An interferometer module for quantum processing is provided, including modules for generating and analyzing hyperentanglement on a photonic chip, between the polarization and spatial mode degrees of freedom.
Quantum computing is showing increasing promise. One of the main issues is that of entanglement. Being able to entangle photons has long been thought a necessity of quantum computing. In the nonlinear-optical process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC), in which a laser beam illuminates a nonlinear-optical crystal, pairs of photons are generated in a state that can be entangled concurrently in polarization and in spatial modes.
Currently, interferometers which generate spatial entanglement in free space encounter significant disadvantages. For example, path length stability is a concern. Interferometric manipulations for the spatial modes are effectively a large web of interference paths whose phases are difficult to maintain stably in free space.
Accordingly, there is a need in the art for chip-scale interferometers which enable the generation and analysis of hyperentanglement which are phase stable.
An interferometer module for quantum processing is provided including a substrate comprising two or more input ports and two or more output ports; multiple photonic pathways embedded in the substrate for conveying photons from the two or more input ports and the two or more output ports; and one or more partial beam splitters embedded in the substrate in a photonic pathway for generating spatial and polarization entanglement.
In some embodiments, the module includes a halfwave plate embedded in the substrate in a photonic pathway for rotating polarization by 45 degrees. In some embodiments, the halfwave plate is a polarization rotator fabricated on the substrate.
In some embodiments, the partial beam splitter is 50/50 beam splitter. In some embodiments, the partial beam splitter is a coupling region fabricated on the substrate.
In some embodiments, the module is a hyperentanglement generation module. The module can further include two spatially entangled photon sources and a partial beam splitter for orthogonally polarizing the outputs of the spatially entangled photon sources. The multiple photonic pathways can define at least one interference crossing.
In some embodiments, the module is a hyperentanglement analysis module. The input ports can include a signal photon input. The partial beam splitter can include a 50/50 beam splitter for polarization analysis along the (H, V) basis and the (H+V, H−V) basis. The partial beam splitter can include a 50/50 beam splitter to randomly select the spatial mode analysis basis.
In some embodiments, the interferometer module further includes two detectors to determine the (T, B) basis of the spatial mode analysis. In some embodiments, the interferometer module further includes a 50/50 beam splitter to mix two T and B spatial modes to generate T+B and T−B states to determine the (T+B, T−B) basis of the spatial mode analysis.
In some embodiments, the substrate has a maximum dimension of 10 centimeters or less and is fabricated on one or more semiconductor wafers. The substrate can be fabricated from integrated photonic semiconductor materials. The photonic pathway can be fabricated from integrated photonic semiconductor materials through lithography or pattern transfer processes.
A method for fabricating an interferometer module for quantum processing is disclosed including providing a substrate comprising two or more input ports and two or more output ports; providing multiple photonic pathways embedded in the substrate for conveying photons from the two or more input ports and the two or more output ports; and providing one or more partial beam splitters embedded in the substrate in a photonic pathway for generating spatial and polarization entanglement.
In some embodiments, the method further includes providing a halfwave plate embedded in the substrate in a photonic pathway for rotating polarization by 45 degrees. Providing the halfwave plate can include providing a polarization rotator fabricated on the substrate.
In some embodiments, providing the partial beam splitter includes providing a 50/50 beam splitter. Providing the partial beam splitter can include providing a coupling region fabricated on the substrate.
In some embodiments, the method includes fabricating a hyperentanglement generation module. The method can further include providing two spatially entangled photon sources and a partial beam splitter for orthogonally polarizing the outputs of the spatially entangled photon sources. Providing the multiple photonic pathways can include defining at least one interference crossing.
In some embodiments, the method includes fabricating a hyperentanglement analysis module. Providing an input port can include providing a signal photon input. Providing the partial beam splitter can include providing a 50/50 beam splitter for polarization analysis along the (H, V) basis and the (H+V, H−V) basis. Providing the partial beam splitter can include providing a 50/50 beam splitter to randomly select the spatial mode analysis basis.
