Chimeric protein comprising an RTX-family cytotoxin and interferon-2 or interferon

DESCRIPTION
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to subunit antigens, vaccine compositions, and methods of administering the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to cytokine-cytotoxin gene fusion products and the use of the same for stimulating immunity against pneumonia.
2. Background of the Invention
Respiratory disease affecting feedlot cattle causes tremendous losses yearly to the cattle industry. Calves are the most severely affected, and a large number of these calves die. This disease is associated with pathogenic microorganisms, particularly Pasteurallae species, and various stresses, such as transportation and overcrowding.
Shipping fever is the most economically important respiratory disease associated with Pasteurella species. The disease is characterized by sudden onset, usually within two weeks of stress. The symptoms include dyspnea, cough, ocular and nasal discharge, inappetence and rapid weight loss, fever, increased lung sounds, immunosuppression, general depression, viral and/or bacterial infection of the lungs. Various bacteria and viruses have been isolated from affected animals including Pasteurella spp., bovine herpes virus 1, parainfluenza-3 virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus and Mycoplasma species. The disease typically affects 15-30% of exposed animals and the resulting deaths are typically 2-5% of the exposed population.
Exposure of the animal to stress, plus infection with a variety of viruses, as described above, appears to make the animal susceptible to fibrinous pneumonia caused by P. haemolytica, and to a lesser extent, P. multocida. For a general background on shipping fever see Yates, W. D. G. (1982) Can. J. Comp. Med. 46: 225-263.
P. haemolytica also causes enzootic pneumonia and can infect a wide range of animals, in addition to cattle, including economically important species such as sheep, swine, horses and fowl. P. haemolytica is also frequently found in the upper respiratory tract of healthy animals. Pneumonia develops when the bacteria infect the lungs of these animals. Protection against Pasteurella-associated diseases is therefore economically important to the agricultural industry.
There are two known biotypes of P. haemolytica designated A and T. There are also 12 recognized serotypes which have been isolated from ruminants. Biotype A, serotype 1 (referred to hereinafter as "A1") predominates in bovine pneumonia in North America. Shewen, P. E., and Wilkie, B. N. (1983) Am. J. Vet. Res. 44: 715-719. However, antigens isolated from different serotypes appear to be somewhat cross-reactive. See, e.g., Donanchie et al. (1984) J. Gen. Micro. 130: 1209-1216.
Previous Pasteurellosis vaccines have utilized whole cell preparations of either live or heat killed bacteria of various serotypes as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,328,210, 4,171,354, 3,328,252, 4,167,560 and 4,346,074. Traditional vaccine preparations, however, have not been effective in protecting against Pasteurella infections. Indeed, vaccinated animals are frequently more susceptible to the disease than their non-vaccinated counterparts. Martin et al. (1980) Can. J. Comp. Med. 44: 1-10. The lack of protection offered by traditional vaccines is probably due to the absence of important antigens, virulence determinants, or the presence of immunosuppressive components in the preparations.
Other vaccine preparations have included crude supernatant extracts from P. haemolytica. See, e.g., Shewen, P. E., and Wilkie, B. N. (1988) in Can. J. Vet. Res. 52: 30-36. These culture supernatants, however, contain various soluble surface antigens of the bacterium and produce variable results when administered to animals. Other preparations include capsular extracts obtained via sodium salicylate extraction (see, e.g., Donanchie et al. (1984) 130: 1209-1216; U.S. Pat. No. 4,346,074), saline extracted antigens (see, e.g., Lessley et al. (1985) Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 10: 279-296; Himmel et al. (1982) Am. J. Vet. Res. 43: 764-767), and modified live Pasteurella mutants.
Still other attempts at immunization have included the use of a purified cytotoxin from P. haemolytica. See, e.g. Gentry et al. (1985) Vet. Immunology and Immunopathology 9: 239-250. This cytotoxin, which is a leukotoxin, is secreted by actively growing bacteria. Shewen, P. E., and Wilkie, B. N. (1987) Infect. Immun. 55: 3233-3236. The gene encoding this leukotoxin has been cloned and expressed in bacterial cells. Lo et al. (1985) Infect. Immun. 50: 667-671. Calves which survive P. haemolytica infections possess toxin-neutralizing antibody. Cho, H. J., and Jericho, K. W. F. (1986) Can. J. Vet. Res. 50: 27-31; Cho et al. (1984) Can. J. Comp. Med. 48: 151-155.
Cytokines are a group of hormone-like mediators produced by leukocytes. Cytokines serve as endogenous signals that act in conjunction with antigens to amplify both localized and systemic host defense mechanisms involving macrophages, lymphocytes, and other cell types. Representative lympokines include interleukin-1 (IL1), interleukin-2 (IL2), interleukin-3 (IL3), interleukin-4 (IL4), and gamma-interferon (.gamma.IFN).
IL1 and IL2 both exhibit thymocyte mitogenic activity and IL2 stimulates T lymphocyte proliferation. IL3 stimulates the growth of hematopoietic progenitor cells and multipotential stem cells, and IL4 acts as an induction factor on resting B cells and as a B cell growth and differentiation factor. IL4 also exhibits T cell stimulatory activity.
.gamma.IFN is predominantly produced by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated T lymphocytes. .gamma.IFN has been shown to be a potent immunomodulator and appears to enhance natural killer cell activity, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity (Lawman et al. (1989) "Recombinant Cytokines and their Potential Therapeutic Value in Veterinary Medicine" in Comprehensive Biotech, First Supplement, Animal Biotechnology, Pages 63-106 (Pergamon Press, London).
Gene fusions provide a convenient method for the production of chimeric proteins. The expression of a chimeric protein, such as a cytokine linked to an antigenic polypeptide, allows the simultaneous delivery of both agents to a desired recipient. PCT Publication No. WO 88/00971 (publication date of 11 Feb. 1988) describes the fusion of an IL2 gene with the influenza hemagglutinin coding sequence and the subsequent administration of the fusion protein using a viral vector. The application nowhere contemplates the use of a cytokine fused to leukotoxin for the treatment of pneumonia in animals.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is based on the construction of novel gene fusions between sequences encoding certain cytokines and sequences encoding a cytotoxin derived from the RTX family of toxins, such as the P. haemolytica leukotoxin gene. These constructs produce fusion proteins that can be used to protect cattle and other animals from a number of diseases, depending on the particular fusion, including but not limited to respiratory diseases such as pneumonia, including shipping fever pneumonia.
In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a DNA construct comprising a first nucleotide sequence encoding a cytokine, or an active fragment thereof, operably linked to a second nucleotide sequence encoding at least one epitope of an RTX cytotoxin. In particularly preferred embodiments, the first nucleotide sequence encodes IL2 or .gamma.IFN, or active fragments thereof and the second nucleotide sequence encodes a leukotoxin.
In another embodiment, the subject invention is directed to expression cassettes comprised of (a) the DNA constructs above and (b) control sequences that direct the transcription of the constructs whereby the constructs can be transcribed and translated in a host cell.
In yet another embodiment, the invention is directed to host cells transformed with these expression cassettes.
Another embodiment of the invention provides a method of producing a recombinant polypeptide comprising (a) providing a population of host cells described above and (b) growing the population of cells under conditions whereby the polypeptide encoded by the expression cassette is expressed.
In still another embodiment, the invention is directed to an immunogenic chimeric protein comprising a cytokine, or an active fragment thereof, linked to at least one epitope of an RTX cytotoxin. In particularly preferred embodiments, the cytokine is derived from bovine IL2 or bovine .gamma.IFN and the RTX cytotoxin is a leukotoxin.
Also disclosed are vaccine compositions comprising the chimeric proteins and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle and methods of vaccinating a subject using the same.

These and other embodiments of the present invention will readily occur to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the disclosure herein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 depicts the structure of the leukotoxin gene of P. haemolytica as found in plasmid pAA114.
FIG. 2 shows the structure of plasmid pAA356 carrying a bovine IL2-leukotoxin (IL2-LKT) gene fusion wherein tac is the hybrid trp::lac promoter from E. coli; bla represents the .beta.-lactamase gene (ampicillin resistance); lktA is the P. haemolytica leukotoxin structural gene; IL2 is the bovine interleukin-2 structural gene; and lac1 is the E. coli lac operon repressor.
FIGS. 3A-3K (SEQ ID NOS: 1-2) show the nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid sequence of the bovine IL2-LKT chimeric protein from pAA356.
FIGS. 4A-4C depict the serological response to P. haemolytica LKT and the IL2-LKT chimeric molecule. FIG. 4A shows the changes in IgG anti-LKT in nonimmunized calves; FIG. 4B shows the changes in IgG anti-LKT in LKT-immunized calves; and FIG. 4C shows the changes in IgG anti-LKT in calves immunized with an IL2-LKT fusion protein.
FIG. 5 shows precursor frequency analysis of PBMC responding to recombinant bovine IL2-LKT chimeric protein.
FIG. 6 shows the structure of plasmid pAA497 carrying a bovine .gamma.IFN-LKT gene fusion wherein tac is the hybrid trp::lac promoter from E. coli; bla represents the .beta.-lactamase gene (ampicillin resistance); lktA is the P. haemolytica leukotoxin structural gene; IFN is the bovine gamma-interferon structural gene; and lac1 is the E. coli lac operon repressor.
FIGS. 7A-7L (SEQ ID NOS: 3-4) depict the nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid sequence of the bovine .gamma.IFN-LKT chimeric protein from pAA497.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of molecular biology, microbiology, virology, recombinant DNA technology, and immunology, which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. See, e.g., Sambrook, Fritsch & Maniatis, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition (1989); Maniatis, Fritsch & Sambrook, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (1982); DNA Cloning, Vols. I and II (D. N. Glover ed. 1985); Oligonucleotide Synthesis (M. J. Gait ed. 1984); Nucleic Acid Hybridization (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. 1984); Animal Cell Culture (R. K. Freshney ed. 1986); Immobilized Cells and Enzymes (IRL press, 1986); B. Perbal, A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning (1984); the series, Methods In Enzymology (S. Colowick and N. Kaplan eds., Academic Press, Inc.); and Handbook of Experimental Immunology, Vols. I-IV (D. M. Weir and C. C. Blackwell eds., 1986, Blackwell Scientific Publications).
All patents, patent applications, and publications mentioned herein, whether supra or infra, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
A. Definitions
In describing the present invention, the following terms will be employed, and are intended to be defined as indicated below.
By "cytokine" is meant any one of the group of hormone-like mediators produced by T and B lymphocytes. Representative cytokines include but are not limited to IL1, IL2, IL3, IL4 and .gamma.IFN. An "active" fragment of a cytokine is a fragment of a cytokine which retains activity as determined using standard in vitro and in vivo assays. For example, assays for determining IL2 and .gamma.IFN activity are described in the Examples. See also Campos, M. (1989) Cell. Immun. 120: 259-269 and Czarniecki, C. W. (1986) J. Interferon Res. 6: 29-37. Assays for determining the activity of other cytokines are known and can readily be conducted by those having ordinary skill in the art.
The term "RTX cytotoxin" intends a cytotoxin belonging to the family of cytolytic toxins known as the RTX proteins. The toxins are characterized by a series of repeated amino acid domains near the carboxy terminus. The consensus amino acid sequence is Gly-Gly-X-Gly-(Asn/Asp)-Asp (SEQ ID NO: 5), where X is Lys, Asp, Val or Asn. Such proteins include, among others, leukotoxins derived from Pasteurella and Actinobacillus, such as those found in P. haemolytica, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, A. actinomycetemcomitans, A. suis, as well as the 0 cytotoxins found in Proteus vulgaris, Morganella morganii, Moraxella bovis, Neisseria meningitidis, H. influenzae type B, E. coli alpha hemolysin and Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase hemolysin. (For further descriptions of these toxins, see, e.g., Strathdee, C. A., and Lo, R. Y. C. (1987) Infect. Immun. 55: 3233-3236; Lo, R. Y. C. (1990) Can. J. Vet. Res. 54: S33-S35; Welch, R. A. (1991) Mol. Microbiol. 5: 521-528); Lo et al. (1987) Infect. Immun. 55: 1987-1996; Glaser et al. (1988) Molec. Microbiol. 2: 19-30; Lally et al. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 254: 15451-15456; Kolodrubetz et al. (1989) Infect. Immun. 57: 1465-1469; Chang et al. (1989) DNA 8: 635-647; Frey, J. and Nicolet, J. (1988) Infect. Immun. 56: 2570-2575; Devenish et al. (1989) Infect. Immun. 57: 3210-3213; Koronakis et al. (1987) J. Bacteriol. 169: 1509-1515 and Highlander et al. (1989) DNA 8: 15-28). The desired cytotoxin may be chemically synthesized, isolated from an organism expressing the same, or recombinantly produced.
Furthermore, the term intends an immunogenic protein having an amino acid sequence substantially homologous to a contiguous amino acid sequence found in the particular native cytotoxin molecule. Thus, the term includes both full-length and partial sequences, as well as analogs. Although the native full-length cytotoxins described above display cytolytic activity, the term "cytotoxin" also intends molecules which remain immunogenic yet lack the cytotoxic character of the native toxins. Thus, for example, with respect to the leukotoxins described above, molecules which lack leukotoxic activity yet remain immunogenic, would be captured by the term "leukotoxin." Such a molecule is present in plasmid pAA356, described further below. The nucleotide sequences and corresponding amino acid sequences for several leukotoxins are known. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,957,739 and 5,055,400; Lo et al. (1985) Infect. Immun. 50: 667-67; Lo et al. (1987) Infect. Immun. 55: 1987-1996; Strathdee, C. A., and Lo, R. Y. C. (1987) Infect. Immun. 55: 3233-3236; Highlander et al. (1989) DNA 8: 15-28; Welch, R. A. (1991) Mol. Microbiol. 5: 521-528.
An "antigen" refers to a molecule containing one or more epitopes that will stimulate a host's immune system to make a humoral and/or cellular antigen-specific response. The term is also used interchangeably with "immunogen."
The term "epitope" refers to the site on an antigen or hapten to which a specific antibody molecule binds. The term is also used interchangeably with "antigenic determinant" or "antigenic determinant site." One such epitope is the consensus sequence found among the RTX family of toxins described above. This sequence is Gly-Gly-X-Gly-(Asn/Asp)-Asp (SEQ ID NO: 5), where X is preferably Lys, Asp, Val or Asn. Other substitutions for X in the consensus sequence are also contemplated including substitutions with an aliphatic amino acid, such as Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, a charged amino acid such as Asp, Glu, Arg, His or Lys, or a corresponding neutral amino acid such as Asn or Gln.
