cDNA encoding nucleoside transporter

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to Na.sup.+ -dependent nucleoside transporters and specifically to cDNA sequences encoding Na.sup.+ -dependent nucleoside transport proteins.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Natural and synthetic nucleosides have important physiologic and pharmacologic activities in humans. Adenosine, for example, is a local signaling molecule with regulatory functions in lipolysis, neurotransmitter release, platelet aggregation, coronary vasodilation, and cardiac contractility (Belardinelli et al., 1989; Jacobson et al., 1990). Nucleoside antimetabolites have therapeutic applications in human neoplastic and viral diseases, including leukemias and AIDS (Perigaud et al., 1992; Handschumacher and Cheng, 1993).
Most nucleoside drugs act intracellularly, after anabolic phosphorylation, by interfering, either directly or indirectly, with DNA synthesis. For those nucleosides that are hydrophilic, mediated transport systems (NT processes) are required for passage across the plasma membrane. In experimental systems, there is evidence that the activity of NT
The abbreviations used are: AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; NBMPR, nitrobenzylthioinosine (6-[(4-nitrobenzyl)thio]-9-p-D-ribofuranosylpurine); AZT, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine; ddC, 2',3'-dideoxycytidine; ddG, 2',3'-dideoxyguanosine; ddI, 2',3'-dideoxyinosine; bp, base pair(s); kb, kilobase(s). cDNA, complementary DNA; DAPI, 4',6-diamidin-2-phenylindol-dihydrochloride; ddC, 2',3'-dideoxycytidine; FISH fluorescence in situ hybridization; avidin-FITC, avidin-fluorescein isothiocyanate; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; kb, kilobase(s); NT, nucleoside transporter; PAC, P1-derived artificial chromosome; poly(A).sup.+, polyadenylated; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; RT-PCR, reverse manscriptase polymerase chain reaction; CNT1 and CNT1 both represent concentrative nucleoside transporter 1.
processes can be an important determinant of pharmacologic action of cytotoxic nucleoside drugs. For example, cultured cells made incapable of transporting nucleosides by genetic mutations or treatment with NT inhibitors exhibit low levels of uptake of adenosine and other endogenous nucleosides and are resistant to a variety of nucleoside analogs with anticancer activity The permeant selectivities and mechanisms regulating distribution and expression of NT processes are important factors to be considered in the design of nucleoside analogs as therapeutic agents in human diseases.
Both equilibrative and Na.sup.+ -dependent nucleoside transport mechanisms are present in mammalian cells. In human erythrocytes, transport of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides is equilibrative (Na.sup.+ -independent) and inhibited by namomolar concentrations of NBMPR (Young and Jarvis, 1983; Paterson et al, 1983). The erythrocyte transporter, an integral membrane glycoprotein of apparent M.sub.T 55,000 (Wu et al 1983), has been purified to apparent homogeneity by a combination of ion-exchange and immunoaffinity chromatography (Kwong et al 1988). Functionally and structurally similar equilibrative nucleoside transporters (designated es) are widely distributed in mammalian cells and tissues (Paterson et al, 1991; Kwong et al, 1993)). In addition, some mammalian cells and tissues (Paterson et al, 1991) possess Na.sup.+ -independent nucleoside transport systems with low (micromolar) sensitivity to inhibition by NBMPR (designated ei). The molecular properties of ei transporters are unknown.
Na.sup.+ -dependent nucleoside transport systems have been demonstrated in a variety of cell types, including intestinal (Vijayalakshimi and Belt, 1988; Jarvis, 1989; Roden et al, 1991), renal epithelia (Lee et al, 1990; Williams and Jarvis, 1991; Gutierrez and Giacomini, 1993), and choroid plexus (Wu et al, 1992), liver (Che et al., 1992); splenocytes (Plagemann et al., 1990), macrophages (Plagemnann, 1991)and leukemia cells (Belt et al., 1993, Paterson et al. 1993). Active, Na.sup.+ -linked NT processes are present in intestinal (Betcher et al., 1990; Vijayalakshmi and Belt, 1988) and renal epithelia (Gutierrez and Giacomini 1993; Le Hir and Dubach, 1984; Williams et al., 1989), choroid plexus (Wu et al., 1994), liver (Che et al., 1992), splenocytes (Plagemann et al., 1990), macrophages (Plagemann, 1991) and leukemic cells (Belt et al. 1993; Paterson et al., 1993). The two principal Na.sup.+ -dependent NT subtypes, designated N1 (or cif) and N2 (or cit), have complementary and overlapping selectivities for purine nucleosides and uridine (N1/cif) and pyrimidine nucleosides and adenosine (N2/cit). N1/cif and N2/cit NTs have been found in tissues and cells of rat, rabbit, murine and bovine origin (Cass, 1995). A third class of Na.sup.+ -dependent NTs, designated N3 (or cib), found to date only in rat jejunum (Huang et al., 1993), rabbit choroid plexus (Wu et al., 1994) and human leukemic cells (Belt et al., 1993), has the ability to transport a wide range of both purine and pyrimidine nucleosides. A human kidney N2/cit-like process that is selective for guanosine in addition to pyrimidine nucleosides and adenosine has been given the designation N4 (Gutierrez and Giacomini, 1993; Gutierrez and Giacomini, 1994). Finally, a Na.sup.+ -dependent NT activity that is inhibited by NBMPR and designated N5 (or cs) has been observed in freshly isolated human leukemic cells (Paterson et al., 1993). It is not known from the current literature if human cells express the N1/cif and N2/cit NT subtypes (Cass, 1995).
It has been demonstrated that Xenopus oocytes express Na.sup.+ -dependent nucleoside transport activity after microinjection of poly (A).sup.+ RNA from rat jejunum (Huang et al, 1993).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows the cDNA nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of rat jejunal concentrative nucleoside transporter 1 (CNT1) (SEQ ID NO. 7 and 8 respectively).
FIG. 2 shows a topographical model of CNT1. Potential membrane spanning domains are numbered and shown as rectangles. The relative positions of acidic (glutamate, aspartate), basic (lysine, arginine), and cysteine residues are indicated by -, +, and .multidot., respectively. One potential N-linked glycosylation site (asparagine 543) is located within transmembrane segment 13, while the other two (asparagines 605 and 643) are predicted to be intracellular. Four possible O-linked glycosylation sites are located in the extracellular loop linking transmembrane domains 13 and 14 (.box-solid.). All four potential protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation sites are predicted to be intracellular (.uparw.).
FIG. 3 shows expression of CNT1 in Xenopus oocytes. Panel a: time course of uridine uptake (10 .mu.M, 20.degree. C.). Oocytes were injected with water or RNA transcribed in vitro from the nucleoside transporter cDNA (pQQH1). Each value represents the mean .+-.S.E. of 8-10 oocytes. The inset shows a time course of uridine uptake by cRNA-injected oocytes in Na.sup.+ medium measured from 30 s to 5 min. Panel b: concentration dependence of pQQH1-mediated uridine influx. Apparent K.sub.m and V.sub.max values were determined by non-linear regression analysis (ENZFITTER, Elsevier-Biosoft). Panel c: specificity of pQQH1-mediated uridine influx (T, thymidine; C, cytidine; G, guanosine; I, inosine; A, adenosine; U, uridine). Panel d: thymidine transport in oocytes injected with pQQH1 cRNA. For panels c and d, the permeant concentration was 10 .mu.M and competing nonradioactive nucleosides were present at a concentration of 1 mM. Fluxes were not corrected for the small (<0.1%) contribution of endogenous activity.
FIG. 4 shows the results of a high stringency Northern analysis of MRNA from rat tissues probed with .sup.32 P-labeled CNT1 cDNA. Panel a: rat jejunal MRNA probed with radiolabeled coding sequences of CNT1 corresponding to amino acid residues 75-213 (lane 1) or 385-588 (lane 2). Arrows indicate the positions of two bands (1.9 and 2.5 kb) visible on the original autoradiogram. Panel b: a multiple rat tissue blot probed with the CNT1 75-213-amino acid residue coding sequence.
FIG. 5 shows uptake of uridine, AZT and ddC into Xenopus oocytes.
FIG. 6 shows the cDNA nucleotide sequences from human kidney and obtained from 2-different humans (hCNT1b and hCNT1c are derived from the same human kidney preparation.) (i) hCNT1a herein referred to as SEQ ID NO. 1, (ii) hCNT1b herein referred to as SEQ ID NO. 2 and (iii) hCNT1c is the RT-PCR direct sequence herein referred to as SEQ ID NO. 3.
FIG. 7 shows the deduced amino acid sequences for (i) hCNT1a herein referred to as SEQ ID NO. 4, (ii) hCNT1b herein referred to as SEQ ID NO. 5 and (iii) hCNT1c herein referred to as SEQ ID NO. 6.
FIG. 8 shows the multiple alignment of human kidney hCNT1a, rat jejunal rCNT1, 4 rat liver SPNT (rCNT2) and E. coli nuc. The amino acid sequence of hCNT1a (650 amino acid residues) was deduced from the nucleotide open reading frame of clone pMHK1 (GeneBank.TM./EMBL Data Bank accession number U62966). Alignment of hCNT1a, rCNT1, SPNT (rCNT2 in our nomenclature)(Che et al. 1992) and E. coli nupC (Craig et al. 1994) was performed using the GCG PILEUP program. Amino acid residues in rCNT1, SPNT (rCNT2) and nupC identical to those in hCNT1a are highlighted. Conserved regions corresponding to rCNT1 PCR primers Q1 and Q2 are underlined.
FIG. 9 shows expression of hCNT1a in Xenopus oocytes. Oocytes were injected with either water alone or water containing hCNT1a RNA transcript. Influx of [.sup.3 H]uridine (10 .mu.M) was determined in transport buffer containing 100 mM NaCl or 100 mM choline chloride.
FIG. 10 shows differences in the deduced amino acid sequences of hCNT1a and hCNT1 cDNAs produced by RT-PCR amplification of human kidney RNA. The sequences of three randomly selected hCNT1 RT-PCR clones (pMHK2-pMHK4) were aligned with hCNT1a Only one, hCNT1b (649 amino acid residues, plasmid pMHK2), exhibited uridine transport activity when expressed in oocytes (GeneBank.TM./EMBL Data Bank accession number U62967). Also included in the alignment was the open reading frame derived from direct sequencing of the RT-PCR product from which pMHK2-pMHK4 were cloned (GeneBank.TM./EMBL Data Bank accession number U62968). There was >99% identity between the five amino acid sequences. Putative polymorphic sites are boxed. Putatitive PCR-induced mutations are highlighted.
FIG. 11 shows concentration dependence of hCNT1a-mediated uridine influx. Oocytes were injected with either water alone (.tangle-solidup.) or water containing hCNT1a RNA transcript (.smallcircle.,.circle-solid.). Influx of [.sup.3 H]uridine was determined in NaCl (.tangle-solidup.,.circle-solid.) or choline chloride (.smallcircle.) transport buffer.
FIG. 12 illustrates the nucleoside specificity of hCNT1a (A) and hCNT1b (B). [.sup.3 H]Uridine influx (10 .mu.M) was measured in hCNT1a and hCNT1b RNA transcript-injected oocytes in the absence (control) or presence of 1 mM of the nonradioactive physiological nucleosides (T, thymidine; C, cytidine; G, guanosine; I, inosine; A, adenosine; U, uridine) or 5 mM of the antiviral nucleoside analogs AZT and ddC. H.sub.2 O, water-injected oocytes. Fluxes were not corrected for the contribution of endogenous transport activity.
FIG. 13 illustrates the inhibition of hCNT1a-mediated influx of uridine by adenosine, deoxyadenosine and guanosine. [.sup.3 H]Uridine influx (10.mu.) was measured in hCNT1a RNA transcript-injected oocytes in the absence or the presence of increasing concentrations (20 .mu.M-21 mM) of nonradioactive adenosine (.circle-w/dot.), deoxyadenosine (.tangle-soliddn.) guanosine (). Fluxes were not corrected for the contribution of endogenous uridine transport activity.
FIG. 14 shows the transport of adenosine, deoxyadenosine and guanosine (.mu.) and AZT (B) by recombinant hCNT1a and rCNT1. Adenosine, guanosine and AZT (10 .mu.M) fluxes were compared in the same batch of oocytes injected either with water (open columns) or with RNA transcript for hCNT1a or rCNT1 (hatched and solid columns, respectively). The inset to panel A shows results from a separate experiment comparing uptake of adenosine and deoxyadenosine.
FIG. 15 shows chromosomal mapping of the hCNT1 gene. Separate images of DAPI banded chromosomes and of FITC targeted chromosomes were captured by a thermoelectrically cooled charge coupled camera (Photometrics, Tuscon, Ariz.), overlaid electronically using image analysis software, and pseudo coloured blue (DAPI) and yellow (FTC). The band assignment was determined by measuring the fractional chromosome length and by analyzing the banding pattern generated by the DAPI counterstained image. A DAPI-banded chromosome 15 together with schematic idiogram is shown to indicate that the probe hybridized to q25-26.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a cDNA sequence encoding an Na.sup.+ -dependent nucleoside transporter. The isolation, functional expression and chromosomal localization of cDNAs encoding human isoforms of rCNT1 is herein reported. This is the first molecular cloning of human NT cDNAs and the first demonstration that members of the CNT family of NT proteins and their associated transport activities exist in human cells. The present invention describes herein the isolation from human kidney of a series of cDNAs (pMHK1-pMHK4) encoding human homologs (hCNT1a and hCNT1b) of rCNT1 and their functional expression in Xenopus oocytes.
The present invention provides a new human nucleoside transporter protein by molecular cloning and functional expression of its cDNA. cDNAs for a human homolog of rCNT1, designated hCNT1, have now been isolated from human kidney by hybridization cloning and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction amplification strategies. hCNT1 was 83% identical to rCNT1 in amino acid sequence and exhibited the transport characteristics of a Na.sup.+ -dependent nucleoside transporter with selectivity for pyrimidine nucleosides and adenosine when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Deoxyadenosine, which undergoes net renal secretion, and guanosine were poor permeants. hCNT1 did, however, transport 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine. This is the first demonstration that members of the CNT family exist in human cells and provides evidence of their involvement in the renal transport of physiological nucleosides and nucleoside drugs. The hCNT1 gene was mapped to chromosome 15q25-26.
In a first embodiment, the invention provides substantially pure CNT1 characterized by having a molecular weight of about 71 kD as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE and having essentially the amino acid sequence shown in FIGS. 1 and 7 (rat and human, respectively). The term "substantially pure" as used herein refers to CNT1 which is substantially free of other proteins, lipids, carbohydrates or other materials with which it is naturally associated. One skilled in the art can purify CNT1 using standard techniques for protein purification. The substantially pure polypeptide will yield a single major band on a non-reducing polyacrylamide gel. The purity of the CNT1 polypeptide can also be determined by amino-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. CNT1 polypeptide includes functional fragments of the polypeptide, as long as the activity of CNT1 remains. Smaller peptides containing the biological activity of CNT1 are included in the invention.
The invention provides polynucleotides encoding the CNT1 protein. These polynucleotides include DNA, cDNA and RNA sequences which encode CNT1. It is understood that all polynucleotides encoding all or a portion of CNT1 are also included -herein, as long as they encode a polypeptide with CNT1 activity. Such polynucleotides include naturally occurring, synthetic, and intentionally manipulated polynucleotides. For example, CNT1 polynucleotide may be subjected to site-directed mutagenesis. The polynucleotide sequence for CNT1 also includes antisense sequences. The polynucleotides of the invention include sequences that are degenerate as a result of the genetic code. There are 20 natural amino acids, most of which are specified by more than one codon. Therefore, all degenerate nucleotide sequences are included in the invention as long as the amino acid sequence of CNT1 polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence is functionally unchanged.
Specifically disclosed herein is a DNA sequence encoding the rat and human CNT1 genes. The 2420-bp nucleoside transporter cDNA, identified as pQQH1, has an open reading frame encoding a 648-amino acid protein with a relative molecular mass of 71,000. The protein has been named concentrative nucleoside transporter (CNT1). The nucleotide sequence of pQQH1 and the deduced amino acid sequence are shown in FIG. 1. The open reading frame of pQQH1 is flanked by .about.170 bp of 5'-untranslated sequence and .about.300 bp of 3'-untranslated sequence. The start of the coding sequence is defined by the first ATG downstream of four in-frame stop codons. CNT1 is an integral membrane protein located in the cell plasma membrane. Its amino terminus is predicted to be endofacial rather than exofacial.
The protein has three potential N-linked glycosylation sites (asparagine residues 543, 605, and 643), four potential protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation sites (residues 5, 203, 421 and 527), and a cluster of 4 serines at residues 609-612. Hydropathy/charge-bias analysis (von Heijne, 1992) of the amino acid sequence predicts a topographical model of CNT1 with 14 potential transmembrane segments (FIG. 2). The protein has a relatively high cysteine content (3.1%). Serine clusters also occur in mammalian Na.sup.+ /K.sup.+ -dependent glutamate transporters (Kanai et al, 1993) and acetylcholine and biogenic amine receptors (Wang et al, 1991).