In some embodiments, the method further includes providing two detectors to determine the (T, B) basis of the spatial mode analysis. In some embodiments, the method further includes providing a 50/50 beam splitter to mix two T and B spatial modes to generate T+B and T−B states to determine the (T+B, T−B) basis of the spatial mode analysis.
In some embodiments, providing the substrate includes providing a substrate having a maximum dimension of 10 centimeters or less, and fabricating on one or more semiconductor wafers. The substrate can be fabricated from integrated photonic semiconductor materials. The photonic pathway can be fabricated from integrated photonic semiconductor materials through lithography or pattern transfer processes.
a) is a schematic view of a polarization-spatial mode hyperentanglement generation photonic chip in accordance an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter.
b) is an optical image of a polarization-spatial mode hyperentanglement generation photonic chip in accordance an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter.
a) is a schematic view of a spatial-polarization hyperentanglement analysis apparatus a in accordance an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter.
b) is an enlarged view of a portion of the apparatus illustrated in
a) is a schematic view of a polarization-spatial mode hyperentanglement analysis photonic chip in accordance an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter.
b) is a scanning electron microscope view of a polarization-spatial mode hyperentanglement analysis photonic chip in accordance an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter.
a) is a scanning electron microscope view of a directional coupler in accordance an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter.
b) is a scanning electron microscope view of a mode converter in accordance an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter.
c) is an enlarged view of the mode converter of
d) is a scanning electron microscope view of an inverse taper tip in accordance an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter.
e) is a scanning electron microscope view of a polarization rotator in accordance an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter.
It is understood that the subject matter described herein is not limited to particular embodiments described, as such may, of course, vary. It is also understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present subject matter is limited only by the appended claims. Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value between the upper and lower limit of that range, and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range, is encompassed within the disclosed subject matter.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosed subject matter belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the present disclosed subject matter, this disclosure may specifically mention certain exemplary methods and materials.
All publications mentioned in this disclosure are, unless otherwise specified, incorporated by reference herein for all purposes, including, without limitation, to disclose and describe the methods and/or materials in connection with which the publications are cited.
The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the present disclosed subject matter is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication provided may be different from the actual publication dates, which may need to be independently confirmed.
As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
Nothing contained in the Abstract or the Summary should be understood as limiting the scope of the disclosure. The Abstract and the Summary are provided for bibliographic and convenience purposes and due to their formats and purposes should not be considered comprehensive.
As will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading this disclosure, each of the individual embodiments described and illustrated herein has discrete components and features which may be readily separated from or combined with the features of any of the other several embodiments without departing from the scope or spirit of the present disclosed subject matter. Any recited method can be carried out in the order of events recited, or in any other order that is logically possible.
Reference to a singular item includes the possibility that there are plural of the same item present. When two or more items (for example, elements or processes) are referenced by an alternative “or,” this indicates that either could be present separately or any combination of them could be present together, except where the presence of one necessarily excludes the other or others.
As summarized above and as described in further detail below, in accordance with the various embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a chip-scale interferometer for generating and/or analyzing hyperentanglement or other quantum processes.
In some embodiments, spatial entanglement can be generated, e.g., using two type-II phase-matched periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate (PPKTP) waveguides, as shown in
The positions of the two waveguides form a natural basis for the spatial entanglement: top (T) or bottom (B). Because the two waveguides are coherently driven, the spatially entangled output must be a coherent superposition of the two possible terms as illustrated in equation (1) below:
|Ψ=|TSTI+BSBI/√2 (1)
In some embodiments, realization of spatial entanglement can be simplified by using a single waveguide instead of two nearly identical waveguides. In some embodiments, the single waveguide is then pumped bidirectionally such that the two downconverters are distinguished by their propagation directions. They can then be combined to generate the desired entangled state.
