pLAFR-O11 with the cap5HIJ genes replacing wbjA-wzy by homologous recombination and the cap5K cloned between cap5J and the cat cassette.
SEQ ID NO: 4 depicts pLAFR1 containing the CP8 chimeric cluster including a flippase gene, corresponding to the pLAFR1-O11 with the cap8KHIJ genes replacing wbjA-wzy. The inserted sequence also contains a cat cassette for selection of homologous recombined clones.
SEQ ID NO: 5 depicts an expression plasmid for Hla H35L production. The ORF encoding Hla H35L is cloned into NdeI/SacI in pEC415.
SEQ ID NO. 6 depicts the expression plasmid for Hla-H35L site 202 production. The ORF encodes an N-terminal DsbA signal peptide from E. coli, a glycosite around amino acid position 202, and a C-terminal HIS-tag. This construct is cloned into NheI/SalI on pEC415.
SEQ ID NO: 7 depicts the expression plasmid for Hla-H35L site 238 production. The ORF encodes an N-terminal DsbA signal peptide from E. coli, a glycosite around amino acid position 238, and a C-terminal HIS-tag. The above mentioned construct is cloned into NheI/SalI on pEC415.
SEQ ID NO: 8 depicts the expression plasmid for Hla-H35L site 272 production. The ORF encodes an N-terminal DsbA signal peptide from E. coli, a glycosite around amino acid position 272, and a C-terminal HIS-tag. The above mentioned construct is cloned into NheI/SalI on pEC415.
SEQ ID NO: 9 depicts an expression plasmid for ClfA production. The gene was chemically synthesized and cloned into the NdeI/SacI in pEC415 expression vector.
SEQ ID NO: 10 depicts the expression plasmid for ClfA site 290 production. The ORF encodes an N-terminal DsbA signal peptide from E. coli, a glycosite around amino acid position 290, and a C-terminal HIS-tag. The above mentioned construct is cloned into NheI/SalI on pEC415.
SEQ ID NO: 11 depicts the expression plasmid for ClfA site 327 production. The ORF encodes an N-terminal DsbA signal peptide from E. coli, a glycosite around amino acid position 327, and a C-terminal HIS-tag. The above mentioned construct is cloned into NheI/SalI on pEC415.
SEQ ID NO: 12 depicts the expression plasmid for ClfA site 532 production. The ORF encodes an N-terminal DsbA signal peptide from E. coli, a glycosite around amino acid position 532, and a C-terminal HIS-tag. The above mentioned construct is cloned into NheI/SalI on pEC415.
SEQ ID NO: 13 depicts the amino acid sequence of recombinant, genetically detoxified EPA with a signal sequence and two glycosylation sites at positions 260 and 402.
SEQ ID NO: 14 depicts the amino acid sequence of recombinant, genetically detoxified EPA without signal sequence and two glycosylation sites at positions 241 and 383.
SEQ ID NO: 15 depicts the ORF encoding AcrA cloned via NheI/SalI into pEC415.
SEQ ID NO: 16 depicts the expression plasmid for Hla-H35L site 130 production. The ORF encodes an N-terminal DsbA signal peptide from E. coli, a glycosite around amino acid position 130, and a C-terminal HIS-tag. The above mentioned construct is cloned NheI/SalI into pEC415.
SEQ ID NO: 17 depicts CP5 producing gene cluster with cap5K flippase followed by a pglB expression cassette consisting of the intergene DNA sequence between galF and wbqA of E. coli serotype O121 and the pglB ORF. The insert is cloned in the EcoRI site of pLAFR1.
SEQ ID NO: 18 depicts CP8 producing gene cluster with cap8K flippase followed by a pglB expression cassette consisting of the intergene DNA sequence between galF and wbqA of E. coli serotype O121 and the pglB ORF. The insert is cloned in the EcoRI site of pLAFR1.
SEQ ID NO: 19 depicts CP8 producing gene cluster with cap8K flippase followed by a pglB expression cassette consisting of the intergene DNA sequence between galF and wbqA of E. coli serotype O121 and the pglB ORF, in addition this sequence has the gene for wzz of the E. coli serovar O7 cloned into SfaAI/BspTI, i.e. between wzx of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O11 and cap8H. The insert is cloned in the EcoRI site of pLAFR1.
SEQ ID NO: 20 depicts an expression plasmid for EPA and wzz. The backbone is pACT3 in which the resistance cassette was replaced (kanamycin for chloranphenicol)
SEQ ID NO: 21 depicts wzz of E. coli serotype O7 cloned in pext21 Eco/Sal.
SEQ ID NO: 22 depicts a peptide sequence set forth in the Examples.
SEQ ID NO: 23 depicts a peptide sequence set forth in the Examples.
SEQ ID NO: 24 depicts a protein consensus sequence, D/E-X-N-Z-S/T, wherein X and Z may be any natural amino acid except proline.
SEQ ID NO: 25 depicts a glycosylation site.
SEQ ID NO: 26 depicts a glycosylation site.
SEQ ID NO: 27 depicts an expression plasmid containing the pglB ORF cloned in EcoRI/BamHI sites.
Descriptions of terms and abbreviations appear below as used in the specification and consistent with the usages known to one of ordinary skill in the art. The descriptions are provided to facilitate understanding of such terms and abbreviations and are not to be construed as limiting embodiments of the invention.
AcrA refers to a glycoprotein from C. jejuni.
Active immunization refers to the induction of immunity (antibodies) after exposure to an antigen.
APCs refers to antigen presenting cells.
Amp refers to ampicillin.
Bacteremia refers to the presence of viable bacteria in the circulating blood.
C′ refers to complement.
CapA is an enzyme proposed to be a chain length determinant in S. aureus CP5.
CapB is an enzyme proposed to be a regulator of polysaccharide chain length in S. aureus CP5.
CapC is an enzyme proposed to encode a transporter protein in S. aureus CP5.
CapD an enzyme having 4,6 dehydratase activity and converts the precursor UDPGlcNAc to UDP-2-acetamido-2,6 dideoxy-D-xylo-4-hexulose in S. aureus CP5.
CapE is a 4,6-dehydratase 3,5-epimerase catalyzing the epimerization of UDP-D-GlcNAc to UDP-2-acetamido-2, 6-dideoxy-D-lyxo-4-hexulose in S. aureus CP5.
CapF is a reductase, catalyzes the reduction form UDP-2-acetamido-2, 6-dideoxy-D-lyxo-4-hexulose to UDP-L-6dTalNAc in S. aureus CP5.
CapG is a 2-Epimerase, catalyzes the epimerization form UDP-L-6dTalNAc to UDP-LFucNAc in S. aureus CP5.
CapH in S. aureus CP5 is an O-acetyltransferase.
CapH in CP8 is a transferase similar to CapI from S. aureus CP5.
CapI in S. aureus CP5 is a glycosyltransferase which catalyzes the transfer of UDP-ManNAcA into carrier lipid-D-FucNAc-L-FucNAc producing carrier lipid-D-FucNAc-L-FucNAc-ManNAcA.
CapI in CP8 is a polymerase which is similar to CapJ in S. aureus CP5.
CapJ in S. aureus CP5 is a polymerase.
CapJ in CP8 is an O-acetyltransferase similar to CapH in S. aureus CP5.
CapK in S. aureus CP5 is a flippase.
CapK in S. aureus CP8 is a flippase similar to the CapK in CP5.
CapL is a transferase which catalyzes the transfer of UDP-L-FucNAc onto D-FucNAc-carrier lipid producing carrier lipid-D-FucNAc-L-FucNAc in S. aureus CP5.
CapM is a transferase which catalyzes the transfer of UDP-D-FucNAc on to carrier lipid producing carrier lipid-D-FucNAc in S. aureus CP5.
CapN is a 4-reductase which catalyzes the reduction from UDP-2-acetamido-2, 6-dideoxy-D-xylo-4-hexulose. to UDP-D-FucNAc in S. aureus CP5.
CapO is a dehydrogenase which catalyzes the conversion of UDP-D-ManNAc into UDP-ManNAcA in S. aureus CP5.
CapP is a 2-epimerase which catalyzes the epimerization of UDP-D-GlcNAc to UDP-D-ManNAc in S. aureus CP5.
CFU refers to Colony formation unit.
ClfA refers to S. aureus clumping factor A, a cell wall-anchored protein.
Conjugate vaccine refers to a vaccine created by covalently attaching a polysaccharide antigen to a carrier protein. Conjugate vaccine elicits antibacterial immune responses and immunological memory. In infants and elderly people a protective immune response against polysaccharide antigens can be induced if these antigens are conjugated with proteins that induce a T-cell dependent response.
Consensus sequence refers to a sequence of amino acids, -D/E-X-N-Z-S/T- wherein X and Z may be any natural amino acid except Proline, within which the site of carbohydrate attachment to N-linked glycoproteins is found.
Capsular polysaccharide, in its naturally occurring form, refers to a thick, mucous-like layer of polysaccharide, is water soluble and commonly acidic. Naturally-occurring capsular polysaccharides consist of regularly repeating units of one to several monosaccharides/monomers.
CP5 refers to Staphylococcus aureus type 5 capsular polysaccharide or serotype 5 capsular polysaccharide.
CP8 refers to Staphylococcus aureus type 8 capsular polysaccharide or serotype 8 capsular polysaccharide.
D-FucNAc refers to N-acetyl D-fucosamine.
ECA refers to enterobacterial common antigen.
ELISA refers to Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a biochemical technique used mainly in immunology to detect the presence of an antibody or an antigen in a sample.
EPA or EPAr refers to nontoxic recombinant P. aeruginosa exoprotein A.
Glycoconjugate vaccine refers to a vaccine comprising a protein carrier linked to an antigenic or immunogenic oligosaccharide.
Glycosyltransferase refers to enzymes that act as a catalyst for the transfer of a monosaccharide unit from an activated nucleotide sugar to a glycosyl acceptor molecule.
Gram-positive strain refers to a bacterial strain that stains purple with Gram staining (a valuable diagnostic tool). Gram-positive bacteria have a thick mesh-like cell wall made of peptidoglycan (approximately 50-90% of cell wall).
Gram-negative strain refers to a bacterial strain which has a thinner layer (approximately 10% of cell wall) which stains pink. Gram-negative bacteria also have an additional outer membrane that contains lipids, and is separated from the cell wall by the periplasmic space.
Hla (alpha toxin) refers to alpha hemolysin, which is a secreted pore-forming toxin and an essential virulence factor antigen of S. aureus.
Hla H35L refers to a mutant form of Hla nontoxic alpha-toxin mutant from S. aureus.
Histidine tag, or polyhistidine-tag, is an amino acid motif in proteins that consists of at least five histidine (His) residues, often at the N- or C-terminus of the protein, and used to purify in a simple and fast manner by specifically binding to a nickel affinity column.
IV refers to intravenously.
kDa refers to kilo Daltons, is an atomic mass unit.
L-FucNAc refers to N-acetyl L-fucosamine.
LPS refers to lipopolysaccharide. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as lipoglycans, are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide joined by a covalent bond; they are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, act as endotoxins and elicit strong immune responses in animals.
ManNAcA refers to N-acetyl mannosaminuronic acid.
Methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains (MRSA) refers to methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain associated with longer hospital stay and more infections in intensive care units which leads to more antibiotic administration.
N-glycans or N-linked oligosaccharides refers to mono-, oligo- or polysaccharides of variable compositions that are linked to an ε-amide nitrogen of an asparagine residue in a protein via an N-glycosidic linkage.
N-linked protein glycosylation refers to a process or pathway to covalently link “glycans” (mono-, oligo- or polysaccharides) to a nitrogen of asparagine (N) side-chain on a target protein.
O-antigens or O-polysaccharides refers to a repetitive glycan polymer contained within an LPS. The O antigen is attached to the core oligosaccharide, and comprises the outermost domain of the LPS molecule.
Oligosaccharides or Polysaccharides refers to homo- or heteropolymer formed by covalently bound carbohydrates (monosaccharides), and includes but is not limited to repeating units (monosaccharides, disaccharides, trisaccharides, etc.) linked together by glycosidic bonds.
Opsonophagocytic activity refers to phagocytosis of a pathogen in the presence of complement and specific antibodies. The in vitro opsonophagocytic activities (OPAs) of serum antibodies are believed to represent the functional activities of the antibodies in vivo and thus to correlate with protective immunity.
OTase or OST refers to oligosaccharyl transferase, which catalyzes a mechanistically unique and selective transfer of an oligo- or polysaccharide (glycosylation) to the asparagine (N) residue at the consensus sequence of nascent or folded proteins.
Passive immunization is the transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of already made antibodies, from one individual to another.
Periplasmic space refers to the space between the inner cytoplasmic membrane and external outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
PMNs refers to polymorphonuclear neutrophils, which are the most abundant white blood cells in the peripheral blood of humans, and many (though not all) mammals.
Protein carrier refers to a protein that comprises the consensus sequence into which the oligo- or polysaccharide is attached.
