Cleavase fragment length polymorphism

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a means for detection and characterization of nucleic acid sequences and sequence changes. The present invention relates to means for cleaving a nucleic acid cleavage structure in a site-specific manner. 5' nuclease activity is used to screen for known and unknown mutations, including single base changes, in nucleic acids.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The detection and characterization of specific nucleic acid sequences and sequence changes have been utilized to detect the presence of vital or bacterial nucleic acid sequences indicative of an infection, the presence of variants or alleles of mammalian genes associated with disease and cancers, and the identification of the source of nucleic acids found in forensic samples, as well as in paternity determinations.
Various methods are known in the art which may be used to detect and characterize specific nucleic acid sequences and sequence changes. Nonetheless, as nucleic acid sequence data of the human genome, as well as the genomes of pathogenic organisms accumulates, the demand for fast, reliable, cost-effective and user-friendly tests for specific sequences continues to grow. Importantly, these tests must be able to create a detectable signal from a very low copy number of the sequence of interest. The following discussion examines three levels of nucleic acid detection currently in use: I. Signal Amplification Technology for detection of rare sequences; II. Direct Detection Technology for detection of higher copy number sequences; and III. Detection of Unknown Sequence Changes for rapid screening of sequence changes anywhere within a defined DNA fragment.
I. Signal Amplification Technology Methods For Amplification
The "Polymerase Chain Reaction" (PCR) comprises the first generation of methods for nucleic acid amplification. However, several other methods have been developed that employ the same basis of specificity, but create signal by different amplification mechanisms. These methods include the "Ligase Chain Reaction" (LCR), "Self-Sustained Synthetic Reaction" (3SR/NASBA), and "Q.beta.-Replicase" (Q.beta.).
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR), as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195 and 4,683,202 to Mullis and Mullis et at., describe a method for increasing the concentration of a segment of target sequence in a mixture of genomic DNA without cloning or purification. This technology provides one approach to the problems of low target sequence concentration. PCR can be used to directly increase the concentration of the target to an easily detectable level. This process for amplifying the target sequence involves introducing a molar excess of two oligonucleotide primers which are complementary to their respective strands of the double-stranded target sequence to the DNA mixture containing the desired target sequence. The mixture is denatured and then allowed to hybridize. Following hybridization, the primers are extended with polymerase so as to form complementary strands. The steps of denaturation, hybridization, and polymerase extension can be repeated as often as needed, in order to obtain relatively high concentrations of a segment of the desired target sequence.
The length of the segment of the desired target sequence is determined by the relative positions of the primers with respect to each other, and, therefore, this length is a controllable parameter. Because the desired segments of the target sequence become the dominant sequences (in terms of concentration) in the mixture, they are said to be "PCR-amplified."
Ligase Chain Reaction (LCR or LAR)
The ligase chain reaction (LCR; sometimes referred to as "Ligase Amplification Reaction" (LAR) described by Barany, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 88:189 (1991); Barany, PCR Methods and Applic., 1:5 (1991); and Wu and Wallace, Genomics 4:560 (1989)) has developed into a well-recognized alternative method for amplifying nucleic acids. In LCR, four oligonucleotides, two adjacent oligonucleotides which uniquely hybridize to one strand of target DNA, and a complementary set of adjacent oligonucleotides, which hybridize to the opposite strand are mixed and DNA ligase is added to the mixture. Provided that there is complete complementarity at the junction, ligase will covalently link each set of hybridized molecules. Importantly, in LCR, two probes are ligated together only when they base-pair with sequences in the target sample, without gaps or mismatches. Repeated cycles of denaturation, hybridization and ligation amplify a short segment of DNA. LCR has also been used in combination with PCR to achieve enhanced detection of single-base changes. Segev, PCT Public. No. W09001069 A1 (1990). However, because the four oligonucleotides used in this assay can pair to form two short ligatable fragments, there is the potential for the generation of target-independent background signal. The use of LCR for mutant screening is limited to the examination of specific nucleic acid positions.
Self-Sustained Synthetic Reaction (3SR/NASBA)
The self-sustained sequence replication reaction (3SR) (Guatelli et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 87:1874-1878 �1990!, with an erratum at Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 87:7797 �1990!) is a transcription-based in vitro amplification system (Kwoh et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 86:1173-1177 �1989!) that can exponentially amplify RNA sequences at a uniform temperature. The amplified RNA can then be utilized for mutation detection (Fahy et al., PCR Meth. Appl., 1:25-33 �1991!). In this method, an oligonucleotide primer is used to add a phage RNA polymerase promoter to the 5' end of the sequence of interest. In a cocktail of enzymes and substrates that includes a second primer, reverse transcriptase, RNase H, RNA polymerase and ribo-and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, the target sequence undergoes repeated rounds of transcription, cDNA synthesis and second-strand synthesis to amplify the area of interest. The use of 3SR to detect mutations is kinetically limited to screening small segments of DNA (e.g., 200-300 base pairs).
Q-Beta (Q.beta.) Replicase
In this method, a probe which recognizes the sequence of interest is attached to the replicatable RNA template for Q.beta. replicase. A previously identified major problem with false positives resulting from the replication of unhybridized probes has been addressed through use of a sequence-specific ligation step. However, available thermostable DNA ligases are not effective on this RNA substrate, so the ligation must be performed by T4 DNA ligase at low temperatures (37.degree. C.). This prevents the use of high temperature as a means of achieving specificity as in the LCR, the ligation event can be used to detect a mutation at the junction site, but not elsewhere.
Table 1 below, lists some of the features desirable for systems useful in sensitive nucleic acid diagnostics, and summarizes the abilities of each of the major amplification methods (See also, Landgren, Trends in Genetics 9:199 �1993!).
A successful diagnostic method must be very specific. A straight-forward method of controlling the specificity of nucleic acid hybridization is by controlling the temperature of the reaction. While the 3SR/NASBA, and Q.beta. systems are all able to generate a large quantity of signal, one or more of the enzymes involved in each cannot be used at high temperature (i.e., >55.degree. C.). Therefore the reaction temperatures cannot be raised to prevent non-specific hybridization of the probes. If probes are shortened in order to make them melt more easily at low temperatures, the likelihood of having more than one perfect match in a complex genome increases. For these reasons, PCR and LCR currently dominate the research field in detection technologies.
TABLE 1______________________________________ METHOD: PCR & 3SRFEATURE PCR LCR LCR NASBA Q.beta.______________________________________Amplifies Target + + + +Recognition of Independent + + + + +Sequences RequiredPerformed at High Temp. + +Operates at Fixed Temp. + +Exponential Amplification + + + + +Generic Signal Generation +Easily Automatable______________________________________
The basis of the amplification procedure in the PCR and LCR is the fact that the products of one cycle become usable templates in all subsequent cycles, consequently doubling the population with each cycle. The final yield of any such doubling system can be expressed as: (1+X).sup.n =y, where "X" is the mean efficiency (percent copied in each cycle), "n" is the number of cycles, and "y" is the overall efficiency, or yield of the reaction (Mullis, PCR Methods Applic., 1:1 �1991!). If every copy of a target DNA is utilized as a template in every cycle of a polymerase chain reaction, then the mean efficiency is 100%. If 20 cycles of PCR are performed, then the yield will be 2.sup.20, or 1,048,576 copies of the starting material. If the reaction conditions reduce the mean efficiency to 85%, then the yield in those 20 cycles will be only 1.85.sup.20, or 220,513 copies of the starting material. In other words, a PCR running at 85% efficiency will yield only 21% as much final product, compared to a reaction running at 100% efficiency. A reaction that is reduced to 50% mean efficiency will yield less than 1% of the possible product.
In practice, routine polymerase chain reactions rarely achieve the theoretical maximum yield, and PCRs are usually run for more than 20 cycles to compensate for the lower yield. At 50% mean efficiency, it would take 34 cycles to achieve the million-fold amplification theoretically possible in 20, and at lower efficiencies, the number of cycles required becomes prohibitive. In addition, any background products that amplify with a better mean efficiency than the intended target will become the dominant products.
Also, many variables can influence the mean efficiency of PCR, including target DNA length and secondary structure, primer length and design, primer and dNTP concentrations, and buffer composition, to name but a few. Contamination of the reaction with exogenous DNA (e.g., DNA spilled onto lab surfaces) or cross-contamination is also a major consideration. Reaction conditions must be carefully optimized for each different primer pair and target sequence, and the process can take days, even for an experienced investigator. The laboriousness of this process, including numerous technical considerations and other factors, presents a significant drawback to using PCR in the clinical setting. Indeed, PCR has yet to penetrate the clinical market in a significant way. The same concerns arise with LCR, as LCR must also be optimized to use different oligonucleotide sequences for each target sequence. In addition, both methods require expensive equipment, capable of precise temperature cycling.
Many applications of nucleic acid detection technologies, such as in studies of allelic variation, involve not only detection of a specific sequence in a complex background, but also the discrimination between sequences with few, or single, nucleotide differences. One method for the detection of allele-specific variants by PCR is based upon the fact that it is difficult for Taq polymerase to synthesize a DNA strand when there is a mismatch between the template strand and the 3' end of the primer. An allele-specific variant may be detected by the use of a primer that is perfectly matched with only one of the possible alleles; the mismatch to the other allele acts to prevent the extension of the primer, thereby preventing the amplification of that sequence. This method has a substantial limitation in that the base composition of the mismatch influences the ability to prevent extension across the mismatch, and certain mismatches do not prevent extension or have only a minimal effect (Kwok et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 18:999 �1990!).)
A similar 3'-mismatch strategy is, used with greater effect to prevent ligation in the LCR (Barany, PCR Meth. Applic., 1:5 �1991!). Any mismatch effectively blocks the action of the thermostable ligase, but LCR still has the drawback of target-independent background ligation products initiating the amplification. Moreover, the combination of PCR with subsequent LCR to identify the nucleotides at individual positions is also a clearly cumbersome proposition for the clinical laboratory.
II. Direct Detection Technology
When a sufficient amount of a nucleic acid to be detected is available, there are advantages to detecting that sequence directly, instead of making more copies of that target, (e.g., as in PCR and LCR). Most notably, a method that does not amplify the signal exponentially is more amenable to quantitative analysis. Even if the signal is enhanced by attaching multiple dyes to a single oligonucleotide, the correlation between the final signal intensity and mount of target is direct. Such a system has an additional advantage that the products of the reaction will not themselves promote further reaction, so contamination of lab surfaces by the products is not as much of a concern. Traditional methods of direct detection including Northern and Southern blotting and RNase protection assays usually require the use of radioactivity and are not amenable to automation. Recently devised techniques have sought to eliminate the use of radioactivity and/or improve the sensitivity in automatable formats. Two examples are the "Cycling Probe Reaction" (CPR), and "Branched DNA" (bDNA)
The cycling probe reaction (CPR) (Duck et al., BioTech., 9:142 �1990!), uses a long chimeric oligonucleotide in which a central portion is made of RNA while the two termini are made of DNA. Hybridization of the probe to a target DNA and exposure to a thermostable RNase H causes the RNA portion to be digested. This destabilizes the remaining DNA portions of the duplex, releasing the remainder of the probe from the target DNA and allowing another probe molecule to repeat the process. The signal, in the form of cleaved probe molecules, accumulates at a linear rate. While the repeating process increases the signal, the RNA portion of the oligonucleotide is vulnerable to RNases that may carried through sample preparation.
Branched DNA (bDNA), described by Urdea et al., Gene 61:253-264 (1987), involves oligonucleotides with branched structures that allow each individual oligonucleotide to carry 35 to 40 labels (e.g., alkaline phosphatase enzymes). While this enhances the signal from a hybridization event, signal from non-specific binding is similarly increased.
III. Detection Of Unknown Sequence Changes
The demand for tests which allow the detection of specific nucleic acid sequences and sequence changes is growing rapidly in clinical diagnostics. As nucleic acid sequence data for genes from humans and pathogenic organisms accumulates, the demand for fast, cost-effective, and easy-to-use tests for as yet unknown mutations within specific sequences is rapidly increasing.
A handful of methods have been devised to scan nucleic acid segments for mutations. One option is to determine the entire gene sequence of each test sample (e.g., a bacterial isolate). For sequences under approximately 600 nucleotides, this may be accomplished using amplified material (e.g., PCR reaction products). This avoids the time and expense associated with cloning the segment of interest. However, specialized equipment and highly trained personnel are required, and the method is too labor-intense and expensive to be practical and effective in the clinical setting.
In view of the difficulties associated with sequencing, a given segment of nucleic acid may be characterized on several other levels. At the lowest resolution, the size of the molecule can be determined by electrophoresis by comparison to a known standard run on the same gel. A more detailed picture of the molecule may be achieved by cleavage with combinations of restriction enzymes prior to electrophoresis, to allow construction of an ordered map. The presence of specific sequences within the fragment can be detected by hybridization of a labeled probe, or the precise nucleotide sequence can be determined by partial chemical degradation or by primer extension in the presence of chain-terminating nucleotide analogs.
For detection of single-base differences between like sequences, the requirements of the analysis are often at the highest level of resolution. For cases in which the position of the nucleotide in question is known in advance, several methods have been developed for examining single base changes without direct sequencing. For example, if a mutation of interest happens to fall within a restriction recognition sequence, a change in the pattern of digestion can be used as a diagnostic tool (e.g., restriction fragment length polymorphism �RFLP! analysis).
Single point mutations have been also detected by the creation or destruction of RFLPs. Mutations are detected and localized by the presence and size of the RNA fragments generated by cleavage at the mismatches. Single nucleotide mismatches in DNA heteroduplexes are also recognized and cleaved by some chemicals, providing an alternative strategy to detect single base substitutions, generically named the "Mismatch Chemical Cleavage" (MCC) (Gogos et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 18:6807-6817 �1990!). However, this method requires the use of osmium tetroxide and piperidine, two highly noxious chemicals which are not suited for use in a clinical laboratory.
RFLP analysis suffers from low sensitivity and requires a large amount of sample. When RFLP analysis is used for the detection of point mutations, it is, by its nature, limited to the detection of only those single base changes which fall within a restriction sequence of a known restriction endonuclease. Moreover, the majority of the available enzymes have 4 to 6 base-pair recognition sequences, and cleave too frequently for many large-scale DNA manipulations (Eckstein and Lilley (eds.), Nucleic Acids and Molecular Biology, vol. 2, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg �1988!). Thus, it is applicable only in a small fraction of cases, as most mutations do not fall within such sites.
A handful of rare-cutting restriction enzymes with 8 base-pair specificities have been isolated and these are widely used in genetic mapping, but these enzymes are few in number, are limited to the recognition of G+C-rich sequences, and cleave at sites that tend to be highly clustered (Barlow and Lehraeh, Trends Genet., 3:167 �1987!). Recently, endonucleases encoded by group I introns have been discovered that might have greater than 12 base-pair specificity (Perlman and Butow, Science 246:1106 �1989!), but again, these are few in number.
If the change is not in a recognition sequence, then allele-specific oligonucleotides (ASOs), can be designed to hybridize in proximity to the unknown nucleotide, such that a primer extension or ligation event can be used as the indicator of a match or a mis-match. Hybridization with radioactively labeled allelic specific oligonucleotides (ASO) also has been applied to the detection of specific point mutations (Conner et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 80:278-282 �1983!). The method is based on the differences in the melting temperature of short DNA fragments differing by a single nucleotide. Stringent hybridization and washing conditions can differentiate between mutant and wild-type alleles. The ASO approach applied to PCR products also has been extensively utilized by various researchers to detect and characterize point mutations in ras genes (Vogelstein et al., N. Eng. J. Med., 319:525-532 �1988!; and Farr et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 85:1629-1633 �1988!), and gsp/gip oncogenes (Lyons et al., Science 249:655-659 �1990!). Because of the presence of various nucleotide changes in multiple positions, the ASO method requires the use of many oligonucleotides to cover all possible oncogenic mutations.
With either of the techniques described above (i.e., RFLP and ASO), the precise location of the suspected mutation must be known in advance of the test. That is to say, they are inapplicable when one needs to detect the presence of a mutation of an unknown character and position within a gene or sequence of interest.
Two other methods rely on detecting changes in electrophoretic mobility in response to minor sequence changes. One of these methods, termed "Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis" (DGGE) is based on the observation that slightly different sequences will display different patterns of local melting when electrophoretically resolved on a gradient gel. In this manner, variants can be distinguished, as differences in melting properties of homoduplexes versus heteroduplexes differing in a single nucleotide can detect the presence of mutations in the target sequences because of the corresponding changes in their electrophoretic mobilities. The fragments to be analyzed, usually PCR products, are "clamped" at one end by a long stretch of G-C basepairs (30-80) to allow complete denaturation of the sequence of interest without complete dissociation of the strands. The attachment of a GC "clamp" to the DNA fragments increases the fraction of mutations that can be recognized by DGGE (Abrams et al., Genomics 7:463-475 �1990!). Attaching a GC clamp to one primer is critical to ensure that the amplified sequence has a low dissociation temperature (Sheffield et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 86:232-236 �1989!; and Lerman and Silverstein, Meth. Enzymol., 155:482-501 �1987!). Modifications of the technique have been developed, using temperature gradients (Wartell et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 18:2699-2701 �1990!), and the method can be also applied to RNA:RNA duplexes (Smith et al., Genomics 3:217-223 �1988!).
Limitations on the utility of DGGE include the requirement that the denaturing conditions must be optimized for each type of DNA to be tested. Furthermore, the method requires specialized equipment to prepare the gels and maintain the needed high temperatures during electrophoresis. The expense associated with the synthesis of the clamping tail on one oligonucleotide for each sequence to be tested is also a major consideration.
Another common method, called "Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism" (SSCP) was developed by Hayashi, Sekya and colleagues (reviewed by Hayashi, PCR Meth. Appl., 1:34-38, �1991!) and is based on the observation that single strands of nucleic acid can take on characteristic conformations in non-denaturing conditions, and these conformations influence electrophoretic mobility. The complementary strands assume sufficiently different structures that one strand may be resolved from the other. Changes in sequences within the fragment will also change the conformation, consequently altering the mobility and allowing this to be used as an assay for sequence variations (Orita, et al., Genomics 5:874-879, �1989!).
The SSCP process involves denaturing a DNA segment (e.g., a PCR product) that is labelled on both strands, followed by slow electrophoretic separation on a non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel, so that intra-molecular interactions can form and not be disturbed during the run. This technique is extremely sensitive to variations in gel composition and temperature. A serious limitation of this method is the relative difficulty encountered in comparing data generated in different laboratories, under apparently similar conditions.