An "immunological response" to a composition or vaccine is the development in the host of a cellular and/or antibody-mediated immune response to the composition or vaccine of interest. Usually, such a response includes but is not limited to one or more of the following effects; the production of antibodies, B cells, helper T cells, suppressor T cells, and/or cytotoxic T cells and/or .gamma..delta. T cells, directed specifically to an antigen or antigens included in the composition or vaccine of interest.
The terms "immunogenic" protein, polypeptide or amino acid sequence refer to an amino acid sequence which elicits an immunological response as described above. An "immunogenic" protein, polypeptide or amino acid sequence, as used herein, includes the full-length (or near full-length) sequence of the protein in question, analogs thereof, or immunogenic fragments thereof. By "immunogenic fragment" is meant a fragment of a polypeptide which includes one or more epitopes and thus elicits the immunological response described above. Such fragments will usually be at least about 2 amino acids in length, more preferably about 5 amino acids in length, and most preferably at least about 10 to 15 amino acids in length. There is no critical upper limit to the length of the fragment, which could comprise nearly the full-length of the protein sequence, or even a fusion protein comprising two or more epitopes of the protein.
The term "protein" is used herein to designate a naturally occurring polypeptide. The term "polypeptide" is used in its broadest sense, i.e., any polymer of amino acids (dipeptide or greater) linked through peptide bonds. Thus, the term "polypeptide" includes proteins, oligopeptides, protein fragments, analogs, muteins, fusion proteins and the like.
"Native" proteins or polypeptides refer to proteins or polypeptides recovered from a source occurring in nature. Thus, the term "native leukotoxin" would include naturally occurring leukotoxin and fragments thereof.
"Recombinant" polypeptides refer to polypeptides produced by recombinant DNA techniques; i.e., produced from cells transformed by an exogenous DNA construct encoding the desired polypeptide. "Synthetic" polypeptides are those prepared by chemical synthesis.
A "rotavirus VP6 protein" refers to the art-recognized major viral protein of the inner capsid from any species or strain within the family Reoviridae. See, e.g., Kapikian et al., 1985. Examples of rotavirus strains from which the VP6 protein can be isolated and employed in the present invention include, but are not limited to, Simian SA-11, human D rotavirus, bovine UK rotavirus, human Wa or W rotavirus, human DS-1 rotavirus, rhesus rotavirus, the "O" agent, bovine NCDV rotavirus, human S2 rotavirus, human KUN rotavirus, human 390 rotavirus, human P rotavirus, human M rotavirus, human Walk 57/14 rotavirus, human Mo rotavirus, human Ito rotavirus, human Nemoto rotavirus, human YO rotavirus, human McM2 rotavirus, rhesus monkey MMU18006 rotavirus, canine CU-1 rotavirus, feline Taka rotavirus, equine H-2 rotavirus, human St. Thomas No. 3 and No. 4 rotaviruses, human Hosokawa rotavirus, human Hochi rotavirus, porcine SB-2 rotavirus, porcine Gottfried rotavirus, porcine SB-1A rotavirus, porcine OSU rotavirus, equine H-1 rotavirus, chicken Ch.2 rotavirus, turkey Ty.1 rotavirus, bovine C486 rotavirus, and strains derived from them. Thus the present invention encompasses the use of VP6 from any rotavirus strain, whether from subgroup I, subgroup II, or any as yet unidentified subgroup, as well as from any of the serotypes 1-7, as well as any as yet unidentified serotypes. Such VP6 proteins can be used as immunologic carriers of polypeptides. These carrier molecules comprise amino acid sequences of rotavirus VP6 amino acid sequences which are unique to the class, or any member of the class, of VP6 polypeptides. Such unique sequences of VP6 proteins are referred to as a "rotavirus VP6 inner capsid protein amino acid sequence."
A carrier that is "substantially homologous to a rotavirus VP6 inner capsid protein or a functional fragment thereof" is one in which at least about 85%, preferably at least about 90%, and most preferably at least about 95%, of the amino acids match over a defined length of the molecule. A "functional fragment" of a rotavirus VP6 inner capsid protein is a fragment with the capability of acting as a carrier molecule for the novel chimeric proteins of the instant invention.
A DNA "coding sequence" or a "nucleotide sequence encoding" a particular protein, is a DNA sequence which is transcribed and translated into a polypeptide in a host cell when placed under the control of appropriate regulatory sequences. The boundaries of the coding sequence are determined by a start codon at the 5' (amino) terminus and a translation stop codon at the 3' (carboxy) terminus. A coding sequence can include, but is not limited to, procaryotic sequences, cDNA from eucaryotic mRNA, genomic DNA sequences from eucaryotic (e.g., mammalian) DNA, and even synthetic DNA sequences. A transcription termination sequence will usually be located 3' to the coding sequence.
A "promoter sequence" is a DNA regulatory region capable of binding RNA polymerase in a cell and initiating transcription of a downstream (3' direction) coding sequence. For purposes of defining the present invention, the promoter sequence is bound at the 3' terminus by the translation start codon (ATG) of a coding sequence and extends upstream (5' direction) to include the minimum number of bases or elements necessary to initiate transcription at levels detectable above background. Within the promoter sequence will be found a transcription initiation site (conveniently defined by mapping with nuclease S1), as well as protein binding domains (consensus sequences) responsible for the binding of RNA polymerase. Eucaryotic promoters will often, but not always, contain "TATA" boxes and "CAT" boxes. Procaryotic promoters contain Shine-Dalgarno sequences in addition to the -10 and -35 consensus sequences.
DNA "control sequences" refer collectively to promoter sequences, ribosome binding sites, polyadenylation signals, transcription termination sequences, upstream regulatory domains, enhancers, and the like, which collectively provide for the transcription and translation of a coding sequence in a host cell.
A coding sequence is "operably linked to" another coding sequence when RNA polymerase will transcribe the two coding sequences into mRNA, which is then translated into a chimeric polypeptide encoded by the two coding sequences. The coding sequences need not be contiguous to one another so long as the transcribed sequence is ultimately processed to produce the desired chimeric protein.
A control sequence "directs the transcription" of a coding sequence in a cell when RNA polymerase will bind the promoter sequence and transcribe the coding sequence into mRNA, which is then translated into the polypeptide encoded by the coding sequence.
A "host cell" is a cell which has been transformed, or is capable of transformation, by an exogenous DNA sequence.
A cell has been "transformed" by exogenous DNA when such exogenous DNA has been introduced inside the cell membrane. Exogenous DNA may or may not be integrated (covalently linked) to chromosomal DNA making up the genome of the cell. In procaryotes and yeasts, for example, the exogenous DNA may be maintained on an episomal element, such as a plasmid. With respect to eucaryotic cells, a stably transformed cell is one in which the exogenous DNA has become integrated into the chromosome so that it is inherited by daughter cells through chromosome replication. This stability is demonstrated by the ability of the eucaryotic cell to establish cell lines or clones comprised of a population of daughter cell containing the exogenous DNA.
Two DNA or polypeptide sequences are "substantially homologous" when at least about 80% (preferably at least about 90%, and most preferably at least about 95%) of the nucleotides or amino acids match over a defined length of the molecule. DNA sequences that are substantially homologous can be identified in a Southern hybridization experiment under, for example, stringent conditions, as defined for that particular system. Defining appropriate hybridization conditions is within the skill of the art. See, e.g., Sambrook et al., supra; DNA Cloning, vols I & II, supra; Nucleic Acid Hybridization, supra. A "substantially homologous" sequence also intends a sequence that encodes a protein which is functionally equivalent to the depicted sequences. By "functionally equivalent" is meant that the amino acid sequence of the subject fusion protein is one that will elicit an immunological response, as defined above, equivalent to the response elicited by the unmodified chimeric protein.
A "heterologous" region of a DNA construct is an identifiable segment of DNA within or attached to another DNA molecule that is not found in association with the other molecule in nature. Thus, when the heterologous region encodes a bacterial gene, the gene will usually be flanked by DNA that does not flank the bacterial gene in the genome of the source bacteria. Another example of the heterologous coding sequence is a construct where the coding sequence itself is not found in nature (e.g., synthetic sequences having codons different from the native gene). Allelic variation or naturally occurring mutational events do not give rise to a heterologous region of DNA, as used herein.
A composition containing A is "substantially free of" B when at least about 85% by weight of the total of A+B in the composition is A. Preferably, A comprises at least about 90% by weight of the total of A+B in the composition, more preferably at least about 95%, or even 99% by weight.
The term "treatment" as used herein refers to either (i) the prevention of infection or reinfection (prophylaxis), or (ii) the reduction or elimination of symptoms or the disease of interest (therapy).
B. General Methods
Central to the instant invention is the production of a chimeric protein comprising a cytokine and a cytotoxin belonging to the RTX family of proteins, preferably leukotoxin. This chimeric protein can be used in a vaccine composition to protect animals against a variety of diseases, including respiratory diseases such as pneumonia, including shipping fever pneumonia.
As explained above, cytotoxins contemplated for use in the instant chimeric proteins include any of the various toxins derived from the RTX family of molecules. It is to be understood that modifications of the native amino acid sequence of these toxins which result in proteins which have substantially equivalent or enhanced activity as compared to the native sequences, are also contemplated. These modifications may be deliberate, as through site-directed mutagenesis, or may be accidental, such as through mutation of hosts which produce the cytotoxins. All of these modifications are included, so long as immunogenic activity is retained. Additionally, both full-length cytotoxins, immunogenic fragments thereof, and fusion proteins comprising the same, are intended for use in the subject vaccines.
Particularly useful in the subject chimeric proteins are leukotoxins, and in particular, leukotoxin derived from P. haemolytica. The sequence of the various full-length RTX leukotoxins are known and have been described (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,957,739 and 5,055,400; Lo et al. (1985) Infect. Immun. 50: 667-67; Lo et al. (1987) Infect. Immun. 55: 1987-1996; Strathdee, C. A., and Lo, R. Y. C. (1987) Infect. Immun. 55: 3233-3236; Highlander et al. (1989) DNA 8: 15-28; Welch, R. A. (1991) Mol. Microbiol. 5: 521-528. However, useful leukotoxins include both full-length and truncated forms of the molecule which eliminate the cytotoxic activity thereof. For example, the truncated leukotoxin, LKT 352, derived from the lktA gene present in plasmid pAA352 (ATCC Accession No. 68283), and found in plasmid pAA497 (described further below), will find use in the present chimeras. The cloning strategy for this leukotoxin is described in the examples herein as well as in International Publication No. WO91/15237. LKT 352 is a leukotoxin having 931 amino acids, which lacks the cytotoxic portion of the molecule. Of course, the gene encoding LKT 352 need not be physically derived from the sequence present in plasmid pAA352. Rather, it may be generated in any manner, including for example, by chemical synthesis or recombinant production. In addition, sequence variations may be present so long as the protein is immunogenic.
Similarly, the coding sequences for numerous cytokines have been elucidated. See, e.g., published EPA 088,622 and EPA 230,119 (both describing sequences for bovine .gamma.IFN); Maliszewski et al. (1988) Molec. Immun. 25: 429-437 and Ceretti et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 83: 2332-2337. Again, these cytokines can be purified using standard techniques.
Purification of the above proteins permits the sequencing of the same by any of the various methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, the amino acid sequences of the subject proteins can be determined from the purified proteins by repetitive cycles of Edman degradation, followed by amino acid analysis by HPLC. Other methods of amino acid sequencing are also known in the art. Furthermore, fragments of the proteins can be tested for biological activity and active fragments used in compositions in lieu of the entire protein.
Once the amino acid sequences are determined, oligonucleotide probes which contain the codons for a portion of the determined amino acid sequences can be prepared and used to screen DNA libraries for genes encoding the subject proteins or for analogous genes in related species. The basic strategies for preparing oligonucleotide probes and DNA libraries, as well as their screening by nucleic acid hybridization, are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. See, e.g., DNA Cloning: Vol. I, supra; Nucleic Acid Hybridization, supra; Oligonucleotide Synthesis, supra; Sambrook et al., supra.
First, a DNA library is prepared. The library can consist of a genomic DNA library from the bacteria of interest (for the isolation of the cytotoxin gene) or from appropriate T cells (for the isolation of the desired cytokine gene). Once the library is constructed, oligonucleotides to probe the library are prepared and used to isolate the gene encoding the desired protein. The oligonucleotides are synthesized by any appropriate method. The particular nucleotide sequences selected are chosen so as to correspond to the codons encoding a known amino acid sequence from the desired protein. Since the genetic code is degenerate, it will often be necessary to synthesize several oligonucleotides to cover all, or a reasonable number, of the possible nucleotide sequences which encode a particular region of the protein. Thus, it is generally preferred in selecting a region upon which to base the probes, that the region not contain amino acids whose codons are highly degenerate. In certain circumstances, it may be desirable to prepare probes that are fairly long, and/or encompass regions of the amino acid sequence which would have a high degree of redundancy in corresponding nucleic acid sequences, particularly if this lengthy and/or redundant region is highly characteristic of the protein of interest. It may also be desirable to use two probes (or sets of probes), each to different regions of the gene, in a single hybridization experiment. Automated oligonucleotide synthesis has made the preparation of large families of probes relatively straightforward. While the exact length of the probe employed is not critical, generally it is recognized in the art that probes from about 14 to about 20 base pairs are usually effective. Longer probes of about 25 to about 60 base pairs are also used.
The selected oligonucleotide probes are labeled with a marker, such as a radionucleotide or biotin using standard procedures. The labeled set of probes is then used in the screening step, which consists of allowing the single-stranded probe to hybridize to isolated ssDNA from the library, according to standard techniques. Either stringent or permissive hybridization conditions could be appropriate, depending upon several factors, such as the length of the probe and whether the probe is derived from the same species as the library, or an evolutionarily close or distant species. The selection of the appropriate conditions is within the skill of the art. See, generally, Nucleic Acid hybridization, supra. The basic requirement is that hybridization conditions be of sufficient stringency so that selective hybridization occurs; i.e., hybridization is due to a sufficient degree of nucleic acid homology (e.g., at least about 75%), as opposed to nonspecific binding. Once a clone from the screened library has been identified by positive hybridization, it can be confirmed by restriction enzyme analysis and DNA sequencing that the particular library insert contains a gene for the desired protein.