RU refers to a repeating unit comprising specific polysaccharides synthesized by assembling individual monosaccharides into an oligo- or polysaccharide.
Signal sequence refers to a short (e.g., approximately 3-60 amino acids long) peptide at the N-terminal end of the protein that directs the protein to different locations.
UDP-D-ManNAc is UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine.
UDP-D-ManNAcA is UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosaminuronic acid.
UDP-D-QuiNAc is UDP-N-acetyl-D-quinovosamine.
UDP-L-FucNAc is UDP-N-acetyl-L-fucosamine.
UDP-L-6dTalNAc is UDPN-acetyl-L-pneumosamine.
Und refers to undecaprenyl or undecaprenol lipid composed by eleven prenol units.
UndP refers to undecaprenyl phosphate, which is a universal lipid carrier (derived from Und) of glycan biosynthetic intermediates for carbohydrate polymers that are exported to the bacterial cell envelope.
UndPP refers to undecaprenyl pyrophosphate, which is a phosphorylated version of UndP.
wbjA is a glucosyltransferase in P. aeruginosa O11.
wbjB is a putative epimerase similar to enzymes required to the capsule biosynthesis of CP5 and CP8 in S. aureus.
wbjC is a putative epimerase in P. aeruginosa O11.
wbjD is a putative epimerase in P. aeruginosa O11.
wbjE is a putative epimerase in P. aeruginosa O11.
wbjF is a glycosyltranseferase in P. aeruginosa O11.
wbpL is a glycosyltransferase that participates in LPS biosynthesis in P. aeruginosa O11.
wbpM is a glycosyltransferse that participates in LPS biosynthesis in P. aeruginosa O11.
Embodiments of the invention are at least partially based on the discovery that C. jejuni contains a general N-linked protein glycosylation system, an unusual feature for prokaryotic organisms. Various proteins of C. jejuni have been shown to be modified by a heptasaccharide. This heptasaccharide is assembled on UndPP, the carrier lipid, at the cytoplasmic side of the inner membrane by the stepwise addition of nucleotide activated monosaccharides catalyzed by specific glycosyltransferases. The lipid-linked oligosaccharide is then flipped into (i.e., it diffuses transversely) the periplasmic space by a flippase, e.g., PglK. In the final step of N-linked protein glycosylation, the OTase (e.g., PglB) catalyzes the transfer of the oligosaccharide from the carrier lipid to Asn residues within the consensus sequence Asp/Glu-Xaa-Asn-Zaa-Ser/Thr (i.e., D/E-X-N-Z-S/T), where the Xaa and Zaa can be any amino acid except Pro. We had successfully transferred the glycosylation cluster for the heptasaccharide into E. coli and were able to produce N-linked glycoproteins of Campylobacter.
A novel and inventive method to modify a Gram-negative host bacterium, such as E. coli, has been developed to produce glycosylated proteins for use as vaccine products against a Gram-positive bacterium such as S. aureus. The development of this method required overcoming significant and in many respects unexpected problems, and departing substantially from conventional wisdom and the prior art.
In this novel and inventive method, another Gram-negative bacterium was identified that produces a polysaccharide that has structural similarity to the polysaccharide of interest of the target organism, for example S. aureus. For purposes of this invention, structural similarity manifests itself as repeating units in the polysaccharide of the target (e.g., S. aureus) that are partially identical to repeating units in the polysaccharide of the identified, other Gram-negative bacterium. Because this latter bacterium is Gram-negative, as is the host, for example, E. coli organism, we initially hypothesized (and later verified by experiment as discussed below) that use of its biosynthesis pathways in a modified E. coli organism would allow the biosynthesis of the constructed RU antigen and its flipping from the cytoplasm into the periplasm of the modified E. coli organism. Further, we hypothesized (and later verified by experiment as discussed below) that the size of the polysaccharide produced through this biosynthesis pathway would be much smaller than the polysaccharide produced by the biosynthesis pathway of Gram positive S. aureus.
As a result, and as discussed below, the novel and innovative method we developed solved the aforementioned difficult problems.
Furthermore, it was surprisingly found that aspects of the LPS pathway in a Gram-negative organism could be used to produce polysaccharides that contain some of the same repeating units as capsular polysaccharides native to Gram-positive bacteria, such as, for example, S. aureus, as detailed below.
Therefore, in making the polysaccharide section of the glycosylated protein vaccine for S. aureus, one surprising solution is to construct the polysaccharide section at least partially based on a polysaccharide native to a Gram-negative bacterium like E. coli. We further discovered that, in doing so, it is apparently important to find a bacterium which produces a polysaccharide that is as similar as possible to the polysaccharide of interest produced by S. aureus. P. aeruginosa is such a bacterium.
In another aspect, the invention features a method of identifying a target polysaccharide for use in glycosylating a protein with said target polysaccharide, in whole or in part. Said glycosylated protein comprising the target polysaccharide can be used, for example, in vaccine compositions. The method of identifying a target polysaccharide includes: identifying a Gram-positive bacterium, such as S. aureus, as a target; identifying a first repeating unit of a polysaccharide produced by said Gram-positive bacterium comprising at least three monomers; identifying a polysaccharide produced by a bacterium of a Gram-negative species comprising a second repeating unit comprising at least two of the same monomers as said first repeating monomer unit.
Accordingly, in one embodiment of the invention, a method of modifying a bacterium of a first Gram-negative species includes: identifying a Gram-positive bacterium, such as S. aureus, as a target; identifying a first repeating unit of a polysaccharide produced by said Gram-positive bacterium comprising at least three monomers; identifying a polysaccharide produced by a bacterium of a second Gram-negative species comprising a second repeating unit comprising at least two of the same monomers as said first repeating unit; inserting into said bacterium of a first Gram-negative species one or more nucleotide sequences encoding glycosyltransferases that assemble a trisaccharide containing: a) said second repeating unit; and b) a monomer of said first repeating unit not present in said second repeating unit; inserting a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein, such as a protein comprising at least one inserted consensus sequence D/E-X-N-Z-S/T, wherein X and Z may be any natural amino acid except proline; and inserting a nucleotide sequence encoding an OTase.
In an embodiment of the invention, the method further comprises inserting into a host Gram-negative bacterium one or more nucleotide sequences encoding glycosyltransferases that assemble a trisaccharide containing a monomer of a first repeating unit not present in a second repeating unit and that assemble the second repeating unit. An additional embodiment of the invention involves inserting one or more glycosyltransferases from a Gram-negative bacterium that assemble at least one monomer unit from a first repeating unit and one or more glycosyltransferases from a Gram-positive bacterium, such as S. aureus, that assemble at least two monomers from a second repeating unit. The method additionally comprises inserting into inserting into a Gram-negative host bacterium a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein and a nucleotide sequence encoding an OTase.
In at least one embodiment of the invention, a host E. coli strain is generated carrying the corresponding nucleic acids encoding the required enzymes from the CP5 and CP8 strains of S. aureus, which will build up, flip and polymerize the constructed repeating units. In an embodiment, the specific glycosyltransferases needed correspond to those forming the L-FucNAc->D-FucNAc RU that are native to P. aeruginosa, and to glycosyltransferases corresponding to the ones adding the D-ManNAcA monosaccharide to the complete the RU that are native to each of the CP5 and CP8 strains of S. aureus. Such an embodiment may further include using a plasmid to inject the nucleic acids into the host cell. An additional embodiment involves using, in one plasmid, nucleic acids encoding for the glycosyltransferases corresponding to L-FucNAc->D-FucNAc, and, in a different plasmid, nucleic acids encoding for the glycosyltransferases corresponding to D-ManNAcA. One benefit of such embodiments, surprising in light of the prior art, is that the modified LPS biosynthesis pathway of P. aeruginosa that is now responsible for producing the constructed RU polymer of the S. aureus capsule results in a structure that is much smaller than the capsule of S. aureus.
The instant invention is additionally directed to a recombinant N-glycosylated protein comprising at least one inserted consensus sequence D/E-X-N-Z-S/T, wherein X and Z may be any natural amino acid except proline; and at least one oligo- or polysaccharide from a Gram-positive bacterium linked to said consensus sequence. In another embodiment, the recombinant N-glycosylated protein comprises two or more of said inserted consensus sequences. In yet an additional embodiment, the recombinant N-glycosylated protein comprises two or more of said S. aureus oligo- or polysaccharides. In a still further embodiment, the recombinant N-glycosylated protein comprises two or more of said inserted consensus sequences and oligo- or polysaccharides from different S. aureus strains, for example, from S. aureus capsular polysaccharide 5 strain and capsular polysaccharide 8 strain.
The present invention is furthermore directed to a combination of a modified capsular polysaccharide of S. aureus with a protein antigen from the same organism by N-glycosidic linkage.
Embodiments of the present invention include a protein that is glycosylated in nature. Such naturally glycosylated proteins (e.g., C. jejuni proteins) contain natural consensus sequences but do not comprise any additional (i.e., introduced) optimized consensus sequences. Naturally glycosylated proteins include prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins. Embodiments of the instant invention further include a recombinant N-glycosylated protein, comprising one or more of the following N-glycosylated partial amino acid sequence(s): D/E-X-N-Z-S/T, (optimized consensus sequence) wherein X and Z may be any natural amino acid except Pro, and wherein at least one of said N-glycosylated partial amino acid sequence(s) is introduced. The introduction of specific partial amino acid sequence(s) (optimized consensus sequence(s)) into proteins leads to proteins that are efficiently N-glycosylated by an OTase, such as, for example, an OTase from Campylobacter spp., such as, for example, an OTase from C. jejuni, at the positions of introduction.
The term “partial amino acid sequence(s)” as it is used in the context of the present invention will also be referred to as “optimized consensus sequence(s)” or “consensus sequence(s)”. The optimized consensus sequence is N-glycosylated by an OTase, such as, for example, an OTase from Campylobacter spp., such as, for example, an OTase from C. jejuni.
In accordance with the internationally accepted one letter code for amino acids the abbreviations D, E, N, S and T denote aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, serine, and threonine, respectively.
The introduction of the optimized consensus sequence can be accomplished by the addition, deletion and/or substitution of one or more amino acids. The addition, deletion and/or substitution of one or more amino acids for the purpose of introducing the optimized consensus sequence can be accomplished by chemical synthetic strategies well known to those skilled in the art such as solid phase-assisted chemical peptide synthesis. Alternatively, and preferred for larger polypeptides, the proteins of the present invention can be prepared by standard recombinant techniques by adding nucleic acids encoding for one or more optimized consensus sequences into the nucleic acid sequence of a starting protein, which may be a protein that is naturally glycosylated or may be a protein that is not naturally glycosylated.
In a preferred embodiment, the proteins of the present invention may comprise one or more, preferably at least two or at least three, and more preferably at least five of said introduced N-glycosylated optimized amino acid sequences.
The presence of one or more N-glycosylated optimized amino acid sequence(s) in the proteins of the present invention can be of advantage for increasing their antigenicity, increasing their stability, affecting their biological activity, prolonging their biological half-life and/or simplifying their purification.
The optimized consensus sequence may include any amino acid except proline in position(s) X and Z. The term “any amino acids” is meant to encompass common and rare natural amino acids as well as synthetic amino acid derivatives and analogs that will still allow the optimized consensus sequence to be N-glycosylated by the OTase. Naturally occurring common and rare amino acids are preferred for X and Z. X and Z may be the same or different.
It is noted that X and Z may differ for each optimized consensus sequence in a protein according to the present invention.
The N-glycan bound to the optimized consensus sequence will be determined by the specific glycosyltransferases and their interaction when assembling the oligosaccharide on a lipid carrier for transfer by the OTase. Those skilled in the art can design the N-glycan by varying the type(s) and amount of the specific glycosyltransferases present in the desired host cell. (Raetz & Whitfield, Lipopolysaccharide Endotoxins, NIH-PA Author Manuscript 1-57, 19-25 (published in final edited form as: Annual Rev. Biochem., 71: 635-700 (2002)); Reeves et al., Bacterial Polysaccharide Synthesis and Gene Nomenclature, Trends in Microbio. 4(3): 495-503, 497-98 (December 1996); and Whitfield, C. and I. S. Roberts. 1999. Structure, assembly and regulation of expression of capsules in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 31(5): 1307-19).
“Polysaccharides” as used herein include saccharides comprising at least two monosaccharides. Polysaccharides include oligosaccharides, trisaccharides, repeating units comprising one or more monosaccharides (or monomers), and other saccharides recognized as polysaccharides by one of ordinary skill in the art. N-glycans are defined herein as mono-, oligo- or polysaccharides of variable compositions that are linked to an ε-amide nitrogen of an asparagine residue in a protein via an N-glycosidic linkage.