In addition to the above limitations, all of these methods are limited as to the size of the nucleic acid fragment that can be analyzed. For the direct sequencing approach, sequences of greater than 600 base pairs require cloning, with the consequent delays and expense of either deletion sub-cloning or primer walking, in order to cover the entire fragment. SSCP and DGGE have even more severe size limitations. Because of reduced sensitivity to sequence changes, these methods are not considered suitable for larger fragments. Although SSCP is reportedly able to detect 90% of single-base substitutions within a 200 base-pair fragment, the detection drops to less than 50% for 400 base pair fragments. Similarly, the sensitivity of DGGE decreases as the length of the fragment reaches 500 base-pairs.
Clearly, there remains a need for a method that is less sensitive to size so that entire genes, rather than gene fragments, may be analyzed. Such a tool must also be robust, so that data from different labs, generated by researchers of diverse backgrounds and skills will be comparable. Ideally, such a method would be compatible with "multiplexing," (i.e., the simultaneous analysis of several molecules or genes in a single reaction or gel lane, usually resolved from each other by differential labelling or probing). Such an analytical procedure would facilitate the use of internal standards for subsequent analysis and data comparison, and increase the productivity of personnel and equipment. The ideal method would also be easily automatable.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to means for cleaving a nucleic acid cleavage structure in a site-specific manner. In one embodiment, the means for cleaving is a cleaving enzyme comprising 5' nucleases derived from thermostable DNA polymerases. These polymerases form the basis of a novel method of detection of specific nucleic acid sequences. The present invention contemplates use of the novel detection method for, among other uses, clinical diagnostic purposes.
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a DNA sequence encoding a DNA polymerase altered in sequence (i.e., a "mutant" DNA polymerase) relative to the native sequence such that it exhibits altered DNA synthetic activity from that of the native (i.e., "wild type") DNA polymerase. It is preferred that the encoded DNA polymerase is altered such that it exhibits reduced synthetic activity from that of the native DNA polymerase. In this manner, the enzymes of the invention are predominantly 5' nucleases and are capable of cleaving nucleic acids in a structure-specific manner in the absence of interfering synthetic activity.
Importantly, the 5' nucleases of the present invention are capable of cleaving linear duplex structures to create single discrete cleavage products. These linear structures are either 1) not cleaved by the wild type enzymes (to any significant degree), or 2) are cleaved by the wild type enzymes so as to create multiple products. This characteristic of the 5' nucleases has been found to be consistent of enzymes derived in this manner from thermostable polymerases across eubacterial thermophilic species.
It is not intended that the invention be limited by the nature of the alteration necessary to render the polymerase synthesis deficient nor the extent of the deficiency. The present invention contemplates altered structure (primary, secondary, etc.) as well as native structure inhibited by synthesis inhibitors.
Where the structure is altered, it is not intended that the invention be limited by the means by which the structure of the polymerase is altered. In one embodiment, the alteration of the native DNA sequence comprises a change in a single nucleotide. In another embodiment, the alteration of the native DNA sequence comprises a deletion of one or more nucleotides. In yet another embodiment, the alteration of the native DNA sequence comprises an insertion of one or more nucleotides. In either of these cases, the change in DNA sequence may manifest itself in a change in amino acid sequence.
The present invention contemplates 5' nucleases from a variety of sources. The preferred 5' nucleases are thermostable. Thermostable 5' nucleases are contemplated as particularly useful in that they operate at temperatures where nucleic acid hybridization is extremely specific, allowing for allele-specific detection (including single-base mismatches). In one embodiment, the thermostable 5' nucleases are selected from the group consisting of altered polymerases derived from the native polymerases of Thermus aquaticus, Thermus flavus and Thermus thermophilus.
The present invention utilizes such enzymes in methods for detection and characterization of nucleic acid sequences and sequence changes. The present invention relates to means for cleaving a nucleic acid cleavage structure in a site-specific manner. 5' nuclease activity is used to screen for known and unknown mutations, including single base changes, in nucleic acids.
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method for detecting secondary structure (or characteristic folded structure) in nucleic acid substrates comprising: a) providing: i) a cleavage means; and ii) a nucleic acid target substrate; b) mixing said cleavage means and said substrate under conditions such that said substrate forms one or more secondary structures and said cleavage means cleaves said secondary structures resulting in the generation of multiple cleavage products; and c) separating said multiple cleavage products so as to generate a pattern of cleavage products. By detecting secondary structure, the method of the present invention indirectly detects sequences. In one embodiment, the method further comprises step d) comparing said pattern of cleavage products from said target substrate with the pattern of cleavage products generated by cleaving a different (a second) target substrate. In such a case the sequence of the second target substrate may be related but different (e.g. a wild type control for a mutant sequence).
The present invention contemplates further a method for detecting sequence variation in nucleic acid target substrates comprising: a) providing: i) a cleavage means; and ii) a nucleic acid target substrate suspected of containing sequence variation relative to a wild type control; b) mixing said cleavage means and said substrate under conditions such that said substrate forms one or more secondary structures and said cleavage means cleaves said secondary structures resulting in the generation of multiple cleavage products; and c) separating said multiple cleavage products so as to detect said sequence variation. In one embodiment, the method further comprises step d) comparing said separated cleavage products from said target nucleic acid with a wild type control. In a preferred embodiment, said cleavage means comprises a thermostable 5' nuclease. As noted above, such an enzyme may have a portion of its amino acid sequence that is homologous to a portion of the amino acid sequence of a thermostable DNA polymerase derived from a eubacterial thermophile, the latter being selected from the group consisting of Thermus aquaticus, Thermus flavus and Thermus thermophilus. Preferred nucleases are encoded by DNA sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:9, 11, 12, 30 and 31.
The present invention further contemplates a method for detecting sequence variation in nucleic acid target substrates comprising: a) providing: i) a cleavage means; and ii) a nucleic acid target substrate suspected of containing sequence variation relative to a wild type control; b) mixing said cleavage means and said substrate at an elevated temperature and under conditions such that said substrate forms one or more secondary structures and said cleavage means cleaves said secondary structures resulting in the generation of multiple cleavage products; and c) separating said multiple cleavage products so as to detect said sequence variation. The method may further comprise step d) comparing said separated cleavage products from said target nucleic acid with a wild type control. Again, the cleavage means may comprise a thermostable 5' nuclease. As noted above, such an enzyme may have a portion of its amino acid sequence that is homologous to a portion of the amino acid sequence of a thermostable DNA polymerase derived from a eubacterial thermophile, the latter being selected from the group consisting of Thermus aquaticus, Thermus flavus and Thermus thermophilus. Preferred nucleases are encoded by DNA sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:9, 11, 12, 30 and 31.
The present invention further contemplates a method for detecting sequence variation in nucleic acid target substrates comprising: a) providing: i) a thermostable DNA polymerase altered in amino acid sequence such that it exhibits reduced DNA synthetic activity from that of the wild-type DNA polymerase but retains substantially the same 5' nuclease activity of the wild-type DNA polymerase; and ii) a nucleic acid target substrate suspected of containing sequence variation relative to a wild type control; b) mixing said polymerase and said substrate under conditions such that said substrate forms one or more secondary structures and said polymerase cleaves said secondary structures resulting in the generation of multiple cleavage products; and c) separating said multiple cleavage products so as to detect said sequence variation. With regard to the polymerase, a complete absence of synthesis is not required; it is desired that cleavage reactions occur in the absence of polymerase activity at a level where it interferes with the method. In one embodiment, the method further comprises step d) comparing said separated cleavage products from said target nucleic acid with a wild type control. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid target contains a fluorescent label and the detection of step c) comprises detection of said fluorescently labelled fragments.
The present invention is not limited by the nature of the nucleic acid target substrates. In the above-described embodiments, the nucleic acid target may be single-stranded DNA, double-stranded DNA, or RNA.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1A provides a schematic of one embodiment of the detection method of the present invention.
FIGS. 1B and 1C provide a schematic of a second embodiment of the detection method of the present invention.
FIGS. 2A-H depict a comparison of the nucleotide structure of the DNAP genes isolated from Thermus aquaticus (SEQ ID NO:1), Thermus flavus (SEQ ID NO:2) and Thermus thermophilus (SEQ ID NO:3); the consensus sequence (SEQ ID NO:7) is shown at the top of each row.
FIGS. 3A-C depict a comparison of the amino acid sequence of the DNAP isolated from Thermus aquaticus (SEQ ID NO:4), Thermus flavus (SEQ ID NO:5), and Thermus thermophilus(SEQ ID NO:6); the consensus sequence (SEQ ID NO:8) is shown at the top of each row.
FIGS. 4A-G are a set of diagrams of wild-type and synthesis-deficient DNAPTaq genes.
FIG. 5A depicts the wild-type Thermus flavus polymerase gene.
FIG. 5B depicts a synthesis-deficient Thermus flavus polymerase gene.
FIG. 6 depicts a structure which cannot be amplified using DNAPTaq.
FIG. 7 is a ethidium bromide-stained gel demonstrating attempts to amplify a bifurcated duplex using either DNAPTaq or DNAPStf (Stoffel).
FIG. 8 is an autoradiogram of a gel analyzing the cleavage of a bifurcated duplex by DNAPTaq and lack of cleavage by DNAPStf.
FIGS. 9A-B are a set of autoradiograms of gels analyzing cleavage or lack of cleavage upon addition of different reaction components and change of incubation temperature during attempts to cleave a bifurcated duplex with DNAPTaq.
FIGS. 10A-B are an autoradiogram displaying timed cleavage reactions, with and without primer.
FIGS. 11A-B are a set of autoradiograms of gels demonstrating attempts to cleave a bifurcated duplex (with and without primer) with various DNAPs.
FIGS. 12A shows the substrates and oligonucleotides used to test the specific cleavage of substrate DNAs targeted by pilot oligonucleotides.
FIG. 12B shows an autoradiogram of a gel showing the results of cleavage reactions using the substrates and oligonucleotides shown FIG. 12A.
FIG. 13A shows the substrate and oligonucleotide used to test the specific cleavage of a substrate RNA targeted by a pilot oligonucleotide.
FIG. 13B shows an autoradiogram of a gel showing the results of a cleavage reaction using the substrate and oligonucleotide shown in FIG. 13A.
FIGS. 14A-C provide a diagram of vector pTTQ18.
FIGS. 15A-C provide a diagram of vector pET-3c.
FIGS. 16A-E depicts a set of molecules which are suitable substrates for cleavage by the 5' nuclease activity of DNAPs.
FIG. 17 is an autoradiogram of a gel showing the results of a cleavage reaction run with synthesis-deficient DNAPs.
FIG. 18 is an autoradiogram of a PEI chromatogram resolving the products of an assay for synthetic activity in synthesis-deficient DNAPTaq clones.
FIG. 19A depicts the substrate molecule used to test the ability of synthesis-deficient DNAPs to cleave short hairpin structures.
FIG. 19B shows an autoradiogram of a gel resolving the products of a cleavage reaction run using the substrate shown in FIG. 19A.
FIG. 20A shows the A- and T-hairpin molecules used in the trigger/detection assay.
FIG. 20B shows the sequence of the alpha primer used in the trigger/detection assay.
FIG. 20C shows the structure of the cleaved A- and T-hairpin molecules.
FIG. 20D depicts the complementarity between the A- and T-hairpin molecules.
FIG. 21 provides the complete 206-mer duplex sequence employed as a substrate for the 5' nucleases of the present invention
FIGS. 22A and B show the cleavage of linear nucleic acid substrates (based on the 206-mer of FIG. 21) by wild type DNAPs and 5' nucleases isolated from Thermus aquaticus and Thermus flavus.
FIG. 23 provides a detailed schematic corresponding to the of one embodiment of the detection method of the present invention.
FIG. 24 shows the propagation of cleavage of the linear duplex nucleic acid structures of FIG. 23 by the 5' nucleases of the present invention.
FIG. 25A shows the "nibbling" phenomenon detected with the DNAPs of the present invention.
FIG. 25B shows that the "nibbling" of FIG. 25A is 5' nucleolytic cleavage and not phosphatase cleavage.
FIGS. 26A-B demonstrate that the "nibbling" phenomenon is duplex dependent.
FIG. 27 is a schematic showing how "nibbling" can be employed in a detection assay.
FIGS. 28A-B demonstrate that "nibbling" can be target directed.
FIG. 29 is a schematic showing the CFLP method of generating a characteristic fingerprint from a nucleic acid substrate.
FIG. 30 shows an antoradiograph of a gel resolving the products of cleavage reactions run in the presence of either MgCl.sub.2 or MnCl.sub.2.
FIG. 31 shows an autoradiograph of a gel resolving the products of cleavage reactions run on four similarly sized DNA substrates.
FIG. 32 shows an autoradiograph of a gel resolving the products of cleavage reactions run using a wild-type and two mutant tyrosinase gene substrates.
FIG. 33 shows an autoradiograph of a gel resolving the products of cleavage reactions run using either a wild-type or mutant tyrosinase substrate varying in length from 157 nucleotides to 1.587 kb.
FIG. 34 shows an autoradiograph of a gel resolving the products of cleavage reactions run in various concentrations of MnCl.sub.2.
FIG. 35 shows an autoradiograph of a gel resolving the products of cleavage reactions run in various concentrations of KCl.
FIG. 36 shows an autoradiograph of a gel resolving the products of cleavage reactions run for different lengths of time.
FIG. 37 shows an autoradiograph of a gel resolving the products of cleavage reactions run at different temperatures.
FIG. 38 shows an autoradiograph of a gel resolving the products of cleavage reactions run using different amounts of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN.
FIG. 39 shows an autoradiograph of a gel resolving the products of cleavage reactions rim using four different preparations of the DNA substrate.
FIG. 40 shows an autoradiograph of a gel resolving the products of cleavage reactions run on either the sense or antisense strand of four different tyrosinase gene substrates.
FIG. 41 shows an autoradiograph of a gel resolving the products of cleavage reactions run on a wild-type .beta.-globin substrate in two different concentrations of KCl and at four different temperatures.
FIG. 42 shows an autoradiograph of a gel resolving the products of cleavage reactions run on two different mutant .beta.-globin substrates in five different concentrations of KCl.
FIG. 43 shows an autoradiograph of a gel resolving the products of cleavage reactions run on a wild-type and three mutant .beta.-globin substrates.
FIG. 44 shows an autoradiograph of a gel resolving the products of cleavage reactions run on an RNA substrate.
FIG. 45 shows an autoradiograph of a gel resolving the products of cleavage reactions run using either the enzyme Cleavase.sup.TM BN or Taq DNA polymerase as the 5' nuclease.
FIG. 46 shows an autoradiograph of a gel resolving the products of cleavage reactions run on a double-stranded DNA substrate to demonstrate multiplexing of the cleavage reaction.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to means for cleaving a nucleic acid cleavage structure in a site-specific manner. In particular, the present invention relates to a cleaving enzyme having 5' nuclease activity without interfering nucleic acid synthetic ability.
This invention provides 5' nucleases derived from thermostable DNA polymerases which exhibit altered DNA synthetic activity from that of native thermostable DNA polymerases. The 5' nuclease activity of the polymerase is retained while the synthetic activity is reduced or absent. Such 5' nucleases are capable of catalyzing the structure-specific cleavage of nucleic acids in the absence of interfering synthetic activity. The lack of synthetic activity during a cleavage reaction results in nucleic acid cleavage products of uniform size.
The novel properties of the polymerases of the invention form the basis of a method of detecting specific nucleic acid sequences. This method relies upon the amplification of the detection molecule rather than upon the amplification of the target sequence itself as do existing methods of detecting specific target sequences.
DNA polymerases (DNAPs), such as those isolated from E. coli or from thermophilic bacteria of the genus Thermus, are enzymes that synthesize new DNA strands. Several of the known DNAPs contain associated nuclease activities in addition to the synthetic activity of the enzyme.
Some DNAPs are known to remove nucleotides from the 5' and 3' ends of DNA chains �Kornberg, DNA Replication, W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, pp. 127-139 (1980)!. These nuclease activities are usually referred to as 5' exonuclease and 3' exonuclease activities, respectively. For example, the 5' exonuclease activity located in the N-terminal domain of several DNAPs participates in the removal of RNA primers during lagging strand synthesis during DNA replication and the removal of damaged nucleotides during repair. Some DNAPs, such as the E. coli DNA polymerase (DNAPEcl), also have a 3' exonuclease activity responsible for proof-reading during DNA synthesis (Kornberg, supra).
A DNAP isolated from Thermus aquaticus, termed Taq DNA polymerase (DNAPTaq), has a 5' exonuclease activity, but lacks a functional 3' exonucleolytic domain �Tindall and Kunkell, Biochem. 27:6008 (1988)!. Derivatives of DNAPEcl and DNAPTaq, respectively called the Klenow and Stoffel fragments, lack 5' exonuclease domains as a result of enzymatic or genetic manipulations �Brutlag et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 37:982 (1969); Erlich et al., Science 252:1643 (1991); Setlow and Kornberg, J. Biol. Chem. 247:232 (1972)!.
The 5' exonuclease activity of DNAPTaq was reported to require concurrent synthesis �Gelland, PCR Technology--Principles and Applications for DNA Amplification (H. A. Erlich, Ed.), Stockton Press, New York, p. 19 (1989)!. Although mononucleotides predominate among the digestion products of the 5' exonucleases of DNAPTaq and DNAPEcl, short oligonucleotides (.ltoreq.12 nucleotides) can also be observed implying that these so-called 5' exonucleases can function endonucleolytically �Setlow, supra; Holland et al., Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 88:7276 (1991)!.
In WO 92/06200, Gelland et al. show that the preferred substrate of the 5' exonuclease activity of the thermostable DNA polymerases is displaced single-stranded DNA. Hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond occurs between the displaced single-stranded DNA and the double-helical DNA with the preferred exonuclease cleavage site being a phosphodiester bond in the double helical region. Thus, the 5' exonuclease activity usually associated with DNAPs is a structure-dependent single-stranded endonuclease and is more properly referred to as a 5' nuclease. Exonucleases are enzymes which cleave nucleotide molecules from the ends of the nucleic acid molecule. Endonucleases, on the other hand, are enzymes which cleave the nucleic acid molecule at internal rather than terminal sites. The nuclease activity associated with some thermostable DNA polymerases cleaves endonucleolytically but this cleavage requires contact with the 5' end of the molecule being cleaved. Therefore, these nucleases are referred to as 5' nucleases.
When a 5' nuclease activity is associated with a eubacterial Type A DNA polymerase, it is found in the one-third N-terminal region of the protein as an independent functional domain. The C-terminal two-thirds of the molecule constitute the polymerization domain which is responsible for the synthesis of DNA. Some Type A DNA polymerases also have a 3' exonuclease activity associated with the two-third C-terminal region of the molecule.