Alternatively, DNA sequences encoding the proteins of interest can be prepared synthetically rather than cloned. The DNA sequence can be designed with the appropriate codons for the particular amino acid sequence. In general, one will select preferred codons for the intended host if the sequence will be used for expression. The complete sequence is assembled from overlapping oligonucleotides prepared by standard methods and assembled into a complete coding sequence. See, e.g., Edge (1981) Nature 292: 756; Nambair et al. (1984) Science 223: 1299; Jay et al. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259: 6311.
Once coding sequences for the desired proteins have been prepared or isolated, they can be cloned into any suitable vector or replicon. Numerous cloning vectors are known to those of skill in the art, and the selection of an appropriate cloning vector is a matter of choice. Examples of recombinant DNA vectors for cloning and host cells which they can transform include the bacteriophage lambda (E. coli), pBR322 (E. coli), pACYC177 (E. coli), pKT230 (gram-negative bacteria), pGV1106 (gram-negative bacteria), pLAFR1 (gram-negative bacteria), pME290 (non-E. coli gram-negative bacteria), pHV14 (E. coli and Bacillus subtilis), pBD9 (Bacillus), pIJ61 (Streptomyces), pUC6 (Streptomyces), YIp5 (Saccharomyces), YCp19 (Saccharomyces) and bovine papilloma virus (mammalian cells). See, generally, DNA Cloning: Vols. I & II, supra; T. Maniatis et al., supra; B. Perbal, supra.
Suitable restriction enzymes can then be employed to isolate the appropriate cytokine gene or cytotoxin gene and these sequences can be ligated together, using standard techniques (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., supra) and cloned to form a cytokine-cytotoxin fusion gene. It has been found that the cytokine gene can be fused either 5' or 3' to the particular cytotoxin gene in question. For example, the IL2-leukotoxin fusion described in the examples includes the IL2 gene fused to the 5'-end of the full-length lktA leukotoxin gene, whereas the .gamma.IFN-leukotoxin fusion includes the .gamma.IFN gene linked to the 3'-end of the truncated lktA gene.
The fusion gene can be placed under the control of a promoter, ribosome binding site (for bacterial expression) and, optionally, an operator (collectively referred to herein as "control" elements), so that the DNA sequence encoding the chimeric protein is transcribed into RNA in the host cell transformed by a vector containing this expression construction. The coding sequence may or may not contain a signal peptide or leader sequence. The chimeric proteins of the present invention can be expressed using, for example, native P. haemolytica promoter, the E. coli tac promoter or the protein A gene (spa) promoter and signal sequence. Leader sequences can be removed by the bacterial host in post-translational processing. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,431,739; 4,425,437; 4,338,397.
In addition to control sequences, it may be desirable to add regulatory sequences which allow for regulation of the expression of the protein sequences relative to the growth of the host cell. Regulatory sequences are known to those of skill in the art, and examples include those which cause the expression of a gene to be turned on or off in response to a chemical or physical stimulus, including the presence of a regulatory compound. Other types of regulatory elements may also be present in the vector, for example, enhancer sequences.
An expression vector is constructed so that the particular fusion coding sequence is located in the vector with the appropriate regulatory sequences, the positioning and orientation of the coding sequence with respect to the control sequences being such that the coding sequence is transcribed under the "control" of the control sequences (i.e., RNA polymerase which binds to the DNA molecule at the control sequences transcribes the coding sequence). Modification of the sequences encoding the particular chimeric protein of interest may be desirable to achieve this end. For example, in some cases it may be necessary to modify the sequence so that it may be attached to the control sequences with the appropriate orientation; i.e., to maintain the reading frame. The control sequences and other regulatory sequences may be ligated to the coding sequence prior to insertion into a vector, such as the cloning vectors described above. Alternatively, the coding sequence can be cloned directly into an expression vector which already contains the control sequences and an appropriate restriction site.
In some cases, it may be desirable to add sequences which cause the secretion of the polypeptide from the host organism, with subsequent cleavage of the secretory signal. It may also be desirable to produce mutants or analogs of the chimeric proteins of interest. Mutants or analogs may be prepared by the deletion of a portion of the sequence encoding the protein, by insertion of a sequence, and/or by substitution of one or more nucleotides within the sequence. Techniques for modifying nucleotide sequences, such as site-directed mutagenesis, are well known to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., T. Maniatis et al., supra; DNA Cloning, Vols. I and II, supra; Nucleic Acid Hybridization, supra.
A number of procaryotic expression vectors are known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,440,859; 4,436,815; 4,431,740; 4,431,739; 4,428,941; 4,425,437; 4,418,149; 4,411,994; 4,366,246; 4,342,832; see also U.K. Patent Applications GB 2,121,054; GB 2,008,123; GB 2,007,675; and European Patent Application 103,395. Yeast expression vectors are also known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,446,235; 4,443,539; 4,430,428; see also European Patent Applications 103,409; 100,561; 96,491.
Depending on the expression system and host selected, the proteins of the present invention are produced by growing host cells transformed by an expression vector described above under conditions whereby the protein of interest is expressed. The chimeric protein is then isolated from the host cells and purified. If the expression system secretes the protein into growth media, the protein can be purified directly from the media. If the protein is not secreted, it is isolated from cell lysates. The selection of the appropriate growth conditions and recovery methods are within the skill of the art.
An alternative method to identify proteins of the present invention is by constructing gene libraries, using the resulting clones to transform an appropriate microorganism and pooling and screening individual colonies using polyclonal serum or monoclonal antibodies to the desired antigen.
The chimeric proteins of the present invention may also be produced by chemical synthesis such as solid phase peptide synthesis, using known amino acid sequences or amino acid sequences derived from the DNA sequence of the genes of interest. Such methods are known to those skilled in the art. Chemical synthesis of peptides may be preferable if a small fragment of the antigen in question is capable of raising an immunological response in the subject of interest.
The proteins of the present invention or their fragments can be used to produce antibodies, both polyclonal and monoclonal. If polyclonal antibodies are desired, a selected mammal, (e.g., mouse, rabbit, goat, horse, etc.) is immunized with an antigen of the present invention, or its fragment, or a mutated antigen. Serum from the immunized animal is collected and treated according to known procedures. If serum containing polyclonal antibodies is used, the polyclonal antibodies can be purified by immunoaffinity chromatography, using known procedures.
Monoclonal antibodies to the proteins of the present invention, and to the fragments thereof, can also be readily produced by one skilled in the art. The general methodology for making monoclonal antibodies by hybridomas is well known. Immortal antibody-producing cell lines can be created by cell fusion, and also by other techniques such as direct transformation of B lymphocytes with oncogenic DNA, or transfection with Epstein-Barr virus. See, e.g., M. Schreier et al., Hybridoma Techniques (1980); Hammerling et al., Monoclonal Antibodies and T-cell Hybridomas (1981); Kennett et al., Monoclonal Antibodies (1980); see also U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,341,761; 4,399,121; 4,427,783; 4,444,887; 4,452,570; 4,466,917; 4,472,500, 4,491,632; and 4,493,890. Panels of monoclonal antibodies produced against the antigen of interest, or fragment thereof, can be screened for various properties; i.e., for isotype, epitope, affinity, etc. Monoclonal antibodies are useful in purification, using immunoaffinity techniques, of the individual antigens which they are directed against.
Animals can be immunized with the compositions of the present invention by administration of the chimeric protein, or a fragment thereof, or an analog thereof. The chimeric protein can consist of an epitope of an RTX cytotoxin fused to an active fragment of a cytokine, as defined above. Thus, if the fragment or analog of the fusion protein is used, it will include the amino acid sequence of an epitope of the desired cytotoxin which interacts with the immune system to immunize the animal to that and structurally similar epitopes, and an active fragment of a cytokine as defined above.
Chimeric proteins used to immunize a subject contain at least 6-30 amino acids which form the sequence of the desired chimeric protein, and include a cytotoxin epitope and an active cytokine fragment.
Prior to immunization, it may be desirable to increase the immunogenicity of the particular chimeric protein, or an analog of the protein, or particularly fragments of the protein. This can be accomplished in any one of several ways known to those of skill in the art. For example, the antigenic peptide may be administered linked to a carrier. For example, a fragment may be conjugated with a macromolecular carrier. Suitable carriers are typically large, slowly metabolized macromolecules such as: proteins; polysaccharides, such as sepharose, agarose, cellulose, cellulose beads and the like; polymeric amino acids such as polyglutamic acid, polylysine, and the like; amino acid copolymers; and inactive virus particles. Especially useful protein substrates are serum albumins, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, immunoglobulin molecules, thyroglobulin, ovalbumin, and other proteins well known to those skilled in the art.
The protein substrates may be used in their native form or their functional group content may be modified by, for example, succinylation of lysine residues or reaction with Cys-thiolactone. A sulfhydryl group may also be incorporated into the carrier (or antigen) by, for example, reaction of amino functions with 2-iminothiolane or the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of 3-(4-dithiopyridyl propionate. Suitable carriers may also be modified to incorporate spacer arms (such as hexamethylene diamine or other bifunctional molecules of similar size) for attachment of peptides.
Other suitable carriers for the chimeric proteins of the present invention include VP6 polypeptides of rotaviruses, or functional fragments thereof, as disclosed in allowed U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/489,790, filed Mar. 2, 1990, and incorporated herein by reference. Also useful is a fusion product of a viral protein and the subject cytokine-cytotoxin immunogen made by methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,722,840. Still other suitable carriers include cells, such as lymphocytes, since presentation in this form mimics the natural mode of presentation in the subject, which gives rise to the immunized state. Alternatively, the fusion proteins of the present invention may be coupled to erythrocytes, preferably the subject's own erythrocytes. Methods of coupling peptides to proteins or cells are known to those of skill in the art.
The novel chimeric proteins of the instant invention can also be administered via a carrier virus which expresses the same. Carrier viruses which will find use with the instant invention include but are not limited to the vaccinia and other pox viruses, adenovirus, and herpes virus. By way of example, vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the novel chimeric proteins can be constructed as follows. The DNA encoding the particular cytokine-cytotoxin chimeric protein is first inserted into an appropriate vector so that it is adjacent to a vaccinia promoter and flanking vaccinia DNA sequences, such as the sequence encoding thymidine kinase (TK). This vector is then used to transfect cells which are simultaneously infected with vaccinia. Homologous recombination serves to insert the vaccinia promoter plus the gene encoding the instant chimeric protein into the viral genome. The resulting TK-recombinant can be selected by culturing the cells in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine and picking viral plaques resistant thereto.
It is also possible to immunize a subject with a protein of the present invention, or a protective fragment thereof, or an analog thereof, which is administered alone, or mixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle or excipient. Typically, vaccines are prepared as injectables, either as liquid solutions or suspensions; solid forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in, liquid vehicles prior to injection may also be prepared. The preparation may also be emulsified or the active ingredient encapsulated in liposome vehicles. The active immunogenic ingredient is often mixed with vehicles containing excipients which are pharmaceutically acceptable and compatible with the active ingredient. Suitable vehicles are, for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, or the like, and combinations thereof. In addition, if desired, the vehicle may contain minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, or adjuvants which enhance the effectiveness of the vaccine. Adjuvants may include for example, muramyl dipeptides, avridine, aluminum hydroxide, oils, saponins and other substances known in the art. Actual methods of preparing such dosage forms are known, or will be apparent, to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 15th edition, 1975. The composition or formulation to be administered will, in any event, contain a quantity of the protein adequate to achieve the desired immunized state in the individual being treated.
Additional vaccine formulations which are suitable for other modes of administration include suppositories and, in some cases, aerosol, intranasal, oral formulations, and sustained release formulations. For suppositories, the vehicle composition will include traditional binders and carriers, such as, polyalkaline glycols, or triglycerides. Such suppositories may be formed from mixtures containing the active ingredient in the range of about 0.5% to about 10% (w/w), preferably about 1% to about 2%. Oral vehicles include such normally employed excipients as, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium, stearate, sodium saccharin cellulose, magnesium carbonate, and the like. These oral vaccine compositions may be taken in the form of solutions, suspensions, tablets, pills, capsules, sustained release formulations, or powders, and contain from about 10% to about 95% of the active ingredient, preferably about 25% to about 70%.
Intranasal formulations will usually include vehicles that neither cause irritation to the nasal mucosa nor significantly disturb ciliary function. Diluents such as water, aqueous saline or other known substances can be employed with the subject invention. The nasal formulations may also contain preservatives such as, but not limited to, chlorobutanol and benzalkonium chloride. A surfactant may be present to enhance absorption of the subject proteins by the nasal mucosa.
Controlled or sustained release formulations are made by incorporating the chimeric protein into carriers or vehicles such as liposomes, nonresorbable impermeable polymers such as ethylenevinyl acetate copolymers and Hytrel.RTM. copolymers, swellable polymers such as hydrogels, or resorbable polymers such as collagen and certain polyacids or polyesters such as those used to make resorbable sutures. The chimeric proteins can also be delivered using implanted mini-pumps, well known in the art.
Furthermore, the chimeric proteins (or complexes thereof) may be formulated into vaccine compositions in either neutral or salt forms. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the acid addition salts (formed with the free amino groups of the active polypeptides) and which are formed with inorganic acids such as, for example, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids, or such organic acids as acetic, oxalic, tartaric, mandelic, and the like. Salts formed from free carboxyl groups may also be derived from inorganic bases such as, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, or ferric hydroxides, and such organic bases as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, and the like.
To immunize a subject, the polypeptide of interest, or an immunologically active fragment thereof, is administered parenterally, usually by intramuscular injection in an appropriate vehicle. Other modes of administration, however, such as subcutaneous, intravenous injection and intranasal delivery, are also acceptable. Injectable vaccine formulations will contain an effective amount of the active ingredient in a vehicle, the exact amount being readily determined by one skilled in the art. The active ingredient may typically range from about 1% to about 95% (w/w) of the composition, or even higher or lower if appropriate. The quantity to be administered depends on the animal to be treated, the capacity of the animal's immune system to synthesize antibodies, and the degree of protection desired. With the present vaccine formulations, 50 .mu.g of active ingredient per ml of injected solution should be adequate to raise an immunological response when a dose of 1 to 5 ml per animal is administered. Other effective dosages can be readily established by one of ordinary skill in the art through routine trials establishing dose response curves. The subject is immunized by administration of the particular antigen or fragment thereof, or analog thereof, in at least one dose, and preferably two doses. Moreover, the animal may be administered as many doses as is required to maintain a state of immunity to pneumonia.