Potential transmembrane domains were identified using physiochemical (Goldman, Engelman, Steitz) and statistical (von Heijne) hydropathy scales and a 21-residue trapezoid sliding window (von Heijne, 1992). The topographical model shown has the maximum number of 14 potential transmembrane segments and a (+)-charge difference of 21 (von Heijne, 1992). Assignments for the termini of the membrane-spanning domains are those predicted by the von Heijne hydropathy scale. A panel of other hydropathy analyses (Turner and Weiner, 1993) predicted the presence of between 10 and 24 transmembrane domains, so that alternative secondary structures are conceivable. A search of DNA and protein sequence data bases revealed significant sequence similarity between CNT1 and the nupC.sub.-- ECOLI proton/pyrimidine nucleoside symporter of E. coli (Munch-Petersen and Mygind, 1983) and between these proteins and two E. coli sequences of unknown function (ECOHU4748 and ECOHU4751). (Codes for identifying the sequences are those from the OWL protein sequence data base (Bleasby and Wootton, 1990). CNT1 is 27% identical in amino acid sequence to nupC and 34% identical to ECOHU4748 and ECOHU4751. The similarity was particularly evident in the carboxyl-terminal half of the CNT1 sequence. In contrast, no sequence similarity was found between CNT1 and proteins of mammalian origin, including Na.sup.+ /Cl.sup.- -dependent and Na.sup.+ /K.sup.+ -dependent amino acid/neurotransmitter transporters (Kanai et al, 1993; Amara and Kuhar, 1993) and the Na.sup.+ dependent glucose transporter (SGLT) family (Hediger et al, 1987). The latter includes a putative Na.sup.+ -linked nucleoside transporter cDNA isolated from rabbit kidney (SNST1)(Pajor and Wright, 1992). Message for SNST1, which induces only modest increases in uridine transport activity in Xenopus oocytes, is absent from rabbit intestine but present in heart, a tissue that has not previously been shown to express Na.sup.+ -dependent nucleoside transport activity.
The polynucleotide encoding CNT1 includes the sequences in FIGS. 1 and 7 as well as nucleic acid sequences complementary to the sequences in FIGS. 1 and 7. A complementary sequence may include an antisense nucleotide. When the sequence is RNA, the deoxynucleotides A, G, C, and T is replaced by ribonucleotides A, G, C, and U, respectively. Also included in the invention are fragments of the above-described iL nucleic acid sequences that are at least 15 bases in length, which is sufficient to permit the fragment to selectively hybridize to DNA that encodes the protein of FIGS. 1 and 7 under physiological conditions. Specifically, the fragments should hybridize to DNA encoding CNT1 protein under stringent conditions. Fragments of CNT1 are useful for isolating other CNT1 polynucleotides.
Minor modifications of the CNT1 primary amino acid sequence may result in proteins which have substantially equivalent activity as compared to the CNT1 polypeptide described herein. Such proteins include those as defined by the term "having essentially the amino acid sequence of FIGS. 1 or 7". Such modifications may be deliberate, as by site-directed mutagenesis, or may be spontaneous. All of the polypeptides produced by these modifications are included herein as long as the biological activity of CNT1 still exists. Further, deletion of one or more amino acids can also result in a modification of the structure of the resultant molecule without significantly altering its biological activity. This can lead to the development of a smaller active molecule which would have broader utility. For example, one can remove amino or carboxy terminal amino acids which are not required for CNT1 biological activity.
The nucleotide sequence encoding the CNT1 polypeptide of the invention includes the disclosed sequences (FIGS. 1 or 7; SEQ ID NO. 1, 2, 3, 7 and 8), and conservative variations thereof. The term "conservative variation" as used herein denotes the replacement of an amino acid residue by another, biologically similar residue. Examples of conservative variations include the substitution of one hydrophobic residue such as isoleucine, valine, leucine or methionine for another, or the substitution of one polar residue for another, such as the substitution of arginine for lysine, glutamic for aspartic acid, or glutamine for asparagine, and the like. The term "conservative variation" also includes the use of a substituted amino acid in place of an unsubstituted parent amino acid provided that antibodies raised to the substituted polypeptide also immunoreact with the unsubstituted polypeptide.
CNT1-specific oligonucleotide probes representing the entire CNT1 coding sequence, or variants or fragments thereof, may be used in hybridization or PCR (polymerase chain reaction) protocols to isolate cDNAs encoding structurally-related transport proteins with similar or different funtional properties from rat or their homologues from other species using techniques known to those skilled in the art (e. g. as described in Molecular Cloning--A Laboratory Manual (2nd Edition), Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F & Maniatis, T. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989); PCT Protocols--A Guide to Methods and Applications, Innis, M. A., Gelfand, D. H., Sninsky, J. J. & White, T. J. Academic Press, Inc. 1990). Using these methods, it has been demonstrated that a homologue of CNT1 is present in human kidney. DNA sequences of the invention can be obtained by several methods. For example, the DNA can be isolated using hybridization techniques which are well known in the art. These include, but are not limited to: 1) hybridization of genomic or cDNA libraries with probes to detect homologous nucleotide sequences, 2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on genomic DNA or cDNA using primers capable of annealing to the DNA sequence of interest, and 3) antibody screening of expression libraries to detect cloned DNA fragments with shared structural features.
Preferably the CNT1 polynucleotide of the invention is derived from a mammalian organism, and most preferably from human. Screening procedures which rely on nucleic acid hybridization make it possible to isolate any gene sequence from any organism, provided the appropriate probe is available. Oligonucleotide probes, which correspond to a part of the sequence encoding the protein in question, can be synthesized chemically. This requires that short, oligopeptide stretches of amino acid sequence must be known. The DNA sequence encoding the protein can be deduced from the genetic code, however, the degeneracy of the code must be taken into account. It is possible to perform a mixed addition reaction when the sequence is degenerate. This includes a heterogeneous mixture of denatured double-stranded DNA. For such screening, hybridization is preferably performed on either single-stranded DNA or denatured double-stranded DNA. Hybridization is particularly useful in the detection of cDNA clones derived from sources where an extremely low amount of MRNA sequences relating to the polypeptide of interest are present. In other words, by using stringent hybridization conditions directed to avoid non-specific binding, it is possible, for example, to allow the autoradiographic visualization of a specific cDNA clone by the hybridization of the target DNA to that single probe in the mixture which is its complete complement (Wallace, et al., Nucl. Acid Res., 9:879, 1981; Maniatis, et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. 1989).
In nucleic acid hybridization reactions, the conditions used to achieve a particular level of stringency will vary, depending on the nature of the nucleic acids being hybridized. For example, the length, degree of complementarity, nucleotide sequence composition (e.g., GC v. AT content), and nucleic acid type (e.g., RNA v. DNA) of the hybridizing regions of the nucleic acids can be considered in selecting hybridization conditions. An additional consideration is whether one of the nucleic acids is immobilized, for example, on a filter. An example of progressively higher stringency conditions is as follows: 2.times. SSC/0.l% SDS at about room temperature (hybridization conditions); 0.2.times. SSC/0.1% SDS at about room temperature (low stringency conditions); 0.2.times. SSC/0.1% SDS at about 42.degree. C. (moderate stringency conditions); and 0.1.times. SSC at about 68.degree. C. (high stringency conditions). Washing can be carried out using only one of these conditions, e.g., high stringency conditions, or each of the conditions can be used, e.g., for 10-15 minutes each, in the order listed above, repeating any or all of the steps listed. However, as mentioned above, optimal conditions will vary, depending on the particular hybridization reaction involved, and can be determined empirically.
The development of specific DNA sequences encoding CNT1 can also be obtained by: 1) isolation of double-stranded DNA sequences from the genomic DNA; 2) chemical manufacture of a DNA sequence to provide the necessary codons for the polypeptide of interest; and 3) in vitro synthesis of a double-stranded DNA sequence by reverse transcription of mRNA isolated from a eukaryotic donor cell. In the latter case, a double-stranded DNA complement of MRNA is eventually formed which is generally referred to as cDNA.
Of the three above-noted methods for developing specific DNA sequences for use in recombinant procedures, the isolation of genomic DNA isolates is the least common. This is especially true when it is desirable to obtain the microbial expression of mammalian polypeptides due to the presence of introns.
The synthesis of DNA sequences is frequently the method of choice when the entire sequence of amino acid residues of the desired polypeptide product is known. When the entire sequence of amino acid residues of the desired polypeptide is not known, the direct synthesis of DNA sequences is not possible and the method of choice is the synthesis of cDNA sequences. Among the standard procedures for isolating cDNA sequences of interest is the formation of plasmid- or phage-carrying cDNA libraries which are derived from reverse transcription of MRNA which is abundant in donor cells that have a high level of genetic expression. When used in combination with polymerase chain reaction technology, even rare expression products can be cloned. In those cases where significant portions of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide are known, the production of labeled single or double-stranded DNA or RNA probe sequences duplicating a sequence putatively present in the target cDNA may be employed in DNA/DNA hybridization procedures which are carried out on cloned copies of the cDNA which have been denatured into a single-stranded form (Jay, et al., Nucl. Acid Res., 11:2325, 1983).
A cDNA expression library, such as lambda gt 11, can be screened indirectly for CNT1 peptides having at least one epitope, using antibodies specific for CNT1. Such antibodies can be either polyclonally or monoclonally derived and used to detect expression product indicative of the presence of CNT1 cDNA.
DNA sequences encoding CNT1 can be expressed in vitro by DNA transfer into a suitable host cell. "Host cells" are cells in which a vector can be propagated and its DNA expressed. The term also includes any progeny of the subject host cell. It is understood that all progeny may not be identical to the parental cell since there may be mutations that occur during replication. However, such progeny are included when the term "host cell" is used. Methods of stable transfer, meaning that the foreign DNA is continuously maintained in the host, are known in the art.
In the present invention, the CNT1 polynucleotide sequences may be inserted into a recombinant expression vector. The term "recombinant expression vector" refers to a plasmid, virus or other vehicle known in the art that has been manipulated by insertion or incorporation of the CNT1 genetic sequences. Such expression vectors contain a promoter sequence which facilitates the efficient transcription of the inserted genetic sequence of the host. The expression vector typically contains an origin of replication, a promoter, as well as specific genes which allow phenotypic selection of the transformed cells. Vectors suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to the T7-based expression vector for expression in bacteria (Rosenberg, et al., Gene, 56:125, 1987), the pMSXND expression vector for expression in mammalian cells (Lee and Nathans, J. Biol. Chem., 263:3521, 1988) and baculovirus-derived vectors for expression in insect cells. The DNA segment can be present in the vector operably linked to regulatory elements, for example, a promoter (e.g., T7, metallothionein I, or polyhedrin promoters).
Polynucleotide sequences encoding CNT1 can be expressed in either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Hosts can include microbial, yeast, insect and mammalian organisms. Methods of expressing DNA sequences having eukaryotic or viral sequences in prokaryotes are well known in the art. Biologically functional viral and plasmid DNA vectors capable of expression and replication in a host are known in the art. Such vectors are used to incorporate DNA sequences of the invention.
Transformation of a host cell with recombinant DNA may be carried out by conventional techniques as are well known to those skilled in the art. Where the host is prokaryotic, such as E. coli, competent cells which are capable of DNA uptake can be prepared from cells harvested after exponential growth phase and subsequently treated by the CaCl.sub.2 method using procedures well known in the art. Alternatively, MgCl.sub.2 or RbCl can be used. Transformation can also be performed after forming a protoplast of the host cell if desired.
When the host is a eukaryote, such methods of transfection of DNA as calcium phosphate co-precipitates, conventional mechanical procedures such as microinjection, electroporation, insertion of a plasmid encased in liposomes, or virus vectors may be used. Eukaryotic cells can also be cotransformed with DNA sequences encoding the CNT1 of the invention, and a second foreign DNA molecule encoding a selectable phenotype, such as the herpes simplex thymidine kinase gene. Another method is to use a eukaryotic viral vector, such as simian virus 40 (SV40) or bovine papilloma virus, to transiently infect or transform eukaryotic cells and express the protein. (see for example, Eukaryotic Viral Vectors, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Gluzman ed., 1982).
Isolation and purification of microbial expressed polypeptide, or fragments thereof, provided by the invention, may be carried out by conventional means including preparative chromatography and immunological separations involving monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies.
The CNT1 polypeptides of the invention can also be used to produce antibodies which are immunoreactive or bind to epitopes of the CNT1 polypeptides. Antibody which consists essentially of pooled monoclonal antibodies with different epitopic specificities, as well as distinct monoclonal antibody preparations are provided. Monoclonal antibodies are made from antigen containing fragments of the protein by methods well known in the art (Kohler, et al., Nature, 256:495, 1975; Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Ausubel, et al., ed., 1989).
The term "antibody" as used in this invention includes intact molecules as well as fragments thereof, such as Fab, F(ab').sub.2, and Fv which are capable of binding the epitopic determinant. These antibody fragments retain some ability to selectively bind with its antigen or receptor and are defined as follows:
(1) Fab, the fragment which contains a monovalent antigen-binding fragment of an antibody molecule can be produced by digestion of whole antibody with the enzyme papain to yield an intact light chain and a portion of one heavy chain;
(2) Fab', the fragment of an antibody molecule can be obtained by treating whole antibody with pepsin, followed by reduction, to yield an intact light chain and a portion of the heavy chain; two Fab' fragments are obtained per antibody molecule;
(3) (Fab').sub.2, the fragment of the antibody that can be obtained by treating whole antibody with the enzyme pepsin without subsequent reduction; F(ab').sub.2 is a dimer of two Fab' fragments held together by two disulfide bonds;
(4) Fv, defined as a genetically engineered fragment containing the variable region of the light chain and the variable region of the heavy chain expressed as two chains; and
(5) Single chain antibody ("SCA"), defined as a genetically engineered molecule containing the variable region of the light chain, the variable region of the heavy chain, linked by a suitable polypeptide linker as a genetically fused single chain molecule.
Methods of making these fragments are known in the art. (See for example, Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, N.Y. (1988), incorporated herein by reference).
As used in this invention, the term "epitope" means any antigenic determinant on an antigen to which the paratope of an antibody binds. Epitopic determinants usually consist of chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids or sugar side chains and usually have specific three dimensional structural characteristics, as well as specific charge characteristics.
Antibodies which bind to the CNT1 polypeptide of the invention can be prepared using an intact polypeptide or fragments containing small peptides of interest as the immunizing antigen. The polypeptide or a peptide used to immunize an animal can be derived from translated cDNA or chemical synthesis which can be conjugated to a carrier protein, if desired. Such commonly used carriers which are chemically coupled to the peptide include keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), thyroglobulin, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and tetanus toxoid. The coupled peptide is then used to immunize the animal (e.g., a mouse, a rat, or a rabbit).
If desired, polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies can be further purified, for example, by binding to and elution from a matrix to which the polypeptide or a peptide to which the antibodies were raised is bound. Those of skill in the art will know of various techniques common in the immunology arts for purification and/or concentration of polyclonal antibodies, as well as monoclonal antibodies (See for example, Coligan, et al., Unit 9, Current Protocols in Immunology, Wiley Interscience, 1994, incorporated by reference).
It is also possible to use the anti-idiotype technology to produce monoclonal antibodies which mimic an epitope. For example, an anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody made to a first monoclonal antibody will have a binding domain in the hypervariable region which is the "image" of the epitope bound by the first monoclonal antibody.
For purposes of the invention, an antibody or nucleic acid probe specific for CNT1 may be used to detect CNT1 polypeptide (using antibody) or polynucleotide (using nucleic acid probe) in biological tissues or fluids. The invention provides a method for detecting a cell proliferative disorder of cardiac tissue or neural tissue, for example, which comprises contacting an anti-CNT1 antibody or nucleic acid probe with a cell suspected of having a CNT1 associated disorder and detecting binding of CNT1 antigen or mRNA to the antibody or nucleic acid probe, respectively. The antibody or nucleic acid probe reactive with CNT1 is preferably labeled with a compound which allows detection of binding to CNT1. Any specimen containing a detectable amount of antigen can be used. The level of CNT1 in the suspect cell can be compared with the level in a normal cell to determine whether the subject has a CNT1-associated cell proliferative disorder. Preferably the subject is human.
When the cell component is nucleic acid, it may be necessary to amplify the nucleic acid prior to binding with an CNT1 specific probe. Preferably, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used, however, other nucleic acid amplification procedures such as ligase chain reaction (LCR), ligated activated transcription (LAT) and nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) may be used.
The antibodies of the invention can be used in any subject in which it is desirable to administer in vitro or in vivo immunodiagnosis or immunotherapy. The antibodies of the invention are suited for use, for example, in immunoassays in which they can be utilized in liquid phase or bound to a solid phase carrier. In addition, the antibodies in these immunoassays can be detectably labeled in various ways. Examples of types of immunoassays which can utilize antibodies of the invention are competitive and non-competitive immunoassays in either a direct or indirect format. Examples of such immunoassays are the radioimmunoassay (RIA) and the sandwich (immunometric) assay. Detection of the antigens using the antibodies of the invention can be done utilizing immunoassays which are run in either the forward, reverse, or simultaneous modes, including immunohistochemical assays on physiological samples. Those of skill in the art will know, or can readily discern, other immunoassay formats without undue experimentation.
The antibodies of the invention can be bound to many different carriers and used to detect the presence of an antigen comprising the polypeptide of the invention. Examples of well-known carriers include glass, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, dextran, nylon, amylases, natural and modified celluloses, polyacrylamides, agaroses and magnetite. The nature of the carrier can be either soluble or insoluble for purposes of the invention. Those skilled in the art will know of other suitable carriers for binding antibodies, or will be able to ascertain such, using routine experimentation.
There are many different labels and methods of labeling known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Examples of the types of labels which can be used in the present invention include enzymes, radioisotopes, fluorescent compounds, colloidal metals, chemiluminescent compounds, phosphorescent compounds, and bioluminescent compounds. Those of ordinary skill in the art will know of other suitable labels for binding to the antibody, or will be able to ascertain such, using routine experimentation.
Another technique which may also result in greater sensitivity consists of coupling the antibodies to low molecular weight haptens. These haptens can then be specifically detected by means of a second reaction. For example, it is common to use such haptens as biotin, which reacts with avidin, or dinitrophenyl, puridoxal, and fluorescein, which can react with specific antihapten antibodies.
In using the monoclonal antibodies of the invention for the in vivo detection of antigen, the detectably labeled antibody is given a dose which is diagnostically effective. The term "diagnostically effective" means that the amount of detectably labeled monoclonal antibody is administered in sufficient quantity to enable detection of the site having the antigen comprising a polypeptide of the invention for which the monoclonal antibodies are specific.
The concentration of detectably labeled monoclonal antibody which is administered should be sufficient such that the binding to those cells having the polypeptide is detectable compared to the background. Further, it is desirable that the detectably labeled monoclonal antibody be rapidly cleared from the circulatory system in order to give the best target-to-background signal ratio.