The 5' exonuclease activity and the polymerization activity of DNAPs have been separated by proteolytic cleavage or genetic manipulation of the polymerase molecule. To date thermostable DNAPs have been modified to remove or reduce the amount of 5' nuclease activity while leaving the polymerase activity intact.
The Klenow or large proteolytic cleavage fragment of DNAPEcl contains the polymerase and 3' exonuclease activity but lacks the 5' nuclease activity. The Stoffel fragment of DNAPTaq (DNAPStf) lacks the 5' nuclease activity due to a genetic manipulation which deleted the N-terminal 289 amino acids of the polymerase molecule �Erlich et al., Science 252:1643 (1991)!. WO 92/06200 describes a thermostable DNAP with an altered level of 5' to 3' exonuclease. U.S. Pat. No. 5,108,892 describes a Thermus aquaticus DNAP without a 5' to 3' exonuclease. However, the art of molecular biology lacks a thermostable DNA polymerase with a lessened amount of synthetic activity.
The present invention provides 5' nucleases derived from thermostable Type A DNA polymerases that retain 5' nuclease activity but have reduced or absent synthetic activity. The ability to uncouple the synthetic activity of the enzyme from the 5' nuclease activity proves that the 5' nuclease activity does not require concurrent DNA synthesis as was previously reported (Gelfand, PCR Technology, supra).
The description of the invention is divided into: I. Detection of Specific Nucleic Acid Sequences Using 5' Nucleases; II. Generation of 5' Nucleases Derived From Thermostable DNA Polymerases; III. Therapeutic Uses of 5' Nucleases; IV. Detection of Antigenic or Nucleic Acid Targets by a Dual Capture Assay; and V. Cleavase.TM. Fragment Length Polymorphism for the Detection of Secondary Structure. To facilitate understanding of the invention, a number of terms are defined below.
The term "gene" refers to a DNA sequence that comprises control and coding sequences necessary for the production of a polypeptide or precursor. The polypeptide can be encoded by a full length coding sequence or by any portion of the coding sequence so long as the desired enzymatic activity is retained.
The term "wild-type" refers to a gene or gene product which has the characteristics of that gene or gene product when isolated from a naturally occurring source. In contrast, the term "modified" or "mutant" refers to a gene or gene product which displays altered characteristics when compared to the wild-type gene or gene product. It is noted that naturally-occurring mutants can be isolated; these are identified by the fact that they have altered characteristics when compared to the wild-type gene or gene product.
The term "recombinant DNA vector" as used herein refers to DNA sequences containing a desired coding sequence and appropriate DNA sequences necessary for the expression of the operably linked coding sequence in a particular host organism. DNA sequences necessary for expression in procaryotes include a promoter, optionally an operator sequence, a ribosome binding site and possibly other sequences. Eucaryotic cells are known to utilize promoters, polyadenlyation signals and enhancers.
The term "oligonucleotide" as used herein is defined as a molecule comprised of two or more deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides, preferably more than three, and usually more than ten. The exact size will depend on many factors, which in mm depends on the ultimate function or use of the oligonucleotide. The oligonucleotide may be generated in any manner, including chemical synthesis, DNA replication, reverse transcription, or a combination thereof.
Because mononucleotides are reacted to make oligonucleotides in a manner such that the 5' phosphate of one mononucleotide pentose ring is attached to the 3' oxygen of its neighbor in one direction via a phoshodiester linkage, an end of an oligonucleotide is referred to as the "5' end" if its 5' phosphate is not linked to the 3' oxygen of a mononucleotide pentose ring and as the "3' end" if its 3' oxygen is not linked to a 5' phosphate of a subsequent mononucleotide pentose ring. As used herein, a nucleic acid sequence, even if internal to a larger oligonucleotide, also may be said to have 5' and 3' ends.
When two different, non-overlapping oligonucleotides anneal to different regions of the same linear complementary nucleic acid sequence, and the 3' end of one oligonucleotide points towards the 5' end of the other, the former may be called the "upstream" oligonucleotide and the latter the "downstream" oligonucleotide.
The term "primer" refers to an oligonucleotide which is capable of acting as a point of initiation of synthesis when placed under conditions in which primer extension is initiated. An oligonucleotide "primer" may occur naturally, as in a purified restriction digest or may be produced synthetically.
A primer is selected to be "substantially" complementary to a strand of specific sequence of the template. A primer must be sufficiently complementary to hybridize with a template strand for primer elongation to occur. A primer sequence need not reflect the exact sequence of the template. For example, a non-complementary nucleotide fragment may be attached to the 5' end of the primer, with the remainder of the primer sequence being substantially complementary to the strand. Non-complementary bases or longer sequences can be interspersed into the primer, provided that the primer sequence has sufficient complementarity with the sequence of the template to hybridize and thereby form a template primer complex for synthesis of the extension product of the primer.
"Hybridization" methods involve the annealing of a complementary sequence to the target nucleic acid (the sequence to be detected). The ability of two polymers of nucleic acid containing complementary sequences to find each other and anneal through base pairing interaction is a well-recognized phenomenon. The initial observations of the "hybridization" process by Marmur and Lane, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 46:453 (1960) and Doty et al., Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 46:461 (1960) have been followed by the refinement of this process into an essential tool of modem biology. Nonetheless, a number of problems have prevented the wide scale use of hybridization as a tool in human diagnostics. Among the more formidable problems are: 1) the inefficiency of hybridization; 2) the low concentration of specific target sequences in a mixture of genomic DNA; and 3) the hybridization of only partially complementary probes and targets.
With regard to efficiency, it is experimentally observed that only a fraction of the possible number of probe-target complexes are formed in a hybridization reaction. This is particularly true with short oligonucleotide probes (less than 100 bases in length). There are three fundamental causes: a) hybridization cannot occur because of secondary and tertiary structure interactions; b) strands of DNA containing the target sequence have rehybridized (reannealed) to their complementary strand; and c) some target molecules are prevented from hybridization when they are used in hybridization formats that immobilize the target nucleic acids to a solid surface.
Even where the sequence of a probe is completely complementary to the sequence of the target, i.e., the target's primary structure, the target sequence must be made accessible to the probe via rearrangements of higher-order structure. These higher-order structural rearrangements may concern either the secondary structure or tertiary structure of the molecule. Secondary structure is determined by intramolecular bonding. In the case of DNA or RNA targets this consists of hybridization within a single, continuous strand of bases (as opposed to hybridization between two different strands). Depending on the extent and position of intramolecular bonding, the probe can be displaced from the target sequence preventing hybridization.
Solution hybridization of oligonucleotide probes to denatured double-stranded DNA is further complicated by the fact that the longer complementary target strands can renature or reanneal. Again, hybridized probe is displaced by this process. This results in a low yield of hybridization (low "coverage") relative to the starting concentrations of probe and target.
With regard to low target sequence concentration, the DNA fragment containing the target sequence is usually in relatively low abundance in genomic DNA. This presents great technical difficulties; most conventional methods that use oligonucleotide probes lack the sensitivity necessary to detect hybridization at such low levels.
One attempt at a solution to the target sequence concentration problem is the amplification of the detection signal. Most often this entails placing one or more labels on an oligonucleotide probe. In the case of non-radioactive labels, even the highest affinity reagents have been found to be unsuitable for the detection of single copy genes in genomic DNA with oligonucleotide probes. See Wallace et al., Biochimie 67:755 (1985). In the case of radioactive oligonucleotide probes, only extremely high specific activities are found to show satisfactory results. See Studencki and Wallace, DNA 3:1 (1984) and Studencki et al., Human Genetics 37:42 (1985).
With regard to complementarity, it is important for some diagnostic applications to determine whether the hybridization represents complete or partial complementarity. For example, where it is desired to detect simply the presence or absence of pathogen DNA (such as from a virus, bacterium, fungi, mycoplasma, protozoan) it is only important that the hybridization method ensures hybridization when the relevant sequence is present; conditions can be selected where both partially complementary probes and completely complementary probes will hybridize. Other diagnostic applications, however, may require that the hybridization method distinguish between partial and complete complementarity. It may be of interest to detect genetic polymorphisms. For example, human hemoglobin is composed, in part, of four polypeptide chains. Two of these chains are identical chains of 141 amino acids (alpha chains) and two of these chains are identical chains of 146 amino acids (beta chains). The gene encoding the beta chain is known to exhibit polymorphism. The normal allele encodes a beta chain having glutamic acid at the sixth position. The mutant allele encodes a beta chain having valine at the sixth position. This difference in amino acids has a profound (most profound when the individual is homozygous for the mutant allele) physiological impact known clinically as sickle cell anemia. It is well known that the genetic basis of the amino acid change involves a single base difference between the normal allele DNA sequence and the mutant allele DNA sequence.
Unless combined with other techniques (such as restriction enzyme analysis), methods that allow for the same level of hybridization in the case of both partial as well as complete complementarity are typically unsuited for such applications; the probe will hybridize to both the normal and variant target sequence. Hybridization, regardless of the method used, requires some degree of complementarity between the sequence being assayed (the target sequence) and the fragment of DNA used to perform the test (the probe). (Of course, one can obtain binding without any complementarity but this binding is nonspecific and to be avoided.)
The complement of a nucleic acid sequence as used herein refers to an oligonucleotide which, when aligned with the nucleic acid sequence such that the 5' end of one sequence is paired with the 3' end of the other, is in "antiparallel association." Certain bases not commonly found in natural nucleic acids may be included in the nucleic acids of the present invention and include, for example, inosine and 7-deazaguanine. Complementarity need not be perfect; stable duplexes may contain mismatched base pairs or unmatched bases. Those skilled in the art of nucleic acid technology can determine duplex stability empirically considering a number of variables including, for example, the length of the oligonucleotide, base composition and sequence of the oligonucleotide, ionic strength and incidence of mismatched base pairs.
Stability of a nucleic acid duplex is measured by the melting temperature, or "T.sub.m." The T.sub.m of a particular nucleic acid duplex under specified conditions is the temperature at which on average half of the base pairs have disassociated.
The term "probe" as used herein refers to a labeled oligonucleotide which forms a duplex structure with a sequence in another nucleic acid, due to complementarity of at least one sequence in the probe with a sequence in the other nucleic acid.
The term "label" as used herein refers to any atom or molecule which can be used to provide a detectable (preferably quantifiable) signal, and which can be attached to a nucleic acid or protein. Labels may provide signals detectable by fluorescence, radioactivity, colorimetry, gravimetry, X-ray diffraction or absorption, magnetism, enzymatic activity, and the like.
The term "cleavage structure" as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid structure which is a substrate for cleavage by a 5' nuclease.
The term "cleavage means" as used herein refers to any means which is capable of cleaving a cleavage structure in a specific manner. The cleavage means may include native DNAPs having 5' nuclease activity (e.g., Taq DNA polymerase, E. coli DNA polymerase I) and, more specifically, modified DNAPs having 5' nuclease but lacking synthetic activity. Additionally, the cleavage means may include 5' nuclease activity may be provided from a variety of sources including the enzyme Cleavase.TM., Taq DNA polymerase, E. coli DNA polymerase I and eucaryotic structure-specific endonucleases (e.g., the yeast RAD2 protein and RAD1/RAD10 complex �Harrington, J. J. and Lieher (1994) Genes and Develop. 8:1344!, murine FEN-1 endonucleases (Harrington and Lieher, supra) and calf 5' to 3' exonuclease �Murante, R. S., et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269:1191!).
As used herein, the terms "nucleic acid target", "target nucleic acid" and "target nucleic acid sequence" refer to a specific nucleic acid sequence within a polynucleotide sequence, such as genomic DNA or RNA, which is to be either detected or cleaved or both.
As used herein, the term "nucleic acid target substrate" refers to a specific nucleic acid sequence which when denatured and allowed to renature, forms a substrate for cleavage by a 5' nuclease.
Nucleic acids form secondary structures which depend on base-pairing for stability. When single strands of nucleic acids (single-stranded DNA, denatured double-stranded DNA or RNA) with different sequences, even closely related ones, are allowed to fold on themselves, they assume characteristic secondary structures. At "elevated temperatures" the duplex regions of the structures are brought to the brink of instability, so that the effects of small changes in sequence are maximized, and revealed as alterations in the cleavage pattern. In other words, "an elevated temperature" is a temperature at which a given duplex region of the folded substrate molecule is near the temperature at which that duplex melts. An alteration in the sequence of the substrate will then be likely to cause the destruction of a duplex region(s) thereby generating a different cleavage pattern when a cleavage agent which is dependent upon the recognition of structure is utilized in the reaction. While not being limited to any particular theory, it is thought that a potential cleavage site (i.e., a duplex region) assumes either an active or inactive conformation and that there is little inter-conversion between the states of any potential site, once they have formed. Nevertheless, many of the structures recognized as active cleavage sites are likely to be only a few base-pairs long and would appear to be unstable when elevated temperatures used in the cleavage reaction. The formation or disruption of these structures in response to small sequence changes results in changes in the patterns of cleavage. Temperatures in the range of 40.degree.-85.degree. C., with the range of 55.degree.-85.degree. C. being particularly preferred, are suitable elevated temperatures for the practice of the method of the invention.
The term "sequence variation" as used herein refers to differences in nucleic acid sequence between two nucleic acid templates. For example, a wild-type structural gene and a mutant form of this wild-type structural gene may vary in sequence by the presence of single base substitutions and/or deletions or insertions of one or more nucleotides. These two forms of the structural gene are said to vary in sequence from one another. A second mutant form of the structural gene may exits. This second mutant form is said to vary in sequence from both the wild-type gene and the first mutant form of the gene. It is noted, however, that the invention does not require that a comparison be made between one or more forms of a gene to detect sequence variations. Because the method of the invention generates a characteristic and reproducible pattern of cleavage products for a given nucleic acid substrate, a characteristic "fingerprint" may be obtained from any nucleic substrate without reference to a wild-type or other control. The invention contemplates the use of the method for both "fingerprinting" nucleic acids without reference to a control and identification of mutant forms of a substrate nucleic acid by comparison of the mutant form of the substrate with a wild-type or known mutant control.
The term "liberating" as used herein refers to the release of a nucleic acid fragment from a larger nucleic acid fragment, such as an oligonucleotide, by the action of a 5' nuclease such that the released fragment is no longer covalently attached to the remainder of the oligonucleotide.
The term "substrate strand" as used herein, means that strand of nucleic acid in a cleavage structure in which the cleavage mediated by the 5' nuclease activity occurs.
The term "template strand" as used herein, means that strand of nucleic acid in a cleavage structure which is at least partially complementary to the substrate strand and which anneals to the substrate strand to form the cleavage structure.
The term "K.sub.m " as used herein refers to the Michaelis-Menten constant for an enzyme and is defined as the concentration of the specific substrate at which a given enzyme yields one-half its maximum velocity in an enzyme catalyzed reaction.
IV. Detection Of Specific Nucleic Acid Sequences Using 5' Nucleases
The 5' nucleases of the invention form the basis of a novel detection assay for the identification of specific nucleic acid sequences. This detection system identifies the presence of specific nucleic acid sequences by requiring the annealing of two oligonucleotide probes to two portions of the target sequence. As used herein, the term "target sequence" or "target nucleic acid sequence" refers to a specific nucleic acid sequence within a polynucleotide sequence, such as genomic DNA or RNA, which is to be either detected or cleaved or both.
FIG. 1A provides a schematic of one embodiment of the detection method of the present invention. The target sequence is recognized by two distinct oligonucleotides in the triggering or trigger reaction. It is preferred that one of these oligonucleotides is provided on a solid support. The other can be provided free. In FIG. 1A the free oligo is indicated as a "primer" and the other oligo is shown attached to a bead designated as type 1. The target nucleic acid aligns the two oligonucleotides for specific cleavage of the 5' arm (of the oligo on bead 1) by the DNAPs of the present invention (not shown in FIG. 1A).
The site of cleavage (indicated by a large solid arrowhead) is controlled by the distance between the 3' end of the "primer" and the downstream fork of the oligo on bead 1. The latter is designed with an uncleavable region (indicated by the striping). In this manner neither oligonucleotide is subject to cleavage when misaligned or when unattached to target nucleic acid.
Successful cleavage releases a single copy of what is referred to as the alpha signal oligo. This oligo may contain a detectable moiety (e.g., fluorescein). On the other hand, it may be unlabelled.
In one embodiment of the detection method, two more oligonucleotides are provided on solid supports. The oligonucleotide shown in FIG. 1A on bead 2 has a region that is complementary to the alpha signal oligo (indicated as alpha prime) allowing for hybridization. This structure can be cleaved by the DNAPs of the present invention to release the beta signal oligo. The beta signal oligo can then hybridize to type 3 beads having an oligo with a complementary region (indicated as beta prime). Again, this structure can be cleaved by the DNAPs of the present invention to release a new alpha oligo.
At this point, the amplification has been linear. To increase the power of the method, it is desired that the alpha signal oligo hybridized to bead type 2 be liberated after release of the beta oligo so that it may go on to hybridize with other oligos on type 2 beads. Similarly, after release of an alpha oligo from type 3 beads, it is desired that the beta oligo be liberated.
The liberation of "captured" signal oligos can be achieved in a number of ways. First, it has been found that the DNAPs of the present invention have a true 5' exonuclease capable of "nibbling" the 5' end of the alpha (and beta) prime oligo (discussed below in more detail). Thus, under appropriate conditions, the hybridization is destabilized by nibbling of the DNAP. Second, the alpha-alpha prime (as well as the beta-beta prime) complex can be destablized by heat (e.g., thermal cycling).
With the liberation of signal oligos by such techniques, each cleavage results in a doubling of the number of signal oligos. In this manner, detectable signal can quickly be achieved.
FIG. 1B provides a schematic of a second embodiment of the detection method of the present invention. Again, the target sequence is recognized by two distinct oligonucleotides in the triggering or trigger reaction and the target nucleic acid aligns the two oligonucleotides for specific cleavage of the 5' arm by the DNAPs of the present invention (not shown in FIG. 1B). The first oligo is completely complementary to a portion of the target sequence. The second oligonucleotide is partially complementary to the target sequence; the 3' end of the second oligonucleotide is fully complementary to the target sequence while the 5' end is non-complementary and forms a single-stranded arm. The non-complementary end of the second oligonucleotide may be a generic sequence which can be used with a set of standard hairpin structures (described below). The detection of different target sequences would require unique portions of two oligonucleotides: the entire first oligonucleotide and the 3' end of the second oligonucleotide. The 5' arm of the second oligonucleotide can be invariant or generic in sequence.
The annealing of the first and second oligonucleotides near one another along the target sequence forms a forked cleavage structure which is a substrate for the 5' nuclease of DNA polymerases. The approximate location of the cleavage site is again indicated by the large solid arrowhead in FIG. 1B.