Below are examples of specific embodiments for carrying out the present invention. The examples are offered for illustrative purposes only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way.
Deposits of Strains Useful in Practicing the Invention
A deposit of biologically pure cultures of the following strains was made with the American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. The accession number indicated was assigned after successful viability testing, and the requisite fees were paid. Access to said cultures will be available during pendency of the patent application to one determined by the Commissioner to be entitled thereto under 37 CFR 1.14 and 35 USC 122. All restriction on availability of said cultures to the public will be irrevocably removed upon the granting of a patent based upon the application. Moreover, the designated deposits will be maintained for a period of thirty (30) years from the date of deposit, or for five (5) years after the last request for the deposit; or for the enforceable life of the U.S. patent, whichever is longer. Should a culture become nonviable or be inadvertently destroyed, or, in the case of plasmid-containing strains, lose its plasmid, it will be replaced with a viable culture(s) of the same taxonomic description.
______________________________________Strain Deposit Date ATCC No.______________________________________P. haemolytica serotype 1 B122 February 1, 1989 53863pAA356 in E. coli W1485 August 14, 1990 68386pAA352 in E. coli W1485 March 30, 1990 68283______________________________________
C. Experimental
Materials and Methods
Enzymes were purchased from commercial sources, and used according to the manufacturers' directions. Radionucleotides and nitrocellulose filters were also purchased from commercial sources.
In the cloning of DNA fragments, except where noted, all DNA manipulations were done according to standard procedures. See Sambrook et al., supra. Restriction enzymes, T.sup.4 DNA ligase, E. coli, DNA polymerase I, Klenow fragment, and other biological reagents were purchased from commercial suppliers and used according to the manufacturers' directions. Double-stranded DNA fragments were separated on agarose gels.
cDNA and genomic libraries were prepared by standard techniques in pUC13 and the bacteriophage lambda gt11, respectively. See DNA Cloning: Vols I and II, supra.
P. haemolytica biotype A, serotype 1 ("A1") strain B122 was isolated from the lung of a calf which died of pneumonic pasteurellosis and was stored at -70.degree. C. in defibrinated blood. Routine propagation was carried out on blood agar plates or in brain heart infusion broth (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.) supplemented with 5% (v/v) horse serum (Gibco Canada Ltd., Burlington, Canada). All cultures were incubated at 37.degree. C.
EXAMPLE 1
Construction of an IL2-leukotoxin Gene Fusion
1. Modification of the Bovine IL2 Gene
The bovine IL2 gene, in the plasmid pBOVIL2 (CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland), was digested to completion with the restriction endonuclease BclI and the single-stranded ends removed by Mung Bean nuclease treatment. The DNA was then digested with EcoRI in order to excise the IL2 gene fragment. This fragment was ligated into the cloning vector pTZ19R (Pharmacia, Canada) (EcoRI/SmaI-digested). Sequence analysis revealed two populations of clones which differed only in the reading frame at the 3'-end of the gene. The first, pAA284, had a terminal sequence of 5'-TCA ACA ATG ACT GGG ATC CTC-3'(BamHI site in vector underlined) while the second, pAA285, had a terminal sequence of 5'-TCA ACA ATG ACT GGG GAT CCT-3'. The sequences shown in bold face are from the IL2 gene. Because of the differences in reading frame, heterologous genes in two out of three reading frames can be fused to the bovine IL2 gene.
2. Construction of IL2-LKT Fusions
To isolate the leukotoxin gene, gene libraries of P. haemolytica A1 (strain B122) were constructed using standard techniques. See Lo et al., Infect. Immun., supra; DNA Cloning: Vols. I and II, supra; and Sambrook et al., supra. A genomic library was constructed in the plasmid vector pUC13 and a DNA library constructed in the bacteriophage lambda gt11. The resulting clones were used to transform E. coli and individual colonies were pooled and screened for reaction with serum from a calf which had survived a P. haemolytica infection and that had been boosted with a concentrated culture supernatant of P. haemolytica to increase anti-leukotoxin antibody levels. Positive colonies were screened for their ability to produce leukotoxin by incubating cell lysates with bovine neutrophils and subsequently measuring release of lactate dehydrogenase from the latter.
Several positive colonies were identified and these recombinants were analyzed by restriction endonuclease mapping. One clone appeared to be identical to a leukotoxin gene cloned previously. See Lo et al., Infect. Immun., supra. To confirm this, smaller fragments were recloned and the restriction maps compared. It was determined that approximately 4 kilobase pairs of DNA had been cloned. Progressively larger clones were isolated by carrying out a chromosome walk (5' to 3' direction) in order to isolate full-length recombinants which were approximately 8 kb in length. The final construct was termed pAA114. This construct contained the entire leukotoxin gene sequence. The structure of this plasmid is shown in FIG. 1.
lktA, a MaeI restriction endonuclease fragment from pAA114 which contained the entire leukotoxin gene, was treated with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I plus nucleotide triphosphates and ligated into the SmaI site of the cloning vector pUC13. This plasmid was named pAA179. From this, an expression construct was made in the ptac-based vector pGH432: lacI digested with SmaI. This construct was termed pAA345 and contained the entire MaeI fragment described above. This plasmid expresses full-length leukotoxin.
The plasmid pAA345 containing the P. haemolytica leukotoxin gene lktA was digested with BamHI and BglII, and the 2.75 kilobase fragment was ligated into BamHI-digested pAA285 (above). The resulting plasmid, pAA354, was digested with ApaLI, the 5'-overhang filled in with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I, and finally digested with BamHI. The IL2-LKT fragment was gel purified and ligated into the expression vector pGH433 lacI which had been cut with BglII, filled in with Klenow polymerase and digested with BamHI. The resulting clone, pAA356 (ATCC No. 68386), contained the IL2-LKT gene fusion under the control of the E. coli tac promoter. FIG. 2 shows the structure of pAA356 while FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO: 1-2) shows the nucleotide sequence and corresponding amino acid sequence of the fusion protein expressed by this plasmid. The resulting fusion is a gene fusion of bovine IL2 to the 5'-end of the full-length lktA gene (approximately 750 bp).
3. Purification of Recombinant IL2-LKT
Recombinant IL2-LKT was purified using the following procedure. Five to ten colonies of E. coli W1485/pAA356 (ATCC no. 68386) were inoculated into 10 ml of TB broth supplemented with 100 micrograms/ml of ampicillin and incubated at 37.degree. C. for 6 hours on a G10 shaker, 220 rpm. Four ml of this culture was diluted into each of two baffled Fernbach flasks containing 400 ml of TB broth+ampicillin and incubated overnight as described above. Cells were harvested by centrifugation for 10 minutes at 4,000 rpm in polypropylene bottles, 500 ml volume, using a Sorvall GS3 rotor. The pellet was resuspended in an equal volume of TB broth containing ampicillin which had been prewarmed to 37.degree. C. (i.e., 2.times.400 ml), and the cells were incubated for 2 hours as described above.
3.2 ml of isopropyl-B,D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG, Gibco/BRL), 500 mM in water (final concentration=4 mM), was added to each culture in order to induce synthesis of recombinant IL2-LKT. Cultures were incubated for two hours. Cells were harvested by centrifugation as described above, resuspended in 30 ml of 50 mM Tris-hydrochloride, 25% (w/v) sucrose, pH 8.0, and frozen at -70.degree. C. The frozen cells were thawed at room temperature after 60 minutes at -70.degree. C. and 5 ml of lysozyme (Sigma, 20 mg/ml in 250 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0) was added. The mixture was vortexed at high speed for 10 seconds and then placed on ice for 15 minutes. The cells were then added to 500 ml of lysis buffer in a 1000 ml beaker and mixed by stirring with a 2 ml pipette. The beaker containing the lysed cell suspension was placed on ice and sonicated for a total of 2.5 minutes (5-30 second bursts with 1 minute cooling between each) with a Braun sonicator, large probe, set at 100 watts power. Equal volumes of the solution were placed in Teflon SS34 centrifuge tubes and centrifuged for 20 minutes at 10,000 rpm in a Sorvall SS34 rotor. The pellets were resuspended in a total of 100 ml of sterile double distilled water by vortexing at high speed, and the centrifugation step repeated. Supernatants were discarded and the pellets combined in 20 ml of 10 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, pH 8.0 (Tris-buffered saline) and the suspension frozen overnight at -20.degree. C.
The recombinant suspension was thawed at room temperature and added to 100 ml of 8M Guanidine HCl (Sigma) in Tris-buffered saline and mixed vigorously. A magnetic stir bar was placed in the bottle and the solubilized sample was mixed at room temperature for 30 minutes. The solution was transferred to a 2000 ml Ehrlenmyer flask and 1200 ml of Tris-buffered saline was quickly added. This mixture was stirred at room temperature for an additional 2 hours. 500 ml aliquots were placed in dialysis bags (Spectrum, 63.7 mm diameter, 6,000-8,000 MW cutoff, #132670, from Fisher scientific) and these were placed in 4,000 ml beakers containing 3,500 ml of Tris-buffered saline+0.5M Guanidine HCl. The beakers were placed in a 4.degree. C. room on a magnetic stirrer overnight after which dialysis buffer was replaced with Tris-buffered saline+0.1M Guanidine HCl and dialysis continued for 12 hours. The buffer was then replaced with Tris-buffered saline+0.05M Guanidine HCl and dialysis continued overnight. The buffer was replaced with Tris-buffered saline (no guanidine), and dialysis continued for 12 hours. This was repeated three more times. The final solution was poured into a 2000 ml plastic roller bottle (Corning) and 13 ml of 100 mM PMSF (in ethanol) was added to inhibit protease activity. The solution was stored at -20.degree. C. in 100 ml aliquots.
EXAMPLE 2
Measurement of IL2 Activity
Cell-free lysates were prepared by detergent lysis from E. coli carrying pAA356 as described above and an isogenic strain carrying the pGH433 vector without IL2-LKT. The IL2-LKT molecule was evident on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. IL2 activity was measured using an IL2-dependent T-cell line derived from Con-A-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The recombinant lysates were added to IL2-dependent cells and proliferation was measured after 48 hours incubation at 37.degree. C. The proliferative response to IL2 was compared to T lymphocytes cultured in medium alone or cells stimulated with recombinant human IL2 (specific activity=3.6.times.10.sup.6 U/mg). Recombinant leukotoxin without IL2 was also included as a control. The results, shown in Table 1, confirm the IL2 activity of the fusion protein.
TABLE 1______________________________________IL2 Activity of IL2-LKT Fusion ProductTested on an IL2-Dependent T-Cell Line.sup.a Counts per MinuteSample 10.sup.-2 10.sup.-3 10.sup.-4______________________________________Recombinant Leukotoxin 357 372 383Vector Only (pGH433) 487 598 506IL2-LKT (pAA356) 28,634 22,329 9,961______________________________________ .sup.a Activity induced by recombinant human IL2 standards: 25 U/ml = 30,159 cpm; 12 U/ml = 23,666 cpm; 6 U/ml = 22,837 cpm; 3 U/ml = 15,828 cpm; 1.5 U/ml = 8,944 cpm; 0.6 U/ml = 3,233 cpm.
Thus, it is evident that the chimeric protein retains IL2 cell proliferative activity.
EXAMPLE 3
Serological Response to P. haemolytica LKT and the IL2-LKT Chimeric Molecule
To test whether the serological activity of the chimeric molecule differed from the serological activity of leukotoxin alone, the following experiment was done.
Calves (three per group) were immunized at time 0 with 100 .mu.g of: (1) full-length recombinant P. haemolytica leukotoxin (LKT), (2) an equivalent molar ratio of the IL2-LKT chimeric protein, or (3) PBS. All of these were formulated in phosphate-buffered saline with Emulsigen as the adjuvant. Serological assessment of immune responsiveness to LKT or the chimera was carried out at -15, -7, -3 days and immediately prior to immunization on day 0, and daily for 20 days post-immunization. Serum antibody of the IgG class was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, using leukotoxin as the antigen.
As can be seen in FIGS. 4A-4C, the mean of individual serological titers in the nonimmunized group (FIG. 4A) remained at levels below 1/32 (log.sub.2 5). One of the three calves in this group seroconverted to leukotoxin positive at day 20 because of natural infection with P. haemolytica. In the LKT-immunized group (4B), titers began to rise at day 6 after immunization, reaching a maximum (1/1024-1/8192; log.sub.2 10-14) on day 8-10, where they remained for the duration of the experiment. In the chimera-immunized animals (4C), responses to LKT began to rise after day 4 postimmunization, reaching a maximum (1/1024-1/4096 log.sub.2 10-12) on day 8 after immunization.
Thus, the serological activity of the chimeric molecule when compared to the activity of leukotoxin alone was not significantly different, both with respect to kinetics and magnitude. Serum antibody from one animal in the leukotoxin immunized group appeared to react with leukotoxin prior to immunization (with titers >1/128; log.sub.2 7), and while it is unlikely that this animal suffered a P. haemolytica infection, serum antibodies against another bacterial toxin could be cross-reacting with leukotoxin. The conclusion from this experiment is that when IL2 is genetically chimerized to the leukotoxin molecule, it does not affect the ability of the LKT to induce a normal IgG antibody response when compared to the administration of recombinant leukotoxin alone.
EXAMPLE 4
Immunization of Calves with LKT and the IL2-LKT Chimeric Molecule
Calves were immunized at time 0 according to the protocols in Table 2. 117 micrograms of IL2-LKT were given (molar equivalent) and 100 micrograms of LKT given (molar equivalent).
TABLE 2______________________________________Calf Immunization Protocols NumberAntigen Adjuvant of Doses Interval______________________________________LKT Emulsigen-plus 5 12 HIL2-LKT Emulsigen-plus 5 12 HIL2-LKT Emulsigen-plus 1IL2-LKT None 5 12 H______________________________________ LKT refers to fulllength leukotoxin. IL2LKT refers to LKT chimerized to bovine IL2. In multipledose regimes, five doses were given at 12 h intervals over 2.5 days.