As a rule, the dosage of detectably labeled monoclonal antibody for in vivo diagnosis will vary depending on such factors as age, sex, and extent of disease of the individual. Such dosages may vary, for example, depending on whether multiple injections are given, antigenic burden, and other factors known to those of skill in the art.
For in vivo diagnostic imaging, the type of detection instrument available is a major factor in selecting a given radioisotope. The radioisotope chosen must have a type of decay which is detectable for a given type of instrument. Still another important factor in selecting a radioisotope for in vivo diagnosis is that deleterious radiation with respect to the host is minimized. Ideally, a radioisotope used for in vivo imaging will lack a particle emission, but produce a large number of photons in the 140-250 keV range, which may readily be detected by conventional gamma cameras.
For in vivo diagnosis radioisotopes may be bound to immunoglobulin either directly or indirectly by using an intermediate functional group. Intermediate functional groups which often are used to bind radioisotopes which exist as metallic ions to immunoglobulins are the bifunctional chelating agents such as diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DTPA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and similar molecules. Typical examples of metallic ions which can be bound to the monoclonal antibodies of the invention are .sup.111 In, .sup.97 Ru, .sup.67 Ga, .sup.68 Ga, .sup.72 As, .sup.89 Zr, and .sup.201 Tl.
The monoclonal antibodies of the invention can also be labeled with a paramagnetic isotope for purposes of in vivo diagnosis, as in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or electron spin resonance (ESR). In general, any conventional method for visualizing diagnostic imaging can be utilized. Usually gamma and positron emitting radioisotopes are used for camera imaging and paramagnetic isotopes for MRI. Elements which are particularly useful in such techniques include .sup.157 Gd, .sup.55 Mn, .sup.162 Dy, .sup.52 Cr, and 56Fe.
The monoclonal antibodies or polynucleotides of the invention can be used in vitro and in vivo to monitor the course of amelioration of a CNT1-associated disease in a subject. Thus, for example, by measuring the increase or decrease in the number of cells expressing antigen comprising a polypeptide of the invention or changes in the concentration of such antigen present in various body fluids, it would be possible to determine whether a particular therapeutic regimen aimed at ameliorating the CNT1-associated disease is effective. The term "ameliorate" denotes a lessening of the detrimental effect of the CNT1-associated disease in the subject receiving therapy.
The present invention also demonstrates functional expression of cDNA pQQH1 as shown in FIGS. 3 and 5 and described in Example 2. .sup.3 [H] Uridine uptake (10 .mu.M, 20.degree. C.) by Xenopus oocytes micro-injected with pQQH1 cRNA is shown in FIG. 3a. After 30 min, the cellular content of uridine, which is only slowly metabolized by oocytes (Huang et al, 1993), was 64 pmol/oocyte, corresponding to an intra-cellular concentration approximately 6-fold higher than that present in the extracellular medium. Uridine uptake (30 min) in water-injected cells was 0.03 pmol-oocyte, giving an expressed: basal flux ratio in excess of 20,000. In subsequent experiments, a 1-min incubation period was used to define initial rates of uridine transport (FIG. 3a, inset). The expressed transport activity was saturable with an apparent K.sub.m of 37 .mu.M (FIG. 3b), which is within the range for Na.sup.+ -dependent uridine transport in intact mammalian cells and vesicle preparations (Vijayalakshimi and Belt, 1988; Jarvis, 1989; Roden et al, 1991; Lee et al, 1990; Williams and Jarvis, 1991; Gutierrez and Giacomini, 1993; Wu et al, 1992; Belt et al, 1993). The V.sub.max was 21 pmol/oocyte-min.sup.-1. Na.sup.+ -independent uridine influx in cRNA-injected oocytes was 3.6-fold greater than uridine influx in water-injected oocytes in Na.sup.+ medium; the latter may represent uncoupled uridine transport (slippage) by the transporter (Huang et al, 1993; Stein, 1986). The possibility that CNT1 might be C.sup.- -dependent was tested in ion-substitution experiments in which Cl.sup.- in the transport buffer was substituted by gluconate. To permit complete Cl.sup.- -replacement, the normal transport buffer was simplified to contain only NaCl or sodium gluconate (100 mM) and 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.6. Omission of KCl, CaCl.sub.2, and MgCl.sub.2 from the medium had no significant effect on the initial rate of uridine uptake, and the flux was unaffected by substitution of Cl.sup.- by gluconate.
Unlike some Na.sup.+ -dependent amino acid-neurotransmitter transporters (Amara and Kuhar, 1993), CNT1 does not require Cl.sup.- 0 ions for activity. Transport was unaffected by 1 .mu.M NBMPR. All three Na.sup.+ -dependent nucleoside transporters (cif, cit and cib) are expressed in oocytes injected with intestinal mRNA (Huang et al, 1993; Jarvis and Griffith, 1991; Terasaki et al, 1993). Inhibition experiments identified CNT1-mediated uridine transport activity as cit-type (FIG. 3c). The model system cit permeant thymidine gave similar results (FIG. 3d). Uracil, UMP, UDP, and UTP (1 mM) had no effect on expressed uridine fluxes.
Hybridization of rat jejunal mRNA at high stringency with a radiolabeled probe of CNT1 corresponding to amino acid residues 75-213 identified a single transcript at 3.4 kb (FIG. 4a, lane 1). A Northern blot at the same level of stringency with a different CNT1 probe representing amino acid residues (385-588) closer to the carboxyl terminus of the protein revealed additional transcripts in the 1.5-3.0-kb range, including bands at 1.9 and 25 kb that might possibly encode other related rat intestinal Na.sup.+ -dependent nucleoside transporters (FIG. 4a, lane 2)(Huang et al, 1993). When a rat multiple tissue Northern blot was screened at high stringency with the 385-588-amino acid residue CNT1 probe, only kidney gave a positive hybridization signal (FIG. 4b). System cit transport activity has only been demonstrated definitively in intestinal and kidney epithelia (Vijayalakshimi and Belt, 1988; Lee et al, 1990; Williams and Jarvis, 1991.
Two pyrimidine nucleoside analogs (AZT and ddC) are used to treat AIDS. AZT is absorbed efficiently by the gastrointestinal systems of humans and rats (Melvin et al, 1990), and both AZT and ddC are administered orally. Plasma concentrations of AZT (therapeutic range 6-10 .mu.M) are determined primarily by intestinal absorption and not by drug elimination (Melvin et al, 1990). AZT inhibited cit-mediated uridine transport in oocytes injected with rabbit intestinal mRNA (Terasaki et al, 1993), suggesting that it might be a substrate of the cit transporter. For CNT1, uridine transport (10 .mu.M) was inhibited by both AZT and ddC (IC.sub.50 values <1 mM), while ddl and ddG (1 mM) had no effect. Oocytes injected with pQQH1 cRNA showed large increases in [.sup.3 H]AZT and [.sup.3 H]ddC (10 .mu.M) uptake compared to water-injected controls, demonstrating substantial CNT1-mediated transport of both nucleoside analogs (FIG. 5). Fluxes in water-injected oocytes, which reflect primarily nonfacilitated diffusion (Huang et al, 1993), were greater for AZT than for ddC or uridine. Initial rates (10-min flux) of expressed AZT and ddC uptake (10 .mu.M) were 77 and 93% Na.sup.+ dependent and inhibited >95% by uridine (1 mM). Rate versus concentration studies for AZT and ddC (not shown) yielded apparent K.sub.m values of 0.49 and 0.51 mM, respectively (V.sub.max 28 and 20 pmol/oocyte.min.sup.-1). These apparent affinities are within the range of anticipated luminal concentrations of AZT and ddC during oral administration and suggest a role for CNT1 in their intestinal absorption. While ddC has previously been shown (Domin et al, 1993) to be a substrate of the human erythrocyte es transporter (K.sub.m 23 mM), this is the first direct demonstration of mediated transport of AZT. CNT1 may also contribute to AZT and ddC transport in the kidney (FIG. 4).
In addition to physiological nucleosides, therefore, CNT1 was found to transport the antiviral pyrimidine nucleoside analogs AZT and ddC. Most previous studies of AZT and ddC membrane permeability have focused on nonepithelial cells. AZT is not transported by equilibrative nucleoside transporters and enters human erythrocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, and bone marrow progenitor cells mainly by nonfacilitated diffusion (Zimmerman et al, 1987; Chan et al, 1992; Chan et al, 1993). ddC is a low affinity es substrate (Ullman, 1989; Domin et al, 1993). Rates of entry of AZT and ddC into human erythrocytes are much less (<2%) than those of thymidine and cytidine, and it is likely that slow entry of AZT and ddC into HIV-infected cells reduces therapeutic effectiveness. The cloning and expression of CNT1 provides the first direct evidence that AZT permeation in some cell types is mediated.
Nucleosides are translocated across the brush-border and basolateral membranes of intestinal and renal epithelia by Na.sup.+ -dependent and Na.sup.+ -independent mechanisms, respectively (Betcher et al. 1990; Gutierrez et al., 1994; Le Hir and Dubach, 1984; Williams et al., 1989). By analogy with the intestinal absorption and renal handling of glucose, these NTs may combine to mediate transepithelial nucleoside fluxes. rCNT1 and rCNT2 (Che et al., 1995; Yao et al. unpublished), which are expressed in jejunum/kidney and jejunum/liver, respectively, are the first recognized mammalian representatives of a new transporter gene family that includes E. coli and other bacterial nupC proton/nucleoside symporters (Che et al. 1995; Craig et al. 11994). rCNT1 and rCNT2 are selective for pyrimidine and purine nucleosides, respectively, and correspond functionally to the two major Na.sup.+ -dependent NT processes that have been observed in mammalian cells of rodent, rabbit and bovine origin (Cass, 1995).
hCNT1a--Plasmid pMHK1 is a composite full-length cDNA assembled from two incomplete, overlapping cDNAs cloned by hybridization screening of a human kidney cDNA library. The open reading frame encoded a 650 amino acid residue protein (compared with 648 for rCNT1) that was 83% identical in sequence to rCNT1 (FIG. 8) and was designated hCNT1a. The sequence identity between hCNT1a and rat liver rCNT2 (SPNT) (Che et al. 1995) was 72% (FIG. 8). Northern blot analysis of human kidney mRNA identified a single transcript at 3.4-kb. The rat kidney rCNT1 transcript was of similar size.
Uptake of [.sup.3 H]uridine (10 .mu.M) by Xenopus oocytes injected with hCNT1a transcript was rapid and Na.sup.+ -dependent (4.88.+-.0.70 and 0.18.+-.0.01 pmol/oocyte.min.sup.-1 in Na.sup.+ -medium and choline-medium, respectively) (FIG. 9). In Na.sup.+ -medium, uridine influx in control water-injected oocytes was only 0.07.+-.0.01 pmol/oocyte.min.sup.-1, giving an expressed:basal flux ratio of 69:1. This uridine flux was similar to that reported previously for rCNT1.
hCNT1b--Plasmids pMHK2-pMHK4 were three randomly selected hCNT1 clones isolated by RT-PCR amplification of human kidney RNA using primers flanking the pMHK1 open reading frame. Their predicted amino acid sequences were similar (>99% correspondence), but not identical, to that of hCNT1a (pMHK1) (FIG. 10). Three amino acid substitutions (G34E [codons GGA or GAA], V1901 [codons GTC or ATC], D522N [codons GAC or AAC) and deletion of V141 were present in the direct RT-PCR sequence (FIG. 10) and may reflect hCNT1 genetic polymorphism (pMHK1 and pMHK2-pMHK4 were derived from different human donors). Other differences unique to one or two of the RT-PCR clones most likely represented PCR-induced changes. Only one of the three cloned RT-PCR cDNAs (pMHK2) was functional in oocytes. The protein encoded by this cDNA differed from hCNT1a at five positions (the four putative polymorphic sites noted above, plus N41OS [codons AAC or AGC), and was designated hCNT1b. pMHK3 and pMHK4 (inactive) contained stop codons at amino acid positions 9 and 640, respectively. Subsequent experiments investigated the transport characteristics of hCNT1a and hCNT1b.
Kinetic properties of recombinant hCNT1a and hCNT1b--hCNT1a-mediated influx of uridine (defined as the difference in uptake between RNA-injected and water-injected oocytes) was saturable, with an apparent K.sub.m value of 45.+-.8 .mu.M and a V.sub.max of 26.+-.1 pmol/oocyte.min.sup.-1 (FIG. 11). Similar kinetic constants were obtained for hCNT1b: apparent Km 37.+-.10 .mu.M; V.sub.max 22.+-.2 pmol/oocyte.min.sup.-1 (concentration-dependence curve not shown). These apparent K.sub.m values are within the range of those reported for Na.sup.+ -dependent uridine transport in intact mammalian cells and vesicle preparations (Cass, 1995). An apparent K.sub.m value of 37 .mu.M and a V.sub.max value of 21 pmol/oocyte.min.sup.-1 were determined previously for recombinant rCNT1 produced in Xenopus oocytes under similar conditions. The three recombinant transporters were therefore functionally indistinguishable with respect to the kinetics of uridine influx.
Na.sup.+ -independent uridine influx by hCNT1a exhibited a linear concentration-dependence that was 5.9-fold greater than the uridine flux in water-injected oocytes in Na.sup.+ -medium (0.81.+-.0.14 and 0.14.+-.0.01 pmol/oocyte.min.sup.-1 at 50 .mu.M uridine, respectively)(FIG. 11). This difference is consistent with previous observations for recombinant rCNT1 in the oocyte expression system and suggests ordered binding of Na.sup.+ and nucleoside to the transporter, with the cation binding first, thereby increasing the protein's affinity for nucleosides.
Permeant selectivity of recombinant hCNT1a and hCNT1b--Classification of rCNT1 as a pyrimidine-selective NT was based upon selective inhibition of uridine and thymidine fluxes by pyrimidine nucleosides and adenosine (adenosine, thymidine, cytidine, uridine>>guanosine, inosine). In FIGS. 12A and B, uridine fluxes in oocytes expressing recombinant hCNT1a and hCNT1b were inhibited by adenosine, thymidine, cytidine and uridine, but not by guanosine and inosine, suggesting close functional homology of both human NTs with rCNT1.
Transport of adenosine and deoxyadenosine--Recombinant rCNT1 transports adenosine with the same high affinity as uridine, but with a lower V.sub.max (Fang et al, 1996, Yao et al. unpublished). Consistent with these findings, adenosine blocked hCNT1a-mediated influx of uridine (10 .mu.M) (FIG. 13) with a calculated apparent K.sub.i value of 50.+-.11 .mu.M (determined assuming competitive inhibition and a uridine apparent K.sub.m of 45 .mu.M). The corresponding inhibition constant for recombinant rCNT1 was 29 .mu.M (Yao et al. unpublished).
Mediated fluxes of 10 .mu.M [.sup.3 H]adenosine by the human and rat NTs (FIG. 14A) were also similar (0.49.+-.0.03 and 0.51.+-.0.05 pmol/oocyte.10 min.sup.-1, respectively). To control for possible differences in the production of functional NT protein in this experiment, we also measured corresponding fluxes for 10 .mu.M uridine, which were 3.68.+-.0.46 and 5.60.+-.0.38 pmol/oocyte.min.sup.-1 for hCNT1a and rCNT1, respectively, giving uridine:adenosine flux ratios of 75 (hCNT1a) and 110 (rCNT1). Thus, the NTs of both species treated adenosine as a high-affinity, low capacity permeant. In human, mouse and rat kidney, adenosine undergoes a net renal reabsorption by a high affinity, low capacity process (Kuttesch and Nelson, 1982; Trimble and Coulson, 1984). For example, adenosine is reabsorbed at plasma concentrations less than 50 .mu.M, but is secreted at higher concentrations in isolated perfused rat kidneys (Trimble and Coulson, 1984).
Unlike adenosine, deoxyadenosine undergoes net renal secretion in humans and in mice (Kuttesch and Nelson, 1982). Other sugar-modified adenosine analogs (tubercidin compounds) are also secreted (Nelson et al. 1983). Deoxyadenosine inhibited hCNT1a transport activity with an apparent K.sub.i value (46.+-.14 .mu.M) similar to that determined for adenosine, demonstrating high affinity binding of deoxyadenosine to the recombinant NT (FIG. 13). Consistent with the kidney's ability to differentiate its handling of adenosine (reabsorption) and deoxyadenosine (secretion), however, transport of deoxyadenosine by hCNT1a and rCNT1 was slower than for adenosine (inset, FIG. 14A). Mediated influx of 10 .mu.M [.sup.14 C]deoxyadenosine by the human and rat NTs was 0.14.+-.0.02 and 0.11.+-.0.02 pmol/oocyte.10 min.sup.-1, respectively. Adenosine fluxes (10 .mu.M) in the same experiment were 0.60.+-.0.01 and 0.70.+-.0.0 pmol/oocyte.10 min.sup.-1, respectively, giving adenosine:deoxyadenosine flux ratios of 4:1 for hCNT1 and 7:1 for rCNT1. These results establish that the ribose moiety of adenosine is important for transport by hCNT1 and rCNT1 and are compatible with CNT1 participation in renal adenosine reabsorption. The relative contribution of hCNT1 to that process, assuming that the NT is located in the brush border membrane, will depend upon the extent to which human kidney expresses other Na.sup.+ -linked NTs that accept adenosine.