Polysaccharides of embodiments of the invention include without limitation S. aureus polysaccharides such as CP5 and CP8. Embodiment of the invention further includes S. aureus polysaccharides that target a bacterium, such as a polysaccharide that targets a methicillin-resistant strain of S. aureus. Where it is mentioned herein that polysaccharides target a bacterial strain, such polysaccharides include polysaccharides that are from the bacterium against which an immune or antigenic response is desired and further include polysaccharides that are the same as, based on, derived from, native to or engineered from the bacterium against which an immune or antigenic response is desired.
There is no limitation on the origin of the recombinant protein of the invention. In one embodiment, said protein is derived from mammalian, bacterial, viral, fungal or plant proteins. In a further embodiment, the protein is derived from mammalian, most preferably human proteins. For preparing antigenic recombinant proteins according to the invention, preferably for use as active components in vaccines, it is preferred that the recombinant protein is derived from a bacterial, viral or fungal protein. Glycosylation of proteins of various origins is known to one of skill in the art. Kowarik et al. “Definition of the bacterial N-glycosylation site consensus sequence” EMBO J. (2006) 1-10.
In an example in an embodiment, genetically detoxified P. aeruginosa Exotoxin (EPA) is a suitable protein carrier. For producing a version of EPA that may be glycosylated, the nucleic acids encoding for EPA need to be modified by insertion of glycosylation sites as previously discussed.
Protein carriers intended for use in embodiments of the invention should preferably have certain immunological and pharmacological features. From an immunological perspective, preferably, a protein carrier should: (1) have T-cell epitopes; (2) be capable of delivering an antigen to antigen presenting cells (APCs) in the immune system; (3) be potent and durable; and (4) be capable of generating an antigen-specific systemic IgG response. From a pharmacological perspective, a protein carrier should preferably: (1) be non-toxic; and (2) be capable of delivering antigens efficiently across intact epithelial barriers. More preferably, in addition to these immunological and pharmacological features, a protein carrier considered for use in the production of a bacterial bioconjugate should: (1) be easily secreted into the periplasmic space; and (2) be capable of having antigen epitopes readily introduced as loops or linear sequences into it. Informed by this disclosure and knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art, a practitioner of ordinary skill in the art may routinely consider and identify suitable protein carriers that may be used in particular embodiments of the invention.
In an embodiment of the invention, the Campylobacter protein AcrA is a protein carrier.
In a further embodiment of the invention, genetically detoxified P. aeruginosa Exotoxin (EPA) is a protein carrier in which the target organism for which a vaccine is desired is S. aureus. Unlike AcrA which contains natural glycosylation sites, EPA contains no such natural glycosylation sites and needs to be modified by insertion of glycosylation sites (e.g., insertion of nucleic acids encoding for the optimized consensus sequence as discussed earlier into the nucleic acid sequence encoding for EPA). In an additional embodiment, EPA is modified to introduce two glycosylation sites that will allow glycosylation with the S. aureus antigen. In a still further embodiment, two consensus sequences are introduced as discussed in Example 10 of WO 2009/104074.
The amino acid sequence of EPA, as modified in an embodiment of this invention to contain two glycosylation sites, is provided as SEQ ID NO: 13 (with signal sequence) and SEQ ID NO.: 14 (without signal sequence). The glycosylation sites in SEQ ID NO: 13 are DNNNS and DQNRT at positions 260DNNNS and 402DQNRT. The glycosylation sites in SEQ ID NO: 14 are DNNNS and DQNRT at positions 241DNNNS and 383DQNRT.
A carrier protein such as EPA is a protein on which N-glycosylation sites may be added in the production of a bacterial bioconjugate. N-glycosylation sites require introduction of the consensus sequences discussed previously, namely, insertion of D/E-X-N-Z-S/T sequons, wherein X and Z may be any natural amino acid except proline. We have found that such consensus sequences preferably are introduced in surface loops, by insertion rather than mutation and by the use of additionally inserted flanking residues and by mutation of flanking residues to optimize the operation of the N-glycosylation site.
Some well-characterized protein subunit antigens of S. aureus are the alpha hemolysin (alpha toxin, Hla), clumping factor alpha (ClfA), IsdB, and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL).
Hla is a secreted pore-forming toxin and an essential virulence factor of MRSA in a mouse model of S. aureus pneumonia. The level of Hla expression by independent S. aureus strains directly correlates with their virulence. Active immunization with a mutant form of Hla (Hla H35L, SEQ ID NO: 5), which cannot form pores (Menzies, B. E., and D. S. Kernodle. 1996. Passive immunization with antiserum to a nontoxic alpha-toxin mutant from Staphylococcus aureus is protective in a murine model. Infect Immun 64:1839-41; Jursch, R., A. Hildebrand, G. Hobom, J. Tranum-Jensen, R. Ward, M. Kehoe and S. Bhakdi. 1994. Histidine residues near the N terminus of staphylococcal alpha-toxin as reporters of regions that are critical for oligomerization and pore formation. Infect Immun 62(6): 2249-56), was shown to generate antigen-specific immunoglobulin G responses and to afford protection against staphylococcal pneumonia. Transfer of Hla-specific antibodies protects naive animals against S. aureus challenge and prevents the injury of human lung epithelial cells during infection (Bubeck Wardenburg, J., A. M. Palazzolo-Ballance, M. Otto, O. Schneewind, and F. R. DeLeo. 2008. Panton-Valentine leukocidin is not a virulence determinant in murine models of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease. J Infect Dis 198:1166-70). To be used as a vaccine, the H35L mutation in Hla is required to eliminate toxicity of the protein (Menzies, B. E., and D. S. Kernodle. 1994. Site-directed mutagenesis of the alpha-toxin gene of Staphylococcus aureus: role of histidines in toxin activity in vitro and in a murine model. Infect Immun 62:1843-7). ClfA contains a protease resistant domain which is used for immunization. Passive immunization of mice with anti-ClfA and anti CP5 antibodies effectively sterilized mammary glands in mammary gland infection model (Tuchscherr, L. P., F. R. Buzzola, L. P. Alvarez, J. C. Lee, and D. O. Sordelli. 2008. Antibodies to capsular polysaccharide and clumping factor A prevent mastitis and the emergence of unencapsulated and small-colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus in mice. Infect Immun 76: 5738-44).
A further embodiment of the invention includes glycosylation of proteins native to S. aureus, for example, Hla and ClfA. In additional example embodiments of the invention, the protein carrier used may be selected to be the Hla protein, for example Hla H35L (for example, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 16). In another additional example embodiment of the invention, the protein carrier is the ClfA protein (for example, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11 or SEQ ID NO: 12).
The invention is further directed to recombinant host prokaryotic organisms comprising: a nucleotide sequence encoding one or more glycosyltransferase of a first prokaryotic species, such as a Gram-positive species; one or more glycosyltransferases of a different prokaryotic species, such as a Gram-negative species; a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein; and a nucleotide sequence encoding an OTase. The invention is additionally directed to a recombinant host prokaryotic organism comprising an introduced nucleotide sequence encoding glycosyltransferases native only to a Gram-positive prokaryotic organism; a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein; and a nucleotide sequence encoding an OTase. The invention is also directed to a recombinant or engineered host prokaryotic organism comprising: a nucleotide sequence encoding a glycosyltransferase native to a first prokaryotic species, which is, for example, different from the host prokaryotic organism; a nucleotide sequence encoding a glycosyltransferase native to a second prokaryotic species different from the species of said first prokaryotic organism and, for example, different from said host. The engineered prokaryotic organism can also, for example, comprise a first prokaryotic species that is a Gram-positive species. The engineered prokaryotic organism can also, for example, comprise a second prokaryotic species that is a Gram-negative species. The invention further includes a recombinant or engineered Gram-negative host prokaryotic organism comprising: a nucleotide sequence encoding a glycosyltransferase native to a Gram-negative prokaryotic species that is, for example, different from said host prokaryotic organism; a nucleotide sequence encoding a glycosyltransferase native to S. aureus; a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein; and a nucleotide sequence encoding an OTase. The invention further includes a recombinant or engineered E. coli host comprising: a nucleotide sequence encoding a glycosyltransferase native to P. aeruginosa; a nucleotide sequence encoding one or more glycosyltransferases native to S. aureus CP5 strain and/or to S. aureus CP8 strain; a nucleotide sequence encoding a P. aeruginosa EPA, S. aureus alpha hemolysin, or S. aureus clumping factor A protein carrier; and a nucleotide sequence encoding an OTase, for example, and OTase native to C. jejuni.
In addition to using the biosynthesis pathway of the other Gram-negative organism in the modified host E. coli organism, in a further embodiment, also included within the host E. coli organism are nucleic acids encoding for (i) glycosyltransferases for construction the structure of the repeating units of the polysaccharide of the other Gram-negative organism (that are identical to the repeating units of the polysaccharide of interest of the target Gram-positive S. aureus organism), and (ii) glycosyltransferases for construction of the units of the polysaccharide of interest of the target Gram-positive S. aureus organism that are not found in the relevant polysaccharide of the other Gram-negative organism, and (iii) enzymes for flipping and polymerization of the constructed RU of interest of the target Gram-positive S. aureus organism to form a S. aureus capsule like polysaccharide. In particular, in this embodiment, the nucleic acids encoding for (i) originated with the other Gram-negative bacterium, whereas the nucleic acids encoding for (ii) and (iii) originated with the target Gram-positive S. aureus organism.
Another aspect of the invention is directed to: an engineered host prokaryotic organism comprising: i) a nucleotide sequence encoding glycosyltransferases native to a Gram-positive prokaryotic species; ii) a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein; and iii) a nucleotide sequence encoding an OTase, wherein the sequences encoding transporter genes of said Gram-positive prokaryotic species are deleted. Such an embodiment involves an introduced nucleic acid construct that encodes only Gram-positive glycosyltransferases.
Regarding the other nucleic acids that would be inserted into the host in one or more other embodiments, nucleic acids encoding a protein, such as AcrA, Hla, ClfA or EPA (SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 16; SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12; SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14), and the oligosaccharyltransferase of C. jejuni (SEQ ID NO: 27), which are part of the glycosylation machinery of that organism, are injected into the host in addition to the nucleic acids encoding for glycosyltransferases from each of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. As a result, the modified E. coli organism can glycosylate the AcrA protein with the polysaccharide produced in that organism by action of the glycosyltransferases from S. aureus and the other Gram-negative bacterium.
One embodiment of the invention involves an engineered host prokaryotic organism comprising: i) a nucleotide sequence encoding a glycosyltransferase native to a first prokaryotic species different from the host prokaryotic organism; ii) a nucleotide sequence encoding a glycosyltransferase native to a second prokaryotic species, for example, a Gram-positive prokaryotic species, different from the host prokaryotic organism; iii) a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein; and iv) a nucleotide sequence encoding an OTase. In embodiments of the invention, the first prokaryotic species is a Gram-negative species, for example, P. aeruginosa.
In the context of the present invention, host cells refer to any host cell, e.g., an eukaryotic or prokaryotic host cell. In other embodiments the host cell is a prokaryotic host cell, e.g. Escherichia ssp., Campylobacter ssp., Salmonella ssp., Shigella ssp., Helicobacter ssp., Pseudomonas ssp. or Bacillus ssp. In still further embodiments, the host cell is Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella typhimurium, etc.
The invention is furthermore directed to methods of producing a bioconjugate vaccine comprising introducing into a host prokaryotic organism nucleic acids encoding one or more glycosyltransferases of S. aureus; one or more glycosyltransferases of a second prokaryotic species, a protein; and an OTase. In addition, the present invention is directed to the production of bioconjugate vaccines by producing in Gram-negative bacteria modified capsular polysaccharides on undecaprenol (Und), and linking these polysaccharide antigens to a protein carrier of choice.
The invention is further directed to methods of producing glycosylated proteins in a host prokaryotic organism comprising nucleotide sequence encoding glycosyltransferases native to a first prokaryotic organism and also encoding glycosyltransferases native to a second prokaryotic organism that is different from the first prokaryotic organism. The present invention is additionally directed to the production of proteins N-glycosylated with capsular polysaccharides of Gram-positive bacteria, which are synthesized by a combination of different glycosyltransferases from different organisms. The invention is furthermore directed to the production of glycosylated proteins in a host prokaryotic organism comprising an introduced nucleotide sequence encoding glycosyltransferases native only to a Gram-positive prokaryotic organism.