1. Precursor Frequency Analysis
The number of cells capable of responding to LKT following immunization was assessed using limiting dilution analysis (LDA). At the times indicated following immunization, T and B lymphocytes were isolated from peripheral blood by passing through Sephadex G-10 columns. Monocyte depletion was confirmed by flow cytometry. This cell population was diluted to various concentrations (10.sup.5 to 10.sup.2 /ml) and added to 96-well plates in the presence of feeder cells (autologous 1500 rad irradiated PBMC) and antigen (LKT) at a previously determined optimal concentration (20 .mu.g/ml). In some experiments, cells were stimulated with IL2-LKT (LKT356) or an equimolar concentration of IL2. Following incubation at 37.degree. C. for 5 to 7 days, .sup.3 H-thymidine was added to wells and cultures were harvested after an additional 24 hours incubation, counted and the percent negative cultures assessed following comparison with control cultures (i.e., cells cultured in the absence of antigen). Semi-Log.sub.10 plots were done of Log.sub.10 Percent negative cultures (Y) against number of cells plated (X). The number of cells responding at 37% negative cultures was calculated from an equation derived from the regression curve of Y versus X.
As can be seen in FIG. 5, the chimerization of LKT to IL2 does not affect the ability of PBMC to respond to the IL2 component of the molecule. Furthermore, precursor frequency analysis of cells responding to LKT or IL2-LKT yielded the following results: After immunization with LKT or IL2-LKT, with or without the adjuvant Emulsigen-plus, there was a dramatic increase in the number of cells responding to LKT. Following a single immunizing dose of IL2-LKT with Emulsigen-plus, there was no detectable increase in precursor frequency (Table 3).
2. Serology
Serum from the immunized calves was assessed for antibodies against LKT at the times indicated in Table 3. LKT antibodies were detected using standard ELISAs.
All animals showed an increased antibody titer against LKT following immunization. Increases were more marked in those animals given Emulsigen-plus in the formulation. Specifically, animals immunized with the chimera had a titer of 1/700 15 days after immunization, whereas when the same immunization was done with Emulsigen-plus, the titer was 1/35,000. Furthermore, even following one dose of IL2-LKT with Emulsigen-plus, the serological titer was 1/2500 (Table 3).
TABLE 3______________________________________Immunization.sup.a Adjuvant.sup.b Time (D).sup.c F.sup.d Serology.sup.e______________________________________LKT (M) Emulsigen- 0 1:55657 1/150 plus 15 1:11087 1/6000IL2-LKT (M) None 0 1:16728 1/200 15 1:8976 1/700IL2-LKT (S) Emulsigen- 0 1:50755 1/300 plus 15 1:117317 1/2500IL2-LKT (M) None*** 0 1:20728 1/1000 15 1:16882 1/35000______________________________________ .sup.a M: multiple dose regimen; S: single bolus dose. .sup.b Adjuvant given with all doses. ***High values at time 0 may indicate a prior infection or xreactivity. .sup.c Time following first inoculation. .sup.d Precursor frequency of B and T cells proliferating in response to LKT. .sup.e Serology determined by ELISA using LKT as antigen.
Thus, this study demonstrated the ability of LKT and IL2-LKT formulations to elicit cellular and humoral immunity responses following single or multiple immunization. When Emulsigen-plus was used as an adjuvant, there was a high serological response. This was regardless of whether LKT or IL2-LKT was given as a single or multiple immunization regimen. The single dose inoculum gave a high humoral response (antibody titer) in the near absence of any detectable cellular response. The animal that elicited the highest cellular response after immunization was that which was given IL2-LKT alone. Therefore, IL2-LKT can elicit the highest state of cellular reactivity. A higher humoral response can also be elicited by combining the chimeric protein with an adjuvant.
EXAMPLE 5
Construction of a .gamma.IFN-Leukotoxin Gene Fusion
To isolate the leukotoxin gene, gene libraries of P. haemolytica A1 (strain B122) were constructed using standard techniques. See Lo et al., Infect, Immun., supra; DNA Cloning: Vols. I and II, supra; and T. MANIATIS et al., supra. A genomic library was constructed in the plasmid vector pUC13 and a DNA library constructed in the bacteriophage lambda gt11. The resulting clones were used to transform E. coli and individual colonies were pooled and screened for reaction with serum from a calf which had survived a P. haemolytica infection and that had been boosted with a concentrated culture supernatant of P. haemolytica to increase anti-leukotoxin antibody levels. Positive colonies were screened for their ability to produce leukotoxin by incubating cell lysates with bovine neutrophils and subsequently measuring release of lactate dehydrogenase from the latter.
Several positive colonies were identified and these recombinants were analyzed by restriction endonuclease mapping. One clone appeared to be identical to a leukotoxin gene cloned previously. See Lo et al., Infect. Immun., supra. To confirm this, smaller fragments were recloned and the restriction maps compared. It was determined that approximately 4 kilobase pairs of DNA had been cloned. Progressively larger clones were isolated by carrying out a chromosome walk (5' to 3' direction) in order to isolate full-length recombinants which were approximately 8 kb in length. The final construct was termed pAA114. This construct contained the entire leukotoxin gene sequence. The structure of this plasmid is shown in FIG. 1.
lktA, a MaeI restriction endonuclease fragment from pAA114 which contained the entire leukotoxin gene, was treated with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I plus nucleotide triphosphates and ligated into the SmaI site of the cloning vector pUC13. This plasmid was named pAA179. From this, two expression constructs were made in the ptac-based vector pGH432: lacI digested with SmaI. One, pAA342, consisted of the 5'-AhaIII fragment of the lktA gene while the other, pAA345, contained the entire MaeI fragment described above. The clone pAA342 expressed a truncated leukotoxin peptide at high levels while pAA345 expressed full length leukotoxin at very low levels. Therefore, the 3' end of the lktA gene (StyI BamHI fragment from pAA345) was ligated to StyI BamHI-digested pAA342, yielding the plasmid pAA352, which also expressed the truncated leukotoxin, termed LKT 352.
The coding sequence of the bovine .gamma.IFN gene from the plasmid pBOVIFN.gamma. (CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland), was cloned as a BalI/SspI fragment into pAA352 digested with BamHI and filled in with Klenow DNA Polymerase. The ligation mixture was transformed into E. coli strain JM105 and ampicillin-resistant transformants were selected. DNA from four transformants was analyzed by restriction endonuclease digestion and one plasmid, pAA497 (FIG. 6), was found to contain the interferon gene in the correct orientation. The nucleotide sequence and corresponding amino acid sequence of the fusion is shown in FIG. 7 (SEQ ID NOS: 3-4). The resulting fusion is a gene fusion of bovine .gamma.IFN to the 3'-end of the truncated lktA gene.
The recombinant fusion protein was purified as described in Example 1.3.
EXAMPLE 6
Measurement of .gamma.IFN Activity
Purified recombinant .gamma.IFN-LKT was prepared as described above. IFN activity was tested using three different assays:
1) Expression of MHC class II on monocytes and macrophages.
2) Inhibition of T cell proliferation.
3) Ability to inhibit viral replication.
1. Expression of MHC Class II on Monocytes and Macrophages
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from bovine venous blood and incubated at 37.degree. C. for 18 hours with different concentrations of the .gamma.IFN-LKT chimera and molar equivalent amounts of recombinant bovine .gamma.IFN. Cells were then washed and resuspended in PBS-gelatin containing NaN.sub.3. Cells were incubated with mouse monoclonal anti-MHC Class II antibody for 30 minutes followed by 30 minutes incubation with FITC labelled goat anti-mouse antibody. The percent positive and peak fluorescence was estimated using a Becton-Dickenson FACScan. Results are shown in Table 4. An elevation of peak fluorescence is an indication of interferon activity.
TABLE 4______________________________________ Peak FluorescenceSource Cells Medium .gamma.IFN .gamma.IFN-LKT______________________________________Animal #1 114 153 140Animal #2 120 139 140______________________________________
2. Inhibition of T-Cell Proliferation
Cells were incubated with Con-A in the presence of LKT, .gamma.IFN-LKT, or LKT+.gamma.IFN, and the proliferative response assessed following three days of incubation. Results are shown in Table 5. A decrease in this response is indicative of IFN activity.
TABLE 5______________________________________ Increased Proliferative ResponseSource Cells Medium .gamma.IFN-LKT LKT + .gamma.IFN______________________________________Animal #1 ++++ +/- ++Animal #2 ++++ - ++______________________________________
3. Ability to Inhibit Viral Replication
The activity of .gamma.IFN-LKT was directly compared to the activity of equimolar quantities of .gamma.IFN in a standard VSV plaque inhibition assay using GBK cells as previously reported (Babiuk, L. A. and Rouse, B. T. (1976) Infect. Immun. 13: 1567). Briefly, GBK cells growing in 96-well flat-bottom tissue culture plates (NUNC, Roskilde, DK) were treated with two-fold dilutions of recombinant .gamma.IFN. After overnight incubation, the culture media was removed and 100 .mu.l of fresh culture media containing 100 PFU of VSV was added to each well. After 2 hr of incubation, this virus inoculum was removed and the wells were overlayed with 200 .mu.l of methyl cellulose/MEM. Culture plates were further incubated for 2 hr and stained with crystal violet. The antiviral titer was taken as the dilution of supernatants at which 50% of the cells were protected against VSV. The specific activity of the chimera was estimated as 78,000 units per mg protein.
EXAMPLE 7
Identification of Neutralizing Epitopes of Leukotoxin
As explained above, the P. haemolytica leukotoxin protein is a member of the RTX family of toxins and contains a series of repeated amino acid domains near the carboxy terminus. These domains are likely to be epitopes useful in the subject chimeric proteins. The consensus amino acid sequence is Gly-Gly-X-Gly-(Asn or Asp)-Asp (SEQ ID NO: 5), where X is Lys, Asp, Val or Asn. (Highlander et al. (1989) DNA 8: 15-28; Welch, R. A. (1991) Molec. Microbiol. 5: 521-528). However, other substitutions likely to render immunologically active peptides include substitutions with an aliphatic amino acid, such as Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, a charged amino acid such as Asp, Glu, Arg, His or Lys, or a corresponding neutral amino acid such as Asn or Gln.
Based on this information, a synthetic peptide of the sequence GGNGDDFIDGGKGNDLLHGG (SEQ ID NO: 6) was constructed by standard solid phase technology on an Applied Biosystems peptide synthesizer. Mice were immunized with authentic leukotoxins prepared from either P. haemolytica, or Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (serotypes 1 and 5) at 100 .mu.g per dose with Freund's Complete Adjuvant (first vaccination) or Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant (all subsequent vaccinations). High titer serum samples from immunized mice were tested, in a standard ELISA, for the following: (1) their ability to react with recombinant and authentic P. haemolytica leukotoxin; (2) their ability to react with the toxin produced by A. pleuropneumoniae; and (3) their ability to react with the synthetic peptide described above. The results, summarized in Table 6, are expressed as the relative reactivity at a serum dilution of 1 in 100,000.
TABLE 6______________________________________Presence of Synthetic Peptide Epitopes in Toxins fromP. haemolytica and A. pleuropneumonia serotypes 1 and 5 Relative Serological Response To:Toxin Synthetic Actinobacillus PasteurellaPrepared From: Peptide Toxin Toxin______________________________________A. pleuropneumoniae +++ ++++ ++sero. 5A. pleuropneumoniae + ++++ +sero. 1P. haemolytica +++ not determined ++++______________________________________
This data indicated that animals vaccinated with either of the three leukotoxins developed antibodies which reacted with all toxins and a synthetic peptide based on a portion of the P. haemolytica toxin. Once an appropriate level of anti-peptide serum antibody was reached (ELISA titer of 100,000 or greater), spleen cells were fused with NS1 cells and monoclonal antibody-producing clones were isolated by standard techniques. Culture supernatants from these clones were tested for their ability to react with the synthetic peptide (above) and the respective toxins in an ELISA assay. The results for 2 clones are shown in Table 7.
TABLE 7______________________________________ Relative Reaction With: Actino Pasteurella Synthetic bacillusClone Immunogen Toxin Peptide Toxin______________________________________ET122-6A4-3 Pasteurella ++++ +++++ ND.sup.1 toxinN37-3F9-6 Actino- ND ++++ +++++ bacillus toxin______________________________________ .sup.1 Not determined
These results demonstrate that each of these monoclonal antibodies react with an epitope which is shared by the P. haemolytica and A. pleuropneumoniae toxins, and that this epitope is structurally similar to that of the synthetic peptide. This peptide is also structurally similar to a bovine rotavirus synthetic peptide of the sequence TMNGNEFQTGGIGNLPIRNWNAC, representing amino acids 40-60 of the VP6 protein. The monoclonal antibodies described above can therefore be used to determine the degree of their cross-reactivity with rotavirus proteins based on the epitope represented by the synthetic peptides. Furthermore, the immunologically active leukotoxin fragments might prove useful in immunizing against rotavirus.
These leukotoxin epitopes can be fused to cytokines such as IL2 and .gamma.IFN, or active fragments thereof, to form chimeric proteins for use in vaccine compositions.