Transport of guanosine--Unlike adenosine and deoxyadenosine, hCNT1a transport of uridine was not inhibited by guanosine, a presumed N4/cit permeant (FIG. 13). Measurements of [.sup.3 H]guanosine fluxes (10 .mu.M) gave a value for mediated transport of guanosine by hCNT1a (0.06.+-.0.01 pmol/oocyte.10 min.sup.-1) that was substantially smaller than that determined for adenosine in the same experiment and similar to the guanosine flux for rCNT1 (0.05.+-.0.01 pmol/oocyte.10 min.sup.-1)(FIG. 14A). Adenosine:guanosine and uridine:guanosine flux ratios for the human NT were 8:1 and 610:1, respectively. Similar very low guanosine fluxes were observed for hCNT1b (results not shown). These data demonstrate that guanosine is a poor CNT1 permeant. Human kidney brush border membrane vesicles (Gutierrez and Giacomini, 1993) and oocytes injected with human kidney MRNA (Gutierrez and Giacomini, 1994) have previously been shown to exhibit an NT activity that accepts pyrimidine nucleosides, adenosine and guanosine as permeants. The role of hCNT1a/b in these processes remains to be determined. The conclusion that guanosine is a permeant of the human kidney pyrimidine-selective NT was based upon results from indirect inhibition and trans-acceleration assays (Gutierrez and Giacomini, 1993; Gutierrez and Giacomini, 1994), and not from direct measurements of [.sup.3 H]guanosine fluxes.
Transport of AZT--The pyrimidine nucleoside drug AZT is widely used in the treatment of AIDS (Clumeck, 1993). It is administered orally, is absorbed efficiently by the gastrointestinal systems of rats and humans (Clumeck, 1993;Melvin et al. 1990; Park and Mitra, 1992), and is excreted in the urine either unchanged or as the glucuronide conjugate (Good et al. 1990, Griffiths et al. 1992). Recombinant rCNT1 expressed in oocytes transports AZT (Yao et al. in prss), and uptake of [.sup.3 H]AZT by rat jejunum in vivo is both Na.sup.+ -dependent and inhibited by uridine.
In the present series of experiments, AZT inhibited hCNT1a- and hCNT1b-mediated influx of uridine (FIGS. 12A and 12B). In FIG. 14B, recombinant hCNT1a transported 10 .mu.M [.sup.3 H]AZT at a rate similar to rCNT1 (4.79.+-.0.41 and 4.10.+-.0.34 pmol/oocyte.10 min.sup.-1, respectively). Similar AZT fluxes were observed for hCNT1b (results not shown). Another antiviral pyrimidine nucleoside drug, ddC, also inhibited hCNT1a- and hCNT1b-mediated influx of uridine (FIGS. 12A and 12B), indicating that it also may be a hCNT1 permeant. Therefore, although AZT undergoes net renal secretion (Griffiths et al. 1992), our results demonstrate the existence in human kidney of an active transport system that may contribute to AZT (and ddC) reabsorption.
Chromosomal localization of the hCNT1 gene--FISH analysis mapped a 2 kb hCNT1a probe to chromosome 15q25-26 (FIG. 15). The same chromosomal band location was determined by screening a human P1-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) library. Three PAC clones were isolated and two mapped exclusively to 15q25-26. The third clone mapped primarily to 15q25-26, but showed cross-hybridization to chromosomes 2 and 11, suggesting that it contained additional repetitive sequence. PCR demonstrated that all of the clones overlapped the majority of the genomic sequence for hCNT1.
The inventors have isolated and expressed human kidney cDNAs encoding structural and functional homologs (hCNT1a and hCNT1b) of rat jejunal/kidney Na-dependent NT rCNT1. Differences in amino acid sequence between hCNT1 a and hCNT1b did not result in differences in nucleoside transport activity and both human NT isoforms mediated Na-dependent fluxes of uridine, AZT and adenosine. Deoxyadenosine, which undergoes net renal secretion, and guanosine were poor hCNT1 permeants. hCNT1 was localized to chromosome 15q25-26 and represents a potential mechanism for renal reabsorption of physiological nucleosides and synthetic nucleoside drugs.
The invention further provides methods based on the use of this novel cDNA sequence in association with currently available technologies known to those skilled in the art, for example methods for expressing the cDNA to produce the encoded protein, for raising antibodies to the expressed protein, for designing new nucleoside drugs and new nucleoside transport inhibitor drugs and screening potential drug candidates for efficacy, for development of CNT-specific oligonucleotide and antibody probes and use of these probes to isolate further CNT genes, for development of CNT-specific inhibitors, for cellular targeting of therapeutic nucleotides, for gene therapy of cancer and viral diseases and for clinical and research applications of CNT-specific oligonucleotide and antibody probes.
The Xenopus oocyte expression system described herein provides a screening assay system to identify compounds which inhibit or stimulate CNT1-mediated nucleoside fluxes. Compounds of interest are applied to Xenopus oocytes and nucleoside fluxes determined as described above.
In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for identifying a composition which affects CNT1 activity. The method includes using cells which functionally express CNT1 or CNT1 to screen drugs. Cells which functionally express CNT1 or CNT1 can also be used to screen potential inhibitors or inducers (stimulators) of CNT1 activity. The method includes incubating components comprising the composition and CNT1 under conditions sufficient to allow the components to interact and measuring the effect of the composition on the transporter or the polynucleotide encoding the transporter. Compositions that affect CNT1 include peptides, peptidomimetics, polypeptides, chemical compounds and biologic agents.
Incubating includes conditions which allow contact between the test composition and CNT1. Contacting includes in solution and in solid phase. The test composition may optionally be a combinatorial library for screening a plurality of compositions. Compositions identified in the method of the invention can be further evaluated, detected, cloned, sequenced, and the like, either in solution or after binding to a solid support, by any method usually applied to the detection of a specific DNA sequence such as PCR, oligomer restriction (Saiki, et al., Bio/Technology, 3:1008-1012, 1985), allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) probe analysis (Conner, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 80:278, 1983), oligonucleotide ligation assays (OLAs) (Landegren, et al., Science, 241:1077, 1988), and the like. Molecular techniques for DNA analysis have been reviewed (Landegren, et al., Science, 242:229-237, 1988).
Also included in the screening method of the invention is combinatorial chemistry methods for identifying chemical compounds that affect CNT1.
The same expression system provides a screening assay for compounds which are potential new CNT1 (system cit) permeants, as exemplified by the studies of AZT and ddC described above and shown in FIG. 5. Oocytes injected with water or in vitro transcribed RNA from pQQH1 were incubated with radiolabeled permanent (10 .mu.M) for 30 min (open columns) or 1 h (hatched columns) at 20.degree. C. Each value represents the mean .+-.S. E. of 8-10 ooctyes. Similarly, the expression system can be used to determine the transport characteristics (kinetic parameters) of new permeants or inhibitors and to assess the effects of changes in nucleoside structure on these parameters as in FIG. 3b.
As will be understood by those skilled in the/ art, other suitable expression systems may be similarly employed; for example, nucleoside transport-deficient COS-7 cells may be prepared using the protocol of Crawford et al, (1990), J. Biol. Chem., v. 265, pp. 13730-734) and transfected with CNT1 cDNA constructs to produce transient and stable transfectants e. g. by the procedure of Matthews, K. E., Mills, G. B., Horsfall, W., Hack, N., Skoreeki, K. & Keating, A. (1993) Exptl. Hematol. 21:697-702. Alternatively, native COS-7 cells (or other appropriate cell type) may be transfected and CNT1-mediated transport activity assayed in the presence of NBMPR and/or dipyridamole to block endogenous es and ei transport activity.
CNT1 oligonucleotide and antibody probes will have application in studies of nucleoside physiology and pharmacology allowing, for example, analysis of the distribution, amounts and regulation of transport protein in normal cells and tissues and in pathologic (eg. neoplastic) states. Such information, together with the development of transport inhibitors and nucleoside drugs specific for different nucleoside transporter subtypes) will allow cellular targeting of therapeutic nucleosides.
The purified polypeptide or fragments; or purified polynucleotide or fragments thereof can be used to study three-dimensional molecular docking of compounds or compositions. The methods and computer programs for molecular docking are known to those skilled in the art. The results from these studies will be useful for the design of compounds or compositions which can modulate nucleoside transport.
Some gene therapy strategies for in vivo delivery of therapeutic genes are described in Toshiyoshi, F., Grimm, A. & Roth, J. A. (1994) Curr. Opinion Oncol. 6:96-105. These methods may be employed to accomplish gene therapy with the CNT1 gene and related genes.
Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the preceding description, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The following examples are illustrative only, and not limiting of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
cDNA Cloning and Sequencing--A rat jejunum poly(A).sup.+ RNA(mRNA) size fraction (median 2.3 kb) that induced peak Na.sup.+ -dependent uridine transport activity (Huang et al, 1993) was reverse transcribed using the Riboclone (Promega) cDNA synthesis system with an Xba primer adaptor consisting of oligo(dT) adjacent to an XbaI restriction site. Digestion of the resulting double-stranded cDNA with XbaI gave orientation-specific DNA with a 5' EcoRI terminus and a 3' XbaI terminus. cDNAs.gtoreq.2 kb were ligated into the EcoRI and Xbal restriction enzyme sites of the plasmid expression vector pGEM-3Z (Promega) and transformed into Escherichia coli (JM 109) to give a cDNA library containing 6,800 primary recombinants. Plasmid DNA was transcribed in vitro from 20 pools of .about.700 clones, and the resulting cRNA was injected into oocytes. Two pools were identified that increased the uptake of 10 .mu.M uridine 8-fold above that of oocytes injected with cRNA transcribed from the total library and 140-fold above that of control water-injected oocytes. Colonies from the master plate of one of these pools were individually seeded into the wells of 96-well flat-bottom microtiter plates to produce a grid system. Testing of rows and columns for uridine transport activity identified a single positive colony from which we isolated a plasmid (pQQH1) with a 2.4-kb insert. The insert was sequenced in both directions by overlapping deletions generated by exonuclease III (Erase-a-base System, Promega) and verified by sequencing with synthetic oligonucleotides. Sequencing by the dideoxynucleotide chain termination method was performed by Taq DyeDeoxy terminator cycle sequencing with an automated Model 373A DNA Sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Inc.).
Example 2
Expression of cNT1 in Oocytes-Plasmid pQQH1 DNA was linearized with Xbal and transcribed with T7 polymerase in the presence of the m.sup.7 GpppG cap using the MEGAscript (Ambion) transcription system. Remaining template was removed by digestion with RQ1 DNase. Oocytes were treated with collagenase to remove follicular layers (Huang et al, 1993) and injected with 10 ng of pQQH1 cRNA or water. Nucleoside uptake was measured after 3 days and was traced with the respective .sup.3 H-labeled nucleoside (Moravek Biochemicals)(20 .mu.C/ml), which was purified by high performance liquid chromatography before use. Flux measurements were performed at 20.degree. C. on groups of 10-20 oocytes in transport buffer (0.2 ml) containing 100 mM NaCl or 100 mM choline chloride, 2 mM KCl, 1 mM CaCl.sub.2, 1 mM MgCl, 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.5. At the end of the incubation, extracellular label was removed by six rapid ice-cold washes in the appropriate transport buffer. Individual oocytes were dissolved in 5% SDS for quantitation of oocyte-associated .sup.3 H by liquid scintillation counting (LS 6000 IC, Beckman).
Example 3
Northern Blot Analysis--Poly(A).sup.+ RNA from rat jejunum (10 jig) was separated on a 0.8% formaldehyde-agarose gel and blotted onto a Hybond-N transfer membrane (Amersham Corp. ). PstI--PstI (420 bp) and AccI-BamH1 (617 bp) fragments of pQQH1 that represented coding sequences for CNT1 amino acid residues 75-213 and 385-588, respectively, were labeled with .sup.32 P using a T7 QuickPrime kit (Pharmacia Biotech). Hybridization was for 16 h at 42.degree. C. in 50% formamide. The membrane was washed twice in 0.1.times. SSC, 0.1% SDS at room temperature and twice at 65.degree. C. A multiple rat tissue blot (Clontech) (2 .mu.g of poly(A).sup.+ RNA/lane) was probed with the 32 P-labeled AccI-BamHI fragment under identical conditions.
Example 4
cDNA Cloning and Sequencing--PCR amplification of hCNT1 partial cDNA was performed on plasmid DNA from a Clontech 5'-Stretch pYEUra3 human kidney cDNA library using primers (Q1,Q2) complementary to two conserved 3'-coding regions of rCNT1 cDNA (FIG. 8). The PCR reaction (100 .mu.l) contained 5 .mu.l template DNA (5 ng/.mu.l), 2.5 units Taq DNA polymerase and 50 pmol each of Q1 and Q2 corresponding to rCNT1 cDNA nucleotide positions 1565-1588 (sense, 5'-CTGTGGCCTTCTTGATGGGTGTGG-3') (SEQ ID NO. 9) and 1777-1801 (antisense, 5'-CCCGATGGAGCTGAAGTTGGCAAA-3') (SEQ ID NO. 10), respectively. Amplification for 30 cycles at 94.degree. C. for 1 min, 50.degree. C. for 1.5 min and 72.degree. C. for 1.5 min (Robocycler.TM. 40 Temperature Cycler, Stratagene) generated an hCNT1 235-bp fragment that was 86% identical to the corresponding region of rCNT1. This cDNA, labelled with .sup.32 P (QuickPrime kit, Pharmacia Biotech), was used to screen 5.times.10 colonies from the pYEUra3 cDNA library and 10.sup.6 colonies from a Clontech 5'-Stretch Plus pCDNAI human kidney cDNA library. Three positive, incomplete pYEUra3 clones and seven positive, incomplete pCDNAI clones were sequenced in both directions by Taq DyeDeoxy terminator cycle sequencing using an automated Model 373A DNA Sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Inc.). Sequence alignments indicated that all 10 cDNAs were derived from the same RNA transcript. One pCDNAI clone contained 5'-untranslated sequence and a downstream open reading frame that ended 23-bp short of the Q2 priming site. A second pcDNAI clone contained 3'-untranslated sequence, including a polyA tail, and an open reading frame that extended 590-bp upstream of the Q1 priming site. These overlapping cDNAs were spliced at an Acc1 restriction site 256-bp upstream of Q1 and subcloned into pBluescript H KS +/- (Stratagene) to yield a composite 2.79-kb full-length hCNT1 clone (pMHK1).
hCNT1 cDNA was also obtained by RT-PCR amplification of human kidney RNA (Clontech) using primers flanking the pMHK1 open reading frame. First strand cDNA was synthesized using the SuperScript Preamplification System (GibcoBRL) and oligo-dT as primer. The PCR reaction (30 .mu.l) contained 50 ng template 1st strand cDNA, 2.5 units Taq/Deep Vent DNA polymerase (100:1) and 10 pmol each of primers Q3 and Q4 corresponding to pMHK1 nucleotide positions 170 to 192 (sense, 5'-TGGAAGGTCTGGGACATGGAGAA-3') (SEQ ID NO. 11) and 2227 to 2249 (antisense, 5'-TCTAAGTCCTGTGGCTTCCCTGA-3') (SEQ ID NO. 12). Amplification for 1 cycle at 94.degree. C. for 5 min, 59.degree. C. for 1.5 min and 72.degree. C. for 1.5 min, 25 cycles at 94.degree. C. for 1 min, 58.degree. C. for 1.5 min and 72.degree. C. for 1.5 min and 1 cycle at 72.degree. C. for 10 min generated a .about.2-kb product that was ligated into the PCR vector pGEM-T (Promega) and subdloned into Bluescript II KS +/-. Three RT-PCR clones (pMHK2-pMHK4) and the RT-PCR product from which they were derived were sequenced in both directions.
Example 5
Expression of hCNT1 in oocytes--Plasid DNA (pMHK1-pMHK4) was linearised with NotI and bed with T7 polymerase in the presence of the a .sup.7m GpppG cap using the MEGAscript (Ambion) transcription system (see Example 2). Defolliculated oocytes (Huang et al. 1993) were injected with either 10 nl of water containing 10 ng RNA transcript or 10 nl of water alone. Nucleoside uptake was measured after 3 d and was traced with the respective [.sup.3 H] or [.sup.14 C]nucleoside (Moravek Biochemicals)(5 .mu.C 3H/ml, 1 .mu.C 14C/ml). Initial rates of transport (influx) were determined at 20.degree. C. in NaCl or choline chloride transport buffer using incubation periods of either 1 min (uridine) or 10 min (adenosine, deoxyadenosine, guanosine, AZT). The transport buffer for adenosine influx experiments contained 1 .mu.M deoxycoformycin to inhibit adenosine deaminase activity. Results are presented as means .+-.SEM for 10-12 individual oocytes. Kinetic constants were determined by non-linear regression analysis (ENZFITTER, Elsevier-Biosoft). Each experiment was performed at least twice on different batches of oocytes.
Example 6
Northern Blot Analysis--Human kidney MRNA (Clontech) (5 .mu.g) was separated on a 0.8% formaldehyde agarose gel, blotted onto a Hybond-N transfer membrane (Amersham) and probed with a .sup.32 P-labelled 585-bp fragment of pMHK1 encoding hCNT1 amino acid residues 396-590. Hybridization was for 16 h at 42.degree. C. in 50% formamide as previously described.
Example 7
Chromosomal fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)--FISH analysis of normal human lymphocyte metaphase chromosomes counterstained with propidium iodide and DAPI was performed by methods described previously (Campbell et al. 1995) using a 2 kb cDNA probe corresponding to the full-length open reading frame of hCNT1a. Biotinylated probe was detected with avidin-FITC (Campbell et al. 1995). Chromosomal localization of the hCNT1 gene was also determined by screening a human PI-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) library (Ioannou et al. 1994).
Example 8
CNT1 or CNT1-specific antibody probes (polyclonal/monoclonal) may be obtained by raising antibodies against fusion-protein constructs or by raising antibodies against isolated or synthetic peptides corresponding to regions of the CNT1 predicted amino acid sequence by standard techniques (for example Harlow, E. & Lane, D.,1988; Davies, A. et al.,1990,; Koerner, T. J. et al., 1991). The whole CNT1 peptide or a portion of CNT1 could be utilized to generate antibodies. Small peptides, for example, could be linked to a carrier using methods known to those skilled in the art to immunize animals.
Similar antibody probes can also be developed for CNT1 nucleotide sequences or portions thereof using techniques known to those skilled in the art.
These antibodies could be provided in a kit. The antibodies could be unlabeled; or suitably labelled.