As in known in the art, the biosynthesis of different polysaccharides is conserved in bacterial cells. The polysaccharides are assembled on carrier lipids from common precursors (activated sugar nucleotides) at the cytoplasmic membrane by different glycosyltransferases with defined specificity. (Whitfield, C., and I. S. Roberts. 1999. Structure, assembly and regulation of expression of capsules in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 31: 1307-19). The biosynthetic pathway for polysaccharide production of O-antigen in Gram-negative and for capsular polysaccharide Type I in Gram-positive is conserved. The process uses the same lipid carrier, i.e., UndP, for polysaccharide assembly. It starts with the addition of a monosaccharide-1-phosphate to the carrier lipid UndP at the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. The antigen is built up by sequential addition of monosaccharides from activated sugar nucleotides by different glycosyltransferases. The lipid-linked oligosaccharide or RU is then flipped through the membrane by the flippase. RUs are polymerized by the enzyme Wzy in the periplasmic space, forming the so-called O-antigen in Gram negative bacteria or capsular polysaccharide in Gram-positive bacteria. Gram negative bacteria use the Wzz enzyme to regulate the length of the polymer, which is then transferred to lipid A core forming LPS. LPS is further translocated to the outer membrane exposing the O-antigen to the outside (as depicted, for example, in
The process of polysaccharide construction differs for capsular polysaccharides in that the capsular polysaccharide is released from the carrier lipid after polymerization and exported to the surface. In Gram-positive bacteria like S. aureus that do not contain a periplasmic compartment, the polymerization of the antigen takes place at the outer side of the membrane. In addition, length regulation in S. aureus is included in the machinery of three enzymes responsible for capsule assembly. In this assembly, the polysaccharide is released from the carrier lipid and exported to the surface by an enzymatic process.
The genetic elements found in the gene cluster required for functional capsule expression in S. aureus resemble the genetic machinery found in wzy dependent O-antigen synthesis clusters. (Dean, C. R., C. V. Franklund, J. D. Retief, M. J. Coyne, Jr., K. Hatano, D. J. Evans, G. B. Pier, and J. B. Goldberg. 1999. Characterization of the serogroup O11 O-antigen locus of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA103. J Bacteriol 181:4275-4284).
Despite these differences between polysaccharide construction in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it was surprisingly discovered and verified that aspects of the LPS pathway in a Gram-negative organism could be used to produce polysaccharides that contain some of the same repeating units as capsular polysaccharides native to Gram-positive bacteria, such as, for example, S. aureus. As such polysaccharides are produced by LPS pathway mechanisms in the Gram-negative host, the structure of such polysaccharides is the same as in LPS polysaccharide precursors. Such polysaccharides produced in Gram-negative systems of the instant invention can be characterized, therefore, as “modified capsular polysaccharides” or “LPS capsules” for purposes of this application. Furthermore, this newly synthesized expression system and biosynthetic pathway, which combines the LPS and capsular biosynthetic pathways, may be characterized as being a “modified LPS biosynthetic pathway” for purposes of this application.
In one embodiment of the present invention, a modified polysaccharide produced by a modified LPS biosynthetic pathway comprises:
In a further embodiment of the present invention, a modified polysaccharide produced by a modified LPS biosynthetic pathway comprises:
Using the technology of the invention, bacterial bioconjugates can be produced that are immunogenic. Genetic modifications can be made allowing in vivo conjugation of bacterial polysaccharides in desired proteins and at desired positions.
Another aspect of the invention involves production of LPS-capsules or modified LPSs conjugated to a protein carrier using the modified LPS biosynthetic pathway as discussed above.
A further embodiment of the invention includes a nucleotide sequence construct that encodes the Cap5 and Cap8 complete polysaccharide biosynthesis cluster, wherein the deleted transporter genes are capA, capB and capC of S. aureus (see
An additional embodiment of the invention includes integrating the CP5/O11 chimeric cluster (SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 3 or SEQ ID NO. 17) or the CP8/O11 chimeric cluster (SEQ ID NO. 4, SEQ ID NO. 18 or SEQ ID NO. 19) into the genome of a host cell. A further embodiment of the invention involves integrating into the genome of a host cell: (a) the CP5/O11 chimeric cluster (SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 3 or SEQ ID NO. 17) or CP8/O11 chimeric cluster (SEQ ID NO. 4 SEQ ID NO. 18 or SEQ ID NO. 19); (b) nucleic acids encoding the OTase; and (c) nucleic acids encoding a protein with or without an introduced consensus sequence.
Another embodiment of the instant invention is directed to plasmids, such as, for example, plasmids comprising one or more of SEQ. ID NO: 2; SEQ. ID NO: 3; SEQ ID NO: 4; SEQ. ID NO: 17; SEQ. ID NO: 18 and SEQ. ID NO: 19. The invention also includes plasmids comprising one or more of SEQ. ID NO: 13; SEQ. ID NO: 14 and SEQ. ID NO: 15. The invention also relates to plasmids comprising one or more of SEQ ID NO: 16; SEQ. ID NO: 6; SEQ. ID NO: 7 and SEQ. ID NO: 8. The invention also relates to plasmids comprising one or more of SEQ ID NO: 10; SEQ. ID NO: 11 and SEQ. ID NO: 12. Moreover, the invention is directed to plasmids comprising one or more of SEQ. ID NO: 20; SEQ. ID NO: 21 and SEQ. ID NO: 27.
Embodiments of the instant invention furthermore are directed to transformed bacterial cells, such as, for example, including a bacterial cell transformed with a plasmid comprising one or more of SEQ. ID NO. 2; SEQ. ID NO. 3; SEQ. ID NO: 4; SEQ. ID NO: 17; SEQ. ID NO: 18; SEQ. ID NO: 19; SEQ. ID NO: 20; SEQ. ID NO: 21 and SEQ. ID NO: 27. Further included in the invention is a bacterial cell transformed with a plasmid comprising one or more of SEQ. ID NO: 19 and SEQ ID NO: 20. Additionally included is a bacterial cell transformed with a plasmid comprising one or more of SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 19 and SEQ ID NO: 21. The instant invention is further directed to a bacterial cell transformed with a plasmid comprising one or more of SEQ. ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 6; SEQ ID NO: 7; SEQ ID NO: 8; SEQ ID NO: 10; SEQ ID NO: 11 and SEQ ID NO: 12. The invention is additionally directed to transformed bacterial cells, such as, for example, including a bacterial cell transformed with a plasmid comprising one or more of SEQ. ID NO. 3; SEQ. ID NO: 4; SEQ. ID NO: 17; SEQ. ID NO: 18; and SEQ. ID NO: 19, and wherein said bacterial cell expresses a glycosyltransferase native to P. aeruginosa and a glycosyltransferase native to S. aureus CP5 and/or CP8. Further included in the invention is a bacterial cell transformed with a plasmid comprising one or more of SEQ. ID NO: 17; SEQ ID NO: 18 and SEQ. ID NO: 19 wherein said bacterial cell expresses a glycosyltransferase native to P. aeruginosa, a glycosyltransferase native to S. aureus CP5 and/or CP8 and PglB. Still further included in the instant invention is (a) a bacterial cell transformed with a plasmid comprising SEQ. ID NO. 19, wherein said bacterial cell expresses a glycosyltransferase native to P. aeruginosa, a glycosyltransferase native to S. aureus CP8, Wzz of E. coli serovar O7 and PglB; (b) a bacterial cell transformed with a plasmid comprising one or more of SEQ. ID NO. 19 and SEQ. ID NO. 20, wherein said bacterial cell expresses a glycosyltransferase native to P. aeruginosa, a glycosyltransferase native to S. aureus CP8, Wzz (length regulator), EPA and PglB; and (c) a bacterial cell comprising one or more of SEQ. ID NO. 16; SEQ. ID NO: 6; SEQ. ID NO: 7; SEQ. ID NO: 8; SEQ. ID NO. 13; SEQ. ID NO: 14; SEQ. ID NO: 15; SEQ. ID NO: 10; SEQ. ID NO: 11 and SEQ. ID NO: 12.
Embodiments of the instant invention are additionally directed to a method of inducing an immune response against an infection caused by Gram-positive and other bacteria in a mammal, such as, for example, in a human. In one embodiment, the method comprises administering to said mammal an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising: protein comprising at least one inserted consensus sequence D/E-X-N-Z-S/T, wherein X and Z may be any natural amino acid except proline; and one or more oligo- or polysaccharides, the one or more oligo- or polysaccharides being the same or different as another of the one or more oligo- or polysaccharides, from a Gram-positive bacterium linked to said consensus sequence. A further embodiment of the present invention includes a method of inducing an immune response against an infection caused by S. aureus in a mammal, comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising: an inserted consensus sequence D/E-X-N-Z-S/T, wherein X and Z may be any natural amino acid except proline; at least one S. aureus oligo- or polysaccharide, such as CP5 polysaccharide; and a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant. Another embodiment of the invention is directed to inducing an immune response against an infection caused by S. aureus in a mammal, comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising: a protein comprising an inserted consensus sequence D/E-X-N-Z-S/T, wherein X and Z may be any natural amino acid except proline; at least one S. aureus CP8 polysaccharide; and a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant. A still further embodiment is directed to inducing an immune response against an infection caused by S. aureus in a mammal, comprising administering an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a protein with two or more consensus sequences and oligo- or polysaccharides from different Gram-positive bacterial strains. A still further embodiment is directed to inducing an immune response against an infection caused by S. aureus in a mammal, comprising administering an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a protein with two or more consensus sequences and polysaccharides comprising S. aureus CP5 and S. aureus CP8.
In instances in this specification where specific nucleotide or amino acid sequences are noted, it will be understood that the present invention encompasses homologous sequences that still embody the same functionality as the noted sequences. In an embodiment of the invention, such sequences are at least 85% homologous. In another embodiment, such sequences are at least 90% homologous. In still further embodiments, such sequences are at least 95% homologous. The determination of percent identity between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences is known to one of skill in the art.
Nucleic acid sequences described herein, such as those described in the sequence listings accompanying this specification, are examples only, and it will be apparent to one of skill in the art that these sequences can be combined in different ways. Additional embodiments of the invention include variants of nucleic acids. A variant of a nucleic acid (e.g., a codon-optimized nucleic acid) can be substantially identical, that is, at least 70% identical, for example, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 99.5% identical, to SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26 and/or SEQ ID NO: 27. Nucleic acid variants of a sequence that contains SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO. 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, and/or SEQ ID NO: 27. Include nucleic acids with a substitution, variation, modification, replacement, deletion, and/or addition of one or more nucleotides (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500 or more nucleotides) from a sequence that contains SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID. NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26 and/or SEQ ID NO: 27, or parts thereof.
Such variants include nucleic acids that encode prokaryotic glycosyltransferases and that i) are expressed in a host cell such as E. coli and ii) are substantially identical to SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18 and/or SEQ ID NO: 19 and/or parts thereof.
Nucleic acids described herein include recombinant DNA and synthetic (e.g., chemically synthesized) DNA. Nucleic acids can be double-stranded or single-stranded. In the case of single-stranded nucleic acids, the nucleic acid can be a sense strand or antisense strand. Nucleic acids can be synthesized using oligonucleotide analogs or derivatives, as known to one of skill in the art in light of this specification.
Plasmids that include a nucleic acid described herein can be transformed into host cells for expression. Techniques for transformation are known to those of skill in the art in light of this specification.
An additional embodiment of the invention involves producing Gram-positive bioconjugate vaccines containing LPS-capsules or modified LPSs conjugated to a protein carrier.
A further embodiment of the invention involves a novel bioconjugate vaccine. A further embodiment of the invention involves a novel approach for producing such bioconjugate vaccines that uses recombinant bacterial cells that directly produce immunogenic or antigenic bioconjugates. In one embodiment, bioconjugate vaccines can be used to treat or prevent bacterial diseases, such as diarrhea, nosocomial infections and meningitis. In further embodiments, bioconjugate vaccines may have therapeutic and/or prophylactic potential for cancer or other diseases.
In another embodiment of the present invention synthesized complexes of polysaccharides (i.e., sugar residues) and proteins (i.e., protein carriers) can be used as conjugate vaccines to protect against infections such as S. aureus infections. In one embodiment, a bioconjugate vaccine, such as a Gram-positive vaccine, comprises a protein carrier comprising an inserted nucleic acid consensus sequence; at least one oligo- or polysaccharide from a Gram-positive bacterium linked to the consensus sequence, and, optionally, an adjuvant. The present invention is further directed in another embodiment to a Gram-positive bioconjugate vaccine, such as a S. aureus vaccine, comprising a protein carrier comprising an inserted nucleic acid consensus sequence; at least one oligo- or polysaccharide from a Gram-positive bacterium, such as capsular polysaccharide or LPS capsule, linked to the consensus sequence, and, optionally, an adjuvant. In another embodiment of the invention, the S. aureus bioconjugate vaccine comprises two or more of these inserted consensus sequences. In a further embodiment, the S. aureus bioconjugate vaccine comprises two or more of S. aureus oligo- or polysaccharides. A still further embodiment comprises two or more of said inserted consensus sequences and oligo- or polysaccharides from different S. aureus strains, for example, from S. aureus capsular polysaccharide 5 strain (CP5) and capsular polysaccharide 8 strain (CP8).
An additional embodiment of the present invention involves an S. aureus vaccine made by a glycosylation system using a modified LPS pathway, which comprises the production of a modified capsular polysaccharide or LPS-capsule. A further additional embodiment involves an S. aureus vaccine made by a glycosylation system using a modified LPS pathway, which comprises the production of a modified capsular polysaccharide from introduced nucleic acids that do not encode glycosyltransferases of a Gram-negative prokaryotic species.