The 5' nucleases of the invention are capable of cleaving this structure but are not capable of polymerizing the extension of the 3' end of the first oligonucleotide. The lack of polymerization activity is advantageous as extension of the first oligonucleotide results in displacement of the annealed region of the second oligonucleotide and results in moving the site of cleavage along the second oligonucleotide. If polymerization is allowed to occur to any significant mount, multiple lengths of cleavage product will be generated. A single cleavage product of uniform length is desirable as this cleavage product initiates the detection reaction.
The trigger reaction may be run under conditions that allow for thermocycling. Thermocycling of the reaction allows for a logarithmic increase in the amount of the trigger oligonucleotide released in the reaction.
The second part of the detection method allows the annealing of the fragment of the second oligonucleotide liberated by the cleavage of the first cleavage structure formed in the triggering reaction (called the third or trigger oligonucleotide) to a first hairpin structure. This first hairpin structure has a single-stranded 5' arm and a single-stranded 3' arm. The third oligonucleotide triggers the cleavage of this first hairpin structure by annealing to the 3' arm of the hairpin thereby forming a substrate for cleavage by the 5' nuclease of the present invention. The cleavage of this first hairpin structure generates two reaction products: 1) the cleaved 5' arm of the hairpin called the fourth oligonucleotide, and 2) the cleaved hairpin structure which now lacks the 5' arm and is smaller in size than the uncleaved hairpin. This cleaved first hairpin may be used as a detection molecule to indicate that cleavage directed by the trigger or third oligonucleotide occurred. Thus, this indicates that the first two oligonucleotides found and annealed to the target sequence thereby indicating the presence of the target sequence in the sample.
The detection products are amplified by having the fourth oligonucleotide anneal to a second hairpin structure. This hairpin structure has a 5' single-stranded arm and a 3' single-stranded arm. The fourth oligonucleotide generated by cleavage of the first hairpin structure anneals to the 3' arm of the second hairpin structure thereby creating a third cleavage structure recognized by the 5' nuclease. The cleavage of this second hairpin structure also generates two reaction products: 1) the cleaved 5' arm of the hairpin called the fifth oligonucleotide which is similar or identical in sequence to the third nucleotide, and 2) the cleaved second hairpin structure which now lacks the 5' arm and is smaller in size than the uncleaved hairpin. This cleaved second hairpin may be as a detection molecule and amplifies the signal generated by the cleavage of the first hairpin structure. Simultaneously with the annealing of the forth oligonucleotide, the third oligonucleotide is dissociated from the cleaved first hairpin molecule so that it is free to anneal to a new copy of the first hairpin structure. The disassociation of the oligonucleotides from the hairpin structures may be accomplished by heating or other means suitable to disrupt base-pairing interactions.
Further amplification of the detection signal is achieved by annealing the fifth oligonucleotide (similar or identical in sequence to the third oligonucleotide) to another molecule of the first hairpin structure. Cleavage is then performed and the oligonucleotide that is liberated then is annealed to another molecule of the second hairpin structure. Successive rounds of annealing and cleavage of the first and second hairpin structures, provided in excess, are performed to generate a sufficient amount of cleaved hairpin products to be detected. The temperature of the detection reaction is cycled just below and just above the annealing temperature for the oligonucleotides used to direct cleavage of the hairpin structures, generally about 55.degree. C. to 70.degree. C. The number of cleavages will double in each cycle until the amount of hairpin structures remaining is below the K.sub.m for the hairpin structures. This point is reached when the hairpin structures are substantially used up. When the detection reaction is to be used in a quantitative manner, the cycling reactions are stopped before the accumulation of the cleaved hairpin detection products reach a plateau.
Detection of the cleaved hairpin structures may be achieved in several ways. In one embodiment detection is achieved by separation on agarose or polyacrylamide gels followed by staining with ethidium bromide. In another embodiment, detection is achieved by separation of the cleaved and uncleaved hairpin structures on a gel followed by autoradiography when the hairpin structures are first labelled with a radioactive probe and separation on chromatography columns using HPLC or FPLC followed by detection of the differently sized fragments by absorption at OD.sub.260. Other means of detection include detection of changes in fluorescence polarization when the single-stranded 5' arm is released by cleavage, the increase in fluorescence of an intercalating fluorescent indicator as the amount of primers annealed to 3' arms of the hairpin structures increases. The formation of increasing amounts of duplex DNA (between the primer and the 3' arm of the hairpin) occurs if successive rounds of cleavage occur.
The hairpin structures may be attached to a solid support, such as an agarose, styrene or magnetic bead, via the 3' end of the hairpin. A spacer molecule may be placed between the 3' end of the hairpin and the bead, if so desired. The advantage of attaching the hairpin structures to a solid support is that this prevents the hybridization of the two hairpin structures to one another over regions which are complementary. If the hairpin structures anneal to one another, this would reduce the amount of hairpins available for hybridization to the primers released during the cleavage reactions. If the hairpin structures are attached to a solid support, then additional methods of detection of the products of the cleavage reaction may be employed. These methods include, but are not limited to, the measurement of the released single-stranded 5' arm when the 5' arm contains a label at the 5' terminus. This label may be radioactive, fluorescent, biotinylated, etc. If the hairpin structure is not cleaved, the 5' label will remain attached to the solid support. If cleavage occurs, the 5' label will be released from the solid support.
The 3' end of the hairpin molecule may be blocked through the use of dideoxynucleotides. A 3' terminus containing a dideoxynucleotide is unavailable to participate in reactions with certain DNA modifying enzymes, such as terminal transferase. Cleavage of the hairpin having a 3' terminal dideoxynucleotide generates a new, unblocked 3' terminus at the site of cleavage. This new 3' end has a free hydroxyl group which can interact with terminal transferase thus providing another means of detecting the cleavage products.
The hairpin structures are designed so that their self-complementary regions are very short (generally in the range of 3-8 base pairs). Thus, the hairpin structures are not stable at the high temperatures at which this reaction is performed (generally in the range of 50.degree.-75.degree. C.) unless the hairpin is stabilized by the presence of the annealed oligonucleotide on the 3' arm of the hairpin. This instability prevents the polymerase from cleaving the hairpin structure in the absence of an associated primer thereby preventing false positive results due to non-oligonucleotide directed cleavage.
As discussed above, the use of the 5' nucleases of the invention which have reduced polymerization activity is advantageous in this method of detecting specific nucleic acid sequences. Significant amounts of polymerization during the cleavage reaction would cause shifting of the site of cleavage in unpredictable ways resulting in the production of a series of cleaved hairpin structures of various sizes rather than a single easily quantifiable product. Additionally, the primers used in one round of cleavage could, if elongated, become unusable for the next cycle, by either forming an incorrect structure or by being too long to melt off under moderate temperature cycling conditions. In a pristine system (i.e., lacking the presence of dNTPs), one could use the unmodified polymerase, but the presence of nucleotides (dNTPs) can decrease the per cycle efficiency enough to give a false negative result. When a crude extract (genomic DNA preparations, crude cell lysates, etc.) is employed or where a sample of DNA from a PCR reaction, or any other sample that might be contaminated with dNTPs, the 5' nucleases of the present invention that were derived from thermostable polymerases are particularly useful.
V. Generation Of 5' Nucleases From Thermostable DNA Polymerases
The genes encoding Type A DNA polymerases share about 85% homology to each other on the DNA sequence level. Preferred examples of thermostable polymerases include those isolated from Thermus aquaticus, Thermus flavus, and Thermus thermophilus. However, other thermostable Type A polymerases which have 5' nuclease activity are also suitable. FIGS. 2 and 3 compare the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the three above mentioned polymerases. SEQ ID NOS:1-3 display the nucleotide sequences and SEQ ID NOS:4-6 display the amino acid sequences of the three wild-type polymerases. SEQ ID NO:1 corresponds to the nucleic acid sequence of the wild type Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase gene isolated from the YT-1 strain �Lawyer et al., J. Biol. Chem. 264:6427 (1989)!. SEQ ID NO:2 corresponds to the nucleic acid sequence of the wild type Thermus flavus DNA polymerase gene �Akhmetzjanov and Vakhitov, Nucl. Acids Res. 20:5839 (1992)!. SEQ ID NO:3 corresponds to the nucleic acid sequence of the wild type Thermus thermophilus DNA polymerase gene �Gelfand et al., WO 91/09950 (1991)!. SEQ ID NOS:7-8 depict the consensus nucleotide and amino acid sequences, respectively for the above three DNAPs (also shown on the top row in FIGS. 2 and 3).
The 5' nucleases of the invention derived from thermostable polymerases have reduced synthetic ability, but retain substantially the same 5' exonuclease activity as the native DNA polymerase. The term "substantially the same 5' nuclease activity" as used herein means that the 5' nuclease activity of the modified enzyme retains the ability to function as a structure-dependent single-stranded endonuclease but not necessarily at the same rate of cleavage as compared to the unmodified enzyme. Type A DNA polymerases may also be modified so as to produce an enzyme which has increases 5' nuclease activity while having a reduced level of synthetic activity. Modified enzymes having reduced synthetic activity and increased 5' nuclease activity are also envisioned by the present invention.
By the term "reduced synthetic activity" as used herein it is meant that the modified enzyme has less than the level of synthetic activity found in the unmodified or "native" enzyme. The modified enzyme may have no synthetic activity remaining or may have that level of synthetic activity that will not interfere with the use of the modified enzyme in the detection assay described below. The 5' nucleases of the present invention are advantageous in situations where the cleavage activity of the polymerase is desired, but the synthetic ability is not (such as in the detection assay of the invention).
As noted above, it is not intended that the invention be limited by the nature of the alteration necessary to render the polymerase synthesis deficient. The present invention contemplates a variety of methods, including but not limited to: 1) proteolysis; 2) recombinant constructs (including mutants); and 3) physical and/or chemical modification and/or inhibition.
1. Proteolysis
Thermostable DNA polymerases having a reduced level of synthetic activity are produced by physically cleaving the unmodified enzyme with proteolytic enzymes to produce fragments of the enzyme that are deficient in synthetic activity but retain 5' nuclease activity. Following proteolytic digestion, the resulting fragments are separated by standard chromatographic techniques and assayed for the ability to synthesize DNA and to act as a 5' nuclease. The assays to determine synthetic activity and 5' nuclease activity are described below.
2. Recombinant Constructs
The examples below describe a preferred method for creating a construct encoding a 5' nuclease derived from a thermostable DNA polymerase. As the Type A DNA polymerases are similar in DNA sequence, the cloning strategies employed for the Thermus aquaticus and flavus polymerases are applicable to other thermostable Type A polymerases. In general, a thermostable DNA polymerase is cloned by isolating genomic DNA using molecular biological methods from a bacteria containing a thermostable Type A DNA polymerase. This genomic DNA is exposed to primers which are capable of amplifying the polymerase gene by PCR.
This amplified polymerase sequence is then subjected to standard deletion processes to delete the polymerase portion of the gene. Suitable deletion processes are described below in the examples.
The example below discusses the strategy used to determine which portions of the DNAPTaq polymerase domain could be removed without eliminating the 5' nuclease activity. Deletion of amino acids from the protein can be done either by deletion of the encoding genetic material, or by introduction of a translational stop codon by mutation or frame shift. In addition, proteolytic treatment of the protein molecule can be performed to remove segments of the protein.
In the examples below, specific alterations of the Taq gene were: a deletion between nucleotides 1601 and 2502 (the end of the coding region), a 4 nucleotide insertion at position 2043, and deletions between nucleotides 1614 and 1848 and between nucleotides 875 and 1778 (numbering is as in SEQ ID NO:1). These modified sequences are described below in the examples and at SEQ ID NOS:9-12.
Those skilled in the art understand that single base pair changes can be innocuous in terms of enzyme structure and function. Similarly, small additions and deletions can be present without substantially changing the exonuclease or polymerase function of these enzymes.
Other deletions are also suitable to create the 5' nucleases of the present invention. It is preferable that the deletion decrease the polymerase activity of the 5' nucleases to a level at which synthetic activity will not interfere with the use of the 5' nuclease in the detection assay of the invention. Most preferably, the synthetic ability is absent. Modified polymerases are tested for the presence of synthetic and 5' nuclease activity as in assays described below. Thoughtful consideration of these assays allows for the screening of candidate enzymes whose structure is heretofore as yet unknown. In other words, construct "X" can be evaluated according to the protocol described below to determine whether it is a member of the genus of 5' nucleases of the present invention as defined functionally, rather than structurally.
In the example below, the PCR product of the amplified Thermus aquaticus genomic DNA did not have the identical nucleotide structure of the native genomic DNA and did not have the same synthetic ability of the original clone. Base pair changes which result due to the infidelity of DNAPTaq during PCR amplification of a polymerase gene are also a method by which the synthetic ability of a polymerase gene may be inactivated. The examples below and FIGS. 4A and 5A indicate regions in the native Thermus aquaticus and flavus DNA polymerases likely to be important for synthetic ability. There are other base pair changes and substitutions that will likely also inactivate the polymerase.
It is not necessary, however, that one start out the process of producing a 5' nuclease from a DNA polymerase with such a mutated amplified product. This is the method by which the examples below were performed to generate the synthesis-deficient DNAPTaq mutants, but it is understood by those skilled in the art that a wild-type DNA polymerase sequence may be used as the starting material for the introduction of deletions, insertion and substitutions to produce a 5' nuclease. For example, to generate the synthesis-deficient DNAPTfl mutant, the primers listed in SEQ ID NOS:13-14 were used to amplify the wild type DNA polymerase gene from Thermus flavus strain AT-62. The amplified polymerase gene was then subjected to restriction enzyme digestion to delete a large portion of the domain encoding the synthetic activity.
The present invention contemplates that the nucleic acid construct of the present invention be capable of expression in a suitable host. Those in the art know methods for attaching various promoters and 3' sequences to a gene structure to achieve efficient expression. The examples below disclose two suitable vectors and six suitable vector constructs. Of course, there are other promoter/vector combinations that would be suitable. It is not necessary that a host organism be used for the expression of the nucleic acid constructs of the invention. For example, expression of the protein encoded by a nucleic acid construct may be achieved through the use of a cell-free in vitro transcription/translation system. An example of such a cell-free system is the commercially available TnT.TM. Coupled Reticulocyte Lysate System (Promega Corporation, Madison, Wis.).
Once a suitable nucleic acid construct has been made, the 5' nuclease may be produced from the construct. The examples below and standard molecular biological teachings enable one to manipulate the construct by different suitable methods.
Once the 5' nuclease has been expressed, the polymerase is tested for both synthetic and nuclease activity as described below.
3. Physical And/Or Chemical Modification And/Or Inhibition
The synthetic activity of a thermostable DNA polymerase may be reduced by chemical and/or physical means. In one embodiment, the cleavage reaction catalyzed by the 5' nuclease activity of the polymerase is run under conditions which preferentially inhibit the synthetic activity of the polymerase. The level of synthetic activity need only be reduced to that level of activity which does not interfere with cleavage reactions requiring no significant synthetic activity.
As shown in the examples below, concentrations of Mg.sup.++ greater than 5 mM inhibit the polymerization activity of the native DNAPTaq. The ability of the 5' nuclease to function under conditions where synthetic activity is inhibited is tested by running the assays for synthetic and 5' nuclease activity, described below, in the presence of a range of Mg.sup.++ concentrations (5 to 10 mM). The effect of a given concentration of Mg.sup.++ is determined by quantitation of the amount of synthesis and cleavage in the test reaction as compared to the standard reaction for each assay.
The inhibitory effect of other ions, polyamines, denaturants, such as urea, formamide, dimethylsulfoxide, glycerol and non-ionic detergents (Triton X-100 and Tween-20), nucleic acid binding chemicals such as, actinomycin D, ethidium bromide and psoralens, are tested by their addition to the standard reaction buffers for the synthesis and 5' nuclease assays. Those compounds having a preferential inhibitory effect on the synthetic activity of a thermostable polymerase are then used to create reaction conditions under which 5' nuclease activity (cleavage) is retained while synthetic activity is reduced or eliminated.
Physical means may be used to preferentially inhibit the synthetic activity of a polymerase. For example, the synthetic activity of thermostable polymerases is destroyed by exposure of the polymerase to extreme heat (typically 96.degree. to 100.degree. C.) for extended periods of time (greater than or equal to 20 minutes). While these are minor differences with respect to the specific heat tolerance for each of the enzymes, these are readily determined. Polymerases are treated with heat for various periods of time and the effect of the heat treatment upon the synthetic and 5' nuclease activities is determined.
VI. Therapeutic Utility Of 5' Nucleases
The 5' nucleases of the invention have not only the diagnostic utility discussed above, but additionally have therapeutic utility for the cleavage and inactivation of specific mRNAs inside infected cells. The mRNAs of pathogenic agents, such as viruses, bacteria, are targeted for cleavage by a synthesis-deficient DNA polymerase by the introduction of a oligonucleotide complementary to a given mRNA produced by the pathogenic agent into the infected cell along with the synthesis-deficient polymerase. Any pathogenic agent may be targeted by this method provided the nucleotide sequence information is available so that an appropriate oligonucleotide may be synthesized. The synthetic oligonucleotide anneals to the complementary mRNA thereby forming a cleavage structure recognized by the modified enzyme. The ability of the 5' nuclease activity of thermostable DNA polymerases to cleave RNA-DNA hybrids is shown herein in Example 1D.
Liposomes provide a convenient delivery system. The synthetic oligonucleotide may be conjugated or bound to the nuclease to allow for co-delivery of these molecules. Additional delivery systems may be employed.
Inactivation of pathogenic mRNAs has been described using antisense gene regulation and using ribozymes (Rossi, U.S. Pat. No. 5,144,019, hereby incorporated by reference). Both of these methodologies have limitations.
The use of antisense RNA to impair gene expression requires stoichiometric and therefore, large molar excesses of anti-sense RNA relative to the pathogenic RNA to be effective. Ribozyme therapy, on the other hand, is catalytic and therefore lacks the problem of the need for a large molar excess of the therapeutic compound found with antisense methods. However, ribozyme cleavage of a given RNA requires the presence of highly conserved sequences to form the catalytically active cleavage structure. This requires that the target pathogenic mRNA contain the conserved sequences (GAAAC (X).sub.n GU) thereby limiting the number of pathogenic mRNAs that can be cleaved by this method. In contrast, the catalytic cleavage of RNA by the use of a DNA oligonucleotide and a 5' nuclease is dependent upon structure only; thus, virtually any pathogenic RNA sequence can be used to design an appropriate cleavage structure.