The two-waveguide configuration for generating spatial entanglement can be generalized to create hyperentangled photon pairs with additional entanglement in other degrees of freedom, including polarization and more spatial modes.
The spatial-polarization hyperentanglement generation is shown in
Once the signal and idler photons are separated, the spatial positions T and B for signal and idler can be relabeled. The hyperentangled photon-pair output state of
|Ψ=|(TSBI+BSTI)(HSVI+VSHI)/2 (2)
The spatial degree of freedom does not need to be two distinct TEM00 modes. The two modes can be two orthogonal Laguerre-Gaussian modes, e.g., as long as lossless separation/combination of the modes is implemented. The exemplary scheme in
A chip-scale photonic implementation of the hyperentanglement generation module has been designed as illustrated in
An electron-beam nanofabricated chip-scale implementation hyperentanglement generation module is shown in
The hyperentangled photon pair must be analyzed appropriately by the receivers (e.g., Alice and Bob) to verify the security of a QKD network. For spatial-polarization hyperentangled photons, it is possible to analyze both degrees of freedom simultaneously. There should be two mutually unbiased bases for each degree of freedom. In polarization, it is conventionally analyzed in (H, V) and (H+V, H−V) bases. For spatial modes, one can therefore choose between (T, B) and (T+B, T−B).
a) and 4(b) illustrate a schematic of the linear-optics analyzer designated analyzer module 400.
b) shows an enlarged view of a portion of module 400 represented in
b) further shows the details of the spatial mode analysis following the PBS polarization analysis of the lower arm 406. After transmission through the PBS 420, the polarization is determined to be H, regardless of whether the spatial bit is T or B. Another 50/50 BS 422 is used to randomly select the spatial mode analysis basis: either (T, B) (port G 404-G or port H 404-H) or (T+B, T-B) (port I 404-I or port J 404-J). For (T, B) analysis, two detectors are used to determine T or B. If one of them clicks, it implies a polarization bit of H and a spatial bit of either T or B, depending on which detector clicks. To measure in the (T+B, T−B) basis, a 50/50 BS in a photonic chip 424 is used to mix the two T and B spatial modes to generate T+B and T−B states (port 9 406-9 and port 10 406-10), as long as the relative path lengths are correctly and stably maintained.
The path length stability therefore favors the use of a photonic chip instead of implementation in free space. Again, a detector click indicates the correct spatial mode and the H polarization bit. The same arrangement should be present for the other arms so that both polarization and spatial bits can be properly measured.
A chip-scale photonic implementation of the hyperentanglement analysis module has been designed as illustrated in
Chip-scale SWAP gate allows the implementation of single-qubit rotations in the degree of freedom that is most convenient. Interferometric manipulations for the spatial modes are effectively a large web of interference paths whose phases are difficult to maintain stably in free space, but can be maintained stably in photonic chips. For example, when operating in both free space and waveguides, and dealing with both polarization and spatial modes in two mutually unbiased bases, it is useful to have the capability of the SWAP gate to optimize the implementation of hyperentanglement analysis.
The designed and fabricated SWAP module al lows the quantum transduction from spatial to the polarization degrees-of-freedom and vice versa, permitting ease of detection. An example of a completed chip 600 is shown in
The key elements of the chip-scale SWAP gate—such as the polarization-controlled NOT gate and the momentum-controlled NOT gate illustrated in
a)-(e) illustrate versions of the components in the hyperentanglement modules that are integrated into the photonic chip. For example,
As will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading this disclosure, each of the individual embodiments described and illustrated herein has discrete components and features which may be readily separated from or combined with the features of any of the other several embodiments without departing from the scope or spirit of the present disclosed subject matter
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional patent application no. 61/543,508 filed Oct. 5, 2011, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.
Number | Date | Country | |
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61543508 | Oct 2011 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | PCT/US12/59109 | Oct 2012 | US |
Child | 14245638 | US |