A further embodiment involves an S. aureus vaccine produced by a glycosylation system comprising nucleic acids encoding: i) one or more glycosyltransferases responsible for producing the L-FucNAc->D-FucNAc of the RU of the O11 antigen native to P. aeruginosa; ii) one or more glycosyltransferases responsible for producing the D-ManNAcA containing RU native to either the CP5 or CP8 strains of S. aureus; iii) one or more enzymes responsible for flipping and polymerization of the CP5 or CP8 constructed RUs, iv) a recombinant protein containing introduced consensus sequences; and v) oligosaccharyltransferase from C. jejuni. In this embodiment, the host organism may be a Gram-negative bacterium, for example, E. coli.
An additional embodiment of the invention involves an S. aureus vaccine produced by a glycosylation system comprising nucleic acids encoding: i) glycosyltransferases responsible for producing the L-FucNAc->D-FucNAc of the RU of the O11 antigen native to P. aeruginosa; ii) a glycosyltransferase responsible for producing the D-ManNAcA containing RU native to either the CP5 or CP8 strains of S. aureus; iii) AcrA protein of C. jejuni; and iv) oligosaccharyltransferase from C. jejuni. In this embodiment, the host organism may be a Gram-negative bacterium, for example, E. coli.
The vaccines of the instant invention have therapeutic and prophylactic utilities. It will be appreciated that the vaccine of the invention may be useful in the fields of human medicine and veterinary medicine. Thus, the subject to be immunized may be a human or other animal, for example, farm animals including cows, sheep, pigs, horses, goats and poultry (e.g., chickens, turkeys, ducks and geese) and companion animals such as dogs and cats.
In another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of generating vaccines for immunizing a mammal against a bacterium such as a Gram-positive bacterium. The method includes: immunizing a subject with a bioconjugate, such as a bioconjugate comprising a Gram-positive polysaccharide, e.g., an S. aureus polysaccharide, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
This invention also features vaccine compositions for protection against infection by a gram-positive bacterium such as S. aureus or for treatment of gram-positive infection such as S. aureus infection. In one embodiment, the vaccine compositions comprise one or more immunogenic components such as a polysaccharide, or a fragment or portion thereof, from S. aureus. In a further embodiment, the vaccine compositions comprise one or more immunogenic components such as a protein, or a fragment or portion thereof, from a Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacterium.
One aspect of the invention provides a vaccine composition for protection against infection by S. aureus which contains at least one immunogenic component or fragment of an S. aureus polysaccharide and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Such immunogenic components or fragments can include, for example, an S. aureus polysaccharide of at least about two monomers in length or at least about three monomers in length. In a further aspect of the invention, an S. aureus RU comprises said monomers. Such repeating units can include, for example, an S. aureus RU of at least 1 (one) in length.
Immunogenic components or fragments of the invention can be obtained, for example, by screening polysaccharides or polypeptides produced recombinantly or through chemical synthesis, or, for example, by screening the bioconjugate comprising a polysaccharide and a protein. Screening immunogenic components or fragments of the invention can be performed using one or more of several different assays. For example, screening assays include ELISA and other assays known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
In one embodiment, immunogenic components or fragments are identified by the ability of the polysaccharide and/or protein to stimulate IgG antibodies against Gram-positive bacteria, such as S. aureus CP5 or CP8 polysaccharides, as determined by, for example, the immune response obtained in mice (
In one embodiment, immunogenic components or fragments are identified by the ability of the polysaccharide and/or protein to stimulate opsonic activity, such as opsonophagocytic killing, as determined by, for example by the S. aureus killing (“in vitro” activity) with rabbit anti CP5-EPA antibodies (obtained in Example 7 below, see
In yet a further embodiment, immunogenic components or fragments are identified by the ability of the polysaccharide and/or protein to stimulate humoral and/or cell-mediated immunity against Gram-positive bacteria, such as S. aureus, as determined by, for example, by protection against bacterial infection (“challenge”) using active immunization in mice (
In an embodiment of the instant invention, a vaccine composition of the invention can be based on a glycoprotein comprising an immunogenic component or fragment of an S. aureus polysaccharide of the invention and optionally further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or adjuvant. In further embodiments of the instant invention, a vaccine composition can be based on a glycoprotein comprising an immunogenic component or fragment of an S. aureus protein of the invention and optionally further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or adjuvant. In yet a further aspect of the invention, a vaccine composition can be based on a glycoprotein comprising a immunogenic component or fragment of a P. aeruginosa protein of the invention and optionally further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or adjuvant.
It is well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art how to modify a vaccine for administration to one mammal type, for example, mice, for administration to another mammal type, for example, humans. For example, one of skill would readily know that deletion of the histidine tag from the protein carrier of a glycoprotein used in a vaccine composition in mice would render the glycoprotein suitable for administration in a vaccine composition in humans. For example, deletion of the HISTIDINE tag (HIS-tag) in protein carriers such as, e.g. EPA (SEQ ID NO: 13), ClfA (SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12), and Hla (SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 16) would be recognized for its use in a glycoprotein for administration to a human.
It should be understood that amelioration of any of the symptoms of a Gram-positive, for example S. aureus, or other bacterial infection or disease is a desirable clinical goal, including a lessening of the dosage of medication used for the Gram-positive-caused infection or disease, for example an S. aureus-caused infection or disease, or other bacterial-caused infection or disease, or an increase in the production of antibodies in the serum or mucous of patients. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that some of the vaccine compositions of the invention are useful for preventing a Gram-positive infection, for example an S. aureus infection, or other bacterial infection, some are useful for treating a Gram-positive infection, for example an S. aureus infection, or other bacterial infection, and some are useful for both preventing and treating such infections.
Embodiments of the present invention such as vaccines and other pharmaceutical agents optionally may be prepared using suitable and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, diluents and/or adjuvants, as are well-known in the art and apparent in light of this specification. An excipient, diluent or adjuvant may be a solid, semi-solid or liquid material which may serve as a vehicle or medium for the active ingredient. In light of this specification, one of ordinary skill in the art in the field of preparing compositions can readily select the proper form and mode of administration depending upon the particular characteristics of the product selected, the disease or condition to be treated, the stage of the disease or condition, and other relevant circumstances (Remington s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co. (1990)). The proportion and nature of the pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, excipient or adjuvant are determined by the solubility and chemical properties of the pharmaceutically active compound selected the chosen route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.
Accordingly, in embodiments of the invention, vaccine compositions comprise immunogenic components or fragments, e.g., S. aureus polysaccharide or fragment thereof and/or S. aureus or P. aeruginosa protein or fragment thereof and optionally include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to a carrier that is non-toxic. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, for example, one or more of water, saline, phosphate buffered saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol and the like, as well as combinations thereof. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may further comprise minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, preservatives or buffers, which enhance the shelf life or effectiveness of the antibody. Such pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, for example, liquid, semisolid, or solid diluents that serve as pharmaceutical vehicles, excipients, or media. Any diluent known in the art may be used. Exemplary diluents include, but are not limited to, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, magnesium stearate, methyl- and propylhydroxybenzoate, talc, alginates, starches, lactose, sucrose, dextrose, sorbitol, mannitol, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, mineral oil, cocoa butter, and oil of theobroma.
Further, in additional embodiments of the invention, the vaccine composition can optionally include an adjuvant or a combination of adjuvants, including, but not limited to particulate adjuvants such as aluminium salts (aluminium hydroxide, aluminium phosphate, aluminium hydroxyphosphate sulphate, etc.); emulsions such as oil in water (MF59, AS03); lipid and salt combinations such as AS04; water in oil (Montanide); ISCOMS, liposomes/virosomes; nano- and microparticles, etc.; non particulated such as peptides; saponins (QS21); MPL A; cytokins; DNA derivates; bacterial toxins; etc. A further embodiment includes adjuvants used in animals such as Freund's Complete Adjuvant and Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant, mycolate-based adjuvants (e.g., trehalose dimycolate), bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycans (i.e., mureins, mucopeptides, or glycoproteins such as N-Opaca, muramyl dipeptide [MDP], or MDP analogs), proteoglycans, streptococcal preparations (e.g., OK432), DEAE-dextran, neutral oils (such as miglyol), vegetable oils (such as arachis oil), Pluronic, the Ribi adjuvant system or interleukins, particularly those that stimulate cell-mediated immunity. The adjuvant used will depend, in part, on the composition and type of the glycoconjugate vaccine. The amount of adjuvant to administer will depend on the type and size of mammal. Optimal dosages may be readily determined by routine methods.
A further aspect of the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition, comprising at least one glycoprotein according to the invention. The preparation of medicaments comprising glycoproteins is well-known in the art. The preparation scheme for the final pharmaceutical composition and the mode and details of its administration will depend on the protein, the host cell, the nucleic acid and/or the vector employed.
It will be apparent to those of skill in the art that the therapeutically effective amount of polysaccharide or glycoprotein of this invention will depend, inter alia, upon the administration schedule, the unit dose of antibody administered, whether the polysaccharide or glycoprotein is administered in combination with other therapeutic agents, the immune status and health of the patient, and the therapeutic activity of the particular polysaccharide or glycoprotein.
The vaccine compositions and/or pharmaceutical preparations of the invention may be adapted for oral, parenteral or topical use and may be administered to the patient in the form of tablets, capsules, suppositories, solution, suspensions or any other suitable means or dosage form. In further aspects of the invention, the vaccine compositions and/or pharmaceutical preparations may be introduced into the subject to be immunized by any known method including, e.g., by intravenous, intradermal, intramuscular, intramammary, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous injection; or by oral, sublingual, nasal, anal, or vaginal, delivery. The pharmaceutically active compounds of the present invention, while effective themselves, can be formulated and administered in the form of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, such as acid addition salts or base addition salts, for purposes of stability, convenience of crystallization, increased solubility, and the like. Vaccine compositions in an embodiment of the invention are administered parenterally, e.g., by injection, either subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Methods for intramuscular immunization are described by Wolff et al. (1990) Science 247: 1465-1468 and by Sedegah et al. (1994) Immunology 91: 9866-9870. Other modes of administration include oral and transdermal.
Vaccines of the invention can be administered as a primary prophylactic agent in, e.g., adults or in children, as a secondary prevention, after successful eradication of Gram-positive bacteria such as S. aureus in an infected host, or as a therapeutic agent in the aim to induce an immune response in a host to prevent infection by a Gram-positive bacterium such as S. aureus. The vaccines of the invention are administered in amounts readily determined by persons of ordinary skill in the art. The treatment may consist of a single dose or a plurality of doses over a period of time. For example, in some embodiments, it is expected that a typical dosage for humans of a vaccine of the present invention is about 1 to 25 μg of the oligosaccharide antigen, which will be bound to (and does not include the mass of) the protein carrier, in further embodiments about 1 μg to about 10 μg of the polysaccharide antigen, and in still further embodiments about 2 μg of the polysaccharide antigen. In additional embodiments, the sugar/protein ratio in the glycoconjugate or the vaccine is about 1:5 to about 1:10. Optionally, a vaccine, such as a bioconjugate vaccine of the present invention, may include an adjuvant. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the optimal dose may be more or less depending upon the patient's body weight, disease, the route of administration, and other factors. Those skilled in the art will also recognize that appropriate dosage levels can be obtained based on results with known vaccines. The number of doses will depend upon the disease, the formulation, and efficacy data from clinical trials.
The vaccine compositions can be packaged in forms convenient for delivery. Delivery forms compatible with entry of the immunogenic component or fragment into the recipient mammal are preferred.
One embodiment of the invention is generally directed to recombinantly producing a vaccine for a Gram-positive organism in a Gram-negative organism by using a modified LPS biosynthetic pathway. This is accomplished by inserting into a host which comprises of nucleic acids encoding for an oligosaccharyltransferase and a protein and nucleic acids encoding for glycosyltransferases originating from at least two different organisms. This embodiment is directed to genetically engineering an organism based on a natural organism into which are inserted nucleic acids coding for (i) a protein; (ii) an oligosaccharyltransferase, and (iii) glycosyltransferases from at least two differing organisms.
In an example of such an embodiment, a glycosylated-protein product is produced for use as a vaccine for Staphylococcus aureus. The vaccine products of the invention are produced in a genetically modified E. coli host. S. aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium, and has a polysaccharide capsule. A vaccine product for this organism could be based on a glycosylated protein whose sugar section had a structure similar to this capsular polysaccharide.
In another aspect, the instant invention is directed to a novel bioengineering approach for producing immunogenic conjugate vaccines that provide advantages over classical chemical conjugation methods. In an embodiment, the approach involves in vivo production of glycoproteins in bacterial cells, for example, Gram-negative cells such as E. coli.
As known to a person of ordinary skill in the art, the production and purification of glycoconjugate can vary depending on the vaccine candidate and the combination of plasmids used. For example, which purification procedure to choose is known based upon the protein carrier, the sugar component of the glycoconjugate and the intended use of the purified vaccine candidate, for example, in animals or humans. For use in humans, for example, it is known that the HIS-tag, which would otherwise facilitate purification, would be removed.