VII. Detection Of Antigenic Or Nucleic Acid Targets By A Dual Capture Assay
The ability to generate 5' nucleases from thermostable DNA polymerases provides the basis for a novel means of detecting the presence of antigenic or nucleic acid targets. In this dual capture assay, the polymerase domains encoding the synthetic activity and the nuclease activity are covalently attached to two separate and distinct antibodies or oligonucleotides. When both the synthetic and the nuclease domains are present in the same reaction and dATP, dTTP and a small amount of poly d(A-T) are provided, an enormous amount of poly d(A-T) is produced. The large amounts of poly d(A-T) are produced as a result of the ability of the 5' nuclease to cleave newly made poly d(A-T) to generate primers that are, in turn, used by the synthetic domain to catalyze the production of even more poly d(A-T). The 5' nuclease is able to cleave poly d(A-T) because poly d(A-T) is self-complementary and easily forms alternate structures at elevated temperatures. These structures are recognized by the 5' nuclease and are then cleaved to generate more primer for the synthesis reaction.
The following is an example of the dual capture assay to detect an antigen(s): A sample to be analyzed for a given antigen(s) is provided. This sample may comprise a mixture of cells; for example, cells infected with viruses display virally-encoded antigens on their surface. If the antigen(s) to be detected are present in solution, they are first attached to a solid support such as the wall of a microtiter dish or to a bead using conventional methodologies. The sample is then mixed with 1) the synthetic domain of a thermostable DNA polymerase conjugated to an antibody which recognizes either a first antigen or a first epitope on an antigen, and 2) the 5' nuclease domain of a thermostable DNA polymerase conjugated to a second antibody which recognizes either a second, distinct antigen or a second epitope on the same antigen as recognized by the antibody conjugated to the synthetic domain. Following an appropriate period to allow the interaction of the antibodies with their cognate antigens (conditions will vary depending upon the antibodies used; appropriate conditions are well known in the art), the sample is then washed to remove unbound antibody-enzyme domain complexes. dATP, dTTP and a small amount of poly d(A-T) is then added to the washed sample and the sample is incubated at elevated temperatures (generally in the range of 60.degree.-80.degree. C. and more preferably, 70.degree.-75.degree. C.) to permit the thermostable synthetic and 5' nuclease domains to function. If the sample contains the antigen(s) recognized by both separately conjugated domains of the polymerase, then an exponential increase in poly d(A-T) production occurs. If only the antibody conjugated to the synthetic domain of the polymerase is present in the sample such that no 5' nuclease domain is present in the washed sample, then only an arithmetic increase in poly d(A-T) is possible. The reaction conditions may be controlled in such a way so that an arithmetic increase in poly d(A-T) is below the threshold of detection. This may be accomplished by controlling the length of time the reaction is allowed to proceed or by adding so little poly d(A-T) to act as template that in the absence of nuclease activity to generate new poly d(A-T) primers very little poly d(A-T) is synthesized.
It is not necessary for both domains of the enzyme to be conjugated to an antibody. One can provide the synthetic domain conjugated to an antibody and provide the 5' nuclease domain in solution or vice versa. In such a case the conjugated antibody-enzyme domain is added to the sample, incubated, then washed. dATP, dTTP, poly d(A-T) and the remaining enzyme domain in solution is then added.
Additionally, the two enzyme domains may be conjugated to oligonucleotides such that target nucleic acid sequences can be detected. The oligonucleotides conjugated to the two different enzyme domains may recognize different regions on the same target nucleic acid strand or may recognize two unrelated target nucleic acids.
The production of poly d(A-T) may be detected in many ways including: 1) use of a radioactive label on either the dATP or dTTP supplied for the synthesis of the poly d(A-T), followed by size separation of the reaction products and autoradiography; 2) use of a fluorescent probe on the dATP and a biotinylated probe on the dTTP supplied for the synthesis of the poly d(A-T), followed by passage of the reaction products over an avidin bead, such as magnetic beads conjugated to avidin; the presence of the florescent probe on the avidin-containing bead indicates that poly d(A-T) has been formed as the fluorescent probe will stick to the avidin bead only if the fluorescenated dATP is incorporated into a covalent linkage with the biotinylated dTTP; and 3) changes fluorescence polarization indicating an increase in size. Other means of detecting the presence of poly d(A-T) include the use of intercalating fluorescence indicators to monitor the increase in duplex DNA formation.
The advantages of the above dual capture assay for detecting antigenic or nucleic acid targets include:
1) No thermocycling of the sample is required. The polymerase domains and the dATP and dTTP are incubated at a fixed temperature (generally about 70.degree. C.). After 30 minutes of incubation up to 75% of the added dNTPs are incorporated into poly d(A-T). The lack of thermocycling makes this assay well suited to clinical laboratory settings; there is no need to purchase a thermocycling apparatus and there is no need to maintain very precise temperature control.
2) The reaction conditions are simple. The incubation of the bound enzymatic domains is done in a buffer containing 0.5 mM MgCl.sub.2 (higher concentrations may be used), 2-10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.5, approximately 50 .mu.M dATP and dTTP. The reaction volume is 10-20 .mu.l and reaction products are detectable within 10-20 minutes.
3) No reaction is detected unless both the synthetic and nuclease activities are present. Thus, a positive result indicates that both probes (antibody or oligonucleotide) have recognized their targets thereby increasing the specificity of recognition by having two different probes bind to the target.
The ability to separate the two enzymatic activities of the DNAP allows for exponential increases in poly d(A-T) production. If a DNAP is used which lacks 5' nuclease activity, such as the Klenow fragment of DNAPEcl, only a linear or arithmetic increase in poly d(A-T) production is possible �Setlow et al., J. Biol. Chem. 247:224 (1972)!. The ability to provide an enzyme having 5' nuclease activity but lacking synthetic activity is made possible by the disclosure of this invention.
VIII. Cleavase.TM. Fragment Length Polymorphism For The Detection Of Secondary Structure
Nucleic acids assume secondary structures which depend on base-pairing for stability. When single strands of nucleic acids (single-stranded DNA, denatured DNA or RNA) with different sequences, even closely related ones, are allowed to fold on themselves, they assume characteristic secondary structures. These differences in structures account for the ability of single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis to distinguish between DNA fragments having closely related sequences.
The 5' nuclease domains of certain DNA polymerases are specific endonucleases that recognize and cleave nucleic acids at specific structures rather than in a sequence-specific manner (as do restriction endonucleases). The isolated nuclease domain of DNAPTaq described herein (termed the enzyme Cleavase.sup.TM) recognizes the end of a duplex that has non-base paired strands at the ends. The strand with the 5' end is cleaved at the junction between the single strand and the duplex.
FIG. 29 depicts a wild-type substrate and a mutant substrate wherein the mutant substrate differs from the wild-type by a single base change (A to G as indicated). According to the method of the present invention, substrate structures form when nucleic acids are denatured and allowed to fold on themselves (See FIG. 29, steps 1 and 2). The step of denaturation may be achieved by treating the nucleic acid with heat, low (<3) or high pH (>10), the use of low salt concentrations, the absence of cations, chemicals (e.g., urea, formamide) or proteins (e.g., helicases). Folding or renaturation of the nucleic acid is achieved by lowering of the temperature, addition of salt, neutralization of the pH, withdrawal of the chemicals or proteins.
The manner in which the substrate folds is dependent upon the sequence of the substrate. The 5' nucleases of the invention cleave the structures (See FIG. 29, step 3). The end points of the resulting fragments reflect the locations of the cleavage sites. The cleavage itself is dependent upon the formation of a particular structure, not upon a particular sequence at the cleavage site.
When the 5' nucleases of the invention cleave a nucleic acid substrate, a collection of cleavage products or fragments is generated. These fragments constitute a characteristic fingerprint of the nucleic acid which can be detected �e.g., by electrophoresis on a gel (see step 4)!. Changes in the sequence of a nucleic acid (e.g., single point mutation between a wild-type and mutant gene) alter the pattern of cleavage structures formed. When the 5' nucleases of the invention cleave the structures formed by a wild-type and an altered or mutant form of the substrate, the distribution of the cleavage fragments generated will differ between the two substrates reflecting the difference in the sequence of the two substrates (See FIG. 29, step 5).
The enzyme Cleavase.TM. generates a unique pattern of cleavage products for a substrate nucleic acid. Digestion with the enzyme Cleavase.TM. can be used to detect single base changes in DNA molecules of great length (e.g., 1.6 kb in length) to produce a characteristic pattern of cleavage products. The method of the invention is termed "Cleavase.TM. Fragment Length Polymorphism" (CFLP). However, it is noted that the invention is not limited to the use of the enzyme Cleavase.TM.; 5' nuclease activity may be provided from a variety of sources including the enzyme Cleavase.sup.TM, Taq DNA polymerase, E. coli DNA polymerase I and eucaryotic structure-specific endonucleases (e.g., the yeast RAD2 protein and RAD1/RAD10 complex/�Harrington, J. J. and Lieher (1994) Genes and Develop. 8:1344!, murine FEN-1 endonucleases (Harrington and Liener, supra) and calf 5' to 3' exonuclease �Murante, R. S., et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269:1191!).
Nucleic acid substrates that may be analyzed using a 5' nuclease include many types of both RNA and DNA. Such nucleic acid substrates may all be obtained using standard molecular biological techniques. For example, substrates may be isolated from a tissue sample, tissue culture cells, bacteria or viruses, may be transcribed in vitro from a DNA template, or may be chemically synthesized. Furthermore, substrates may be isolated from an organism, either as genomic material or as a plasmid or similar extrachromosomal DNA, or it may be a fragment of such material generated by treatment with a restriction endonuclease or other cleavage agents or it may be synthetic.
Substrates may also be produced by amplification using the PCR. When the substrate is to be a single-stranded substrate molecule, the substrate may be produced using the PCR with preferential amplification of one strand (asymmetric PCR). Single-stranded substrates may also be conveniently generated in other ways. For example, a double-stranded molcule containing a biotin label at the end of one of the two strands may be bound to a solid support (e.g., a magnetic bead) linked to a streptavidin moiety. The biotin-labeled strand is selectively captured by binding to the streptavidin-bead complex. It is noted that the subsequent cleavage reaction may be performed using substrate attached to the solid support, as the enzyme Cleavase.TM. can cleave the substrate while it is bound to the bead. A single-stranded substrate may also be produced from a double-stranded molecule by digestion of one strand with exonuclease.
The nucleic acids of interest may contain a label to aid in their detection following the cleavage reaction. The label may be a radioisotope (e.g., a .sup.32 P or .sup.35 S-labeled nucleotide) placed at either the 5' or 3' end of the nucleic acid or alternatively the label may be distributed throughout the nucleic acid (i.e., an internally labeled substrate). The label may be a nonisotopic detectable moiety, such as a fluorophore which can be detected directly, or a reactive group which permits specific recognition by a secondary agent. For example, biotinylated nucleic acids may be detected by probing with a streptavidin molecule which is coupled to an indicator (e.g., alkaline phosphatase or a fluorophore), or a hapten such as digoxigenin may be detected using a specific antibody coupled to a similar indicator. Alternatively, unlabeled nucleic acid may be cleaved and visualized by staining (e.g., ethidium bromide sting) or by hybridization using a labeled probe. In a preferred embodiment, the substrate nucleic acid is labeled at the 5' end with a biotin molecule and is detected using avidin or streptavidin coupled to alkaline phosphatase. In another preferred embodiment the substrate nucleic acid is labeled at the 5' end with a fluoroscein molecule and is detected using an anti-fluorescein antibody-alkaline phosphatase conjugate.
The cleavage patterns are essentially partial digests of the substrate in the reaction. When the substrate is labelled at one end (e.g. with biotin), all detectable fragments share a common end. The extension of the time of incubation of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. reaction does not significantly increase the proportion of short fragments, indicating that each potential cleavage site assumes either an active or inactive conformation and that there is little inter-conversion between the states of any potential site, once they have formed. Nevertheless, many of the structures recognized as active cleavage sites are likely to be only a few base-pairs long and would appear to be unstable at the elevated temperatures used in the Cleavase.TM. reaction. The formation or disruption of these structures in response to small sequence changes results in changes in the patterns of cleavage.
The products of the cleavage reaction are a collection of fragments generated by structure specific cleavage of the input nucleic acid. Nucleic acids which differ in size may be analyzed and resolved by a number of methods including electrophoresis, chromatography, fluorescence polarization, mass spectrometry and chip hybridization. The invention is illustrated using electrophoretic separation. However, it is noted that the resolution of the cleavage products is not limited to electrophoresis. Electrophoresis is chosen to illustrate the method of the invention because electrophoresis is widely practiced in the art and is easily accessible to the average practitioner.
If abundant quantities of DNA are available for the analysis, it may be advantgeous to use direct fluorescence to detect the cleavage fragments, raising the possibility of analyzing several samples in the same tube and on the same gel. This "multiplexing" would permit automated comparisons of closely related substrates such as wild-type and mutant forms of a gene.
The CFLP reaction is useful to rapidly screen for differences between similar nucleic acid molecules. To optimize the CFLP reaction for any desired nucleic acid system (e.g., a wild-type nucleic acid and one or more mutant forms of the wild-type nucleic acid), it is most convenient to use a single substrate from the test system (for example, the wild-type substrate) to determine the best CFLP reaction conditions. A single suitable condition is chosen for doing the comparison CFLP reactions on the other molecules of interest. For example, a cleavage reaction may be opitimized for a wild-type sequence and mutant sequences may subsequently be cleaved under the same conditions for comparision with the wild-type pattern. The objective of the CFLP otimization test is the identification of a set of conditions which allow the test molecule to form an assortment (i.e., a population) of intra-strand structures that are sufficiently stable such that treament with a structure-specific cleavage agent such as the enzyme Cleavase.TM. or DNAPTaq will yield a signature array of cleavage products, yet are sufficiently unstable that minor or single-base changes within the test molecule are likely to result in a noticeable change in the array of cleavage products.
A panel of reaction conditions with varying salt concentration and temperature is first performed to identify an optimal set of conditions for the CFLP. "Optimal CFLP" is defined for this test case as the set of conditions that yields the most widely spaced set of bands after electrophoretic separation, with the most even signal intensity between the bands.
Two elements of the cleavage reaction that significantly affect the stability of the nucleic acid structures are the temperature at which the cleavage reaction is performed and the concentration of salt in the reaction solution. Likewise, other factors affecting nucleic acid structures, such as, formamide, urea or extremes in pH may be used. The initial test typically will comprise reactions performed at four temperatures (60.degree. C., 65.degree. C., 70.degree. C. and 75.degree. C.) in three different salt concentrations (0 mM, 25 mM and 50 mM) for a total of twelve individual reactions. It is not intended that the present invention be limited by the salt utilized. The salt utilized may be chosen from potassium chloride, sodium chloride, etc. with potassium chloride being a preferred salt.
For each salt concentration to be tested, 30 .mu.l of a master mix containing a DNA substrate, buffer and salt is prepared. When the substrate is DNA, suitable buffers include 3-�N-Morpholino!propanesulfonic acid (MOPS), pH 6.5 to 9.0, with pH 8.0 to 8.4 being particularly preferred and other "Good" biological buffers such as tris�Hydroxymethyl!aminomethane (Tris) or N,N-bis�2-Hydroxyethyl!glycine (Bicine), pH 6.5 to 9.0, with pH 8.0 to 8.4 being particularly preferred. When the nucleic acid substrate is RNA, the pH of the buffer is reduced to the range of 6.0 to 8.5, with pH 6.0 to 7.0 being particularly preferred. When manganese is to used as the divalent cation in the reaction, the use of Tris buffers is not preferred. Manganese tends to precipitate as manganous oxide in Tris if the divalent cation is exposed to the buffer for prolonged periods (such as in incubations of greater than 5 minutes or in the storage of a stock buffer). When manganese is to be used as the divalent cation, a preferred buffer is the MOPS buffer.
For reactions containing no salt (the "0 mM KCl" mix), the mix includes enough detectable DNA for 5 digests (e.g., approximately 500 fmoles of 5' biotinylated DNA or approximately 100 fmoles of .sup.32 P-5' end labeled DNA) in 30 .mu.l of 1X CFLP buffer (10 mM MOPS, pH 8.2) with 1.7 mM MnCl.sub.2 or MgCl.sub.2 (the final concentration of the divalent cation will be 1 mM). Other concentrations of the divalent cation may be used if appropriate for the cleavage agent chosen (e.g., E. coli DNA polymerase I is commonly used in a buffer containing 5 mM MgCl.sub.2). The "25 mM KCl" mix includes 41.5 mM KCl in addition to the above components; the "50 mM KCl" mix includes 83.3 mM KCl in addition to the above components.
The mixes are distributed into labeled reaction tubes (0.2 ml, 0.5 ml or 1.5 ml "Eppendorf" style microcentrifuge tubes) in 6 .mu.l aliquots, overlaid with light mineral oil or a similar barrier, and stored on ice until use. Sixty microliters of an enzyme dilution cocktail is assembled, comprising a 5' nuclease at a suitable concentration in 1X CFLP buffer without MnCl.sub.2. Preferred 5' nucleases and concentrations are 750 ng of the enzyme Cleavase.TM.BN or 15 units of Taq DNA polymerase (or another eubacterial Pol A-type DNA polymerase). Suitable amounts of a similar structure-specific cleavage agent in 1X CFLP buffer without MnCl.sub.2 may also be utilized.
If a strong (i.e., stable) secondary structure is formed by the substrates, a single nucleotide change is unlikely to significantly alter that structure, or the cleavage pattern it produces. Elevated temperatures can be used to bring structures to the brink of instability, so that the effects of small changes in sequence are maximized, and revealed as alterations in the cleavage pattern within the target substrate, thus allowing the cleavage reaction to occur at that point. Consequently, it is often desirable to run the reaction at an elevated temeprature (i.e., above 55.degree. C.).
Preferrably, reactions are performed at 60.degree. C., 65.degree. C., 70.degree. C. and 75.degree. C. For each temperature to be tested, a trio of tubes at each of the three KCl concentrations are brought to 95.degree. C. for 5 seconds, then cooled to the selected temperature. The reactions are then started immediately by the addition of 4 .mu.l of the enzyme cocktail. A duplicate trio of tubes may be included (these tubes receiving 4 .mu.l of 1X CFLP buffer without enzyme or MnCl.sub.2), to assess the nucleic acid stability in these reaction conditions. All reactions proceed for 5 minutes, and are stopped by the addition of 8 .mu.l of 95.degree. C. formamide with 20 mM EDTA and 0.05% xylene cyanol and 0.05% bromophenol blue. Reactions may be assembled and stored on ice if necessary. Completed reactions are stored on ice until all reactions in the series have been performed.