Thus, chimeric proteins for use in stimulating immunity against pneumonia and other respiratory diseases have been disclosed. Although preferred embodiments of the subject invention have been described in some detail, it is understood that obvious variations can be made without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
__________________________________________________________________________SEQUENCE LISTING(1) GENERAL INFORMATION:(iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 6(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 3311 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: double(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(ix) FEATURE:(A) NAME/KEY: CDS(B) LOCATION: 1..3294(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:ATGGCTACTGTTAATAGATCTGCACCTACTTCAAGCTCTACGGGGAAC48MetAlaThrValAsnArgSerAlaProThrSerSerSerThrGlyAsn151015ACAATGAAAGAAGTGAAGTCATTGCTGCTGGATTTACAGTTGCTTTTG96ThrMetLysGluValLysSerLeuLeuLeuAspLeuGlnLeuLeuLeu202530GAGAAAGTTAAAAATCCTGAGAACCTCAAGCTCTCCAGGATGCATACA144GluLysValLysAsnProGluAsnLeuLysLeuSerArgMetHisThr354045TTTGACTTTTACGTGCCCAAGGTTAACGCTACAGAATTGAAACATCTT192PheAspPheTyrValProLysValAsnAlaThrGluLeuLysHisLeu505560AAGTGTTTACTAGAAGAACTCAAACTTCTAGAGGAAGTGCTAAATTTA240LysCysLeuLeuGluGluLeuLysLeuLeuGluGluValLeuAsnLeu65707580GCTCCAAGCAAAAACCTGAACCCCAGAGAGATCAAGGATTCAATGGAC288AlaProSerLysAsnLeuAsnProArgGluIleLysAspSerMetAsp859095AATATCAAGAGAATCGTTTTGGAACTACAGGGATCTGAAACAAGATTC336AsnIleLysArgIleValLeuGluLeuGlnGlySerGluThrArgPhe100105110ACATGTGAATATGATGATGCAACAGTAAACGCTGTAGAATTTCTGAAC384ThrCysGluTyrAspAspAlaThrValAsnAlaValGluPheLeuAsn115120125AAATGGATTACCTTTTGTCAAAGCATCTACTCAACAATGACTGGGGAT432LysTrpIleThrPheCysGlnSerIleTyrSerThrMetThrGlyAsp130135140CTAAGCTTCCCTAGACTTACAACCCTATCAAATGGGCTAAAAAACACT480LeuSerPheProArgLeuThrThrLeuSerAsnGlyLeuLysAsnThr145150155160TTAACGGCAACCAAAAGTGGCTTACATAAAGCCGGTCAATCATTAACC528LeuThrAlaThrLysSerGlyLeuHisLysAlaGlyGlnSerLeuThr165170175CAAGCCGGCAGTTCTTTAAAAACTGGGGCAAAAAAAATTATCCTCTAT576GlnAlaGlySerSerLeuLysThrGlyAlaLysLysIleIleLeuTyr180185190ATTCCCCAAAATTACCAATATGATACTGAACAAGGTAATGGTTTACAG624IleProGlnAsnTyrGlnTyrAspThrGluGlnGlyAsnGlyLeuGln195200205GATTTAGTCAAAGCGGCCGAAGAGTTGGGGATTGAGGTACAAAGAGAA672AspLeuValLysAlaAlaGluGluLeuGlyIleGluValGlnArgGlu210215220GAACGCAATAATATTGCAACAGCTCAAACCAGTTTAGGCACGATTCAA720GluArgAsnAsnIleAlaThrAlaGlnThrSerLeuGlyThrIleGln225230235240ACCGCTATTGGCTTAACTGAGCGTGGCATTGTGTTATCCGCTCCACAA768ThrAlaIleGlyLeuThrGluArgGlyIleValLeuSerAlaProGln245250255ATTGATAAATTGCTACAGAAAACTAAAGCAGGCCAAGCATTAGGTTCT816IleAspLysLeuLeuGlnLysThrLysAlaGlyGlnAlaLeuGlySer260265270GCCGAAAGCATTGTACAAAATGCAAATAAAGCCAAAACTGTATTATCT864AlaGluSerIleValGlnAsnAlaAsnLysAlaLysThrValLeuSer275280285GGCATTCAATCTATTTTAGGCTCAGTATTGGCTGGAATGGATTTAGAT912GlyIleGlnSerIleLeuGlySerValLeuAlaGlyMetAspLeuAsp290295300GAGGCCTTACAGAATAACAGCAACCAACATGCTCTTGCTAAAGCTGGC960GluAlaLeuGlnAsnAsnSerAsnGlnHisAlaLeuAlaLysAlaGly305310315320TTGGAGCTAACAAATTCATTAATTGAAAATATTGCTAATTCAGTAAAA1008LeuGluLeuThrAsnSerLeuIleGluAsnIleAlaAsnSerValLys325330335ACACTTGACGAATTTGGTGAGCAAATTAGTCAATTTGGTTCAAAACTA1056ThrLeuAspGluPheGlyGluGlnIleSerGlnPheGlySerLysLeu340345350CAAAATATCAAAGGCTTAGGGACTTTAGGAGACAAACTCAAAAATATC1104GlnAsnIleLysGlyLeuGlyThrLeuGlyAspLysLeuLysAsnIle355360365GGTGGACTTGATAAAGCTGGCCTTGGTTTAGATGTTATCTCAGGGCTA1152GlyGlyLeuAspLysAlaGlyLeuGlyLeuAspValIleSerGlyLeu370375380TTATCGGGCGCAACAGCTGCACTTGTACTTGCAGATAAAAATGCTTCA1200LeuSerGlyAlaThrAlaAlaLeuValLeuAlaAspLysAsnAlaSer385390395400ACAGCTAAAAAAGTGGGTGCGGGTTTTGAATTGGCAAACCAAGTTGTT1248ThrAlaLysLysValGlyAlaGlyPheGluLeuAlaAsnGlnValVal405410415GGTAATATTACCAAAGCCGTTTCTTCTTACATTTTAGCCCAACGTGTT1296GlyAsnIleThrLysAlaValSerSerTyrIleLeuAlaGlnArgVal420425430GCAGCAGGTTTATCTTCAACTGGGCCTGTGGCTGCTTTAATTGCTTCT1344AlaAlaGlyLeuSerSerThrGlyProValAlaAlaLeuIleAlaSer435440445ACTGTTTCTCTTGCGATTAGCCCATTAGCATTTGCCGGTATTGCCGAT1392ThrValSerLeuAlaIleSerProLeuAlaPheAlaGlyIleAlaAsp450455460AAATTTAATCATGCAAAAAGTTTAGAGAGTTATGCCGAACGCTTTAAA1440LysPheAsnHisAlaLysSerLeuGluSerTyrAlaGluArgPheLys465470475480AAATTAGGCTATGACGGAGATAATTTATTAGCAGAATATCAGCGGGGA1488LysLeuGlyTyrAspGlyAspAsnLeuLeuAlaGluTyrGlnArgGly485490495ACAGGGACTATTGATGCATCGGTTACTGCAATTAATACCGCATTGGCC1536ThrGlyThrIleAspAlaSerValThrAlaIleAsnThrAlaLeuAla500505510GCTATTGCTGGTGGTGTGTCTGCTGCTGCAGCCGGCTCGGTTATTGCT1584AlaIleAlaGlyGlyValSerAlaAlaAlaAlaGlySerValIleAla515520525TCACCGATTGCCTTATTAGTATCTGGGATTACCGGTGTAATTTCTACG1632SerProIleAlaLeuLeuValSerGlyIleThrGlyValIleSerThr530535540ATTCTGCAATATTCTAAACAAGCAATGTTTGAGCACGTTGCAAATAAA1680IleLeuGlnTyrSerLysGlnAlaMetPheGluHisValAlaAsnLys545550555560ATTCATAACAAAATTGTAGAATGGGAAAAAAATAATCACGGTAAGAAC1728IleHisAsnLysIleValGluTrpGluLysAsnAsnHisGlyLysAsn565570575TACTTTGAAAATGGTTACGATGCCCGTTATCTTGCGAATTTACAAGAT1776TyrPheGluAsnGlyTyrAspAlaArgTyrLeuAlaAsnLeuGlnAsp580585590AATATGAAATTCTTACTGAACTTAAACAAAGAGTTACAGGCAGAACGT1824AsnMetLysPheLeuLeuAsnLeuAsnLysGluLeuGlnAlaGluArg595600605GTCATCGCTATTACTCAGCAGCAATGGGATAACAACATTGGTGATTTA1872ValIleAlaIleThrGlnGlnGlnTrpAspAsnAsnIleGlyAspLeu610615620GCTGGTATTAGCCGTTTAGGTGAAAAAGTCCTTAGTGGTAAAGCCTAT1920AlaGlyIleSerArgLeuGlyGluLysValLeuSerGlyLysAlaTyr625630635640GTGGATGCGTTTGAAGAAGGCAAACACATTAAAGCCGATAAATTAGTA1968ValAspAlaPheGluGluGlyLysHisIleLysAlaAspLysLeuVal645650655CAGTTGGATTCGGCAAACGGTATTATTGATGTGAGTAATTCGGGTAAA2016GlnLeuAspSerAlaAsnGlyIleIleAspValSerAsnSerGlyLys660665670GCGAAAACTCAGCATATCTTATTCAGAACGCCATTATTGACGCCGGGA2064AlaLysThrGlnHisIleLeuPheArgThrProLeuLeuThrProGly675680685ACAGAGCATCGTGAACGCGTACAAACAGGTAAATATGAATATATTACC2112ThrGluHisArgGluArgValGlnThrGlyLysTyrGluTyrIleThr690695700AAGCTCAATATTAACCGTGTAGATAGCTGGAAAATTACAGATGGTGCA2160LysLeuAsnIleAsnArgValAspSerTrpLysIleThrAspGlyAla705710715720GCAAGTTCTACCTTTGATTTAACTAACGTTGTTCAGCGTATTGGTATT2208AlaSerSerThrPheAspLeuThrAsnValValGlnArgIleGlyIle725730735GAATTAGACAATGCTGGAAATGTAACTAAAACCAAAGAAACAAAAATT2256GluLeuAspAsnAlaGlyAsnValThrLysThrLysGluThrLysIle740745750ATTGCCAAACTTGGTGAAGGTGATGACAACGTATTTGTTGGTTCTGGT2304IleAlaLysLeuGlyGluGlyAspAspAsnValPheValGlySerGly755760765ACGACGGAAATTGATGGCGGTGAAGGTTACGACCGAGTTCACTATAGC2352ThrThrGluIleAspGlyGlyGluGlyTyrAspArgValHisTyrSer770775780CGTGGAAACTATGGTGCTTTAACTATTGATGCAACCAAAGAGACCGAG2400ArgGlyAsnTyrGlyAlaLeuThrIleAspAlaThrLysGluThrGlu785790795800CAAGGTAGTTATACCGTAAATCGTTTCGTAGAAACCGGTAAAGCACTA2448GlnGlySerTyrThrValAsnArgPheValGluThrGlyLysAlaLeu805810815CACGAAGTGACTTCAACCCATACCGCATTAGTGGGCAACCGTGAAGAA2496HisGluValThrSerThrHisThrAlaLeuValGlyAsnArgGluGlu820825830AAAATAGAATATCGTCATAGCAATAACCAGCACCATGCCGGTTATTAC2544LysIleGluTyrArgHisSerAsnAsnGlnHisHisAlaGlyTyrTyr835840845ACCAAAGATACCTTGAAAGCTGTTGAAGAAATTATCGGTACATCACAT2592ThrLysAspThrLeuLysAlaValGluGluIleIleGlyThrSerHis850855860AACGATATCTTTAAAGGTAGTAAGTTCAATGATGCCTTTAACGGTGGT2640AsnAspIlePheLysGlySerLysPheAsnAspAlaPheAsnGlyGly865870875880GATGGTGTCGATACTATTGACGGTAACGACGGCAATGACCGCTTATTT2688AspGlyValAspThrIleAspGlyAsnAspGlyAsnAspArgLeuPhe885890895GGTGGTAAAGGCGATGATATTCTCGATGGTGGAAATGGTGATGATTTT2736GlyGlyLysGlyAspAspIleLeuAspGlyGlyAsnGlyAspAspPhe900905910ATCGATGGCGGTAAAGGCAACGACCTATTACACGGTGGCAAGGGCGAT2784IleAspGlyGlyLysGlyAsnAspLeuLeuHisGlyGlyLysGlyAsp915920925GATATTTTCGTTCACCGTAAAGGCGATGGTAATGATATTATTACCGAT2832AspIlePheValHisArgLysGlyAspGlyAsnAspIleIleThrAsp930935940TCTGACGGCAATGATAAATTATCATTCTCTGATTCGAACTTAAAAGAT2880SerAspGlyAsnAspLysLeuSerPheSerAspSerAsnLeuLysAsp945950955960TTAACATTTGAAAAAGTTAAACATAATCTTGTCATCACGAATAGCAAA2928LeuThrPheGluLysValLysHisAsnLeuValIleThrAsnSerLys965970975AAAGAGAAAGTGACCATTCAAAACTGGTTCCGAGAGGCTGATTTTGCT2976LysGluLysValThrIleGlnAsnTrpPheArgGluAlaAspPheAla980985990AAAGAAGTGCCTAATTATAAAGCAACTAAAGATGAGAAAATCGAAGAA3024LysGluValProAsnTyrLysAlaThrLysAspGluLysIleGluGlu99510001005ATCATCGGTCAAAATGGCGAGCGGATCACCTCAAAGCAAGTTGATGAT3072IleIleGlyGlnAsnGlyGluArgIleThrSerLysGlnValAspAsp101010151020CTTATCGCAAAAGGTAACGGCAAAATTACCCAAGATGAGCTATCAAAA3120LeuIleAlaLysGlyAsnGlyLysIleThrGlnAspGluLeuSerLys1025103010351040GTTGTTGATAACTATGAATTGCTCAAACATAGCAAAAATGTGACAAAC3168ValValAspAsnTyrGluLeuLeuLysHisSerLysAsnValThrAsn104510501055AGCTTAGATAAGTTAATCTCATCTGTAAGTGCATTTACCTCGTCTAAT3216SerLeuAspLysLeuIleSerSerValSerAlaPheThrSerSerAsn106010651070GATTCGAGAAATGTATTAGTGGCTCCAACTTCAATGTTGGATCAAAGT3264AspSerArgAsnValLeuValAlaProThrSerMetLeuAspGlnSer107510801085TTATCTTCTCTTCAATTTGCTAGGGGATCCTAGCTAGCTAGCCATGG3311LeuSerSerLeuGlnPheAlaArgGlySer10901095(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 1098 