All publications mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. It is to be understood that the term “or,” as used herein, denotes alternatives that may, where appropriate, be combined; that is, the term “or” includes each listed alternative separately as well as their combination. As used herein, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, references to the singular, such as the singular forms “a,” an,” and “the,” include the plural, and references to the plural include the singular.
The invention is further defined by reference to the following examples that further describe the compositions and methods of the present invention, as well as its utility. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications, both to compositions and methods, may be practiced which are within the scope of the invention.
A goal of an embodiment of the invention is to produce the CP5 and CP8 antigenic polysaccharides in E. coli. As discussed above, we exploited in an novel way, surprising in view of the prior art, the fact that the CP and O-antigen production pathways functionally overlap, a fact which is represented in the structure of the RU (See
To generate a genetic system able to synthesize the CP5 and CP8 glycans on UndPP, using the method of Dean et al., (Dean, C. R., C. V. Franklund, J. D. Retief, M. J. Coyne, Jr., K. Hatano, D. J. Evans, G. B. Pier, and J. B. Goldberg. 1999. Characterization of the serogroup O11 O-antigen locus of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA103. J Bacteriol 181:4275-4284), we modified the P. aeruginosa O11 O-antigen gene cluster from strain PA103. The genes encoding the biosynthetic machinery for synthesis of the stem structure consisting of UndPP-D-FucNAc-L-FuncNAc were complemented with the S. aureus enzymes required for the completion of the S. aureus glycan (
The genes encoding the enzymes synthesizing the specific residues for the S. aureus capsular polysaccharide were integrated step by step into the O11 background according to the functions of the genes predicted by Sau et al. (Sau, S., N. Bhasin, E. R. Wann, J. C. Lee, T. J. Foster, and C. Y. Lee. 1997. The S. aureus allelic genetic loci for serotype 5 and 8 capsule expression contain the type-specific genes flanked by common genes. Microbiology 143: 2395-405; O'Riordan, K. and J. C. Lee. 2004. Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharides. Clin Microbiol Rev 17(1): 218-34). Such steps are explained below.
The cap5I/cap8H gene product was predicted to be the glycosyltransferase that adds the ManNAcA to UndPP-D-FucNAc-L-FuncNAc of the RU forming a linkage specific for each serotype (Sau, S., N. Bhasin, E. R. Wann, J. C. Lee, T. J. Foster, and C. Y. Lee. 1997. The Staphylococcus aureus allelic genetic loci for serotype 5 and 8 capsule expression contain the type-specific genes flanked by common genes. Microbiology 143: 2395-405.). To prove this, the activity of Cap5I and Cap8H was analyzed in E. coli in presence of a plasmid conferring production of the P. aeruginosa O11 O-antigen. Cells expressing the O11 cluster synthesize the O11 O-antigen first on UndPP, from where it is transferred to lipid A core by the E. coli enzyme WaaL, the O-antigen ligase, forming O11 specific lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Goldberg, J. B., K. Hatano, G. S. Meluleni and G. B. Pier. 1992. Cloning and surface expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O antigen in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89(22): 10716-20). To synthesize this lipopolysaccharide, the O11 O-antigen cluster from P. aeruginosa PA103 was cloned into pLAFR1 (SEQ ID NO: 1). Then the wbjA gene encoding the glucosyltransferase, the enzyme adding the third sugar to the O11 RU, was deleted by transposon mutagenesis. The mutated cluster (O11 wbjA::Tn50<dhfr-1>) was further modified by homologous recombination to eliminate the polymerase activity of the wzy gene, forming O11 wbjA::Tn50<dhfr-1>wzy::cat, which denotes the mutated SEQ ID NO: 1, in which the genes for the glycosyltransferase wbjA and the wzy polymerase of the O11 gene cluster were inactivated. This modified cluster was expressed in W3110 ΔwecA cells, extracts were treated with proteinase K and analyzed by SDS PAGE and silver staining, according to the method disclosed in Tasi, et al. (Tsai, C. M., and C. E. Frasch. 1982. A sensitive silver stain for detecting lipopolysaccharides in polyacrylamide gels. Anal Biochem 119:115-9). The results are provided in
Analysis resulted in two major bands in the gels (
In this way it was also confirmed that a prerequisite for S. aureus RU assembly in E. coli is the provision of UDP-ManNAcA, because the biosynthetic machinery is present in the S. aureus CP5/8 clusters but not in the O11 O-antigen cluster of P. aeruginosa. All other required nucleotide activated sugars are either provided by housekeeping functions of E. coli and the O11 O-antigen cluster of P. aeruginosa. E. coli is known to produce UDP-ManNAcA, the substrate for the ManNAcA glycosyltransferase, by expression of wecB and wecC. Those genes are constitutively expressed in the cluster responsible for enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) biosynthesis (Meier-Dieter, U., R. Starman, K. Barr, H. Mayer, and P. D. Rick. 1990. Biosynthesis of enterobacterial common antigen in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 265:13490-13497). The functional homolog for UDP-ManMAcA biosynthesis found in the CP cluster of S. aureus were found to complement the activities of wecBC as reported earlier (Kiser, K. B., N. Bhasin, L. Deng and J. C. Lee. 1999. Staphylococcus aureus cap5P encodes a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase with functional redundancy. J. Bacteriol 181(16): 4818-24). This shows that the production of the CP antigens in E. coli relies on the functional expression of the wecBC genes in the host strain. Thus, to provide UDP-ManNAcA as substrate for CapSI and Cap8H in a recombinant system, it was confirmed that WecB and WecC have to be expressed. In such a system, any prokaryotic strain expressing the enterobacterial common antigen like E. coli wildtype strain can be used, e.g. W3110 based cell types with or without a wecA deletion and with or without additional wzzE deletion.
Further elongation of the S. aureus capsular polysaccharide is thought to be required for maximal immunological activity of the glycan. The cap5J/cap8I genes encode the wzy homologs polymerizing the repeating units, and cap5K/cap8K encodes the flippase translocating the UndPP-bound trisaccharide from the cytoplasmic to the periplasmic side of the membrane. Cap5H/cap8J encodes the O-acetyltransferase modifying the L-FucNAc at position 3′ or the ManNAcA at position 4′ of the RU (Bhasin, N., A. Albus, et al. (1998). “Identification of a gene essential for O-acetylation of the Staphylococcus aureus type 5 capsular polysaccharide.” Mol Microbiol 27(1): 9-21. The acetylation is an important determinant discriminating the immunological reactivity of the polysaccharide (Fattom, A. I., J. Sarwar, L. Basham, S. Ennifar, and R. Naso. 1998. Antigenic determinants of S. aureus type 5 and type 8 capsular polysaccharide vaccines. Infect Immun 66:4588-92). To show that the RUs could be elongated and acetylated, the S. aureus enzymes responsible for polymerization and O-acetylation were expressed from separate plasmids in presence of the mutated O11 cluster. Extracts from W3110 ΔwecA cells expressing the O11 wbjA::Tn50<dhfr-1 >wzy::cat cluster and different genes of the CP5 cluster were treated with proteinase K and analyzed by SDS PAGE, electrotransfer followed by immunoblotting using an anti CP5 sugar (obtained from J. C. Lee at the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA).
In
As high expression of the cap5 specific genes lead to lower polymer formation, an alternative expression system for the recombinant glycans was constructed to address this problem. In detail, in a novel approach unexpected in light of the prior art, the P. aeruginosa glucosyltransferase (wbjA) and the polymerase (wzy) of O11 were replaced by the genes encoding the CP5/8-specific elements from the capsular gene cluster of S. aureus Mu50/MW2 (cap5/8HIJK and parts thereof) producing a single, chimeric gene cluster composed of P. aeruginosa O11 and S. aureus CP5 or CP8 genes (
To prove that the chimeric CP5 and CP8 of the present invention surprisingly assembles the correct RU on UndPP and assures that the repeating units are polymerized, proteinase K digestion of E. coli cells (W3310 ΔwecA) containing the full length chimeric clusters were separated by SDS-PAGE. Specifically, cells with a plasmid either containing or lacking the chimeric CP5 gene cluster (
After electrotransfer and immunodetection with anti CP5 specific serum, extracts expressing the entire chimeric CP5 clusters show a ladder like signal similar to endogenous O-antigen structures from E. coli probed with their autologous serum (
As shown in
A further novel and surprising extension of the invention was developed by changing the plasmid backbones used for maintenance and expression of the chimeric cluster in E. coli. The resistance cassette in pLAFR1 containing the chimeric CP5 cluster was changed from Tet to Kan. Additionally the entire CP5 chimeric cluster containing the cap5K was subcloned into plasmid pDOC-C, according to the method of Lee et al. (Lee, D. J., L. E. Bingle, K. Heurlier, M. J. Pallen, C. W. Penn, S. J. Busby and J. L. Hobman. 2009. Gene doctoring: a method for recombineering in laboratory and pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. BMC Microbiol 9: 252) and pACYC 177 (GeneBank accession #X06402).
As shown in
In
In addition different promoters were tested to express the chimeric O11-CP5 LPS. In these tests, the host strain was E. coli W3110 ΔwecA carrying the chimeric CP5 cluster. In this strain, the chimeric cluster replaced wecAwzzE genes. Total cell extracts from cells containing different chimeric clusters expressed from pLAFR1 were treated with Proteinase K and analyzed by SDS PAGE and anti CP5 immunoblotting after electrotransfer. The plasmids contained O11 clusters where wbjA and wzy were replaced by different S. aureus specificity genes (with a cat cassette) as indicated below the lanes in
As indicated
These results showed for the first time the production in E. coli of a capsular polysaccharide structure originating from a Gram-positive organism. This means that it was possible, contrary to prior art and conventional expectations, to combine the enzymes of the O11 cluster and the enzymes of S. aureus cap cluster to build up a chimeric polysaccharide, i.e. that the enzyme work together on the same structure in vivo.
To confirm the activity of the chimeric CP5/O11 cluster in E. coli on a molecular level, a novel method allowing the analysis of UndPP linked sugars by using fluorescent labeling of the sugar at reducing end with 2-Aminobenzamide (2-AB) was developed. To enhance the analysis resolution, chimeric clusters were used containing deletions that increased the amount of unpolymerized RUs. Glycolipids from different E. coli cells expressing the chimeric cluster contained in the pLAFR1 plasmid and lacking the cap5K flippase (SEQ ID NO: 2) were analyzed as described below.
To extract UndPP-linked glycans, E. coli cells were washed with 0.9% NaCl and lyophilized. The dried cells were extracted once with 30 ml organic solvent (85 to 95% Methanol=M). The lyophilized cell pellet was further extracted twice with 5 ml Chloroform:Methanol:Water (C:M:W=10:10:3; v/v/v). The (M) extract was converted with chloroform and water to a final ratio of 3:48:47 (C:M:W). The 10:10:3 (C:M:W) extract was converted to a two-phase Bligh/Dyer (Bligh, E. G. and W. J. Dyer. 1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol 37(8): 911-7) system by addition of water, resulting in a final ratio of 10:10:9 (C:M:W). Phases were separated by centrifugation and the upper aqueous phase was kept for further processing.
To purify the extracted glycolipids, aqueous phase was subjected to a tC18 Sep-PAK cartridge. The cartridge was conditioned with 10 ml methanol, followed by equilibration with 10 ml 3:48:47 (C:M:W). After loading of the sample, the cartridge was washed with 10 ml 3:48:47 (C:M:W) and eluted with 5 ml methanol and 5 ml 10:10:3 (C:M:W). The combined elutions were dried under N2. The glycolipid samples were hydrolyzed by dissolving the dried samples in 2 ml n-propanol:2 M trifluoroacetic acid (1:1), heating to 50° C. for 15 min, and then evaporating to dryness under N2 (Glover, K. J., E. Weerapana and B. Imperiali. 2005. In vitro assembly of the UndPP-linked heptasaccharide for prokaryotic N-linked glycosylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102(40): 14255-9). The dried samples were labeled with 2-AB and the glycan cleanup was performed using the paper disk method as described (Bigge, J. C., T. P. Patel, J. A. Bruce, P. N. Goulding, S. M. Charles, R. B. Parekh. 1995. Nonselective and efficient fluorescent labeling of glycans using 2-amino benzamide and anthranilic acid. Anal Biochem 230(2): 229-38; Merry, A. H., D. C. Neville, L. Royle, B. Matthews, D. J. Harvey, R. A. Dwek and P. M. Rudd. 2002. Recovery of intact 2-aminobenzamide-labeled O-glycans released from glycoproteins by hydrazinolysis. Anal Biochem 304(1): 91-9). The 2-AB labeled glycans were separated by HPLC using a GlycoSep-N normal phase column according to Royle et al. but modified to a three solvent system (Royle, L., T. S. Mattu, E. Hart, J. I. Langridge, A. H. Merry, N. Murphy, D. J. Harvey, R. A. Dwek, P. M. Rudd. 2002. An analytical and structural database provides a strategy for sequencing O-glycans from microgram quantities of glycoproteins. Anal Biochem 304(1): 70-90). Solvent A was 10 mM ammonium formate pH 4.4 in 80% acetonitrile. Solvent B was 30 mM ammonium formate pH 4.4 in 40% acetonitrile. Solvent C was 0.5% formic acid. The column temperature was 30° C. and 2-AB labeled glycans were detected by fluorescence (excitation λex=330 nm, emission λem=420 nm). Gradient conditions were a linear gradient of 100% A to 100% B over 160 min at a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min, followed by 2 min 100% B to 100% C, increasing the flow rate to 1 ml/min. The column was washed for 5 min with 100% C, returning to 100% A over 2 min and running for 15 min at 100% A at a flow rate of 1 ml/min, then returning the flow rate to 0.4 ml/min for 5 min. Samples were injected in water.