Samples are heated to 72.degree. C. for 2 minutes and 5 .mu.l of each reaction is resolved by electrophoresis through a suitable gel, such as 6 to 10% polyacrylamide (19:1 cross-link), with 7M urea, in a buffer of 45 mM Tris-Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA for nucleic acids up to approximately 1.5 kb, or native or denaturing agarose gels for larger molecules. The nucleic acids may be visualized as described above, by staining, autoradiography (for radioisotopes) or by transfer to a nylon or other membrane support with subsequent hybridization and/or nonisotopic detection. The patterns generated are examined by the criteria described above and a reaction condition is chosen for the performance of the variant comparison CFLPs.
A "no enzyme" control allows the assessment of the stability of the nucleic acid substrate under particular reaction conditions. In this instance, the substrate is placed in a tube containing all reaction components except the enzyme and treated the same as the enzyme-containing reactions. Other control reactions may be run. A wild-type substrate may be cleaved each time a new mutant substrate is tested. Alternatively, a previously characterized mutant may be run in parallel with a substrate suspected of containing a different mutation. Previously characterized substrates allow for the comparision of the cleavage pattern produced by the new test substrate with a known cleavage pattern. In this manner, alterations in the new test substrate may be identified.
To date, every nucleic acid substrate tested in this system has produced a unique and reproducible pattern of fragments. The sensitivity and specificity of the cleavage reaction make this method of analysis very suitable for the rapid screening of mutations in cancer diagnostics, tissue typing, genetic identity, bacterial typing, mutant screening in genetic crosses, etc. One distinct benefit of using the Cleavase.TM. reaction to characterize nucleic acids is that the pattern of cleavage products constitutes a characteristic fingerprint, so a potential mutant can be compared to previously characterized mutants without sequencing. Also, the place in the fragment pattern where a change is observed gives a good indication of the position of the mutation. But it is noted that the mutation need not be at the precise site of cleavage, but only in an area that affects the stability of the structure.
EXPERIMENTAL
The following examples serve to illustrate certain preferred embodiments and aspects of the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting the scope thereof.
In the disclosure which follows, the following abbreviations apply:.degree. C. (degrees Centigrade); g (gravitational field); vol (volume); w/v (weight to volume); v/v (volume to volume); BSA (bovine serum albumin); CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide); HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography); DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid); p (plasmid); .mu.l (microliters); ml (milliliters); .mu.g (micrograms); pmoles (picomoles); mg (milligrams); M (molar); mM (milliMolar); .mu.M (microMolar); nm (nanometers); kdal (kilodaltons); OD (optical density); EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid); FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate); SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate); NaPO.sub.4 (sodium phosphate); Tris (tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane); PMSF (phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride); TBE (Tris-Borate-EDTA, i.e., Tris buffer titrated with boric acid rather than HCl and containing EDTA); PBS (phosphate buffered saline); PPBS (phosphate buffered saline containing 1 mM PMSF); PAGE (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis); Tween (polyoxyethylene-sorbitan); Dynal (Dynal A. S., Oslo, Norway); Epicentre (Epicentre Technologies, Madison, Wis.); National Biosciences (Plymouth, Minn.); New England Biolabs (Beverly, Mas.); Novagen (Novagen, Inc., Madison, Wis.); Perkin Elmer (Norwalk, Conn.); Promega Corp. (Madison, Wis.); RJ Research (RJ Research, Inc., Watertown, Mass.); Stratagene (Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, Calif.); USB (U.S. Biochemical, Cleveland, Ohio).
EXAMPLE 1
Characteristics Of Native Thermostable DNA Polymerases
A. 5' Nuclease Activity Of DNAPTaq
During the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) �Saiki et al., Science 239:487 (1988); Mullis and Faloona, Methods in Enzymology 155:335 (1987)!, DNAPTaq is able to amplify many, but not all, DNA sequences. One sequence that cannot be amplified using DNAPTaq is shown in FIG. 6 (Hairpin structure is SEQ ID NO: 15, PRIMERS are SEQ ID NOS:16-17.) This DNA sequence has the distinguishing characteristic of being able to fold on itself to form a hairpin with two single-stranded arms, which correspond to the primers used in PCR.
To test whether this failure to amplify is due to the 5' nuclease activity of the enzyme, we compared the abilities of DNAPTaq and DNAPStf to amplify this DNA sequence during 30 cycles of PCR. Synthetic oligonucleotides were obtained from The Biotechnology Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The DNAPTaq and DNAPStf were from Perkin Elmer (i.e., Amplitaq.TM. DNA polymerase and the Stoffel fragment of Amplitaq.TM. DNA polymerase). The substrate DNA comprised the hairpin structure shown in FIG. 6 cloned in a double-stranded form into pUC19. The primers used in the amplification are listed as SEQ ID NOS:16-17. Primer SEQ ID NO:17 is shown annealed to the 3' arm of the hairpin structure in FIG. 6. Primer SEQ ID NO: 16 is shown as the first 20 nucleotides in bold on the 5' arm of the hairpin in FIG. 6.
Polymerase chain reactions comprised 1 ng of supercoiled plasmid target DNA, 5 pmoles of each primer, 40 .mu.M each dNTP, and 2.5 units of DNAPTaq or DNAPStf, in a 50 .mu.l solution of 10 mM Tris.Cl pH 8.3. The DNAPTaq reactions included 50 mM KCl and 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2. The temperature profile was 95.degree. C. for 30 sec., 55.degree. C. for 1 min. and 72.degree. C. for 1 min., through 30 cycles. Ten percent of each reaction was analyzed by gel electrophoresis through 6% polyacrylamide (cross-linked 29:1) in a buffer of 45 mM Tris.Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA.
The results are shown in FIG. 7. The expected product was made by DNAPStf (indicated simply as "S") but not by DNAPTaq (indicated as "T"). We conclude that the 5' nuclease activity of DNAPTaq is responsible for the lack of amplification of this DNA sequence.
To test whether the 5' unpaired nucleotides in the substrate region of this structured DNA are removed by DNAPTaq, the fate of the end-labeled 5' arm during four cycles of PCR was compared using the same two polymerases (FIG. 8). The hairpin templates, such as the one described in FIG. 6, were made using DNAPStf and a .sup.32 P-5'-end-labeled primer. The 5'-end of the DNA was released as a few large fragments by DNAPTaq but not by DNAPStf. The sizes of these fragments (based on their mobilities) show that they contain most or all of the unpaired 5' arm of the DNA. Thus, cleavage occurs at or near the base of the bifurcated duplex. These released fragments terminate with 3' OH groups, as evidenced by direct sequence analysis, and the abilities of the fragments to be extended by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase.
FIGS. 9-11 show the results of experiments designed to characterize the cleavage reaction catalyzed by DNAPTaq. Unless otherwise specified, the cleavage reactions comprised 0.01 pmoles of heat-denatured, end-labeled hairpin DNA (with the unlabeled complementary strand also present), 1 pmole primer (complementary to the 3' arm) and 0.5 units of DNAPTaq (estimated to be 0.026 pmoles) in a total volume of 10 .mu.l of 10 mM Tris-Cl, ph 8.5, 50 mM KCl and 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2. As indicated, some reactions had different concentrations of KCl, and the precise times and temperatures used in each experiment are indicated in the individual figures. The reactions that included a primer used the one shown in FIG. 6 (SEQ ID NO: 17). In some instances, the primer was extended to the junction site by providing polymerase and selected nucleotides.
Reactions were initiated at the final reaction temperature by the addition of either the MgCl.sub.2 or enzyme. Reactions were stopped at their incubation temperatures by the addition of 8 .mu.l of 95% formamide with 20 mM EDTA and 0.05% marker dyes. The T.sub.m calculations listed were made using the Oligo.TM. primer analysis software from National Biosciences, Inc. These were determined using 0.25 .mu.M as the DNA concentration, at either 15 or 65 mM total salt (the 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2 in all reactions was given the value of 15 mM salt for these calculations).
FIG. 9 is an autoradiogram containing the results of a set of experiments and conditions on the cleavage site. FIG. 9A is a determination of reaction components that enable cleavage. Incubation of 5'-end-labeled hairpin DNA was for 30 minutes at 55.degree. C., with the indicated components. The products were resolved by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the lengths of the products, in nucleotides, are indicated. FIG. 9B describes the effect of temperature on the site of cleavage in the absence of added primer. Reactions were incubated in the absence of KCl for 10 minutes at the indicated temperatures. The lengths of the products, in nucleotides, are indicated.
Surprisingly, cleavage by DNAPTaq requires neither a primer nor dNTPs (see FIG. 9A). Thus, the 5' nuclease activity can be uncoupled from polymerization. Nuclease activity requires magnesium ions, though manganese ions can be substituted, albeit with potential changes in specificity and activity. Neither zinc nor calcium ions support the cleavage reaction. The reaction occurs over a broad temperature range, from 25.degree. C. to 85.degree. C., with the rate of cleavage increasing at higher temperatures.
Still referring to FIG. 9, the primer is not elongated in the absence of added dNTPs. However, the primer influences both the site and the rate of cleavage of the hairpin. The change in the site of cleavage (FIG. 9A) apparently results from disruption of a short duplex formed between the arms of the DNA substrate. In the absence of primer, the sequences indicated by underlining in FIG. 6 could pair, forming an extended duplex. Cleavage at the end of the extended duplex would release the 11 nucleotide fragment seen on the FIG. 9A lanes with no added primer. Addition of excess primer (FIG. 9A, lanes 3 and 4) or incubation at an elevated temperature (FIG. 9B) disrupts the short extension of the duplex and results in a longer 5' arm and, hence, longer cleavage products.
The location of the 3' end of the primer can influence the precise site of cleavage. Electrophoretic analysis revealed that in the absence of primer (FIG. 9B), cleavage occurs at the end of the substrate duplex (either the extended or shortened form, depending on the temperature) between the first and second base pairs. When the primer extends up to the base of the duplex, cleavage also occurs one nucleotide into the duplex. However, when a gap of four or six nucleotides exists between the 3' end of the primer and the substrate duplex, the cleavage site is shifted four to six nucleotides in the 5' direction.
FIG. 10 describes the kinetics of cleavage in the presence (FIG. 10A) or absence (FIG. 10B) of a primer oligonucleotide. The reactions were run at 55.degree. C. with either 50 mM KCl (FIG. 10A) or 20 mM KCl (FIG. 10B). The reaction products were resolved by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the lengths of the products, in nucleotides, are indicated. "M", indicating a marker, is a 5' end-labeled 19-nt oligonucleotide. Under these salt conditions, FIGS. 10A and 10B indicate that the reaction appears to be about twenty times faster in the presence of primer than in the absence of primer. This effect on the efficiency may be attributable to proper alignment and stabilization of the enzyme on the substrate.
The relative influence of primer on cleavage rates becomes much greater when both reactions are run in 50 mM KCl. In the presence of primer, the rate of cleavage increases with KCl concentration, up to about 50 mM. However, inhibition of this reaction in the presence of primer is apparent at 100 mM and is complete at 150 mM KCl. In contrast, in the absence of primer the rate is enhanced by concentration of KCl up to 20 mM, but it is reduced at concentrations above 30 mM. At 50 mM KCl, the reaction is almost completely inhibited. The inhibition of cleavage by KCl in the absence of primer is affected by temperature, being more pronounced at lower temperatures.
Recognition of the 5' end of the arm to be cut appears to be an important feature of substrate recognition. Substrates that lack a free 5' end, such as circular M13 DNA, cannot be cleaved under any conditions tested. Even with substrates having defined 5' arms, the rate of cleavage by DNAPTaq is influenced by the length of the arm. In the presence of primer and 50 mM KCl, cleavage of a 5' extension that is 27 nucleotides long is essentially complete within 2 minutes at 55.degree. C. In contrast, cleavages of molecules with 5' arms of 84 and 188 nucleotides are only about 90% and 40% complete after 20 minutes. Incubation at higher temperatures reduces the inhibitory effects of long extensions indicating that secondary structure in the 5' arm or a heat-labile structure in the enzyme may inhibit the reaction. A mixing experiment, run under conditions of substrate excess, shows that the molecules with long arms do not preferentially tie up the available enzyme in non-productive complexes. These results may indicate that the 5' nuclease domain gains access to the cleavage site at the end of the bifurcated duplex by moving down the 5' arm from one end to the other. Longer 5' arms would be expected to have more adventitious secondary structures (particularly when KCl concentrations are high), which would be likely to impede this movement.
Cleavage does not appear to be inhibited by long 3' arms of either the substrate strand target molecule or pilot nucleic acid, at least up to 2 kilobases. At the other extreme, 3' arms of the pilot nucleic acid as short as one nucleotide can support cleavage in a primer-independent reaction, albeit inefficiently. Fully paired oligonucleotides do not elicit cleavage of DNA templates during primer extension.
The ability of DNAPTaq to cleave molecules even when the complementary strand contains only one unpaired 3' nucleotide may be useful in optimizing allele-specific PCR. PCR primers that have unpaired 3' ends could act as pilot oligonucleotides to direct selective cleavage of unwanted templates during preincubation of potential template-primer complexes with DNAPTaq in the absence of nucleoside triphosphates.
B. 5' Nuclease Activities Of Other DNAPs
To determine whether other 5' nucleases in other DNAPs would be suitable for the present invention, an array of enzymes, several of which were reported in the literature to be free of apparent 5' nuclease activity, were examined. The ability of these other enzymes to cleave nucleic acids in a structure-specific manner was tested using the hairpin substrate shown in FIG. 6 under conditions reported to be optimal for synthesis by each enzyme.
DNAPEcl and DNAP Klenow were obtained from Promega Corporation; the DNAP of Pyrococcus furious �"Pfu", Bargseid et al., Strategies 4:34 (1991)! was from Strategene; the DNAP of Thermococcus litoralis �"Tli", Vent.TM.(exo-), Perlet et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5577 (1992)! was from New England Biolabs; the DNAP of Thermus flavus �"Tfl", Kaledin et al., Biokhimiya 46:1576 (1981)! was from Epicentre Technologies; and the DNAP of Thermus thermophilus �"Tth", Carballeira et al., Biotechniques 9:276 (1990); Myers et al., Biochem. 30:7661 (1991)! was from U.S. Biochemicals.
0.5 units of each DNA polymerase was assayed in a 20 .mu.l reaction, using either the buffers supplied by the manufacturers for the primer-dependent reactions, or 10 mM Tris.Cl, pH 8.5, 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, and 20 mM KCl. Reaction mixtures were at held 72.degree. C. before the addition of enzyme.
FIG. 11 is an autoradiogram recording the results of these tests. FIG. 11A demonstrates reactions of endonucleases of DNAPs of several thermophilic bacteria. The reactions were incubated at 55.degree. C. for 10 minutes in the presence of primer or at 72.degree. C. for 30 minutes in the absence of primer, and the products were resolved by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The lengths of the products, in nucleotides, are indicated. FIG. 11B demonstrates endonucleolytic cleavage by the 5' nuclease of DNAPEcl. The DNAPEcl and DNAP Klenow reactions were incubated for 5 minutes at 37.degree. C. Note the light band of cleavage products of 25 and 11 nucleotides in the DNAPEcl lanes (made in the presence and absence of primer, respectively). FIG. 7B also demonstrates DNAPTaq reactions in the presence (+) or absence (-) of primer. These reactions were run in 50 mM and 20 mM KCl, respectively, and were incubated at 55.degree. C. for 10 minutes.
Referring to FIG. 11A, DNAPs from the eubacteria Thermus thermophilus and Thermus flavus cleave the substrate at the same place as DNAPTaq, both in the presence and absence of primer. In contrast, DNAPs from the archaebacteria Pyrococcus furiosus and Thermococcus litoralis are unable to cleave the substrates endonucleolytically. The DNAPs from Pyrococcus furious and Thermococcus litoralis share little sequence homology with eubacterial enzymes (Ito et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 19:4045 (1991); Mathur et al., Nucl. Acids. Res. 19:6952 (1991); see also Perler et al.). Referring to FIG. 11B, DNAPEcl also cleaves the substrate, but the resulting cleavage products are difficult to detect unless the 3' exonuclease is inhibited. The amino acid sequences of the 5' nuclease domains of DNAPEcl and DNAPTaq are about 38% homologous (Gelland, supra).
The 5' nuclease domain of DNAPTaq also shares about 19% homology with the 5' exonuclease encoded by gene 6 of bacteriophage T7 �Dunn et al., J. Mol. Biol. 166:477 (1983)!. This nuclease, which is not covalently attached to a DNAP polymerization domain, is also able to cleave DNA endonucleolytically, at a site similar or identical to the site that is cut by the 5' nucleases described above, in the absence of added primers.
C. Transcleavage
The ability of a 5' nuclease to be directed to cleave efficiently at any specific sequence was demonstrated in the following experiment. A partially complementary oligonucleotide termed a "pilot oligonucleotide" was hybridized to sequences at the desired point of cleavage. The non-complementary part of the pilot oligonucleotide provided a structure analogous to the 3' arm of the template (see FIG. 6), whereas the 5' region of the substrate strand became the 5' arm. A primer was provided by designing the 3' region of the pilot so that it would fold on itself creating a short hairpin with a stabilizing tetra-loop �Antao et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 19:5901 (1991)!. Two pilot oligonucleotides are shown in FIG. 12A. Oligonucleotides 19-12 (SEQ ID NO:18) and 30-12 (SEQ ID NO:19) are 31 or 42 or nucleotides long, respectively. However, oligonucleotides 19-12 (SEQ ID NO:18) and 34-19 (SEQ ID NO:19) have only 19 and 30 nucleotides, respectively, that are complementary to different sequences in the substrate strand. The pilot oligonucleotides are calculated to melt off their complements at about 50.degree. C. (19-12) and about 75.degree. C. (30-12). Both pilots have 12 nucleotides at their 3' ends, which act as 3' arms with base-paired primers attached.
To demonstrate that cleavage could be directed by a pilot oligonucleotide, we incubated a single-stranded target DNA with DNAPTaq in the presence of two potential pilot oligonucleotides. The transcleavage reactions, where the target and pilot nucleic acids are not covalently linked, includes 0.01 pmoles of single end-labeled substrate DNA, 1 unit of DNAPTaq and 5 pmoles of pilot oligonucleotide in a volume of 20 .mu.l of the same buffers. These components were combined during a one minute incubation at 95.degree. C., to denature the PCR-generated double-stranded substrate DNA, and the temperatures of the reactions were then reduced to their final incubation temperatures. Oligonucleotides 30-12 and 19-12 can hybridize to regions of the substrate DNAs that are 85 and 27 nucleotides from the 5' end of the targeted strand.