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:MetAlaThrValAsnArgSerAlaProThrSerSerSerThrGlyAsn151015ThrMetLysGluValLysSerLeuLeuLeuAspLeuGlnLeuLeuLeu202530GluLysValLysAsnProGluAsnLeuLysLeuSerArgMetHisThr354045PheAspPheTyrValProLysValAsnAlaThrGluLeuLysHisLeu505560LysCysLeuLeuGluGluLeuLysLeuLeuGluGluValLeuAsnLeu65707580AlaProSerLysAsnLeuAsnProArgGluIleLysAspSerMetAsp859095AsnIleLysArgIleValLeuGluLeuGlnGlySerGluThrArgPhe100105110ThrCysGluTyrAspAspAlaThrValAsnAlaValGluPheLeuAsn115120125LysTrpIleThrPheCysGlnSerIleTyrSerThrMetThrGlyAsp130135140LeuSerPheProArgLeuThrThrLeuSerAsnGlyLeuLysAsnThr145150155160LeuThrAlaThrLysSerGlyLeuHisLysAlaGlyGlnSerLeuThr165170175GlnAlaGlySerSerLeuLysThrGlyAlaLysLysIleIleLeuTyr180185190IleProGlnAsnTyrGlnTyrAspThrGluGlnGlyAsnGlyLeuGln195200205AspLeuValLysAlaAlaGluGluLeuGlyIleGluValGlnArgGlu210215220GluArgAsnAsnIleAlaThrAlaGlnThrSerLeuGlyThrIleGln225230235240ThrAlaIleGlyLeuThrGluArgGlyIleValLeuSerAlaProGln245250255IleAspLysLeuLeuGlnLysThrLysAlaGlyGlnAlaLeuGlySer260265270AlaGluSerIleValGlnAsnAlaAsnLysAlaLysThrValLeuSer275280285GlyIleGlnSerIleLeuGlySerValLeuAlaGlyMetAspLeuAsp290295300GluAlaLeuGlnAsnAsnSerAsnGlnHisAlaLeuAlaLysAlaGly305310315320LeuGluLeuThrAsnSerLeuIleGluAsnIleAlaAsnSerValLys325330335ThrLeuAspGluPheGlyGluGlnIleSerGlnPheGlySerLysLeu340345350GlnAsnIleLysGlyLeuGlyThrLeuGlyAspLysLeuLysAsnIle355360365GlyGlyLeuAspLysAlaGlyLeuGlyLeuAspValIleSerGlyLeu370375380LeuSerGlyAlaThrAlaAlaLeuValLeuAlaAspLysAsnAlaSer385390395400ThrAlaLysLysValGlyAlaGlyPheGluLeuAlaAsnGlnValVal405410415GlyAsnIleThrLysAlaValSerSerTyrIleLeuAlaGlnArgVal420425430AlaAlaGlyLeuSerSerThrGlyProValAlaAlaLeuIleAlaSer435440445ThrValSerLeuAlaIleSerProLeuAlaPheAlaGlyIleAlaAsp450455460LysPheAsnHisAlaLysSerLeuGluSerTyrAlaGluArgPheLys465470475480LysLeuGlyTyrAspGlyAspAsnLeuLeuAlaGluTyrGlnArgGly485490495ThrGlyThrIleAspAlaSerValThrAlaIleAsnThrAlaLeuAla500505510AlaIleAlaGlyGlyValSerAlaAlaAlaAlaGlySerValIleAla515520525SerProIleAlaLeuLeuValSerGlyIleThrGlyValIleSerThr530535540IleLeuGlnTyrSerLysGlnAlaMetPheGluHisValAlaAsnLys545550555560IleHisAsnLysIleValGluTrpGluLysAsnAsnHisGlyLysAsn565570575TyrPheGluAsnGlyTyrAspAlaArgTyrLeuAlaAsnLeuGlnAsp580585590AsnMetLysPheLeuLeuAsnLeuAsnLysGluLeuGlnAlaGluArg595600605ValIleAlaIleThrGlnGlnGlnTrpAspAsnAsnIleGlyAspLeu610615620AlaGlyIleSerArgLeuGlyGluLysValLeuSerGlyLysAlaTyr625630635640ValAspAlaPheGluGluGlyLysHisIleLysAlaAspLysLeuVal645650655GlnLeuAspSerAlaAsnGlyIleIleAspValSerAsnSerGlyLys660665670AlaLysThrGlnHisIleLeuPheArgThrProLeuLeuThrProGly675680685ThrGluHisArgGluArgValGlnThrGlyLysTyrGluTyrIleThr690695700LysLeuAsnIleAsnArgValAspSerTrpLysIleThrAspGlyAla705710715720AlaSerSerThrPheAspLeuThrAsnValValGlnArgIleGlyIle725730735GluLeuAspAsnAlaGlyAsnValThrLysThrLysGluThrLysIle740745750IleAlaLysLeuGlyGluGlyAspAspAsnValPheValGlySerGly755760765ThrThrGluIleAspGlyGlyGluGlyTyrAspArgValHisTyrSer770775780ArgGlyAsnTyrGlyAlaLeuThrIleAspAlaThrLysGluThrGlu785790795800GlnGlySerTyrThrValAsnArgPheValGluThrGlyLysAlaLeu805810815HisGluValThrSerThrHisThrAlaLeuValGlyAsnArgGluGlu820825830LysIleGluTyrArgHisSerAsnAsnGlnHisHisAlaGlyTyrTyr835840845ThrLysAspThrLeuLysAlaValGluGluIleIleGlyThrSerHis850855860AsnAspIlePheLysGlySerLysPheAsnAspAlaPheAsnGlyGly865870875880AspGlyValAspThrIleAspGlyAsnAspGlyAsnAspArgLeuPhe885890895GlyGlyLysGlyAspAspIleLeuAspGlyGlyAsnGlyAspAspPhe900905910IleAspGlyGlyLysGlyAsnAspLeuLeuHisGlyGlyLysGlyAsp915920925AspIlePheValHisArgLysGlyAspGlyAsnAspIleIleThrAsp930935940SerAspGlyAsnAspLysLeuSerPheSerAspSerAsnLeuLysAsp945950955960LeuThrPheGluLysValLysHisAsnLeuValIleThrAsnSerLys965970975LysGluLysValThrIleGlnAsnTrpPheArgGluAlaAspPheAla980985990LysGluValProAsnTyrLysAlaThrLysAspGluLysIleGluGlu99510001005IleIleGlyGlnAsnGlyGluArgIleThrSerLysGlnValAspAsp101010151020LeuIleAlaLysGlyAsnGlyLysIleThrGlnAspGluLeuSerLys1025103010351040ValValAspAsnTyrGluLeuLeuLysHisSerLysAsnValThrAsn104510501055SerLeuAspLysLeuIleSerSerValSerAlaPheThrSerSerAsn106010651070AspSerArgAsnValLeuValAlaProThrSerMetLeuAspGlnSer107510801085LeuSerSerLeuGlnPheAlaArgGlySer10901095(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 3229 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: double(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(ix) FEATURE:(A) NAME/KEY: CDS(B) LOCATION: 1..3207(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:ATGGCTACTGTTATAGATCTAAGCTTCCCAAAAACTGGGGCAAAAAAA48MetAlaThrValIleAspLeuSerPheProLysThrGlyAlaLysLys151015ATTATCCTCTATATTCCCCAAAATTACCAATATGATACTGAACAAGGT96IleIleLeuTyrIleProGlnAsnTyrGlnTyrAspThrGluGlnGly202530AATGGTTTACAGGATTTAGTCAAAGCGGCCGAAGAGTTGGGGATTGAG144AsnGlyLeuGlnAspLeuValLysAlaAlaGluGluLeuGlyIleGlu354045GTACAAAGAGAAGAACGCAATAATATTGCAACAGCTCAAACCAGTTTA192ValGlnArgGluGluArgAsnAsnIleAlaThrAlaGlnThrSerLeu505560GGCACGATTCAAACCGCTATTGGCTTAACTGAGCGTGGCATTGTGTTA240GlyThrIleGlnThrAlaIleGlyLeuThrGluArgGlyIleValLeu65707580TCCGCTCCACAAATTGATAAATTGCTACAGAAAACTAAAGCAGGCCAA288SerAlaProGlnIleAspLysLeuLeuGlnLysThrLysAlaGlyGln859095GCATTAGGTTCTGCCGAAAGCATTGTACAAAATGCAAATAAAGCCAAA336AlaLeuGlySerAlaGluSerIleValGlnAsnAlaAsnLysAlaLys100105110ACTGTATTATCTGGCATTCAATCTATTTTAGGCTCAGTATTGGCTGGA384ThrValLeuSerGlyIleGlnSerIleLeuGlySerValLeuAlaGly115120125ATGGATTTAGATGAGGCCTTACAGAATAACAGCAACCAACATGCTCTT432MetAspLeuAspGluAlaLeuGlnAsnAsnSerAsnGlnHisAlaLeu130135140GCTAAAGCTGGCTTGGAGCTAACAAATTCATTAATTGAAAATATTGCT480AlaLysAlaGlyLeuGluLeuThrAsnSerLeuIleGluAsnIleAla145150155160AATTCAGTAAAAACACTTGACGAATTTGGTGAGCAAATTAGTCAATTT528AsnSerValLysThrLeuAspGluPheGlyGluGlnIleSerGlnPhe165170175GGTTCAAAACTACAAAATATCAAAGGCTTAGGGACTTTAGGAGACAAA576GlySerLysLeuGlnAsnIleLysGlyLeuGlyThrLeuGlyAspLys180185190CTCAAAAATATCGGTGGACTTGATAAAGCTGGCCTTGGTTTAGATGTT624LeuLysAsnIleGlyGlyLeuAspLysAlaGlyLeuGlyLeuAspVal195200205ATCTCAGGGCTATTATCGGGCGCAACAGCTGCACTTGTACTTGCAGAT672IleSerGlyLeuLeuSerGlyAlaThrAlaAlaLeuValLeuAlaAsp210215220AAAAATGCTTCAACAGCTAAAAAAGTGGGTGCGGGTTTTGAATTGGCA720LysAsnAlaSerThrAlaLysLysValGlyAlaGlyPheGluLeuAla225230235240AACCAAGTTGTTGGTAATATTACCAAAGCCGTTTCTTCTTACATTTTA768AsnGlnValValGlyAsnIleThrLysAlaValSerSerTyrIleLeu245250255GCCCAACGTGTTGCAGCAGGTTTATCTTCAACTGGGCCTGTGGCTGCT816AlaGlnArgValAlaAlaGlyLeuSerSerThrGlyProValAlaAla260265270TTAATTGCTTCTACTGTTTCTCTTGCGATTAGCCCATTAGCATTTGCC864LeuIleAlaSerThrValSerLeuAlaIleSerProLeuAlaPheAla275280285GGTATTGCCGATAAATTTAATCATGCAAAAAGTTTAGAGAGTTATGCC912GlyIleAlaAspLysPheAsnHisAlaLysSerLeuGluSerTyrAla290295300GAACGCTTTAAAAAATTAGGCTATGACGGAGATAATTTATTAGCAGAA960GluArgPheLysLysLeuGlyTyrAspGlyAspAsnLeuLeuAlaGlu305310315320TATCAGCGGGGAACAGGGACTATTGATGCATCGGTTACTGCAATTAAT1008TyrGlnArgGlyThrGlyThrIleAspAlaSerValThrAlaIleAsn325330335ACCGCATTGGCCGCTATTGCTGGTGGTGTGTCTGCTGCTGCAGCCGGC1056ThrAlaLeuAlaAlaIleAlaGlyGlyValSerAlaAlaAlaAlaGly340345350TCGGTTATTGCTTCACCGATTGCCTTATTAGTATCTGGGATTACCGGT1104SerValIleAlaSerProIleAlaLeuLeuValSerGlyIleThrGly355360365GTAATTTCTACGATTCTGCAATATTCTAAACAAGCAATGTTTGAGCAC1152ValIleSerThrIleLeuGlnTyrSerLysGlnAlaMetPheGluHis370375380GTTGCAAATAAAATTCATAACAAAATTGTAGAATGGGAAAAAAATAAT1200ValAlaAsnLysIleHisAsnLysIleValGluTrpGluLysAsnAsn385390395400CACGGTAAGAACTACTTTGAAAATGGTTACGATGCCCGTTATCTTGCG1248HisGlyLysAsnTyrPheGluAsnGlyTyrAspAlaArgTyrLeuAla405410415AATTTACAAGATAATATGAAATTCTTACTGAACTTAAACAAAGAGTTA1296AsnLeuGlnAspAsnMetLysPheLeuLeuAsnLeuAsnLysGluLeu420425430CAGGCAGAACGTGTCATCGCTATTACTCAGCAGCAATGGGATAACAAC1344GlnAlaGluArgValIleAlaIleThrGlnGlnGlnTrpAspAsnAsn435440445ATTGGTGATTTAGCTGGTATTAGCCGTTTAGGTGAAAAAGTCCTTAGT1392IleGlyAspLeuAlaGlyIleSerArgLeuGlyGluLysValLeuSer450455460GGTAAAGCCTATGTGGATGCGTTTGAAGAAGGCAAACACATTAAAGCC1440GlyLysAlaTyrValAspAlaPheGluGluGlyLysHisIleLysAla465470475480GATAAATTAGTACAGTTGGATTCGGCAAACGGTATTATTGATGTGAGT1488AspLysLeuValGlnLeuAspSerAlaAsnGlyIleIleAspValSer485490495AATTCGGGTAAAGCGAAAACTCAGCATATCTTATTCAGAACGCCATTA1536AsnSerGlyLysAlaLysThrGlnHisIleLeuPheArgThrProLeu500505510TTGACGCCGGGAACAGAGCATCGTGAACGCGTACAAACAGGTAAATAT1584LeuThrProGlyThrGluHisArgGluArgValGlnThrGlyLysTyr515520525GAATATATTACCAAGCTCAATATTAACCGTGTAGATAGCTGGAAAATT1632GluTyrIleThrLysLeuAsnIleAsnArgValAspSerTrpLysIle530535540ACAGATGGTGCAGCAAGTTCTACCTTTGATTTAACTAACGTTGTTCAG1680ThrAspGlyAlaAlaSerSerThrPheAspLeuThrAsnValValGln545550555560CGTATTGGTATTGAATTAGACAATGCTGGAAATGTAACTAAAACCAAA1728ArgIleGlyIleGluLeuAspAsnAlaGlyAsnValThrLysThrLys565570575GAAACAAAAATTATTGCCAAACTTGGTGAAGGTGATGACAACGTATTT1776GluThrLysIleIleAlaLysLeuGlyGluGlyAspAspAsnValPhe580585590GTTGGTTCTGGTACGACGGAAATTGATGGCGGTGAAGGTTACGACCGA1824ValGlySerGlyThrThrGluIleAspGlyGlyGluGlyTyrAspArg595600605GTTCACTATAGCCGTGGAAACTATGGTGCTTTAACTATTGATGCAACC1872ValHisTyrSerArgGlyAsnTyrGlyAlaLeuThrIleAspAlaThr610615620AAAGAGACCGAGCAAGGTAGTTATACCGTAAATCGTTTCGTAGAAACC1920LysGluThrGluGlnGlySerTyrThrValAsnArgPheValGluThr625630635640GGTAAAGCACTACACGAAGTGACTTCAACCCATACCGCATTAGTGGGC1968GlyLysAlaLeuHisGluValThrSerThrHisThrAlaLeuValGly645650655