Anti-CNT1 antibodies and probes will have application in studies of nucleoside physiology and pharmacology allowing, for example, analysis of the distribution, amounts and regulation of transport protein in normal cells and tissues and in pathologic (eg. neoplastic) states. Such information, together with the development of transport inhibitors and nucleoside drugs specific for different nucleoside transporter subtypes will permit the custom design of chemotherapy for an individual's specific cancer, or for the design of nucleoside therapies to treat particular diseases.
The entire amino acid sequences described in FIGS. 1 (SEQ ID NO. 8) and 7 (SEQ ID NO. 4, 5, 6) or portions thereof can be used to generate antibodies.
For identification of CNT transporters in intact cells antibodies capable of binding to extracellular regions would be desired. For intact cells, preferred antibody epitomes include but are not limited to the extracellular amino acids regions as indicated in FIG. 2 including but not limited to rat amino acid sequences 225 to 238 inclusive; 285 to 298 inclusive; 448 or 459 inclusive or 554 to 574 inclusive or corresponding human amino acid sequences. These amino acids or fragments thereof could be used to generate antibodies. Someone skilled in the art would know how to attached the amino acids to a carrier so that they would be immunogenic and someone skilled in the art could generate monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies without undue experimentation.
For permeabilized cells or membrane, either extracellular or intracellular amino acid sequences but not transmembrane sequences would be preferred as antibody binding sites.
Preferred amino acid sequences for the production of antibodies include but are not limited to EPGFIAFQWLGDQI (rat CNT1 225 to 238), EPGFIAFEWLGEQI (human CNT1), LMQWVILKIAWLMQ (rat CNT1 285 to 298 and corresponding human CNT1 sequence); WLGDMVDIQGLS (rat CNT1 448 or 459 and correpsonding human CNT1 sequence), LTSLVPQRRSDFSQIVLRALI (rat CNT1 554 to 574), LTSMVPQRKSDFSQIVLRALF (human CNT sequence) (SEQ ID NO. 13-18, respectively) or portion thereof.
The invention provides a cDNA sequence encoding a Na.sup.+ -dependent nucleoside transport protein, CNT1 or CNT 1.
Example 9
Design of chemotherapy
For the treatment of disease, knowledge of the characteristics of the target cells and normal cells is important to the design of the treatment. Antibodies or nucleotide probes capable of binding to the sequences described herein can be utilized to help identify the types of NT that are present in specific types of cells or tissues.
For treatment of cancer, knowing the type of transporter(s), their levels of expression and their functional properties in the neoplastic cells is important. In cancer chemotherapy, drugs that are nucleoside analogs or act like nucleoside analogs must be able to enter the cell to be effective. If the neoplastic cells express a high number of CNT1, therapy may include drugs that are good permeants for CNT1.
If the neoplastic cells are deficient in the expression of CNT1, permeants that are more suitable for other transporters may be required. If the permeant can also be transported through CNT1 then some protection of normal tissues from the chemotherapy may be possible by using a CNT1 inhibitor.
Although the invention has been described with reference to the presently preferred embodiment, it should be understood that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the following claims.
All of the following references are incorporated by reference in their entirety:
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__________________________________________________________________________# SEQUENCE LISTING- (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:- (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 8- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#pairs (A) LENGTH: 2790 base (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 1..2790- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:- CTGGCTGTGC TGTTCATCTC CTAGATGAAT GGGATGGTCT ACATTCATCC AT - #TTGGATTT 60- GGCCAAAGAC ACCAACACCC CTTTCTCCCT CTACATAAGC TGCACTGCAT GG - #TTGCTGCT 120- GGATGTGTTG TGTTCCTGGC TTCCCTCTGG ATGCTGACAG AAACAAGGCT GG - #AAGGTCTG 180- GGAC ATG GAG AAC GAC CCC TCG AGA CGA AGA G - #AG TCC ATC TCT CTC ACA 229 Met Glu Asn Asp Pro Ser Arg Arg - # Arg Glu Ser Ile Ser Leu Thr# 15- CCT GTG GCC AAG GGT CTG GAG AAC ATG GGG GC - #T GAT TTC TTG GAA AGC 277Pro Val Ala Lys Gly Leu Glu Asn Met Gly Al - #a Asp Phe Leu Glu Ser# 30- CTG GAG GGA GGC CAG CTC CCT AGG AGT GAC TT - #G AGC CCC GCA GAG ATC 325Leu Glu Gly Gly Gln Leu Pro Arg Ser Asp Le - #u Ser Pro Ala Glu Ile# 45- AGG AGC AGC TGG AGC GAG GCG GCG CCG AAG CC - #C TTC TCC AGA TGG AGG 373Arg Ser Ser Trp Ser Glu Ala Ala Pro Lys Pr - #o Phe Ser Arg Trp Arg# 60- AAC CTG CAG CCA GCC CTG AGA GCC AGA AGC TT - #C TGC AGG GAG CAC ATG 421Asn Leu Gln Pro Ala Leu Arg Ala Arg Ser Ph - #e Cys Arg Glu His Met# 75- CAG CTG TTT CGA TGG ATC GGC ACA GGC CTG CT - #C TGC ACT GGG CTC TCT 469Gln Leu Phe Arg Trp Ile Gly Thr Gly Leu Le - #u Cys Thr Gly Leu Ser#95- GCC TTC CTG CTG GTG GCC TGC CTC CTG GAT TT - #C CAG AGG GCC CTG GCT 517Ala Phe Leu Leu Val Ala Cys Leu Leu Asp Ph - #e Gln Arg Ala Leu Ala# 110- CTG TTT GTC CTC ACC TGT GTG GTC CTC ACC TT - #C CTG GGC CAC CGC CTG 565Leu Phe Val Leu Thr Cys Val Val Leu Thr Ph - #e Leu Gly His Arg Leu# 125- CTG AAA CGG CTT CTG GGG CCA AAG CTG AGG AG - #G TTT CTT GTC AAG CCT 613Leu Lys Arg Leu Leu Gly Pro Lys Leu Arg Ar - #g Phe Leu Val Lys Pro# 140- CAG GGC CAT CCC CGC CTG CTG CTC TGG TTT AA - #G AGG GGT CTA GCT CTT 661Gln Gly His Pro Arg Leu Leu Leu Trp Phe Ly - #s Arg Gly Leu Ala Leu# 155- GCT GCT TTC CTG GGC CTG GTC CTG TGG CTG TC - #T CTG GAC ACC TCC CAG 709Ala Ala Phe Leu Gly Leu Val Leu Trp Leu Se - #r Leu Asp Thr Ser Gln160 1 - #65 1 - #70 1 -#75- CGG CCT GAG CAA CTG GTG TCC TTC GCA GGA AT - #C TGC GTG TTC GTC GCT 757Arg Pro Glu Gln Leu Val Ser Phe Ala Gly Il - #e Cys Val Phe Val Ala# 190- CTC CTC TTT GCC TGC TCA AAG CAT CAT TGC GC - #A GTG TCC TGG AGG GCC 805Leu Leu Phe Ala Cys Ser Lys His His Cys Al - #a Val Ser Trp Arg Ala# 205- GTG TCT TGG GGA CTT GGA CTG CAG TTT GTA CT - #T GGA CTC CTC GTC ATC 853Val Ser Trp Gly Leu Gly Leu Gln Phe Val Le - #u Gly Leu Leu Val Ile# 220- AGA ACA GAA CCA GGA TTC ATT GCG TTC GAG TG - #G CTG GGC GAG CAG ATC 901Arg Thr Glu Pro Gly Phe Ile Ala Phe Glu Tr - #p Leu Gly Glu Gln Ile# 235- CGG ATC TTC CTG AGC TAC ACG AAG GCT GGC TC - #C AGC TTC GTG TTT GGG 949Arg Ile Phe Leu Ser Tyr Thr Lys Ala Gly Se - #r Ser Phe Val Phe Gly240 2 - #45 2 - #50 2 -#55- GAG GCG CTG GTC AAG GAT GTC TTT GCC TTT CA - #G GTT CTG CCC ATC ATT 997Glu Ala Leu Val Lys Asp Val Phe Ala Phe Gl - #n Val Leu Pro Ile Ile# 270- GTC TTT TTC AGC TGT GTC ATA TCC GTT CTC TA - #C CAC GTG GGC CTC ATG1045Val Phe Phe Ser Cys Val Ile Ser Val Leu Ty - #r His Val Gly Leu Met# 285- CAG TGG GTG ATC CTG AAG ATT GCC TGG CTG AT - #G CAA GTC ACC ATG GGC1093Gln Trp Val Ile Leu Lys Ile Ala Trp Leu Me - #t Gln Val Thr Met Gly# 300- ACC ACA GCC ACT GAG ACC CTG AGT GTG GCT GG - #A AAC ATC TTT GTG AGC1141Thr Thr Ala Thr Glu Thr Leu Ser Val Ala Gl - #y Asn Ile Phe Val Ser# 315- CAG ACC GAG GCT CCA TTA CTG ATC CGG CCC TA - #C TTG GCA GAC ATG ACA1189Gln Thr Glu Ala Pro Leu Leu Ile Arg Pro Ty - #r Leu Ala Asp Met Thr320 3 - #25 3 - #30 3 -#35- CTC TCT GAA GTC CAC GTT GTC ATG ACC GGA GG - #T TAC GCC ACC ATT GCT1237Leu Ser Glu Val His Val Val Met Thr Gly Gl - #y Tyr Ala Thr Ile Ala# 350- GGC AGC CTG CTG GGT GCC TAC ATC TCC TTT GG - #G ATC GAT GCC ACC TCG1285Gly Ser Leu Leu Gly Ala Tyr Ile Ser Phe Gl - #y Ile Asp Ala Thr Ser# 365- TTG ATT GCA GCC TCT GTG ATG GCT GCC CCT TG - #T GCC TTG GCC CTC TCC1333Leu Ile Ala Ala Ser Val Met Ala Ala Pro Cy - #s Ala Leu Ala Leu Ser# 380- AAA CTG GTC TAC CCG GAG GTG GAG GAG TCC AA - #G TTT AGG AGG GAG GAA1381Lys Leu Val Tyr Pro Glu Val Glu Glu Ser Ly - #s Phe Arg Arg Glu Glu# 395- GGA GTG AAA CTG ACC TAT GGA GAT GCT CAG AA - #C CTC ATA GAA GCA GCC1429Gly Val Lys Leu Thr Tyr Gly Asp Ala Gln As - #n Leu Ile Glu Ala Ala400 4 - #05 4 - #10 4 -#15- AGC ACT GGG GCC GCC ATC TCC GTG AAG GTG GT - #C GCC AAC ATC GCT GCC1477Ser Thr Gly Ala Ala Ile Ser Val Lys Val Va - #l Ala Asn Ile Ala Ala# 430- AAC CTG ATT GCG TTC CTG GCT GTG CTG GAC TT - #T ATC AAT GCT GCC CTC1525Asn Leu Ile Ala Phe Leu Ala Val Leu Asp Ph - #e Ile Asn Ala Ala Leu# 445- TCC TGG CTG GGA GAC ATG GTG GAC ATC CAG GG - #G CTC AGC TTC CAG CTC1573Ser Trp Leu Gly Asp Met Val Asp Ile Gln Gl - #y Leu Ser Phe Gln Leu# 460- ATC TGC TCC TAC ATC CTG CGG CCT GTA GCC TT - #C TTG ATG GGT GTG GCG1621Ile Cys Ser Tyr Ile Leu Arg Pro Val Ala Ph - #e Leu Met Gly Val Ala# 475- TGG GAG GAC TGC CCA GTG GTA GCT GAG CTG CT - #G GGG ATC AAG CTG TTT1669Trp Glu Asp Cys Pro Val Val Ala Glu Leu Le - #u Gly Ile Lys Leu Phe480 4 - #85 4 - #90 4 -#95- CTG AAC GAG TTT GTG GCC TAT CAA GAC CTC TC - #C AAG TAC AAG CAA CGC1717Leu Asn Glu Phe Val Ala Tyr Gln Asp Leu Se - #r Lys Tyr Lys Gln Arg# 510- CGC CTG GCA GGG GCC GAG GAG TGG GTC GGC GA - #C AGG AAG CAG TGG ATC1765Arg Leu Ala Gly Ala Glu Glu Trp Val Gly As - #p Arg Lys Gln Trp Ile# 525- TCC GTC AGA GCT GAA GTC CTC ACG ACG TTT GC - #C CTC TGT GGA TTT GCC1813Ser Val Arg Ala Glu Val Leu Thr Thr Phe Al - #a Leu Cys Gly Phe Ala# 540- AAT TTC AGC TCC ATT GGG ATC ATG CTG GGA GG - #C TTG ACC TCC ATG GTC1861Asn Phe Ser Ser Ile Gly Ile Met Leu Gly Gl - #y Leu Thr Ser Met Val# 555- CCC CAA CGG AAG AGC GAC TTC TCC CAG ATA GT - #G CTC CGG GCG CTC TTC1909Pro Gln Arg Lys Ser Asp Phe Ser Gln Ile Va - #l Leu Arg Ala Leu Phe560 5 - #65 5 - #70 5 -#75- ACG GGA GCC TGT GTG TCC CTG GTG AAC GCC TG - #T ATG GCA GGG ATC CTC1957Thr Gly Ala Cys Val Ser Leu Val Asn Ala Cy - #s Met Ala Gly Ile Leu# 590- TAC ATG CCC AGG GGG GCT GAA GTT GAC TGC AT - #G TCC CTC TTG AAC ACG2005Tyr Met Pro Arg Gly Ala Glu Val Asp Cys Me - #t Ser Leu Leu Asn Thr# 605- ACC CTC AGC AGC AGC AGC TTT GAG ATT TAC CA - #G TGC TGC CGT GAG GCC2053Thr Leu Ser Ser Ser Ser Phe Glu Ile Tyr Gl - #n Cys Cys Arg Glu Ala# 620- TTC CAG AGC GTC AAT CCA GAG TTC AGC CCA GA - #G GCC CTG GAC AAC TGC2101Phe Gln Ser Val Asn Pro Glu Phe Ser Pro Gl - #u Ala Leu Asp Asn Cys# 635- TGT CGG TTT TAC AAC CAC ACG ATC TGT GCA CA - #G TGA GGACAGAACA2147Cys Arg Phe Tyr Asn His Thr Ile Cys Ala Gl - #n640 6 - #45 6 - #50- TGCTTGTGCT TCTGCGCTTC TGAGGGCTGT TCTCCCCCGG GAACCATCTG TC - #CCCACCTT2207- CCCTTTCCCA GAGCCCTCTT CAGGGAAGCC ACAGGACTTA GACCCAGCTC AA - #TCCCACAA2267- TTGGGAAGGG GTCATGGAGT GAGTGTGCAG AGAGTGAGTG AGGACATAAG GA - #AGGACATG2327- TCCCACTCCA TCCCCCTTCC TGCTCCCCCA TTTCCTAACT CCCCCAGTGT GA - #ATTCTCAG2387- GGTCACTTCT GCCTCCTCCC GTTTCCCCTC CACATCCAAA CAGCACCCTG GT - #CCTCTCTA2447- TCCCCCCTCT CCTGGGGTCC CTCACATGCC CCTTCCCTTC TGTTGTGGGC TG - #CACACCAA2507- AGCCTCCTCC CCTCCCCACT TCCTAGGCAC TAGGATCTCT CTGTGGCTTC CC - #CTGCTGGG2567- TGGTGTCACC TCTTTCTCTG CTTTCAGAGA AACCCTTCCC GCCTTTCCTC AG - #AGTGCTTC2627- CCAAACTGAG GTCCCATGGC ACACTGTCCT GGGAGGCGTT CAGAGGGTTC CA - #TGATGGAC2687- TAGGTTTGGA ACCACTGGGT TAAATAAACT TAGAGAGGGC TGTTTAAAAA AA - #AAAAAAAA2747# 279 - #0AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAA- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#pairs (A) LENGTH: 2078 base (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 1..2078- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:#CGG AGA GAG TCC 48AC GAC CCC TCG AGA#Glu Asn Asp Pro Ser Arg Arg Arg Glu Ser# 10- ATC TCT CTC ACA CCT GTG GCC AAG GGT CTG GA - #G AAC ATG GGG GCT GAT 96Ile Ser Leu Thr Pro Val Ala Lys Gly Leu Gl - #u Asn Met Gly Ala Asp# 25- TTC TTG GAA AGC CTG GAG GAA GGC CAG CTC CC - #T AGG AGT GAC TTG AGC 144Phe Leu Glu Ser Leu Glu Glu Gly Gln Leu Pr - #o Arg Ser Asp Leu Ser# 40- CCC GCA GAG ATC AGG AGC AGC TGG AGC GAG GC - #G GCG CCG AAG CCC TTC 192Pro Ala Glu Ile Arg Ser Ser Trp Ser Glu Al - #a Ala Pro Lys Pro Phe# 55- TCC AGA TGG AGG AAC CTG CAG CCA GCC CTG AG - #A GCC AGA AGC TTC TGC 240Ser Arg Trp Arg Asn Leu Gln Pro Ala Leu Ar - #g Ala Arg Ser Phe Cys#75- AGG GAG CAC ATG CAG CTG TTT CGA TGG ATC GG - #C ACA GGC CTG CTC TGC 288Arg Glu His Met Gln Leu Phe Arg Trp Ile Gl - #y Thr Gly Leu Leu Cys# 90- ACT GGG CTC TCT GCC TTC CTG CTG GTG GCC TG - #C CTC CTG GAT TTC CAG 336Thr Gly Leu Ser Ala Phe Leu Leu Val Ala Cy - #s Leu Leu Asp Phe Gln# 105- AGG GCC CTG GCT CTG TTT GTC CTC ACC TGT GT - #G GTC CTC ACC TTC CTG 384Arg Ala Leu Ala Leu Phe Val Leu Thr Cys Va - #l Val Leu Thr Phe Leu# 120- GGC CAC CGC CTG CTG AAA CGG CTT CTG GGG CC - #A AAG CTG AGG AGG TTT 432Gly His Arg Leu Leu Lys Arg Leu Leu Gly Pr - #o Lys Leu Arg Arg Phe# 135- CTC AAG CCT CAG GGC CAT CCC CGC CTG CTG CT - #C TGG TTT AAG AGG GGT 480Leu Lys Pro Gln Gly His Pro Arg Leu Leu Le - #u Trp Phe Lys Arg Gly140 1 - #45 1 - #50 1 -#55- CTA GCT CTT GCT GCT TTC CTG GGC CTG GTC CT - #G TGG CTG TCT CTG GAC 528Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala Phe Leu Gly Leu Val Le - #u Trp Leu Ser Leu Asp# 170- ACC TCC CAG CGG CCT GAG CAG CTG GTG TCC TT - #C GCA GGA ATC TGC GTG 576Thr Ser Gln Arg Pro Glu Gln Leu Val Ser Ph - #e Ala Gly Ile Cys Val# 185- TTC ATC GCT CTC CTC TTT GCC TGC TCA AAG CA - #T CAT TGC GCA GTG TCC 624Phe Ile Ala Leu Leu Phe Ala Cys Ser Lys Hi - #s His Cys Ala Val Ser# 200- TGG AGG GCC GTG TCT TGG GGA CTT GGA CTG CA - #G TTT GTA CTT GGA CTC 672Trp Arg Ala Val Ser Trp Gly Leu Gly Leu Gl - #n Phe Val Leu Gly Leu# 215- CTC GTC ATC AGA ACA GAA CCA GGA TTC ATT GC - #G TTC GAG TGG CTG GGC 720Leu Val Ile Arg Thr Glu Pro Gly Phe Ile Al - #a Phe Glu Trp Leu Gly220 2 - #25 2 - #30 2 -#35- GAG CAG ATC CGG ATC TTC CTG AGC TAC ACG AA - #G GCT GGC TCC AGC TTC 768Glu Gln Ile Arg Ile Phe Leu Ser Tyr Thr Ly - #s Ala Gly Ser Ser Phe# 250- GTG TTT GGG GAG GCG CTG GTC AAG GAT GTC TT - #T GCC TTT CAG GTT CTG 816Val Phe Gly Glu Ala Leu Val Lys Asp Val Ph - #e Ala Phe Gln Val Leu# 265- CCC ATC ATT GTC TTT TTC AGC TGT GTC ATA TC - #C GTT CTC TAC CAC GTG 864Pro Ile Ile Val Phe Phe Ser Cys Val Ile Se - #r Val Leu Tyr His Val# 280- GGC CTC ATG CAG TGG GTG ATC CTG AAG ATT GC - #C TGG CTG ATG CAA GTC 912Gly Leu Met Gln Trp Val Ile Leu Lys Ile Al - #a Trp Leu Met Gln Val# 295- ACC ATG GGC ACC ACA GCC ACT GAG ACC CTG AG - #T GTG GCT GGA AAC ATC 960Thr Met Gly Thr Thr Ala Thr Glu Thr Leu Se - #r Val Ala Gly Asn Ile300 3 - #05 3 - #10 3 -#15- TTT GTG AGC CAG ACC GAG GCT CCA TTA CTG AT - #C CGG CCC TAC TTG GCA1008Phe Val Ser Gln Thr Glu Ala Pro Leu Leu Il - #e Arg Pro Tyr Leu Ala# 330- GAC ATG ACA CTC TCT GAA GTC CAC GTT GTC AT - #G ACC GGA GGT TAC GCC1056Asp Met Thr Leu Ser Glu Val His Val Val Me - #t Thr Gly Gly Tyr Ala# 345- ACC ATT GCT GGC AGC CTG CTG GGT GCC TAC AT - #C TCC TTT GGG ATC GAT1104Thr Ile Ala Gly Ser Leu Leu Gly Ala Tyr Il - #e Ser Phe Gly Ile Asp# 360- GCC ACC TCG TTG ATT GCA GCC TCT GTG ATG GC - #T GCC CCT TGT GCC TTG1152Ala Thr Ser Leu Ile Ala Ala Ser Val Met Al - #a Ala Pro Cys Ala Leu# 375- GCC CTC TCC AAG CTG GTC TAC CCG GAG GTG GA - #G GAG TCC AAG TTT AGG1200Ala Leu Ser Lys Leu Val Tyr Pro Glu Val Gl - #u Glu Ser Lys Phe Arg380 3 - #85 3 - #90 3 -#95- AGG GAG GAA GGA GTG AAA CTG ACC TAT GGA GA - #T GCT CAG AGC CTC ATA1248Arg Glu Glu Gly Val Lys Leu Thr Tyr Gly As - #p Ala Gln Ser Leu Ile# 410- GAA GCA GCC AGC ACT GGG GCC GCC ATC TCC GT - #G AAG GTG GTC GCC AAC1296Glu Ala Ala Ser Thr Gly Ala Ala Ile Ser Va - #l Lys Val Val Ala Asn# 425- ATC GCT GCC AAC CTG ATT GCG TTC CTG GCT GT - #G CTG GAC TTT ATC AAT1344Ile Ala Ala Asn Leu Ile Ala Phe Leu Ala Va - #l Leu Asp Phe Ile Asn# 440- GCT GCC CTC TCC TGG CTG GGA GAC ATG GTG GA - #C ATC CAG GGG CTC AGC1392Ala Ala Leu Ser Trp Leu Gly Asp Met Val As - #p Ile Gln Gly Leu Ser# 455- TTC CAG CTC ATC TGC TCC TAC ATC CTG CGG CC - #T GTA GCC TTC TTG ATG1440Phe Gln Leu Ile Cys Ser Tyr Ile Leu Arg Pr - #o Val Ala Phe Leu Met460 4 - #65 4 - #70 4 -#75- GGT GTG GCG TGG GAG GAC TGC CCA GTG GTA GC - #T GAG CTG CTG GGG ATC1488Gly Val Ala Trp Glu Asp Cys Pro Val Val Al - #a Glu Leu Leu Gly Ile# 490- AAG CTG TTT CTG AAC GAG TTT GTG GCC TAT CA - #A GAC CTC TCC AAG TAC1536Lys Leu Phe Leu Asn Glu Phe Val Ala Tyr Gl - #n Asp Leu Ser Lys Tyr# 505- AAG CAA CGC CGC CTG GCA GGG GCC GAG GAG TG - #G GTC GGC AAC AGG AAG1584Lys Gln Arg Arg Leu Ala Gly Ala Glu Glu Tr - #p Val Gly Asn Arg Lys# 520- CAG TGG ATC TCC GTC AGA GCT GAA GTC CTC AC - #G ACG TTT GCC CTC TGT1632Gln Trp Ile Ser Val Arg Ala Glu Val Leu Th - #r Thr Phe Ala Leu Cys# 535- GGA TTT GCC AAT TTC AGC TCC ATT GGG ATC AT - #G CTG GGA GGC TTG ACC1680Gly Phe Ala Asn Phe Ser Ser Ile Gly Ile Me - #t Leu Gly Gly Leu Thr540 5 - #45 5 - #50 5 -#55- TCC ATG GTC CCC CAA CGG AAG AGC GAC TTC TC - #C CAG ATA GTG CTC CGG1728Ser Met Val Pro Gln Arg Lys Ser Asp Phe Se - #r Gln Ile Val Leu Arg# 570- GCG CTC TTC ACG GGA GCC TGT GTG TCC CTG GT - #G AAC GCC TGT ATG GCA1776Ala Leu Phe Thr Gly Ala Cys Val Ser Leu Va - #l Asn Ala Cys Met Ala# 585- GGG ATC CTC TAC ATG CCC AGG GGG GCT GAA GT - #T GAC TGC ATG TCC CTC1824Gly Ile Leu Tyr Met Pro Arg Gly Ala Glu Va - #l Asp Cys Met Ser Leu# 600- TTG AAC ACG ACC CTC AGC AGC AGT AGC TTT GA - #G ATT TAC CAG TGC TGC1872Leu Asn Thr Thr Leu Ser Ser Ser Ser Phe Gl - #u Ile Tyr Gln Cys Cys# 615- CGT GAG GCC TTC CAG AGC GTC AAT CCA GAG TT - #C AGC CCA GAG GCC CTG1920Arg Glu Ala Phe Gln Ser Val Asn Pro Glu Ph - #e Ser Pro Glu Ala Leu620 6 - #25 6 - #30 6 -#35- GAC AAC TGC TGT CGG TTT TAC AAC CAC ACG AT - #C TGC GCA CAG TGA1965Asp Asn Cys Cys Arg Phe Tyr Asn His Thr Il - #e Cys Ala Gln# 645- GGACAGAACA TGCTTGTGCT TCTGCGCTTC TGAGGGCTGT TCTCCCCCGG GA - #ACCATCTG2025- TCCCCACCTT CCCTTTCCCA GAGCCCTCTT CAGGGAAGCC ACAGGACTTA GA - #T2078- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#pairs (A) LENGTH: 2078 base (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 1..2078- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:- TGGAAGGTCT GGGAC ATG GAG AAC GAC CCC TCG AGA - # CGG AGA GAG TCC 48#Met Glu Asn Asp Pro Ser Arg Arg Arg Glu S - #er# 10- ATC TCT CTC ACA CCT GTG GCC AAG GGT CTG GA - #G AAC ATG GGG GCT GAT 96Ile Ser Leu Thr Pro Val Ala Lys Gly Leu Gl - #u Asn Met Gly Ala Asp# 25- TTC TTG GAA AGC CTG GAG GAA GGC CAG CTC CC - #T AGG AGT GAC TTG AGC 144Phe Leu Glu Ser Leu Glu Glu Gly Gln Leu Pr - #o Arg Ser Asp Leu Ser# 40- CCC GCA GAG ATC AGG AGC AGC TGG AGC GAG GC - #G GCG CCG AAG CCC TTC 192Pro Ala Glu Ile Arg Ser Ser Trp Ser Glu Al - #a Ala Pro Lys Pro Phe# 55- TCC AGA TGG AGG AAC CTG CAG CCA GCC CTG AG - #A GCC AGA AGC TTC TGC 240Ser Arg Trp Arg Asn Leu Gln Pro Ala Leu Ar - #g Ala Arg Ser Phe Cys#75- AGG GAG CAC ATG CAG CTG TTT CGA TGG ATC GG - #C ACA GGC CTG CTC TGC 288Arg Glu His Met Gln Leu Phe Arg Trp Ile Gl - #y Thr Gly Leu Leu Cys# 90- ACT GGG CTC TCT GCC TTC CTG CTG GTG GCC TG - #C CTC CTG GAT TTC CAG 336Thr Gly Leu Ser Ala Phe Leu Leu Val Ala Cy - #s Leu Leu Asp Phe Gln# 105- AGG GCC CTG GCT CTG TTT GTC CTC ACC TGT GT - #G GTC CTC ACC TTC CTG 384Arg Ala Leu Ala Leu Phe Val Leu Thr Cys Va - #l Val Leu Thr Phe Leu# 120- GGC CAC CGC CTG CTG AAA CGG CTT CTG GGG CC - #A AAG CTG AGG AGG TTT 432Gly His Arg Leu Leu Lys Arg Leu Leu Gly Pr - #o Lys Leu Arg Arg Phe# 135- CTC AAG CCT CAG GGC CAT CCC CGC CTG CTG CT - #C TGG TTT AAG AGG GGT 480Leu Lys Pro Gln Gly His Pro Arg Leu Leu Le - #u Trp Phe Lys Arg Gly140 1 - #45 1 - #50 1 -#55- CTA GCT CTT GCT GCT TTC CTG GGC CTG GTC CT - #G TGG CTG TCT CTG GAC 528Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala Phe Leu Gly Leu Val Le - #u Trp Leu Ser Leu Asp# 170- ACC TCC CAG CGG CCT GAG CAG CTG GTG TCC TT - #C GCA GGA ATC TGC GTG 576Thr Ser Gln Arg Pro Glu Gln Leu Val Ser Ph - #e Ala Gly Ile Cys Val# 185- TTC ATC GCT CTC CTC TTT GCC TGC TCA AAG CA - #T CAT TGC GCA GTG TCC 624Phe Ile Ala Leu Leu Phe Ala Cys Ser Lys Hi - #s His Cys Ala Val Ser# 200- TGG AGG GCC GTG TCT TGG GGA CTT GGA CTG CA - #G TTT GTA CTT GGA CTC 672Trp Arg Ala Val Ser Trp Gly Leu Gly Leu Gl - #n Phe Val Leu Gly Leu# 215- CTC GTC ATC AGA ACA GAA CCA GGA TTC ATT GC - #G TTC GAG TGG CTG GGC 720Leu Val Ile Arg Thr Glu Pro Gly Phe Ile Al - #a Phe Glu Trp Leu Gly220 2 - #25 2 - #30 2 -#35- GAG CAG ATC CGG ATC TTC CTG AGC TAC ACG AA - #G GCT GGC TCC AGC TTC 768Glu Gln Ile Arg Ile Phe Leu Ser Tyr Thr Ly - #s Ala Gly Ser Ser Phe# 250- GTG TTT GGG GAG GCG CTG GTC AAG GAT GTC TT - #T GCC TTT CAG GTT CTG 816Val Phe Gly Glu Ala Leu Val Lys Asp Val Ph - #e Ala Phe Gln Val Leu# 265- CCC ATC ATT GTC TTT TTC AGC TGT GTC ATA TC - #C GTT CTC TAC CAC GTG 864Pro Ile Ile Val Phe Phe Ser Cys Val Ile Se - #r Val Leu Tyr His Val# 280- GGC CTC ATG CAG TGG GTG ATC CTG AAG ATT GC - #C TGG CTG ATG CAA GTC 912Gly Leu Met Gln Trp Val Ile Leu Lys Ile Al - #a Trp Leu Met Gln Val# 295- ACC ATG GGC ACC ACA GCC ACT GAG ACC CTG AG - #T GTG GCT GGA AAC ATC 960Thr Met Gly Thr Thr Ala Thr Glu Thr Leu Se - #r Val Ala Gly Asn Ile300 3 - #05 3 - #10 3 -#15- TTT GTG AGC CAG ACC GAG GCT CCA TTA CTG AT - #C CGG CCC TAC TTG GCA1008Phe Val Ser Gln Thr Glu Ala Pro Leu Leu Il - #e Arg Pro Tyr Leu Ala# 330- GAC ATG ACA CTC TCT GAA GTC CAC GTT GTC AT - #G ACC GGA GGT TAC GCC1056Asp Met Thr Leu Ser Glu Val His Val Val Me - #t Thr Gly Gly Tyr Ala# 345- ACC ATT GCT GGC AGC CTG CTG GGT GCC TAC AT - #C TCC TTT GGG ATC GAT1104Thr Ile Ala Gly Ser Leu Leu Gly Ala Tyr Il - #e Ser Phe Gly Ile Asp# 360- GCC ACC TCG TTG ATT GCA GCC TCT GTG ATG GC - #T GCC CCT TGT GCC TTG1152Ala Thr Ser Leu Ile Ala Ala Ser Val Met Al - #a Ala Pro Cys Ala Leu# 375- GCC CTC TCC AAG CTG GTC TAC CCG GAG GTG GA - #G GAG TCC AAG TTT AGG1200Ala Leu Ser Lys Leu Val Tyr Pro Glu Val Gl - #u Glu Ser Lys Phe Arg380 3 - #85 3 - #90 3 -#95- AGG GAG GAA GGA GTG AAA CTG ACC TAT GGA GA - #T GCT CAG AAC CTC ATA1248Arg Glu Glu Gly Val Lys Leu Thr Tyr Gly As - #p Ala Gln Asn Leu Ile# 410- GAA GCA GCC AGC ACT GGG GCC GCC ATC TCC GT - #G AAG GTG GTC GCC AAC1296Glu Ala Ala Ser Thr Gly Ala Ala Ile Ser Va - #l Lys Val Val Ala Asn# 425- ATC GCT GCC AAC CTG ATT GCG TTC CTG GCT GT - #G CTG GAC TTT ATC AAT1344Ile Ala Ala Asn Leu Ile Ala Phe Leu Ala Va - #l Leu Asp Phe Ile Asn# 440- GCT GCC CTC TCC TGG CTG GGA GAC ATG GTG GA - #C ATC CAG GGG CTC AGC1392Ala Ala Leu Ser Trp Leu Gly Asp Met Val As - #p Ile Gln Gly Leu Ser# 455- TTC CAG CTC ATC TGC TCC TAC ATC CTG CGG CC - #T GTA GCC TTC TTG ATG1440Phe Gln Leu Ile Cys Ser Tyr Ile Leu Arg Pr - #o Val Ala Phe Leu Met460 4 - #65 4 - #70 4 -#75- GGT GTG GCG TGG GAG GAC TGC CCA GTG GTA GC - #T GAG CTG CTG GGG ATC1488Gly Val Ala Trp Glu Asp Cys Pro Val Val Al - #a Glu Leu Leu Gly Ile# 490- AAG CTG TTT CTG AAC GAG TTT GTG GCC TAT CA - #A GAC CTC TCC AAG TAC1536Lys Leu Phe Leu Asn Glu Phe Val Ala Tyr Gl - #n Asp Leu Ser Lys Tyr# 505- AAG CAA CGC CGC CTG GCA GGG GCC GAG GAG TG - #G GTC GGC AAC AGG AAG1584Lys Gln Arg Arg Leu Ala Gly Ala Glu Glu Tr - #p Val Gly Asn Arg Lys# 520- CAG TGG ATC TCC GTC AGA GCT GAA GTC CTC AC - #G ACG TTT GCC CTC TGT1632Gln Trp Ile Ser Val Arg Ala Glu Val Leu Th - #r Thr Phe Ala Leu Cys# 535- GGA TTT GCC AAT TTC AGC TCC ATT GGG ATC AT - #G CTG GGA GGC TTG ACC1680Gly Phe Ala Asn Phe Ser Ser Ile Gly Ile Me - #t Leu Gly Gly Leu Thr540 5 - #45 5 - #50 5 -#55- TCC ATG GTC CCC CAA CGG AAG AGC GAC TTC TC - #C CAG ATA GTG CTC CGG1728Ser Met Val Pro Gln Arg Lys Ser Asp Phe Se - #r Gln Ile Val Leu Arg# 570- GCG CTC TTC ACG GGA GCC TGT GTG TCC CTG GT - #G AAC GCC TGT ATG GCA1776Ala Leu Phe Thr Gly Ala Cys Val Ser Leu Va - #l Asn Ala Cys Met Ala# 585- GGG ATC CTC TAC ATG CCC AGG GGG GCT GAA GT - #T GAC TGC ATG TCC CTC1824Gly Ile Leu Tyr Met Pro Arg Gly Ala Glu Va - #l Asp Cys Met Ser Leu# 600- TTG AAC ACG ACC CTC AGC AGC AGT AGC TTT GA - #G ATT TAC CAG TGC TGC1872Leu Asn Thr Thr Leu Ser Ser Ser Ser Phe Gl - #u Ile Tyr Gln Cys Cys# 615- CGT GAG GCC TTC CAG AGC GTC AAT CCA GAG TT - #C AGC CCA GAG GCC CTG1920Arg Glu Ala Phe Gln Ser Val Asn Pro Glu Ph - #e Ser Pro Glu Ala Leu620 6 - #25 6 - #30 6 -#35- GAC AAC TGC TGT CGG TTT TAC AAC CAC ACG AT - #C TGC GCA CAG TGA GGA1968Asp Asn Cys Cys Arg Phe Tyr Asn His Thr Il - #e Cys Ala Gln# 645- CAGAACATGC TTGTGCTTCT GCGCTTCTGA GGGCTGTTCT CCCCCGGGAA CC - #ATCTGTCC2028# 2078CCAGAG CCCTCTTCAG GGAAGCCACA GGACTTAGAT- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#acids (A) LENGTH: 650 amino (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:- Met Glu Asn Asp Pro Ser Arg Arg Arg Glu Se - #r Ile Ser Leu Thr Pro# 15- Val Ala Lys Gly Leu Glu Asn Met Gly Ala As - #p Phe Leu Glu Ser Leu# 30- Glu Gly Gly Gln Leu Pro Arg Ser Asp Leu Se - #r Pro Ala Glu Ile Arg# 45- Ser Ser Trp Ser Glu Ala Ala Pro Lys Pro Ph - #e Ser Arg Trp Arg Asn# 60- Leu Gln Pro Ala Leu Arg Ala Arg Ser Phe Cy - #s Arg Glu His Met Gln#80- Leu Phe Arg Trp Ile Gly Thr Gly Leu Leu Cy - #s Thr Gly Leu Ser Ala# 95- Phe Leu Leu Val Ala Cys Leu Leu Asp Phe Gl - #n Arg Ala Leu Ala Leu# 110- Phe Val Leu Thr Cys Val Val Leu Thr Phe Le - #u Gly His Arg Leu Leu# 125- Lys Arg Leu Leu Gly Pro Lys Leu Arg Arg Ph - #e Leu Val Lys Pro Gln# 140- Gly His Pro Arg Leu Leu Leu Trp Phe Lys Ar - #g Gly Leu Ala Leu Ala145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60- Ala Phe Leu Gly Leu Val Leu Trp Leu Ser Le - #u Asp Thr Ser Gln Arg# 175- Pro Glu Gln Leu Val Ser Phe Ala Gly Ile Cy - #s Val Phe Val Ala Leu# 190- Leu Phe Ala Cys Ser Lys His His Cys Ala Va - #l Ser Trp Arg Ala Val# 205- Ser Trp Gly Leu Gly Leu Gln Phe Val Leu Gl - #y Leu Leu Val Ile Arg# 220- Thr Glu Pro Gly Phe Ile Ala Phe Glu Trp Le - #u Gly Glu Gln Ile Arg225 2 - #30 2 - #35 2 -#40- Ile Phe Leu Ser Tyr Thr Lys Ala Gly Ser Se - #r Phe Val Phe Gly Glu# 255- Ala Leu Val Lys Asp Val Phe Ala Phe Gln Va - #l Leu Pro Ile Ile Val# 270- Phe Phe Ser Cys Val Ile Ser Val Leu Tyr Hi - #s Val Gly Leu Met Gln# 285- Trp Val Ile Leu Lys Ile Ala Trp Leu Met Gl - #n Val Thr Met Gly Thr# 300- Thr Ala Thr Glu Thr Leu Ser Val Ala Gly As - #n Ile Phe Val Ser Gln305 3 - #10 3 - #15 3 -#20- Thr Glu Ala Pro Leu Leu Ile Arg Pro Tyr Le - #u Ala Asp Met Thr Leu# 335- Ser Glu Val His Val Val Met Thr Gly Gly Ty - #r Ala Thr Ile Ala Gly# 350- Ser Leu Leu Gly Ala Tyr Ile Ser Phe Gly Il - #e Asp Ala Thr Ser Leu# 365- Ile Ala Ala Ser Val Met Ala Ala Pro Cys Al - #a Leu Ala Leu Ser Lys# 380- Leu Val Tyr Pro Glu Val Glu Glu Ser Lys Ph - #e Arg Arg Glu Glu Gly385 3 - #90 3 - #95 4 -#00- Val Lys Leu Thr Tyr Gly Asp Ala Gln Asn Le - #u Ile Glu Ala Ala Ser# 415- Thr Gly Ala Ala Ile Ser Val Lys Val Val Al - #a Asn Ile Ala Ala Asn# 430- Leu Ile Ala Phe Leu Ala Val Leu Asp Phe Il - #e Asn Ala Ala Leu Ser# 445- Trp Leu Gly Asp Met Val Asp Ile Gln Gly Le - #u Ser Phe Gln Leu Ile# 460- Cys Ser Tyr Ile Leu Arg Pro Val Ala Phe Le - #u Met Gly Val Ala Trp465 4 - #70 4 - #75 4 -#80- Glu Asp Cys Pro Val Val Ala Glu Leu Leu Gl - #y Ile Lys Leu Phe Leu# 495- Asn Glu Phe Val Ala Tyr Gln Asp Leu Ser Ly - #s Tyr Lys Gln Arg Arg# 510- Leu Ala Gly Ala Glu Glu Trp Val Gly Asp Ar - #g Lys Gln Trp Ile Ser# 525- Val Arg Ala Glu Val Leu Thr Thr Phe Ala Le - #u Cys Gly Phe Ala Asn# 540- Phe Ser Ser Ile Gly Ile Met Leu Gly Gly Le - #u Thr Ser Met Val Pro545 5 - #50 5 - #55 5 -#60- Gln Arg Lys Ser Asp Phe Ser Gln Ile Val Le - #u Arg Ala Leu Phe Thr# 575- Gly Ala Cys Val Ser Leu Val Asn Ala Cys Me - #t Ala Gly Ile Leu Tyr# 590- Met Pro Arg Gly Ala Glu Val Asp Cys Met Se - #r Leu Leu Asn Thr Thr# 605- Leu Ser Ser Ser Ser Phe Glu Ile Tyr Gln Cy - #s Cys Arg Glu Ala Phe# 620- Gln Ser Val Asn Pro Glu Phe Ser Pro Glu Al - #a Leu Asp Asn Cys Cys625 6 - #30 6 - #35 6 -#40- Arg Phe Tyr Asn His Thr Ile Cys Ala Gln# 650- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#acids (A) LENGTH: 649 amino (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5:- Met Glu Asn Asp Pro Ser Arg Arg Arg Glu Se - #r Ile Ser Leu Thr Pro# 15- Val Ala Lys Gly Leu Glu Asn Met Gly Ala As - #p Phe Leu Glu Ser Leu# 30- Glu Glu Gly Gln Leu Pro Arg Ser Asp Leu Se - #r Pro Ala Glu Ile Arg# 45- Ser Ser Trp Ser Glu Ala Ala Pro Lys Pro Ph - #e Ser Arg Trp Arg Asn# 60- Leu Gln Pro Ala Leu Arg Ala Arg Ser Phe Cy - #s Arg Glu His Met Gln#80- Leu Phe Arg Trp Ile Gly Thr Gly Leu Leu Cy - #s Thr Gly Leu Ser Ala# 95- Phe Leu Leu Val Ala Cys Leu Leu Asp Phe Gl - #n Arg Ala Leu Ala Leu# 110- Phe Val Leu Thr Cys Val Val Leu Thr Phe Le - #u Gly His Arg Leu Leu# 125- Lys Arg Leu Leu Gly Pro Lys Leu Arg Arg Ph - #e Leu Lys Pro Gln Gly# 140- His Pro Arg Leu Leu Leu Trp Phe Lys Arg Gl - #y Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60- Phe Leu Gly Leu Val Leu Trp Leu Ser Leu As - #p Thr Ser Gln Arg Pro# 175- Glu Gln Leu Val Ser Phe Ala Gly Ile Cys Va - #l Phe Ile Ala Leu Leu# 190- Phe Ala Cys Ser Lys His His Cys Ala Val Se - #r Trp Arg Ala Val Ser# 205- Trp Gly Leu Gly Leu Gln Phe Val Leu Gly Le - #u Leu Val Ile Arg Thr# 220- Glu Pro Gly Phe Ile Ala Phe Glu Trp Leu Gl - #y Glu Gln Ile Arg Ile225 2 - #30 2 - #35 2 -#40- Phe Leu Ser Tyr Thr Lys Ala Gly Ser Ser Ph - #e Val Phe Gly Glu Ala# 255- Leu Val Lys Asp Val Phe Ala Phe Gln Val Le - #u Pro Ile Ile Val Phe# 270- Phe Ser Cys Val Ile Ser Val Leu Tyr His Va - #l Gly Leu Met Gln Trp# 285- Val Ile Leu Lys Ile Ala Trp Leu Met Gln Va - #l Thr Met Gly Thr Thr# 300- Ala Thr Glu Thr Leu Ser Val Ala Gly Asn Il - #e Phe Val Ser Gln Thr305 3 - #10 3 - #15 3 -#20- Glu Ala Pro Leu Leu Ile Arg Pro Tyr Leu Al - #a Asp Met Thr Leu Ser# 335- Glu Val His Val Val Met Thr Gly Gly Tyr Al - #a Thr Ile Ala Gly Ser# 350- Leu Leu Gly Ala Tyr Ile Ser Phe Gly Ile As - #p Ala Thr Ser Leu Ile# 365- Ala Ala Ser Val Met Ala Ala Pro Cys Ala Le - #u Ala Leu Ser Lys Leu# 380- Val Tyr Pro Glu Val Glu Glu Ser Lys Phe Ar - #g Arg Glu Glu Gly Val385 3 - #90 3 - #95 4 -#00- Lys Leu Thr Tyr Gly Asp Ala Gln Ser Leu Il - #e Glu Ala Ala Ser Thr# 415- Gly Ala Ala Ile Ser Val Lys Val Val Ala As - #n Ile Ala Ala Asn Leu# 430- Ile Ala Phe Leu Ala Val Leu Asp Phe Ile As - #n Ala Ala Leu Ser Trp# 445- Leu Gly Asp Met Val Asp Ile Gln Gly Leu Se - #r Phe Gln Leu Ile Cys# 460- Ser Tyr Ile Leu Arg Pro Val Ala Phe Leu Me - #t Gly Val Ala Trp Glu465 4 - #70 4 - #75 4 -#80- Asp Cys Pro Val Val Ala Glu Leu Leu Gly Il - #e Lys Leu Phe Leu Asn# 495- Glu Phe Val Ala Tyr Gln Asp Leu Ser Lys Ty - #r Lys Gln Arg Arg Leu# 510- Ala Gly Ala Glu Glu Trp Val Gly Asn Arg Ly - #s Gln Trp Ile Ser Val# 525- Arg Ala Glu Val Leu Thr Thr Phe Ala Leu Cy - #s Gly Phe Ala Asn Phe# 540- Ser Ser Ile Gly Ile Met Leu Gly Gly Leu Th - #r Ser Met Val Pro Gln545 5 - #50 5 - #55 5 -#60- Arg Lys Ser Asp Phe Ser Gln Ile Val Leu Ar - #g Ala Leu Phe Thr Gly# 575- Ala Cys Val Ser Leu Val Asn Ala Cys Met Al - #a Gly Ile Leu Tyr Met# 590- Pro Arg Gly Ala Glu Val Asp Cys Met Ser Le - #u Leu Asn Thr Thr Leu# 605- Ser Ser Ser Ser Phe Glu Ile Tyr Gln Cys Cy - #s Arg Glu Ala Phe Gln# 620- Ser Val Asn Pro Glu Phe Ser Pro Glu Ala Le - #u Asp Asn Cys Cys Arg625 6 - #30 6 - #35 6 -#40- Phe Tyr Asn His Thr Ile Cys Ala Gln 645- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#acids (A) LENGTH: 649 amino (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6:- Met Glu Asn Asp Pro Ser Arg Arg Arg Glu Se - #r Ile Ser Leu Thr Pro# 15- Val Ala Lys Gly Leu Glu Asn Met Gly Ala As - #p Phe Leu Glu Ser Leu# 30- Glu Glu Gly Gln Leu Pro Arg Ser Asp Leu Se - #r Pro Ala Glu Ile Arg# 45- Ser Ser Trp Ser Glu Ala Ala Pro Lys Pro Ph - #e Ser Arg Trp Arg Asn# 60- Leu Gln Pro Ala Leu Arg Ala Arg Ser Phe Cy - #s Arg Glu His Met Gln#80- Leu Phe Arg Trp Ile Gly Thr Gly Leu Leu Cy - #s Thr Gly Leu Ser Ala# 95- Phe Leu Leu Val Ala Cys Leu Leu Asp Phe Gl - #n Arg Ala Leu Ala Leu# 110- Phe Val Leu Thr Cys Val Val Leu Thr Phe Le - #u Gly His Arg Leu Leu# 125- Lys Arg Leu Leu Gly Pro Lys Leu Arg Arg Ph - #e Leu Lys Pro Gln Gly# 140- His Pro Arg Leu Leu Leu Trp Phe Lys Arg Gl - #y Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60- Phe Leu Gly Leu Val Leu Trp Leu Ser Leu As - #p Thr Ser Gln Arg Pro# 175- Glu Gln Leu Val Ser Phe Ala Gly Ile Cys Va - #l Phe Ile Ala Leu Leu# 190- Phe Ala Cys Ser Lys His His Cys Ala Val Se - #r Trp Arg Ala Val Ser# 205- Trp Gly Leu Gly Leu Gln Phe Val Leu Gly Le - #u Leu Val Ile Arg Thr# 220- Glu Pro Gly Phe Ile Ala Phe Glu Trp Leu Gl - #y Glu Gln Ile Arg Ile225 2 - #30 2 - #35 2 -#40- Phe Leu Ser Tyr Thr Lys Ala Gly Ser Ser Ph - #e Val Phe Gly Glu Ala# 255- Leu Val Lys Asp Val Phe Ala Phe Gln Val Le - #u Pro Ile Ile Val Phe# 270- Phe Ser Cys Val Ile Ser Val Leu Tyr His Va - #l Gly Leu Met Gln Trp# 285- Val Ile Leu Lys Ile Ala Trp Leu Met Gln Va - #l Thr Met Gly Thr Thr# 300- Ala Thr Glu Thr Leu Ser Val Ala Gly Asn Il - #e Phe Val Ser Gln Thr305 3 - #10 3 - #15 3 -#20- Glu Ala Pro Leu Leu Ile Arg Pro Tyr Leu Al - #a Asp Met Thr Leu Ser# 335- Glu Val His Val Val Met Thr Gly Gly Tyr Al - #a Thr Ile Ala Gly Ser# 350- Leu Leu Gly Ala Tyr Ile Ser Phe Gly Ile As - #p Ala Thr Ser Leu Ile# 365- Ala Ala Ser Val Met Ala Ala Pro Cys Ala Le - #u Ala Leu Ser Lys Leu# 380- Val Tyr Pro Glu Val Glu Glu Ser Lys Phe Ar - #g Arg Glu Glu Gly Val385 3 - #90 3 - #95 4 -#00- Lys Leu Thr Tyr Gly Asp Ala Gln Asn Leu Il - #e Glu Ala Ala Ser Thr# 415- Gly Ala Ala Ile Ser Val Lys Val Val Ala As - #n Ile Ala Ala Asn Leu# 430- Ile Ala Phe Leu Ala Val Leu Asp Phe Ile As - #n Ala Ala Leu Ser Trp# 445- Leu Gly Asp Met Val Asp Ile Gln Gly Leu Se - #r Phe Gln Leu Ile Cys# 460- Ser Tyr Ile Leu Arg Pro Val Ala Phe Leu Me - #t Gly Val Ala Trp Glu465 4 - #70 4 - #75 4 -#80- Asp Cys Pro Val Val Ala Glu Leu Leu Gly Il - #e Lys Leu Phe Leu Asn# 495- Glu Phe Val Ala Tyr Gln Asp Leu Ser Lys Ty - #r Lys Gln Arg Arg Leu# 510- Ala Gly Ala Glu Glu Trp Val Gly Asn Arg Ly - #s Gln Trp Ile Ser Val# 525- Arg Ala Glu Val Leu Thr Thr Phe Ala Leu Cy - #s Gly Phe Ala