FIG. 21 shows the complete 206-mer sequence (SEQ ID NO:32). The 206-mer was generated by PCR. The M13/pUC 24-mer reverse sequencing (-48) primer and the M13/pUC sequencing (-47) primer from New England Biolabs (catalogue nos. 1233 and 1224 respectively) were used (50 pmoles each) with the pGEM3z(f+) plasmid vector (Promega Corp.) as template (10 ng) containing the target sequences. The conditions for PCR were as follows: 50 .mu.M of each dNTP and 2.5 units of Taq DNA polymerase in 100 .mu.l of 20 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 50 mM KCl with 0.05% Tween-20 and 0.05% NP-40. Reactions were cycled 35 times through 95.degree. C. for 45 seconds, 63.degree. C. for 45 seconds, then 72.degree. C. for 75 seconds. After cycling, reactions were finished off with an incubation at 72.degree. C. for 5 minutes. The resulting fragment was purified by electrophoresis through a 6% polyacrylamide gel (29:1 cross link) in a buffer of 45 mM Tris-Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA, visualized by ethidium bromide staining or autoradiography, excised from the gel, eluted by passive diffusion, and concentrated by ethanol precipitation.
Cleavage of the substrate DNA occurred in the presence of the pilot oligonucleotide 19-12 at 50.degree. C. (FIG. 12B, lanes 1 and 7) but not at 75.degree. C. (lanes 4 and 10). In the presence of oligonucleotide 30-12 cleavage was observed at both temperatures. Cleavage did not occur in the absence of added oligonucleotides (lanes 3, 6 and 12) or at about 80.degree. C. even though at 50.degree. C. adventitious structures in the substrate allowed primer-independent cleavage in the absence of KCl (FIG. 12B, lane 9). A non-specific oligonucleotide with no complementarity to the substrate DNA did not direct cleavage at 50.degree. C., either in the absence or presence of 50 mM KCl (lanes 13 and 14). Thus, the specificity of the cleavage reactions can be controlled by the extent of complementarity to the substrate and by the conditions of incubation.
D. Cleavage Of RNA
An shortened RNA version of the sequence used in the transcleavage experiments discussed above was tested for its ability to serve as a substrate in the reaction. The RNA is cleaved at the expected place, in a reaction that is dependent upon the presence of the pilot oligonucleotide. The RNA substrate, made by T7 RNA polymerase in the presence of �cc-.sup.32 P!UTP, corresponds to a trim-cared version of the DNA substrate used in FIG. 12B. Reaction conditions were similar to those in used for the DNA substrates described above, with 50 mM KCl; incubation was for 40 minutes at 55.degree. C. The pilot oligonucleotide used is termed 30-0 (SEQ ID NO:20) and is shown in FIG. 13A.
The results of the cleavage reaction is shown in FIG. 13B. The reaction was run either in the presence or absence of DNAPTaq or pilot oligonucleotide as indicated in FIG. 13B.
Strikingly, in the case of RNA cleavage, a 3' arm is not required for the pilot oligonucleotide. It is very unlikely that this cleavage is due to previously described RNaseH, which would be expected to cut the RNA in several places along the 30 base-pair long RNA-DNA duplex. The 5' nuclease of DNAPTaq is a structure-specific RNaseH that cleaves the RNA at a single site near the 5' end of the heteroduplexed region.
It is surprising that an oligonucleotide lacking a 3' arm is able to act as a pilot in directing efficient cleavage of an RNA target because such oligonucleotides are unable to direct efficient cleavage of DNA targets using native DNAPs. However, some 5' nucleases of the present invention (for example, clones E, F and G of FIG. 4) can cleave DNA in the absence of a 3' arm. In other words, a non-extendable cleavage structure is not required for specific cleavage with some 5' nucleases of the present invention derived from thermostable DNA polymerases.
We tested whether cleavage of an RNA template by DNAPTaq in the presence of a fully complementary primer could help explain why DNAPTaq is unable to extend a DNA oligonucleotide on an RNA template, in a reaction resembling that of reverse transcriptase. Another thermophilic DNAP, DNAPTth, is able to use RNA as a template, but only in the presence of Mn++, so we predicted that this enzyme would not cleave RNA in the presence of this cation. Accordingly, we incubated an RNA molecule with an appropriate pilot oligonucleotide in the presence of DNAPTaq or DNAPTth, in buffer containing either Mg++ or Mn++. As expected, both enzymes cleaved the RNA in the presence of Mg++. However, DNAPTaq, but not DNAPTth, degraded the RNA in the presence of Mn++. We conclude that the 5' nuclease activities of many DNAPs may contribute to their inability to use RNA as templates.
EXAMPLE 2
Generation Of 5' Nucleases From Thermostable DNA Polymerases
Thermostable DNA polymerases were generated which have reduced synthetic activity, an activity that is an undesirable side-reaction during DNA cleavage in the detection assay of the invention, yet have maintained thermostable nuclease activity. The result is a thermostable polymerase which cleaves nucleic acids DNA with extreme specificity.
Type A DNA polymerases from eubacteria of the genus Thermus share extensive protein sequence identity (90% in the polymerization domain, using the Lipman-Pearson method in the DNA analysis software from DNAStar, Wis.) and behave similarly in both polymerization and nuclease assays. Therefore, we have used the genes for the DNA polymerase of Thermus aquaticus (DNAPTaq) and Thermus flavus (DNAPTfl) as representatives of this class. Polymerase genes from other eubacterial organisms, such as Thermus thermophilus, Thermus sp., Thermotoga maritima, Thermosipho africanus and Bacillus stearothermophilus are equally suitable. The DNA polymerases from these thermophilic organisms are capable of surviving and performing at elevated temperatures, and can thus be used in reactions in which temperature is used as a selection against non-specific hybridization of nucleic acid strands.
The restriction sites used for deletion mutagenesis, described below, were chosen for convenience. Different sites situated with similar convenience are available in the Thermus thermophilus gene and can be used to make similar constructs with other Type A polymerase genes from related organisms.
E. Creation Of 5' Nuclease Constructs
1. Modified DNAPTaq Genes
The first step was to place a modified gene for the Taq DNA polymerase on a plasmid under control of an inducible promoter. The modified Taq polymerase gene was isolated as follows: The Taq DNA polymerase gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction from genomic DNA from Thermus aquaticus, strain YT-1 (Lawyer et al., supra), using as primers the oligonucleotides described in SEQ ID NOS:13-14. The resulting fragment of DNA has a recognition sequence for the restriction endonuclease EcoRI at the 5' end of the coding sequence and a BglII sequence at the 3' end. Cleavage with BglII leaves a 5' overhang or "sticky end" that is compatible with the end generated by BamHI. The PCR-amplified DNA was digested with EcoRI and BamHI. The 2512 bp fragment containing the coding region for the polymerase gene was gel purified and then ligated into a plasmid which contains an inducible promoter.
In one embodiment of the invention, the pTTQ18 vector, which contains the hybrid trp-lac (tac) promoter, was used �M. J. R. Stark, Gene 5:255 (1987)! and shown in FIG. 14. The tac promoter is under the control of the E. coli lac repressor. Repression allows the synthesis of the gene product to be suppressed until the desired level of bacterial growth has been achieved, at which point repression is removed by addition of a specific inducer, isopropyl-.beta.-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). Such a system allows the expression of foreign proteins that may slow or prevent growth of transformants.
Bacterial promoters, such as tac, may not be adequately suppressed when they are present on a multiple copy plasmid. If a highly toxic protein is placed under control of such a promoter, the small amount of expression leaking through can be harmful to the bacteria. In another embodiment of the invention, another option for repressing synthesis of a cloned gene product was used. The non-bacterial promoter, from bacteriophage T7, found in the plasmid vector series pET-3 was used to express the cloned mutant Taq polymerase genes �FIG. 15; Studier and Moffatt, J. Mol. Biol. 189:113 (1986)!. This promoter initiates transcription only by T7 RNA polymerase. In a suitable strain, such as BL21(DE3)pLYS, the gene for this RNA polymerase is carried on the bacterial genome under control of the lac operator. This arrangement has the advantage that expression of the multiple copy gene (on the plasmid) is completely dependent on the expression of T7 RNA polymerase, which is easily suppressed because it is present in a single copy.
For ligation into the pTTQ18 vector (FIG. 14), the PCR product DNA containing the Taq polymerase coding region (mutTaq, clone 4B, SEQ ID NO:21) was digested with EcoRI and BgllI and this fragment was ligated under standard "sticky end" conditions �Sambrook et al. Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, pp. 1.63-1.69 (1989)! into the EcoRI and BamHI sites of the plasmid vector pTTQ18. Expression of this construct yields a translational fusion product in which the first two residues of the native protein (Met-Arg) are replaced by three from the vector (Met-Asn-Ser), but the remainder of the natural protein would not change. The construct was transformed into the JM109 strain of E. coli and the transformants were plated under incompletely repressing conditions that do not permit growth of bacteria expressing the native protein. These plating conditions allow the isolation of genes containing pre-existing mutations, such as those that result from the infidelity of Taq polymerase during the amplification process.
Using this amplification/selection protocol, we isolated a clone (depicted in FIG. 4B) containing a mutated Taq polymerase gene (mutTaq, clone 4B). The mutant was first detected by its phenotype, in which temperature-stable 5' nuclease activity in a crude cell extract was normal, but polymerization activity was almost absent (approximately less than 1% of wild type Taq polymerase activity).
DNA sequence analysis of the recombinant gene showed that it had changes in the polymerase domain resulting in two amino acid substitutions: an A to G change at nucleotide position 1394 causes a Glu to Gly change at amino acid position 465 (numbered according to the natural nucleic and amino acid sequences, SEQ ID NOS: I and 4) and another A to G change at nucleotide position 2260 causes a Gln to Arg change at amino acid position 754. Because the Gln to Gly mutation is at a nonconserved position and because the Glu to Arg mutation alters an amino acid that is conserved in virtually all of the known Type A polymerases, this latter mutation is most likely the one responsible for curtailing the synthesis activity of this protein. The nucleotide sequence for the FIG. 4B construct is given in SEQ ID NO:21.
Subsequent derivatives of DNAPTaq constructs were made from the mutTaq gene, thus, they all bear these amino acid substitutions in addition to their other alterations, unless these particular regions were deleted. These mutated sites are indicated by black boxes at these locations in the diagrams in FIG. 4. All constructs except the genes shown in FIGS. 4E, F and G were made in the pTTQ18 vector.
The cloning vector used for the genes in FIGS. 4E and F was from the commercially available pET-3 series, described above. Though this vector series has only a BamHI site for cloning downstream of the T7 promoter, the series contains variants that allow cloning into any of the three reading frames. For cloning of the PCR product described above, the variant called pET-3c was used (FIG. 15). The vector was digested with BamHI, dephosphorylated with calf intestinal phosphatase, and the sticky ends were filled in using the Klenow fragment of DNAPEcl and dNTPs. The gene for the mutant Taq DNAP shown in FIG. 4B (mutTaq, clone 4B) was released from pTTQ18 by digestion with EcoRI and SalI, and the "sticky ends" were filled in as was done with the vector. The fragment was ligated to the vector under standard blunt-end conditions (Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, supra), the construct was transformed into the BL21(DE3)pLYS strain of E. coli, and isolates were screened to identify those that were ligated with the gene in the proper orientation relative to the promoter. This construction yields another translational fusion product, in which the first two amino acids of DNAPTaq (Met-Arg) are replaced by 13 from the vector plus two from the PCR primer (Met-Ala-Ser-Met-Thr-Gly-Gly-Gln-Gln-Met-Gly-Arg-Ile-Asn-Ser) (SEQ ID NO:29).
Our goal was to generate enzymes that lacked the ability to synthesize DNA, but retained the ability to cleave nucleic acids with a 5' nuclease activity. The act of primed, templated synthesis of DNA is actually a coordinated series of events, so it is possible to disable DNA synthesis by disrupting one event while not affecting the others. These steps include, but are not limited to, primer recognition and binding, dNTP binding and catalysis of the inter-nucleotide phosphodiester bond. Some of the amino acids in the polymerization domain of DNAPEcI have been linked to these functions, but the precise mechanisms are as yet poorly defined.
One way of destroying the polymerizing ability of a DNA polymerase is to delete all or part of the gene segment that encodes that domain for the protein, or to otherwise render the gene incapable of making a complete polymerization domain. Individual mutant enzymes may differ from each other in stability and solubility both inside and outside cells. For instance, in contrast to the 5' nuclease domain of DNAPEcI, which can be released in an active form from the polymerization domain by gentle proteolysis �Setlow and Koruberg, J. Biol. Chem. 247:232 (1972)!, the Thermus nuclease domain, when treated similarly, becomes less soluble and the cleavage activity is often lost.
Using the mutant gene shown in FIG. 4B as starting material, several deletion constructs were created. All cloning technologies were standard (Sambrook et al., supra) and are summarized briefly, as follows:
FIG. 4C: The mutTaq construct was digested with PstI, which cuts once within the polymerase coding region, as indicated, and cuts immediately downstream of the gene in the multiple cloning site of the vector. After release of the fragment between these two sites, the vector was re-ligated, creating an 894-nucleotide deletion, and bringing into frame a stop codon 40 nucleotides downstream of the junction. The nucleotide sequence of this 5' nuclease (clone 4C) is given in SEQ ID NO:9.
FIG. 4D: The mutTaq construct was digested with NheI, which cuts once in the gene at position 2047. The resulting four-nucleotide 5' overhanging ends were filled in, as described above, and the blunt ends were re-ligated. The resulting four-nucleotide insertion changes the reading frame and causes termination of translation ten amino acids downstream of the mutation. The nucleotide sequence of this 5' nuclease (clone 4D) is given in SEQ ID NO:10.
FIG. 4E: The entire mutTaq gene was cut from pTTQ18 using EcoRI and SalI and cloned into pET-3c, as described above. This clone was digested with BstXI and XcmI, at unique sites that are situated as shown in FIG. 4E. The DNA was treated with the Klenow fragment of DNAPEcl and dNTPs, which resulted in the 3' overhangs of both sites being trimmed to blunt ends. These blunt ends were ligated together, resulting in an out-of-frame deletion of 1540 nucleotides. An in-frame termination codon occurs 18 triplets past the junction site. The nucleotide sequence of this 5' nuclease (clone 4E) is given in SEQ ID NO:11, with the appropriate leader sequence given in SEQ ID NO:30. It is also referred to as the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BX.
FIG. 4F: The entire mutTaq gene was cut from pTTQ18 using EcoRI and SalI and cloned into pET-3c, as described above. This clone was digested with BstXI and amHI, at unique sites that are situated as shown in the diagram. The DNA was treated with the Klenow fragment of DNAPEcl and dNTPs, which resulted in the 3' overhang of the BstX I site being trimmed to a blunt end, while the 5' overhang of the Bam HI site was filled in to make a blunt end. These ends were ligated together, resulting in an in-frame deletion of 903 nucleotides. The nucleotide sequence of the 5' nuclease (clone 4F) is given in SEQ ID NO:12. It is also referred to as the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BB.
FIG. 4G: This polymerase is a variant of that shown in FIG. 4E. It was cloned in the plasmid vector pET-21 (Novagen). The non-bacterial promoter from bacteriophage T7, found in this vector, initiates transcription only by T7 RNA polymerase. See Studier and Moffatt, supra. In a suitable strain, such as (DES)pLYS, the gene for this RNA polymerase is carried on the bacterial genome under control of the lac operator. This arrangement has the advantage that expression of the multiple copy gene (on the plasmid) is completely dependent on the expression of T7 RNA polymerase, which is easily suppressed because it is present in a single copy. Because the expression of these mutant genes is under this tightly controlled promoter, potential problems of toxicity of the expressed proteins to the host cells are less of a concern.
The pET-21 vector also features a "His-Tag", a stretch of six consecutive histidine residues that are added on the carboxy terminus of the expressed proteins. The resulting proteins can then be purified in a single step by metal chelation chromatography, using a commerically available (Novagen) column resin with immobilized Ni.sup.++ ions. The 2.5 ml columns are reusable, and can bind up to 20 mg of the target protein under native or denaturing (guanidine-HCl or urea) conditions.
E. coli (DES)pLYS cells are transformed with the constructs described above using standard transformation techniques, and used to inoculate a standard growth medium (e.g., Luria-Bertani broth). Production of T7 RNA polymerase is induced during log phase growth by addition of IPTG and incubated for a further 12 to 17 hours. Aliquots of culture are removed both before and after induction and the proteins are examined by SDS-PAGE. Staining with Coomassie Blue allows visualization of the foreign proteins if they account for about 3-5% of the cellular protein and do not co-migrate with any of the major host protein bands. Proteins that co-migrate with major host proteins must be expressed as more than 10% of the total protein to be seen at this stage of analysis.
Some mutant proteins are sequestered by the cells into inclusion bodies. These are granules that form in the cytoplasm when bacteria are made to express high levels of a foreign protein, and they can be purified from a crude lysate, and analyzed by SDS-PAGE to determine their protein content. If the cloned protein is found in the inclusion bodies, it must be released to assay the cleavage and polymerase activities. Different methods of solubilization may be appropriate for different proteins, and a variety of methods are known. See e.g. Builder & Ogez, U.S. Pat. No. 4,511,502 (1985); Olson, U.S. Pat. No. 4,518,526 (1985); Olson & Pal, U.S. Pat. No. 4,511,503 (1985); Jones et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,512,922 (1985), all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The solubilized protein is then purified on the Ni.sup.++ column as described above, following the manufacturers instructions (Novagen). The washed proteins are eluted from the column by a combination of imidazole competitor (1M) and high salt (0.5M NaCl), and dialyzed to exchange the buffer and to allow denatured proteins to refold. Typical recoveries result in approximately 20 .mu.g of specific protein per ml of starting culture. The DNAP mutant is referred to as the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN and the sequence is given in SEQ ID NO:31.
2. Modified DNAPTfl Gene
The DNA polymerase gene of Thermus flavus was isolated from the "T. fiavus" AT-62 strain obtained from the American Type Tissue Collection (ATCC 33923). This strain has a different restriction map then does the T. flavus strain used to generate the sequence published by Akhmetzjanov and Vakhitov, supra. The published sequence is listed as SEQ ID NO:2. No sequence data has been published for the DNA polymerase gene from the AT-62 strain of T. flavus.
Genomic DNA from T. flavus was amplified using the same primers used to amplify the T. aquaticus DNA polymerase gene (SEQ ID NOS:13-14). The approximately 2500 base pair PCR fragment was digested with EcoRI and BamHI. The over-hanging ends were made blunt with the Klenow fragment of DNAPEcl and dNTPs. The resulting approximately 1800 base pair fragment containing the coding region for the N-terminus was ligated into pET-3c, as described above. This construct, clone 5B, is depicted in FIG. 5B. The wild type T. flavus DNA polymerase gene is depicted in FIG. 5A. The 5B clone has the same leader amino acids as do the DNAPTaq clones 4E and F which were cloned into pET-3c; it is not known precisely where translation termination occurs, but the vector has a strong transcription termination signal immediately downstream of the cloning site.