Dried fractions were resuspended in 5 ul 10% acetonitrile (ACN), 0.1% trifluoro acetic acid (TFA) and mixed 1:1 with matrix solution (40 mg/ml DHB in 50% ACN, 0.1% TFA) on the target plate. MS and MS/MS data were manually acquired in the positive ion mode on an Ultraflex-II MALDI-ToF/ToF mass spectrometer (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany). MS/MS were obtained using the LIFT method. A standard peptide mixture (Bruker Daltonik GmbH) was used for external calibration. Spectra were exported using the Flex Analysis software (Bruker Daltonik GmbH) and manually analyzed.
Methanol extracts from E. coli W3110 ΔwecA (CP5) containing plasmids with (thick line) or without (thin, dashed line) the chimeric clusters were purified over tC18 cartridges and analyzed by normal phase HPLC. The fractions corresponding to the peaks shown in
Methanol extracts from E. coli W3110 ΔwecAwzzE containing plasmids with (thick line) or without (thin, dashed line) the chimeric cluster were purified over tC18 cartridges and analyzed by normal phase HPLC.
MS results showed that the masses and fragmentation ion series are in agreement with the molecular structure of the CP5 RU oligosaccharide with the O acetylation of the middle FucNAc residue (i.e., the peak at 37′ in
The HPLC peak shown in
The result shown in
To solve this problem, another novel approach was developed. Specifically, genes of the ECA cluster located downstream of the wecC gene including wecF were deleted. This was accomplished using the method described by Datsenko et al. (Datsenko, K. A. and B. L. Wanner (2000). “One-step inactivation of chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli K-12 using PCR products.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97(12): 6640-6645). Different E. coli expression hosts were deleted in the waaL and rmlB-wecG gene regions and in some strains in wecA-wzzECA as well. Sep-PAK Purified extracts (Methanol and 10:10:3 extracts) from these mutated cells expressing the polymerase mutant CP8 chimeric cluster were analyzed by normal phase HPLC as described above.
Further evidence for the quality of the recombinant polysaccharide linked to UndPP was obtained from an optimized normal phase HPLC analysis of Sep-PAK purified, fluorescently labeled glycolipid extracts from chromosomally optimized expression hosts as described above. For optimal performance of the Sep-PAK columns for purification of charged CP5 and CP8 oligo- and polysaccharide-linked lipids, tert-butyl ammonium phosphate (TBAP) was added to the extracts before loading on the Sep-PAK cartridges. As reported by Trent, et al., the cation of this salt improves column binding of charged compounds by shielding negative charges with hydrophobic butyl chains (Trent, M. S., A. A. Ribeiro, et al. (2001). “Accumulation of a polyisoprene-linked amino sugar in polymyxin-resistant Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli: structural characterization and transfer to lipid A in the periplasm.” J Biol Chem 276(46): 43132-43144.). This optimized method was applied to the CP5 and CP8 samples obtained by methanol extraction from cells expressing CP5 or CP8 chimeric clusters containing a polymerase.
In wzy dependent polymerization pathways, it has been reported by Marolda, et al., that a specific enzyme (wzz or cld for chain length determinant) is responsible for determining the average number of RU polymerization steps performed (Marolda, C. L., L. D. Tatar, et al. (2006). “Interplay of the Wzx translocase and the corresponding polymerase and chain length regulator proteins in the translocation and periplasmic assembly of lipopolysaccharide o antigen.” J Bacteriol 188(14): 5124-5135.). Wzz enzymes cause a specific repeat number averages, e.g. short, long and very long sugar polymers and are known to transfer their length specificity to exogenous polysaccharide pathways. The lengths and amounts of the CP8 glycolipids were analyzed in the production strain resulting in longer and lower amount of this sugar. To increase the amount of molecules and thereby the sugar transfer efficiency for protein glycosylation, a downregulation of the CP8 sugar length was performed using a specific Wzz enzyme.
To test the effect of a Wzz protein on the size and amounts of CP8 sugars on lipid, coexpression of Wzz from E. coli wzz 07 was performed from a separate plasmid (SEQ ID NO: 19).
Alkali treatment confirmed the acetylation of the shortened glycan as in
Different variants of the chimeric cluster were tested for bioconjugate production. The chimeric O11/CP5 gene clusters (SEQ ID NO: 2 and 3), which contain different variants of S. aureus specificity regions in the O11 O-antigen cluster in place of wbjA and wzy, were expressed in the host strain E. coli W3110 ΔwaaL ΔwecAwzzE::cat in the presence of PglB (SEQ ID NO: 27?) and EPA (SEQ ID NO: 13). W3110 ΔwaaL ΔwecAwzzE::cat host cells expressed EPA with two glycosylation sites (from SEQ ID NO: 13) and PglB (SEQ ID NO: 27) from separate plasmids in addition to the pLAFR1 plasmid with the O11 O-antigen cluster where the wbjA and wzy genes were replaced with different cap5 gene sets (and the cat cassette, SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 3).
The EPA protein is expressed containing: a) a N-terminal signal peptide sequence for export to the periplasm, b) two bacterial N-glycosylation consensus sequences engineered into the protein sequence (SEQ ID NO: 13) as set forth in Example 10 of WO 2009/104074, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, and c) a hexa histag for purification. The cells were grown in 5 L Erlenmeyer flasks in LB medium. An overnight culture was diluted to OD600 nm=0.05. At OD600 nm around 0.5, PglB expression was induced by addition of 1 mM IPTG and EPA expression was induced by addition of arabinose (0.2% final concentration). The cells were grown for 4 hours, induction was repeated and cells were grown for around additional 16 hours. Cells were pelleted by centrifugation; the cells were washed and suspended in 0.2 vol sucrose buffer, pelleted, and lysed by osmotic shock. The spheroplasts were pelleted by centrifugation, and the periplasmic proteins were loaded on a Ni2+ affinity chromatography. EPA-CP5 bioconjugate without and with the S. aureus flippase gene cap5K (SEQ ID NO: 2 and 3) was eluted by 0.5M imidazole, and eluted peaks were pooled and analyzed by SDS PAGE and stained by Coomassie and silver (
In a separate analysis, CP5-EPA bioconjugate was produced in E. coli W3110 ΔwaaL ΔwecAwzzE::cat by co-expression of the chimeric CP5 gene cluster (SEQ ID NO: 3), PglB (SEQ ID NO: 27) from plasmid pEXT21 and EPA (containing two glycosylation sites, SEQ ID NO: 13) from separate plasmids. To obtain a more controlled process for bioconjugate production, the cells were grown in a 2-L bioreactor to an OD600 nm=30 at 37° C., and expression of PglB and EPA was induced by the addition of 1 mM IPTG and 0.2% arabinose. The cells were grown for 18 h at 37° C. under oxygen-limiting conditions. The cells were pelleted by centrifugation, washed and resuspended in 25% sucrose buffer at an OD600 nm=200, after 30 min. incubation at 4° C., the suspension was pelleted, and lysed by osmotic shock. The spheroplasts were pelleted by centrifugation, and the periplasmic proteins present in the supernatant were loaded on a Ni2+ affinity chromatography. Glycosylated and unglycosylated EPA were eluted from the affinity column by 0.5 M imidazole and loaded on a SourceQ anionic exchange column. Glycosylated EPA was separated from unglycosylated EPA by applying a gradient of increasing concentration of NaCl.
As shown in
In
As depicted in
Different strategies for further improving the glycosylation system were tested. In one strategy, to reduce the plasmid number in the production system to lower the burden of an additional antibiotic as well as maintaining an extra plasmid, the expression cassette for pglB was cloned into the plasmid containing the chimeric clusters for CP5 (SEQ ID NO: 17) and CP8 (SEQ ID NO: 18). The expression cassette is composed of the intergene region present between galF and wbqA of the E. coli 0121 genome (for a promoter sequence), and the pglB sequence downstream of this. This expression cassette was cloned immediately downstream of the CP5 and CP8 chimeric clusters. We tested E. coli W3110 ΔwaaL ΔwecAwzzECA::cat containing the chimeric CP5 cluster (SEQ ID NO: 3) and pglB (SEQ ID NO: 27) on either separate plasmids or on the same plasmid (SEQ ID NO: 17). In addition, EPA (SEQ ID NO: 13) was expressed from a plasmid under the control of an arabinose inducible promoter. The cells were grown in 5 L Erlenmeyer flasks in LB medium at 37° C. An overnight culture was diluted to OD600 nm=0.05. At OD600 nm around 0.5 PglB expression was induced by addition of 1 mM IPTG and EPA expression was induced by addition of arabinose (0.2% final concentration). The cells were grown for 4 hours, induction was repeated and cells were grown for around an additional 16 hours. The culture was pelleted by centrifugation; the cells were washed and suspended in 0.2 vol sucrose buffer, pelleted, and lysed by osmotic shock. The spheroplasts were pelleted by centrifugation, and the periplasmic proteins were loaded on a Ni2+ affinity chromatography. EPA-CP5 was eluted by 0.5M imidazole, and eluted peaks were pooled and analyzed by SDS PAGE and by Coomassie.
A further optimization of the system was the integration of the wzz (polymer length regulator) protein sequence in the plasmids used for protein glycosylation. Exemplified by the system producing CP8-EPA, wzz was integrated into the plasmid borne chimeric CP8 cluster (SEQ ID NO: 19) and downstream of the epa gene within the expression plasmid for the carrier protein (SEQ ID NO: 20). CP8-EPA bioconjugate was produced in E. coli W3110 ΔwaaL ΔwecAwzzECA ΔrmlB-wecG::cat comprising 2 plasmids: one plasmid contained in addition to the chimeric CP8 gene cluster a copy of the wzz 07 gene and a DNA cassette for the constitutive expression of the pglB gene (SEQ ID NO: 19); the second plasmid contained first the gene for expression and secretion of the detoxified EPA protein containing two glycosylation sites, and second a wzzO7 copy under the control of the same promoter (SEQ ID NO: 20). The resulting strain, E. coli W3110 ΔwaaL ΔwecAwzzECA ΔrmlB-wecG::cat, containing the mentioned plasmids was grown in a bioreactor with a starting volume of 7 L in semi-defined medium containing glycerol, peptone and yeast extract as C-sources. Cells were grown in batch or pulsed-batch mode to an OD600 nm of 30, and expression of PglB and EPA was induced. After induction, cells were further cultivated in fed-batch mode for a period 15 hours under oxygen-limiting conditions and collected by centrifugation. Cells were pelleted by centrifugation; the cells were washed and suspended in 0.2 vol sucrose buffer, pelleted, and lysed by osmotic shock. The spheroplasts were pelleted by centrifugation, and the periplasmic proteins were loaded on a Ni2+ affinity chromatography. Glycosylated and unglycosylated EPA were eluted from the affinity column by 0.5 M imidazole. Formation of glycoconjugate CP8-EPA is shown in
Characterization of the CP5-EPA glycoconjugate was further refined by various analytical methods. CovalX (Schlieren, Switzerland) performed High Mass MALDI analysis of a purified CP5-EPA sample produced using the 3 plasmid system as used in the analyses depicted in
CP5-EPA was further characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC-HPLC). We used the 3 plasmid system in W3110 ΔwaaL ΔwecAwzzECA::cat as used in the analyses depicted in
Our analyses therefore confirmed that the CP5-EPA bioconjugate consists of the EPA protein and the correct, O-acetylated glycan structure. Based on these results, it could also be predicted that the CP8-EPA bioconjugate consisted of the EPA protein and the correct, O-acetylated glycan structure.
To prove the versatility of the “in vivo” glycosylation to generate glycoconjugate vaccine candidates several carrier proteins were used as substrate to be glycosylated with CP5. To further increase the immune response of the bioconjugate vaccine against S. aureus, the carrier protein EPA is exchanged by AcrA form C. jejuni and two proteins from S. aureus: Hla and ClfA. To be used as carrier proteins Hla and ClfA were modify by the insertion of the bacterial N-glycosylation sites. The process was performed as described in WO 2006/119987 generating four versions for Hla H35L: SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 16 and three for ClfA: SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12.