AACCGTGAAGAAAAAATAGAATATCGTCATAGCAATAACCAGCACCAT2016AsnArgGluGluLysIleGluTyrArgHisSerAsnAsnGlnHisHis660665670GCCGGTTATTACACCAAAGATACCTTGAAAGCTGTTGAAGAAATTATC2064AlaGlyTyrTyrThrLysAspThrLeuLysAlaValGluGluIleIle675680685GGTACATCACATAACGATATCTTTAAAGGTAGTAAGTTCAATGATGCC2112GlyThrSerHisAsnAspIlePheLysGlySerLysPheAsnAspAla690695700TTTAACGGTGGTGATGGTGTCGATACTATTGACGGTAACGACGGCAAT2160PheAsnGlyGlyAspGlyValAspThrIleAspGlyAsnAspGlyAsn705710715720GACCGCTTATTTGGTGGTAAAGGCGATGATATTCTCGATGGTGGAAAT2208AspArgLeuPheGlyGlyLysGlyAspAspIleLeuAspGlyGlyAsn725730735GGTGATGATTTTATCGATGGCGGTAAAGGCAACGACCTATTACACGGT2256GlyAspAspPheIleAspGlyGlyLysGlyAsnAspLeuLeuHisGly740745750GGCAAGGGCGATGATATTTTCGTTCACCGTAAAGGCGATGGTAATGAT2304GlyLysGlyAspAspIlePheValHisArgLysGlyAspGlyAsnAsp755760765ATTATTACCGATTCTGACGGCAATGATAAATTATCATTCTCTGATTCG2352IleIleThrAspSerAspGlyAsnAspLysLeuSerPheSerAspSer770775780AACTTAAAAGATTTAACATTTGAAAAAGTTAAACATAATCTTGTCATC2400AsnLeuLysAspLeuThrPheGluLysValLysHisAsnLeuValIle785790795800ACGAATAGCAAAAAAGAGAAAGTGACCATTCAAAACTGGTTCCGAGAG2448ThrAsnSerLysLysGluLysValThrIleGlnAsnTrpPheArgGlu805810815GCTGATTTTGCTAAAGAAGTGCCTAATTATAAAGCAACTAAAGATGAG2496AlaAspPheAlaLysGluValProAsnTyrLysAlaThrLysAspGlu820825830AAAATCGAAGAAATCATCGGTCAAAATGGCGAGCGGATCACCTCAAAG2544LysIleGluGluIleIleGlyGlnAsnGlyGluArgIleThrSerLys835840845CAAGTTGATGATCTTATCGCAAAAGGTAACGGCAAAATTACCCAAGAT2592GlnValAspAspLeuIleAlaLysGlyAsnGlyLysIleThrGlnAsp850855860GAGCTATCAAAAGTTGTTGATAACTATGAATTGCTCAAACATAGCAAA2640GluLeuSerLysValValAspAsnTyrGluLeuLeuLysHisSerLys865870875880AATGTGACAAACAGCTTAGATAAGTTAATCTCATCTGTAAGTGCATTT2688AsnValThrAsnSerLeuAspLysLeuIleSerSerValSerAlaPhe885890895ACCTCGTCTAATGATTCGAGAAATGTATTAGTGGCTCCAACTTCAATG2736ThrSerSerAsnAspSerArgAsnValLeuValAlaProThrSerMet900905910TTGGATCAAAGTTTATCTTCTCTTCAATTTGCTAGGGGATCCCAGGGC2784LeuAspGlnSerLeuSerSerLeuGlnPheAlaArgGlySerGlnGly915920925CAATTTTTTAGAGAAATAGAAAACTTAAAGGAGTATTTTAATGCAAGT2832GlnPhePheArgGluIleGluAsnLeuLysGluTyrPheAsnAlaSer930935940AGCCCAGATGTAGCTAAGGGTGGGCCTCTCTTCTCAGAAATTTTGAAG2880SerProAspValAlaLysGlyGlyProLeuPheSerGluIleLeuLys945950955960AATTGGAAAGATGAAAGTGACAAAAAAATTATTCAGAGCCAAATTGTC2928AsnTrpLysAspGluSerAspLysLysIleIleGlnSerGlnIleVal965970975TCCTTCTACTTCAAACTCTTTGAAAACCTCAAAGATAACCAGGTCATT2976SerPheTyrPheLysLeuPheGluAsnLeuLysAspAsnGlnValIle980985990CAAAGGAGCATGGATATCATCAAGCAAGACATGTTTCAGAAGTTCTTG3024GlnArgSerMetAspIleIleLysGlnAspMetPheGlnLysPheLeu99510001005AATGGCAGCTCTGAGAAACTGGAGGACTTCAAAAAGCTGATTCAAATT3072AsnGlySerSerGluLysLeuGluAspPheLysLysLeuIleGlnIle101010151020CCGGTGGATGATCTGCAGATCCAGCGCAAAGCCATAAATGAACTCATC3120ProValAspAspLeuGlnIleGlnArgLysAlaIleAsnGluLeuIle1025103010351040AAAGTGATGAATGACCTGTCACCAAAATCTAACCTCAGAAAGCGGAAG3168LysValMetAsnAspLeuSerProLysSerAsnLeuArgLysArgLys104510501055AGAAGTCAGAATCTCTTTCGAGGCCGGAGAGCATCAACGTAATGGTCCT3217ArgSerGlnAsnLeuPheArgGlyArgArgAlaSerThr10601065CCTGCCTGCAAT3229(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 1069 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:MetAlaThrValIleAspLeuSerPheProLysThrGlyAlaLysLys151015IleIleLeuTyrIleProGlnAsnTyrGlnTyrAspThrGluGlnGly202530AsnGlyLeuGlnAspLeuValLysAlaAlaGluGluLeuGlyIleGlu354045ValGlnArgGluGluArgAsnAsnIleAlaThrAlaGlnThrSerLeu505560GlyThrIleGlnThrAlaIleGlyLeuThrGluArgGlyIleValLeu65707580SerAlaProGlnIleAspLysLeuLeuGlnLysThrLysAlaGlyGln859095AlaLeuGlySerAlaGluSerIleValGlnAsnAlaAsnLysAlaLys100105110ThrValLeuSerGlyIleGlnSerIleLeuGlySerValLeuAlaGly115120125MetAspLeuAspGluAlaLeuGlnAsnAsnSerAsnGlnHisAlaLeu130135140AlaLysAlaGlyLeuGluLeuThrAsnSerLeuIleGluAsnIleAla145150155160AsnSerValLysThrLeuAspGluPheGlyGluGlnIleSerGlnPhe165170175GlySerLysLeuGlnAsnIleLysGlyLeuGlyThrLeuGlyAspLys180185190LeuLysAsnIleGlyGlyLeuAspLysAlaGlyLeuGlyLeuAspVal195200205IleSerGlyLeuLeuSerGlyAlaThrAlaAlaLeuValLeuAlaAsp210215220LysAsnAlaSerThrAlaLysLysValGlyAlaGlyPheGluLeuAla225230235240AsnGlnValValGlyAsnIleThrLysAlaValSerSerTyrIleLeu245250255AlaGlnArgValAlaAlaGlyLeuSerSerThrGlyProValAlaAla260265270LeuIleAlaSerThrValSerLeuAlaIleSerProLeuAlaPheAla275280285GlyIleAlaAspLysPheAsnHisAlaLysSerLeuGluSerTyrAla290295300GluArgPheLysLysLeuGlyTyrAspGlyAspAsnLeuLeuAlaGlu305310315320TyrGlnArgGlyThrGlyThrIleAspAlaSerValThrAlaIleAsn325330335ThrAlaLeuAlaAlaIleAlaGlyGlyValSerAlaAlaAlaAlaGly340345350SerValIleAlaSerProIleAlaLeuLeuValSerGlyIleThrGly355360365ValIleSerThrIleLeuGlnTyrSerLysGlnAlaMetPheGluHis370375380ValAlaAsnLysIleHisAsnLysIleValGluTrpGluLysAsnAsn385390395400HisGlyLysAsnTyrPheGluAsnGlyTyrAspAlaArgTyrLeuAla405410415AsnLeuGlnAspAsnMetLysPheLeuLeuAsnLeuAsnLysGluLeu420425430GlnAlaGluArgValIleAlaIleThrGlnGlnGlnTrpAspAsnAsn435440445IleGlyAspLeuAlaGlyIleSerArgLeuGlyGluLysValLeuSer450455460GlyLysAlaTyrValAspAlaPheGluGluGlyLysHisIleLysAla465470475480AspLysLeuValGlnLeuAspSerAlaAsnGlyIleIleAspValSer485490495AsnSerGlyLysAlaLysThrGlnHisIleLeuPheArgThrProLeu500505510LeuThrProGlyThrGluHisArgGluArgValGlnThrGlyLysTyr515520525GluTyrIleThrLysLeuAsnIleAsnArgValAspSerTrpLysIle530535540ThrAspGlyAlaAlaSerSerThrPheAspLeuThrAsnValValGln545550555560ArgIleGlyIleGluLeuAspAsnAlaGlyAsnValThrLysThrLys565570575GluThrLysIleIleAlaLysLeuGlyGluGlyAspAspAsnValPhe580585590ValGlySerGlyThrThrGluIleAspGlyGlyGluGlyTyrAspArg595600605ValHisTyrSerArgGlyAsnTyrGlyAlaLeuThrIleAspAlaThr610615620LysGluThrGluGlnGlySerTyrThrValAsnArgPheValGluThr625630635640GlyLysAlaLeuHisGluValThrSerThrHisThrAlaLeuValGly645650655AsnArgGluGluLysIleGluTyrArgHisSerAsnAsnGlnHisHis660665670AlaGlyTyrTyrThrLysAspThrLeuLysAlaValGluGluIleIle675680685GlyThrSerHisAsnAspIlePheLysGlySerLysPheAsnAspAla690695700PheAsnGlyGlyAspGlyValAspThrIleAspGlyAsnAspGlyAsn705710715720AspArgLeuPheGlyGlyLysGlyAspAspIleLeuAspGlyGlyAsn725730735GlyAspAspPheIleAspGlyGlyLysGlyAsnAspLeuLeuHisGly740745750GlyLysGlyAspAspIlePheValHisArgLysGlyAspGlyAsnAsp755760765IleIleThrAspSerAspGlyAsnAspLysLeuSerPheSerAspSer770775780AsnLeuLysAspLeuThrPheGluLysValLysHisAsnLeuValIle785790795800ThrAsnSerLysLysGluLysValThrIleGlnAsnTrpPheArgGlu805810815AlaAspPheAlaLysGluValProAsnTyrLysAlaThrLysAspGlu820825830LysIleGluGluIleIleGlyGlnAsnGlyGluArgIleThrSerLys835840845GlnValAspAspLeuIleAlaLysGlyAsnGlyLysIleThrGlnAsp850855860GluLeuSerLysValValAspAsnTyrGluLeuLeuLysHisSerLys865870875880AsnValThrAsnSerLeuAspLysLeuIleSerSerValSerAlaPhe885890895ThrSerSerAsnAspSerArgAsnValLeuValAlaProThrSerMet900905910LeuAspGlnSerLeuSerSerLeuGlnPheAlaArgGlySerGlnGly915920925GlnPhePheArgGluIleGluAsnLeuLysGluTyrPheAsnAlaSer930935940SerProAspValAlaLysGlyGlyProLeuPheSerGluIleLeuLys945950955960AsnTrpLysAspGluSerAspLysLysIleIleGlnSerGlnIleVal965970975SerPheTyrPheLysLeuPheGluAsnLeuLysAspAsnGlnValIle980985990GlnArgSerMetAspIleIleLysGlnAspMetPheGlnLysPheLeu99510001005AsnGlySerSerGluLysLeuGluAspPheLysLysLeuIleGlnIle101010151020ProValAspAspLeuGlnIleGlnArgLysAlaIleAsnGluLeuIle1025103010351040LysValMetAsnAspLeuSerProLysSerAsnLeuArgLysArgLys104510501055ArgSerGlnAsnLeuPheArgGlyArgArgAlaSerThr10601065(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide(ix) FEATURE:(A) NAME/KEY: Modified-site(B) LOCATION: 3(D) OTHER INFORMATION: /note= "X is Lys, Asp, Val or Asn."(ix) FEATURE:(A) NAME/KEY: Modified-site(B) LOCATION: 5(D) OTHER INFORMATION: /note= "X is Asn or Asp."(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5:GlyGlyXaaGlyXaaAsp15(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6:GlyGlyAsnGlyAspAspPheIleAspGlyGlyLysGlyAsnAspLeu151015LeuHisGlyGly20__________________________________________________________________________

Number	Name	Date
3328252	Mora	Jun 1967
4167560	Wohler, Jr.	Sep 1979
4171354	Smith	Oct 1979
4328210	Kucera	May 1982
4346074	Gilmour et al.	Aug 1982
4366246	Riggs	Dec 1982
4675382	Murphy	Jun 1987
4704362	Itakura et al.	Nov 1987
4818769	Nunberg et al.	Apr 1989
4933299	Greenfield	Jun 1990
4935233	Bell et al.	Jun 1990
4957739	Berget et al.	Sep 1990
5028423	Prickett	Jul 1991
5071761	Meyer et al.	Dec 1991
5095096	Miki et al.	Mar 1992
5108910	Curtis et al.	Apr 1992
5114711	Bell et al.	May 1992

Number	Date	Country
008622	Sep 1983	EPX
0230119	Jul 1987	EPX
0369316	May 1990	EPX
0396387	Nov 1990	EPX
WO8800971	Feb 1988	WOX
WO9101004	Jan 1991	WOX

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	777715	Oct 1991
Parent	571301	Aug 1990

Chimeric protein comprising an RTX-family cytotoxin and interferon-2 or interferon

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CPC

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Abstract

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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

US Referenced Citations (17)

Foreign Referenced Citations (6)

Non-Patent Literature Citations (21)

Continuation in Parts (2)