Asn Phe# 540- Ser Ser Ile Gly Ile Met Leu Gly Gly Leu Th - #r Ser Met Val Pro Gln545 5 - #50 5 - #55 5 -#60- Arg Lys Ser Asp Phe Ser Gln Ile Val Leu Ar - #g Ala Leu Phe Thr Gly# 575- Ala Cys Val Ser Leu Val Asn Ala Cys Met Al - #a Gly Ile Leu Tyr Met# 590- Pro Arg Gly Ala Glu Val Asp Cys Met Ser Le - #u Leu Asn Thr Thr Leu# 605- Ser Ser Ser Ser Phe Glu Ile Tyr Gln Cys Cy - #s Arg Glu Ala Phe Gln# 620- Ser Val Asn Pro Glu Phe Ser Pro Glu Ala Le - #u Asp Asn Cys Cys Arg625 6 - #30 6 - #35 6 -#40- Phe Tyr Asn His Thr Ile Cys Ala Gln 645- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#pairs (A) LENGTH: 2400 base (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 1..2401- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:7:- CCTGACGCTG CCTTCTCACT GCAGATAAGT GAGTAGTACA GGACCCTCTC CC - #CTCTCTAT 60- GCAGCCCTGT GTCTGTGAGT GCCCAGGGAG CAGGCATTTA CCAGGTCTGG TG - #GCTGCGTG 120#AAC ACA CAG 173C TGAAGAGCCA AGCAC ATG GCA GAC# Met Ala Asp Asn Thr Gln#5 1- AGC CAA AGA GAG TCC ATT TCC CTC ACG CCT AT - #G GCC CAC GGC CTG GAG 221Ser Gln Arg Glu Ser Ile Ser Leu Thr Pro Me - #t Ala His Gly Leu Glu# 20- AAC ATG GGG GCA GAA TTC CTG GAA AGC ATG GA - #G GAA GGC CGA CTC CCT 269Asn Met Gly Ala Glu Phe Leu Glu Ser Met Gl - #u Glu Gly Arg Leu Pro# 35- CAC AGT CAC TCA AGC CTG CCG GAG GGT GAA GG - #T GGC CTG AAC AAA GCA 317His Ser His Ser Ser Leu Pro Glu Gly Glu Gl - #y Gly Leu Asn Lys Ala# 50- GAG CGG AAG GCC TTC TCC CGA TGG AGG AGT CT - #G CAG CCG ACT GTG CAA 365Glu Arg Lys Ala Phe Ser Arg Trp Arg Ser Le - #u Gln Pro Thr Val Gln#70- GCG AGA AGC TTC TGC AGG GAG CAC CGG CAG CT - #G TTT GGA TGG ATC TGC 413Ala Arg Ser Phe Cys Arg Glu His Arg Gln Le - #u Phe Gly Trp Ile Cys# 85- AAA GGC CTG CTC TCT ACT GCA TGT CTT GGC TT - #C TTG ATG GTC GCC TGC 461Lys Gly Leu Leu Ser Thr Ala Cys Leu Gly Ph - #e Leu Met Val Ala Cys# 100- CTC CTG GAC CTC CAG AGG GCC CTA GCA CTG TT - #G ATC ATC ACC TGT GTG 509Leu Leu Asp Leu Gln Arg Ala Leu Ala Leu Le - #u Ile Ile Thr Cys Val# 115- GTT CTC GTC TTT CTG GCC TAT GAT CTG CTA AA - #G AGG CTT CTG GGG TCC 557Val Leu Val Phe Leu Ala Tyr Asp Leu Leu Ly - #s Arg Leu Leu Gly Ser# 130- AAG CTG AGG AGG TGT GTG AAG TTT CAA GGC CA - #T TCT TGC CTG AGC CTC 605Lys Leu Arg Arg Cys Val Lys Phe Gln Gly Hi - #s Ser Cys Leu Ser Leu135 1 - #40 1 - #45 1 -#50- TGG CTG AAA AGA GGT CTA GCC CTT GCT GCT GG - #T GTG GGC CTG ATC TTG 653Trp Leu Lys Arg Gly Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala Gl - #y Val Gly Leu Ile Leu# 165- TGG CTA TCT CTG GAC ACC GCC CAG CGG CCT GA - #A CAG CTG GTG TCC TTT 701Trp Leu Ser Leu Asp Thr Ala Gln Arg Pro Gl - #u Gln Leu Val Ser Phe# 180- GCA GGG ATC TGT GTG TTC CTT GTC CTT CTC TT - #T GCT GGC TCA AAG CAT 749Ala Gly Ile Cys Val Phe Leu Val Leu Leu Ph - #e Ala Gly Ser Lys His# 195- CAC CGT GCG GTG TCA TGG CGA GCT GTG TCC TG - #G GGC CTT GGG CTG CAG 797His Arg Ala Val Ser Trp Arg Ala Val Ser Tr - #p Gly Leu Gly Leu Gln# 210- TTT GTG CTT GGG CTC TTC GTC ATC AGA ACA GA - #A CCA GGG TTC ATT GCA 845Phe Val Leu Gly Leu Phe Val Ile Arg Thr Gl - #u Pro Gly Phe Ile Ala215 2 - #20 2 - #25 2 -#30- TTC CAG TGG CTA GGG GAT CAG ATC CAG GTC TT - #C CTG AGT TAC ACC GAG 893Phe Gln Trp Leu Gly Asp Gln Ile Gln Val Ph - #e Leu Ser Tyr Thr Glu# 245- GCA GGC TCC AGC TTC GTC TTC GGA GAG GCT CT - #G GTG AAG GAT GTC TTT 941Ala Gly Ser Ser Phe Val Phe Gly Glu Ala Le - #u Val Lys Asp Val Phe# 260- GCC TTT CAG GTT TTG CCC ATC ATC ATC TTC TT - #C AGC TGC GTC ATG TCT 989Ala Phe Gln Val Leu Pro Ile Ile Ile Phe Ph - #e Ser Cys Val Met Ser# 275- GTT CTG TAC TAT CTG GGC CTC ATG CAG TGG GT - #G ATC CTG AAG ATT GCC1037Val Leu Tyr Tyr Leu Gly Leu Met Gln Trp Va - #l Ile Leu Lys Ile Ala# 290- TGG TTG ATG CAG GTC ACC ATG GGC ACC TCA GC - #C ACC GAG ACA CTG AGT1085Trp Leu Met Gln Val Thr Met Gly Thr Ser Al - #a Thr Glu Thr Leu Ser295 3 - #00 3 - #05 3 -#10- GTG GCG GGA AAC ATC TTT GTG AGC CAG ACT GA - #A GCT CCT CTG CTG ATC1133Val Ala Gly Asn Ile Phe Val Ser Gln Thr Gl - #u Ala Pro Leu Leu Ile# 325- CGG CCC TAT CTG GCA GAC ATG ACA CTC TCT GA - #A GTT CAC GTT GTC ATG1181Arg Pro Tyr Leu Ala Asp Met Thr Leu Ser Gl - #u Val His Val Val Met# 340- ACT GGA GGC TAT GCT ACC ATT GCT GGC AGC CT - #C CTG GGC GCC TAC ATC1229Thr Gly Gly Tyr Ala Thr Ile Ala Gly Ser Le - #u Leu Gly Ala Tyr Ile# 355- TCC TTT GGG ATC GAC GCT GCT TCC TTA ATC GC - #A GCC TCT GTC ATG GCC1277Ser Phe Gly Ile Asp Ala Ala Ser Leu Ile Al - #a Ala Ser Val Met Ala# 370- GCC CCT TGT GCG TTG GCT CTC TCC AAG CTG GT - #C TAC CCA GAG GTG GAG1325Ala Pro Cys Ala Leu Ala Leu Ser Lys Leu Va - #l Tyr Pro Glu Val Glu375 3 - #80 3 - #85 3 -#90- GAG TCC AAG TTC CGG AGT GAG AAT GGC GTG AA - #G CTG ACC TAT GGA GAC1373Glu Ser Lys Phe Arg Ser Glu Asn Gly Val Ly - #s Leu Thr Tyr Gly Asp# 405- GCT CAG AAC CTC TTG GAA GCA GCC AGT GCT GG - #G GCT GCC ATC TCA GTG1421Ala Gln Asn Leu Leu Glu Ala Ala Ser Ala Gl - #y Ala Ala Ile Ser Val# 420- AAG GTC GTT GGC AAC ATT GCT GCC AAT CTG AT - #T GCC TTC CTG GCT GTA1469Lys Val Val Gly Asn Ile Ala Ala Asn Leu Il - #e Ala Phe Leu Ala Val# 435- CTA GCC TTC GTC AAT GCT GCC CTC TCC TGG CT - #A GGG GAC ATG GTG GAC1517Leu Ala Phe Val Asn Ala Ala Leu Ser Trp Le - #u Gly Asp Met Val Asp# 450- ATC CAG GGA CTC AGC TTC CAG CTC ATC TGC TC - #C TAC GTC CTG CGG CCT1565Ile Gln Gly Leu Ser Phe Gln Leu Ile Cys Se - #r Tyr Val Leu Arg Pro455 4 - #60 4 - #65 4 -#70- GTG GCC TTC TTG ATG GGT GTG GCC TGG GAG GA - #C TGT CCG GTA GTG GCT1613Val Ala Phe Leu Met Gly Val Ala Trp Glu As - #p Cys Pro Val Val Ala# 485- GAG TTG CTG GGC ATC AAG TTC TTT CTG AAT GA - #G TTT GTG GCC TAT CAA1661Glu Leu Leu Gly Ile Lys Phe Phe Leu Asn Gl - #u Phe Val Ala Tyr Gln# 500- GAG CTT TCC CAG TAC AAG CAA CGA CGC CTG GC - #A GGG GCT GAG GAG TGG1709Glu Leu Ser Gln Tyr Lys Gln Arg Arg Leu Al - #a Gly Ala Glu Glu Trp# 515- CTT GGT GAC AAG AAA CAG TGG ATC TCT GTC AG - #A GCA GAA ATC CTG ACT1757Leu Gly Asp Lys Lys Gln Trp Ile Ser Val Ar - #g Ala Glu Ile Leu Thr# 530- ACA TAC GCC CTC TGT GGA TTT GCC AAC TTC AG - #C TCC ATC GGC ATC ATG1805Thr Tyr Ala Leu Cys Gly Phe Ala Asn Phe Se - #r Ser Ile Gly Ile Met535 5 - #40 5 - #45 5 -#50- TTG GGA GGC CTG ACC TCC CTA GTC CCC CAG CG - #G AGG AGC GAC TTC TCC1853Leu Gly Gly Leu Thr Ser Leu Val Pro Gln Ar - #g Arg Ser Asp Phe Ser# 565- CAG ATT GTA CTC CGG GCA CTG ATC ACA GGG GC - #T TTC GTG TCC CTG CTA1901Gln Ile Val Leu Arg Ala Leu Ile Thr Gly Al - #a Phe Val Ser Leu Leu# 580- AAC GCC TGT GTG GCA GGG ATC CTC TAT GTA CC - #C AGG GGG GTC GAG GTG1949Asn Ala Cys Val Ala Gly Ile Leu Tyr Val Pr - #o Arg Gly Val Glu Val# 595- GAC TGC GTG TCC CTT CTG AAC CAA ACT GTC AG - #C AGC AGC AGC TTT GAG1997Asp Cys Val Ser Leu Leu Asn Gln Thr Val Se - #r Ser Ser Ser Phe Glu# 610- GTT TAC CTG TGC TGC CGC CAA GTC TTC CAG AG - #C ACT AGC TCG GAG TTC2045Val Tyr Leu Cys Cys Arg Gln Val Phe Gln Se - #r Thr Ser Ser Glu Phe615 6 - #20 6 - #25 6 -#30- AGC CAA GTG GCA CTG GAC AAC TGC TGT CGA TT - #T TAC AAC CAC ACA GTC2093Ser Gln Val Ala Leu Asp Asn Cys Cys Arg Ph - #e Tyr Asn His Thr Val# 645- TGC ACA TA GCTGGGACGG AGCATCTTCC TAGCCTCAGG GCTCATCCAG - #2141Cys Thr- CCCAGAGAGG CCGTGGGACT CGTCACTACC TCCATCCCAC AATTGGGAAG GG - #TGCAACGG2201- TCATCGCTGC TCCCATGTCT GCCTCTCCAA GTACGAGTTC CCAGAGTCTG GT - #CTGCTCTC2261- CTGCCCTTTG GGAGCCAACA TTCTGGTCCT CTTGAGTCCT CTTTCCTTGG GA - #ACCTCATG2321- TGCACCAGCC AAAAGCCTCC TCCCTGCTCC CTCCCAAGCA CCCAGCTTGT TG - #GGTATCCC2381# 240 - #0- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:8:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#acids (A) LENGTH: 648 amino (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:8:- Met Ala Asp Asn Thr Gln Ser Gln Arg Glu Se - #r Ile Ser Leu Thr Pro# 15- Met Ala His Gly Leu Glu Asn Met Gly Ala Gl - #u Phe Leu Glu Ser Met# 30- Glu Glu Gly Arg Leu Pro His Ser His Ser Se - #r Leu Pro Glu Gly Glu# 45- Gly Gly Leu Asn Lys Ala Glu Arg Lys Ala Ph - #e Ser Arg Trp Arg Ser# 60- Leu Gln Pro Thr Val Gln Ala Arg Ser Phe Cy - #s Arg Glu His Arg Gln# 80- Leu Phe Gly Trp Ile Cys Lys Gly Leu Leu Se - #r Thr Ala Cys Leu Gly# 95- Phe Leu Met Val Ala Cys Leu Leu Asp Leu Gl - #n Arg Ala Leu Ala Leu# 110- Leu Ile Ile Thr Cys Val Val Leu Val Phe Le - #u Ala Tyr Asp Leu Leu# 125- Lys Arg Leu Leu Gly Ser Lys Leu Arg Arg Cy - #s Val Lys Phe Gln Gly# 140- His Ser Cys Leu Ser Leu Trp Leu Lys Arg Gl - #y Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60- Gly Val Gly Leu Ile Leu Trp Leu Ser Leu As - #p Thr Ala Gln Arg Pro# 175- Glu Gln Leu Val Ser Phe Ala Gly Ile Cys Va - #l Phe Leu Val Leu Leu# 190- Phe Ala Gly Ser Lys His His Arg Ala Val Se - #r Trp Arg Ala Val Ser# 205- Trp Gly Leu Gly Leu Gln Phe Val Leu Gly Le - #u Phe Val Ile Arg Thr# 220- Glu Pro Gly Phe Ile Ala Phe Gln Trp Leu Gl - #y Asp Gln Ile Gln Val225 2 - #30 2 - #35 2 -#40- Phe Leu Ser Tyr Thr Glu Ala Gly Ser Ser Ph - #e Val Phe Gly Glu Ala# 255- Leu Val Lys Asp Val Phe Ala Phe Gln Val Le - #u Pro Ile Ile Ile Phe# 270- Phe Ser Cys Val Met Ser Val Leu Tyr Tyr Le - #u Gly Leu Met Gln Trp# 285- Val Ile Leu Lys Ile Ala Trp Leu Met Gln Va - #l Thr Met Gly Thr Ser# 300- Ala Thr Glu Thr Leu Ser Val Ala Gly Asn Il - #e Phe Val Ser Gln Thr305 3 - #10 3 - #15 3 -#20- Glu Ala Pro Leu Leu Ile Arg Pro Tyr Leu Al - #a Asp Met Thr Leu Ser# 335- Glu Val His Val Val Met Thr Gly Gly Tyr Al - #a Thr Ile Ala Gly Ser# 350- Leu Leu Gly Ala Tyr Ile Ser Phe Gly Ile As - #p Ala Ala Ser Leu Ile# 365- Ala Ala Ser Val Met Ala Ala Pro Cys Ala Le - #u Ala Leu Ser Lys Leu# 380- Val Tyr Pro Glu Val Glu Glu Ser Lys Phe Ar - #g Ser Glu Asn Gly Val385 3 - #90 3 - #95 4 -#00- Lys Leu Thr Tyr Gly Asp Ala Gln Asn Leu Le - #u Glu Ala Ala Ser Ala# 415- Gly Ala Ala Ile Ser Val Lys Val Val Gly As - #n Ile Ala Ala Asn Leu# 430- Ile Ala Phe Leu Ala Val Leu Ala Phe Val As - #n Ala Ala Leu Ser Trp# 445- Leu Gly Asp Met Val Asp Ile Gln Gly Leu Se - #r Phe Gln Leu Ile Cys# 460- Ser Tyr Val Leu Arg Pro Val Ala Phe Leu Me - #t Gly Val Ala Trp Glu465 4 - #70 4 - #75 4 -#80- Asp Cys Pro Val Val Ala Glu Leu Leu Gly Il - #e Lys Phe Phe Leu Asn# 495- Glu Phe Val Ala Tyr Gln Glu Leu Ser Gln Ty - #r Lys Gln Arg Arg Leu# 510- Ala Gly Ala Glu Glu Trp Leu Gly Asp Lys Ly - #s Gln Trp Ile Ser Val# 525- Arg Ala Glu Ile Leu Thr Thr Tyr Ala Leu Cy - #s Gly Phe Ala Asn Phe# 540- Ser Ser Ile Gly Ile Met Leu Gly Gly Leu Th - #r Ser Leu Val Pro Gln545 5 - #50 5 - #55 5 -#60- Arg Arg Ser Asp Phe Ser Gln Ile Val Leu Ar - #g Ala Leu Ile Thr Gly# 575- Ala Phe Val Ser Leu Leu Asn Ala Cys Val Al - #a Gly Ile Leu Tyr Val# 590- Pro Arg Gly Val Glu Val Asp Cys Val Ser Le - #u Leu Asn Gln Thr Val# 605- Ser Ser Ser Ser Phe Glu Val Tyr Leu Cys Cy - #s Arg Gln Val Phe Gln# 620- Ser Thr Ser Ser Glu Phe Ser Gln Val Ala Le - #u Asp Asn Cys Cys Arg625 6 - #30 6 - #35 6 -#40- Phe Tyr Asn His Thr Val Cys Thr 645__________________________________________________________________________

cDNA encoding nucleoside transporter

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Huang et al., "Cloning and Functional Expression of a Complementary DNA Encoding a Mammalian Nucleoside Transport Protein", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 269, No. 27, Jul. 8, 1994 pp. 17757-17760.
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