For glycosylation of Hla H35L site 130 E. coli cells (W3110 ΔwaaL ΔwecAwzzE ΔrmlB-wecG) comprising two expression plasmids: one for Hla H35L production (SEQ ID NO: 16), in which expression of the Hla H35L containing the N-terminal signal peptide for periplasmic secretion, one N-glycosylation site and a hexa HIS-tag for purification is under control of the ParaBAD promoter, and secondly one for expression of the CP5 chimeric cluster and pglB (SEQ ID NO.: 17) were used. This system corresponds to the beforehand optimized 2 plasmids expression system of CP5-EPA with an exchanged protein carrier expression plasmid. Cells were grown in a 12-L bioreactor in rich medium to an OD600 nm=30, expression of Hla was induced by the addition 0.2% arabinose. Cells were pelleted by centrifugation; the cells were washed and suspended in 0.2 vol sucrose buffer, pelleted, and lysed by osmotic shock. The spheroplasts were pelleted by centrifugation, and the periplasmic proteins in the supernatant were loaded on a Ni2+ affinity chromatography. Glycosylated (CP5-Hla) and unglycosylated Hla were eluted from the affinity column by 0.5 M imidazole and loaded on an anionic exchange chromatography Proteins were eluted with a linear gradient from 0 to 0.7 M NaCl to separate CP5-Hla from Hla. The resulting protein was separated by SDS PAGE and stained by Coomassie, or transferred to nitrocellulose membranes and probed with either anti His, anti Hla, or anti CP5 antisera, as indicated (
The identity of Hla H35L with an engineered glycosylation site 130 was confirmed by in-gel trypsinization and MALDI-MS/MS.
To further show that the carrier protein is exchangeable for glycosylation by CP5 and CP8, C. jejuni AcrA protein was used as a glycosylation acceptor (see
The insertion of the bacterial N-glycosylation sites in ClfA was performed as described in WO 2006/119987, generating SEQ ID NO: 10; SEQ ID NO: 11; SEQ ID NO: 12. The carrier proteins were expressed in E. coli cells from arabinose inducible promoters. The genes were designed to produce a N-terminal signal peptide for periplasmic secretion, several N-glycosylation sites and a hexa HIS-tag for purification. Purification was started from periplasmic extracts of E. coli cells.
For glycosylation of ClfA 327 the beforehand optimized expression systems of CP5-EPA was employed. Using the 2 plasmid system (SEQ ID NO: 17 and SEQ ID NO: 11), E. coli cells (W3110 ΔwecAwzzE ΔrmlB-wecG ΔwaaL) comprising the CP5 chimeric cluster and pglB (constitutive expression cassette) as well as the expression plasmid for ClfA 327 (under control of the ParaBAD promoter) were grown in 1 L Erlenmeyer flasks in LB medium. An overnight culture was diluted to OD600 nm=0.05. At OD600 nm around 0.5, ClfA expression was induced by addition of arabinose (0.2% final concentration). The cells were grown for 20 hours. Cells were pelleted by centrifugation; the cells were washed and suspended in 0.2 vol sucrose buffer, pelleted, and lysed by osmotic shock. The spheroplasts were pelleted by centrifugation, and the periplasmic proteins were loaded on a Ni2+ affinity chromatography. ClfA-CP5 was eluted by 0.5M imidazole, was separated by SDS PAGE and stained by Coomassie, or transferred to nitrocellulose membranes and probed with either anti His, or anti CP5 antisera.
W3110 ΔwaaL ΔwecAwzzECA::cat cells comprising CP5 chimeric cluster (SEQ ID NO: 3) with cap5K inside, the PglB protein (SEQ ID NO: 27) and EPA with signal 2 glycosylation sites on pEC415 (SEQ ID NO: 13) were grown in 1 L Erlenmeyer flasks in LB medium. An overnight culture was diluted to OD600 nm=0.05. At OD600 nm around 0.5, EPA and PglB expression was induced by addition of arabinose (0.2% final concentration) and 1 mM IPTG, respectively. The cells were grown for 20 hours. Cells were pelleted by centrifugation; the cells were washed and suspended in 0.2 vol sucrose buffer, pelleted, and lysed by osmotic shock. The spheroplasts were pelleted by centrifugation, and the periplasmic proteins were loaded on a Ni2+ affinity chromatography. Glycosylated and unglycosylated EPA were eluted from the affinity column by 0.5 M imidazole and loaded on a SourceQ anionic exchange column. Glycosylated EPA was separated from unglycosylated EPA by applying a gradient of increasing concentration of NaCl. Eluted protein amounts were determined by the BCA assay and based on the size of the bands obtained on SDS PAGE stained by Coomasie the theoretical mass of the sugar was calculated. Together with the protein determination, the amount of polysaccharide antigen was estimated in the preparation. This estimated quantification was confirmed by high mass maldi MS method (see
To measure the immunogenicity of CP5-EPA in living animals, 1 g of the purified glycoconjugate was injected into mice by the IP (intra peritoneal) route in the presence of Aluminium hydroxide as adjuvant on days 1 (first injection), 21 (second injection), and 56 (third injection). After 35 and 61 days, which were two weeks after the second and third injections, respectively, the IgG response was measured by ELISA using a poly-L-lysine modified CP5 for coating (Gray, B. M. 1979. ELISA methodology for polysaccharide antigens: protein coupling of polysaccharides for adsorption to plastic tubes. J. Immunol. 28:187-192). Blood from mice immunized with CP5-bioconjugate was analyzed for specific IgG antibodies against CP5 capsular polysaccharide.
A similar experiment was performed in rabbits as the host organism. CP5-EPA (15 g CP5) was injected into rabbits intra-dermal in the presence of Freund's complete adjuvant on day 1 and subcutaneously in the presence of Freund's incomplete adjuvant on days 20, 30 and 40. After 61 days, the IgG response was measured by ELISA using a poly-L-lysine modified CP5 for coating (Gray, B. M. 1979. ELISA methodology for polysaccharide antigens: protein coupling of polysaccharides for adsorption to plastic tubes. J. Immunol. 28:187-192).
In vitro Activity
The rabbit polyclonal antiserum raised as described in Example 7 was purified by Protein A affinity column to enrich for IgG specific antibodies. IgG from rabbits immunized with S. aureus bioconjugate CP5-EPA was tested for functional activity in a classic in vitro opsonophagocytic killing assay (Thakker, M., J.-S. Park, V. Carey, and J. C. Lee. 1998. Staphylococcus aureus serotype 5 capsular polysaccharide is antiphagocytic and enhances bacterial virulence in a murine bacteremia model. Infect Immun 66:5183-5189). S. aureus was cultivated for 24 h on Columbia agar+2% NaCl. The bacteria were suspended in minimal essential medium+1% BSA (MEM-BSA). PMNs (polymorphonuclear neutrophils) were isolated from fresh human blood, washed, counted, and suspended in MEM-BSA. The purified IgG preparations from rabbits immunized with either S. aureus CP5-EPA or as control purified IgG preparations from rabbits immunized with Shigella O1-EPA that has been purified as described in WO 2009/104074 were added to the assay in serial 10-fold dilutions prepared in MEM-BSA. Guinea pig serum (Pel-Freez) was used as a C′ source. Each assay (0.5 ml total volume) contained ˜5×106 PMNs, 1×106 CFU S. aureus, 0.5% to 1% guinea pig serum, and varying concentrations of IgG, ranging from 140 μg/ml to 1 μg/ml. Control samples contained 1) S. aureus incubated with C′ and PMNs, but no antibody; 2) S. aureus incubated with IgG and C′, but no PMNs; and 3) S. aureus alone. The samples were rotated end-over-end (12 rpm) for 2 h at 37° C. Sample dilutions were vortexed in sterile water, and bacterial killing was estimated by plating the diluted samples in duplicate on TSA. The percent killing was defined as the reduction in CFU/ml after 2 h compared with that at time zero.
In the first set of experiments, the opsonophagocytic killing of the methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strain Reynolds, the prototype CP5 isolate, was tested, and the results are shown in
As shown in
The opsonic activity of antibodies to CP5-EPA tested against the MRSA strain USA100 of CP5-EPA.
In vivo Activity
To determine whether the opsonic activity of IgG raised to the bioconjugate CP5-EPA vaccine would predict protection in a mouse model of staphylococcal infection, passive immunization experiments were performed. In the initial studies, Swiss-Webster male mice (˜6 wks of age) were injected IV (tail vein) with 1.4 to 2 mg IgG from rabbits immunized with CP5-EPA or Shigella O1-EPA. After 24 h, the mice were challenged by the intra-peritoneal (IP) route with ˜3.6×107 CFU S. aureus Reynolds. Bacteremia levels were measured 2 h after challenge to assess antibody-mediated clearance of the bacteremia. The lower limit of detection by culture was 5 CFU/ml blood.
In subsequent passive immunization experiments, mice were challenged IP with a lower inoculum (˜5.5×106 CFU/mouse) of S. aureus Reynolds. Passive immunization with CP5-EPA antibodies was tested in mice challenged IP with 5-6×106 CFU S. aureus Reynolds. Mice were injected intravenously (IV) with 2 mg CP5-EPA IgG or 01-EPA IgG 24 h before bacterial challenge.
To determine whether protection against bacteremia could be conferred by a lower level of IgG, a subsequent experiment was performed wherein mice were passively immunized by the IV route with 300 μg CP5-EPA or 01-EPA IgG. After 24 h, the mice were inoculated IP with 6×106 CFU S. aureus Reynolds. The lower limit of detection by culture was 13-67 CFU/ml blood.
To show that vaccination of mice with the bioconjugate CP5-EPA mediates protection against bacterial challenge as in passive immunization assay, active immunization studies were performed.
CP5-EPA bioconjugate was produced in E. coli W3110 ΔwaaL ΔwecAwzzE::cat by co-expression of the chimeric CP5 gene cluster (SEQ ID NO: 3), PglB (SEQ ID NO: 27) from plasmid pEXT21 and EPA (containing two glycosylation sites, SEQ ID NO: 13) from separate plasmids. Cells were grown in a bioreactor with a starting volume of 7 L in semi-defined medium containing glycerol, peptone and yeast extract as C-sources. Cells were grown in batch or pulsed-batch mode to an OD600 nm of 30, and expression of PglB and EPA was induced by the addition of 1 mM IPTG and 10% arabinose. After induction, cells were further cultivated in fed-batch mode for a period 15 hours under oxygen-limiting conditions and collected by centrifugation. The cells were washed and resuspended in 25% sucrose buffer at an OD600 nm=200, pelleted, and lysed by osmotic shock. The spheroplasts were pelleted by centrifugation, and the periplasmic proteins were loaded on a Ni2+ affinity chromatography. Glycosylated and unglycosylated EPA were eluted from the affinity column by 0.5 M imidazole and loaded on a SourceQ anionic exchange column. Glycosylated EPA was separated from unglycosylated EPA by applying a gradient of increasing concentration of NaCl.
CP5-EPA is intended to be used as a conjugate vaccine to protect against CP5 S. aureus strains. To test whether such active immunization is functional, we immunized different groups of female Swiss Webster mice with three different doses of CP5-EPA and analyzed the immunization using a bacteremia model. Three doses were subcutaneously injected at days 0, 14 and 28. Mice were intra-peritoneally challenged at day 42 with S. aureus strain JL278, as shown in
These studies indicate that the CP5-EPA bioconjugate vaccine induced antibodies that opsonized S. aureus for phagocytic killing by human PMNs and protected mice against bacteremia in positive and active immunization studies. These data provide strong evidence that the presented bioconjugate will protect against disease provoked by multiple S. aureus strains.
While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the claims.
This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/332,170, filed May 6, 2010, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Aspects of this invention were made with government support under grant 1R01AI088754-2, subgrant 105699, awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in these aspects of the invention.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5643758 | Guan et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 20020019342 | Bayer | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20040265954 | Aebi et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050287628 | Aebi et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20110097357 | Fernandez et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1340184 | Dec 1998 | CA |
| 2360205 | Aug 2000 | CA |
| 2477794 | Mar 2003 | CA |
| 1481057 | Feb 2006 | EP |
| WO 1994026906 | Nov 1994 | WO |
| WO 2000052135 | Sep 2000 | WO |
| WO 2001088117 | Nov 2001 | WO |
| WO 2002000856 | Jan 2002 | WO |
| WO 2003074687 | Sep 2003 | WO |
| WO 2004013151 | Feb 2004 | WO |
| WO 2005116063 | Dec 2005 | WO |
| WO 2006119987 | Nov 2006 | WO |
| WO 2007113222 | Oct 2007 | WO |
| WO 2009089396 | Jul 2009 | WO |
| WO 2009104074 | Aug 2009 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20170128559 A1 | May 2017 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61332170 | May 2010 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14494150 | Sep 2014 | US |
| Child | 15414900 | US | |
| Parent | 13100603 | May 2011 | US |
| Child | 14494150 | US |