F. Growth And Induction Of Transformed Cells
Bacterial cells were transformed with the constructs described above using standard transformation techniques and used to inoculate 2 mls of a standard growth medium (e.g., Luria-Bertani broth). The resulting cultures were incubated as appropriate for the particular strain used, and induced if required for a particular expression system. For all of the constructs depicted in FIGS. 4 and 5, the cultures were grown to an optical density (at 600 nm wavelength) of 0.50 D.
To induce expression of the cloned genes, the cultures were brought to a final concentration of 0.4 mM IPTG and the incubations were continued for 12 to 17 hours. 50 .mu.l aliquots of each culture were removed both before and after induction and were combined with 20 .mu.l of a standard gel loading buffer for sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Subsequent staining with Coomassie Blue (Sambrook et al., supra) allows visualization of the foreign proteins if they account for about 3-5% of the cellular protein and do not co-migrate with any of the major E. coli protein bands. Proteins that do co-migrate with a major host protein must be expressed as more than 10% of the total protein to be seen at this stage of analysis.
G. Heat Lysis And Fractionation
Expressed thermostable proteins, i.e., the 5' nucleases, were isolated by heating crude bacterial cell extracts to cause denaturation and precipitation of the less stable E. coli proteins. The precipitated E. coli proteins were then, along with other cell debris, removed by centrifugation. 1.7 mls of the culture were pelleted by microcentrifugation at 12,000 to 14,000 rpm for 30 to 60 seconds. After removal of the supernatant, the cells were resuspended in 400 .mu.l of buffer A (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.9, 50 mM dextrose, 1 mM EDTA), re-centrifuged, then resuspended in 80 .mu.l of buffer A with 4 mg/ml lysozyme. The cells were incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes, then combined with 80 .mu.l of buffer B (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.9, 50 mM KCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM PMSF, 0.5% Tween-20, 0.5% Nonidet-P40).
This mixture was incubated at 75.degree. C. for 1 hour to denature and precipitate the host proteins. This cell extract was centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 15 minutes at 4.degree. C., and the supernatant was transferred to a fresh tube. An aliquot of 0.5 to 1 .mu.l of this supernatant was used directly in each test reaction, and the protein content of the extract was determined by subjecting 7 .mu.l to electrophoretic analysis, as above. The native recombinant Taq DNA polymerase �Englke, Anal. Biochem 191:396 (1990)!, and the double point mutation protein shown in FIG. 4B are both soluble and active at this point.
The foreign protein may not be detected after the heat treatments due to sequestration of the foreign protein by the cells into inclusion bodies. These are granules that form in the cytoplasm when bacteria are made to express high levels of a foreign protein, and they can be purified from a crude lysate, and analyzed SDS PAGE to determine their protein content. Many methods have been described in the literature, and one approach is described below.
H. Isolation And Solubilization Of Inclusion Bodies
A small culture was grown and induced as described above. A 1.7 ml aliquot was pelleted by brief centrifugation, and the bacterial cells were resuspended in 100 .mu.l of Lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA, 100 mM NaCl). 2.5 .mu.l of 20 mM PMSF were added for a final concentration of 0.5 mM, and lysozyme was added to a concentration of 1.0 mg/ml. The cells were incubated at room temperature for 20 minutes, deoxycholic acid was added to 1 mg/ml (1 .mu.l of 100 mg/ml solution), and the mixture was further incubated at 37.degree. C. for about 15 minutes or until viscous. DNAse I was added to 10 .mu.g/ml and the mixture was incubated at room temperature for about 30 minutes or until it was no longer viscous.
From this mixture the inclusion bodies were collected by centrifugation at 14,000 rpm for 15 minutes at 4.degree. C., and the supernatant was discarded. The pellet was resuspended in 100 .mu.l of lysis buffer with 10 mM EDTA (pH 8.0) and 0.5% Triton X-100. After 5 minutes at room temperature, the inclusion bodies were pelleted as before, and the supernatant was saved for later analysis. The inclusion bodies were resuspended in 50 .mu.l of distilled water, and 5 .mu.l was combined with SDS gel loading buffer (which dissolves the inclusion bodies) and analyzed electrophoretically, along with an aliquot of the supernatant.
If the cloned protein is found in the inclusion bodies, it may be released to assay the cleavage and polymerase activities and the method of solubilization must be compatible with the particular activity. Different methods of solubilization may be appropriate for different proteins, and a variety of methods are discussed in Molecular Cloning (Sambrook et al., supra). The following is an adaptation we have used for several of our isolates.
20 .mu.l of the inclusion body-water suspension were pelleted by centrifugation at 14,000 rpm for 4 minutes at room temperature, and the supernatant was discarded. To further wash the inclusion bodies, the pellet was resuspended in 20 .mu.l of lysis buffer with 2M urea, and incubated at room temperature for one hour. The washed inclusion bodies were then resuspended in 2 .mu.l of lysis buffer with 8M urea; the solution clarified visibly as the inclusion bodies dissolved. Undissolved debris was removed by centrifugation at 14,000 rpm for 4 minutes at room temperature, and the extract supernatant was transferred to a fresh tube.
To reduce the urea concentration, the extract was diluted into KH.sub.2 PO.sub.4. A fresh tube was prepared containing 180 .mu.l of 50 mM KH.sub.2 PO.sub.4, pH 9.5, 1 mM EDTA and 50 mM NaCl. A 2 .mu.l aliquot of the extract was added and vortexed briefly to mix. This step was repeated until all of the extract had been added for a total of 10 additions. The mixture was allowed to sit at room temperature for 15 minutes, during which time some precipitate often forms. Precipitates were removed by centrifugation at 14,000 rpm, for 15 minutes at room temperature, and the supernatant was transferred to a fresh tube. To the 200 .mu.l of protein in the KH.sub.2 PO.sub.4 solution, 140-200 .mu.l of saturated (NH.sub.4).sub.2 SO.sub.4 were added, so that the resulting mixture was about 41% to 50% saturated (NH.sub.4).sub.2 SO.sub.4. The mixture was chilled on ice for 30 minutes to allow the protein to precipitate, and the protein was then collected by centrifugation at 14,000 rpm, for 4 minutes at room temperature. The supernatant was discarded, and the pellet was dissolved in 20 .mu.l Buffer C (20 mM HEPES, pH 7.9, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5% PMSF, 25 mM KCl and 0.5% each of Tween-20 and Nonidet P 40). The protein solution was centrifuged again for 4 minutes to pellet insoluble materials, and the supernatant was removed to a fresh tube. The protein contents of extracts prepared in this manner were visualized by resolving 1-4 .mu.l by SDS-PAGE; 0.5 to 1 .mu.l of extract was tested in the cleavage and polymerization assays as described.
I. Protein Analysis For Presence Of Nuclease And Synthetic Activity
The 5' nucleases described above and shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 were analyzed by the following methods.
1. Structure Specific Nuclease Assay
A candidate modified polymerase is tested for 5' nuclease activity by examining its ability to catalyze structure-specific cleavages. By the term "cleavage structure" as used herein, is meant a nucleic acid structure which is a substrate for cleavage by the 5' nuclease activity of a DNAP.
The polymerase is exposed to test complexes that have the structures shown in FIG. 16. Testing for 5' nuclease activity involves three reactions: 1) a primer-directed cleavage (FIG. 16B) is performed because it is relatively insensitive to variations in the salt concentration of the reaction and can, therefore, be performed in whatever solute conditions the modified enzyme requires for activity; this is generally the same conditions preferred by modified polymerases; 2) a similar primer-directed cleavage is performed in a buffer which permits primer-independent cleavage, i.e. , a low salt buffer, to demonstrate that the enzyme is viable under these conditions; and 3) a primer-independent cleavage (FIG. 16A) is performed in the same low salt buffer.
The bifurcated duplex is formed between a substrate strand and a template strand as shown in FIG. 16. By the term "substrate strand" as used herein, is meant that strand of nucleic acid in which the cleavage mediated by the 5' nuclease activity occurs. The substrate strand is always depicted as the top strand in the bifurcated complex which serves as a substrate for 5' nuclease cleavage (FIG. 16). By the term "template strand" as used herein, is meant the strand of nucleic acid which is at least partially complementary to the substrate strand and which anneals to the substrate strand to form the cleavage structure. The template strand is always depicted as the bottom strand of the bifurcated cleavage structure (FIG. 16). If a primer (a short oligonucleotide of 19 to 30 nucleotides in length) is added to the complex, as when primer-dependent cleavage is to be tested, it is designed to anneal to the 3' arm of the template strand (FIG. 16B). Such a primer would be extended along the template strand if the polymerase used in the reaction has synthetic activity.
The cleavage structure may be made as a single hairpin molecule, with the 3' end of the target and the 5' end of the pilot joined as a loop as shown in FIG. 16E. A primer oligonucleotide complementary to the 3' arm is also required for these tests so that the enzyme's sensitivity to the presence of a primer may be tested.
Nucleic acids to be used to form test cleavage structures can be chemically synthesized, or can be generated by standard recombinant DNA techniques. By the latter method, the hairpin portion of the molecule can be created by inserting into a cloning vector duplicate copies of a short DNA segment, adjacent to each other but in opposing orientation. The double-stranded fragment encompassing this inverted repeat, and including enough fling sequence to give short (about 20 nucleotides) unpaired 5' and 3' arms, can then be released from the vector by restriction enzyme digestion, or by PCR performed with an enzyme lacking a 5' exonuclease (e.g., the Stoffel fragment of Amplitaq.TM. DNA polymerase, Vent.TM. DNA polymerase).
The test DNA can be labeled on either end, or internally, with either a radioisotope, or with a non-isotopic tag. Whether the hairpin DNA is a synthetic single strand or a cloned double strand, the DNA is heated prior to use to melt all duplexes. When cooled on ice, the structure depicted in FIG. 16E is formed, and is stable for sufficient time to perform these assays.
To test for primer-directed cleavage (Reaction 1), a detectable quantity of the test molecule (typically 1-100 fmol of .sup.32 P-labeled hairpin molecule) and a 10 to 100-fold molar excess of primer are placed in a buffer known to be compatible with the test enzyme. For Reaction 2, where primer-directed cleavage is performed under condition which allow primer-independent cleavage, the same quantifies of molecules are placed in a solution that is the same as the buffer used in Reaction 1 regarding pH, enzyme stabilizers (e.g., bovine serum albumin, nonionic detergents, gelatin) and reducing agents (e.g., dithiothreitol, 2-mercaptoethanol) but that replaces any monovalent cation salt with 20 mM KCl; 20 mM KCl is the demonstrated optimum for primer-independent cleavage. Buffers for enzymes, such as DNAPEcl, that usually operate in the absence of salt are not supplemented to achieve this concentration. To test for primer-independent cleavage (Reaction 3) the same quantity of the test molecule, but no primer, are combined under the same buffer conditions used for Reaction 2.
All three test reactions are then exposed to enough of the enzyme that the molar ratio of enzyme to test complex is approximately 1:1. The reactions are incubated at a range of temperatures up to, but not exceeding, the temperature allowed by either the enzyme stability or the complex stability, whichever is lower, up to 80.degree. C. for enzymes from thermophiles, for a time sufficient to allow cleavage (10 to 60 minutes). The products of Reactions 1, 2 and 3 are resolved by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and visualized by autoradiography or by a comparable method appropriate to the labeling system used. Additional labeling systems include chemiluminescence detection, silver or other stains, blotting and probing and the like. The presence of cleavage products is indicated by the presence of molecules which migrate at a lower molecular weight than does the uncleaved test structure. These cleavage products indicate that the candidate polymerase has structure-specific 5' nuclease activity.
To determine whether a modified DNA polymerase has substantially the same 5' nuclease activity as that of the native DNA polymerase, the results of the above-described tests are compared with the results obtained from these tests performed with the native DNA polymerase. By "substantially the same 5' nuclease activity" we mean that the modified polymerase and the native polymerase will both cleave test molecules in the same manner. It is not necessary that the modified polymerase cleave at the same rate as the native DNA polymerase.
Some enzymes or enzyme preparations may have other associated or contaminating activities that may be functional under the cleavage conditions described above and that may interfere with 5' nuclease detection. Reaction conditions can be modified in consideration of these other activities, to avoid destruction of the substrate, or other masking of the 5' nuclease cleavage and its products. For example, the DNA polymerase I of E. coli (Pol I), in addition to its polymerase and 5' nuclease activities, has a 3' exonuclease that can degrade DNA in a 3' to 5' direction. Consequently, when the molecule in FIG. 16E is exposed to this polymerase under the conditions described above, the 3' exonuclease quickly removes the unpaired 3' arm, destroying the bifurcated structure required of a substrate for the 5' exonuclease cleavage and no cleavage is detected. The true ability of Pol I to cleave the structure can be revealed if the 3' exonuclease is inhibited by a change of conditions (e.g., pH), mutation, or by addition of a competitor for the activity. Addition of 500 pmoles of a single-stranded competitor oligonucleotide, unrelated to the FIG. 16E structure, to the cleavage reaction with Pol I effectively inhibits the digestion of the 3' arm of the FIG. 16E structure without interfering with the 5' exonuclease release of the 5' arm. The concentration of the competitor is not critical, but should be high enough to occupy the 3' exonuclease for the duration of the reaction.
Similar destruction of the test molecule may be caused by contaminants in the candidate polymerase preparation. Several sets of the structure specific nuclease reactions may be performed to determine the purity of the candidate nuclease and to find the window between under and over exposure of the test molecule to the polymerase preparation being investigated.
The above described modified polymerases were tested for 5' nuclease activity as follows: Reaction 1 was performed in a buffer of 10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.5 at 20.degree. C., 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2 and 50 mM KCl and in Reaction 2 the KCl concentration was reduced to 20 mM. In Reactions 1 and 2, 10 fmoles of the test substrate molecule shown in FIG. 16E were combined with 1 pmole of the indicated primer and 0.5 to 1.0 .mu.l of extract containing the modified polymerase (prepared as described above). This mixture was then incubated for 10 minutes at 55.degree. C. For all of the mutant polymerases tested these conditions were sufficient to give complete cleavage. When the molecule shown in FIG. 16E was labeled at the 5' end, the released 5' fragment, 25 nucleotides long, was conveniently resolved on a 20% polyacrylamide gel (19:1 cross-linked) with 7M urea in a buffer containing 45 mM Tris-borate pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA. Clones 4C-F and 5B exhibited structure-specific cleavage comparable to that of the modified DNA polymerase. Additionally, clones 4E, 4F and 4G have the added ability to cleave DNA in the absence of a 3' arm as discussed above. Representative cleavage reactions are shown in FIG. 17.
For the reactions shown in FIG. 17, the mutant polymerase clones 4E (Taq mutant) and 5B (Tfl mutant) were examined for their ability to cleave the hairpin substrate molecule shown in FIG. 16E. The substrate molecule was labeled at the 5' terminus with .sup.32 P. Ten fmoles of heat-denatured, end-labeled substrate DNA and 0.5 units of DNAPTaq (lane 1) or 0.5 .mu.l of 4e or 5b extract (FIG. 17, lanes 2-7, extract was prepared as described above) were mixed together in a buffer containing 10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.5, 50 mM KCl and 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2. The final reaction volume was 10 .mu.l. Reactions shown in lanes 4 and 7 contain in addition 50 .mu.M of each dNTP. Reactions shown in lanes 3, 4, 6 and 7 contain 0.2 .mu.M of the primer oligonucleotide (complementary to the 3' arm of the substrate and shown in FIG. 16E). Reactions were incubated at 55.degree. C. for 4 minutes. Reactions were stopped by the addition of 8 .mu.l of 95% formamide containing 20 mM EDTA and 0.05% marker dyes per 10 .mu.l reaction volume. Samples were then applied to 12% denaturing acrylamide gels. Following electrophoresis, the gels were audoradiographed. FIG. 17 shows that clones 4E and 5B exhibit cleavage activity similar to that of the native DNAPTaq. Note that some cleavage occurs in these reactions in the absence of the primer. When long hairpin structure, such as the one used here (FIG. 16E), are used in cleavage reactions performed in buffers containing 50 mM KCl a low level of primer-independent cleavage is seen. Higher concentrations of KCl suppress, but do not elminate, this primer-independent cleavage under these conditions.
2. Assay For Synthetic Activity
The ability of the modified enzyme or proteolytic fragments is assayed by adding the modified enzyme to an assay system in which a primer is annealed to a template and DNA synthesis is catalyzed by the added enzyme. Many standard laboratory techniques employ such an assay. For example, nick translation and enzymatic sequencing involve extension of a primer along a DNA template by a polymerase molecule.
In a preferred assay for determining the synthetic activity of a modified enzyme an oligonucleotide primer is annealed to a single-stranded DNA template, e.g., bacteriophage M13 DNA, and the primer/template duplex is incubated in the presence of the modified polymerase in question, deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) and the buffer and salts known to be appropriate for the modified or native enzyme. Detection of either primer extension (by denaturing gel electrophoresis) or dNTP incorporation (by acid precipitation or chromatography) is indicative of an active polymerase. A label, either isotopic or non-isotopic, is preferably included on either the primer or as a dNTP to facilitate detection of polymerization products. Synthetic activity is quantified as the amount of free nucleotide incorporated into the growing DNA chain and is expressed as amount incorporated per unit of time under specific reaction conditions.
Representative results of an assay for synthetic activity is shown in FIG. 18. The synthetic activity of the mutant DNAPTaq clones 4B-F was tested as follows: A master mixture of the following buffer was made: 1.2X PCR buffer (1X PCR buffer contains 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 10 mM Tris-Cl, ph 8.5 and 0.05% each Tween 20 and Nonidet P40), 50 .mu.M each of dGTP, dATP and dTTP, 5 .mu.M dCTP and 0.125 .mu.M .alpha.-.sup.32 P-dCTP at 600 Ci/mmol. Before adjusting this mixture to its final volume, it was divided into two equal aliquots. One received distilled water up to a volume of 50 .mu.l to give the concentrations above. The other received 5 .mu.g of single-stranded M13mp18 DNA (approximately 2.5 pmol or 0.05 .mu.M final concentration) and 250 pmol of M13 sequencing primer (5 .mu.M final concentration) and distilled water to a final volume of 50 .mu.l. Each cocktail was warmed to 75.degree. C. for 5 minutes and then cooled to room temperature. This allowed the primers to anneal to the DNA in the DNA-containing mixtures.
For each assay, 4 .mu.l of the cocktail with the DNA was combined with 1 .mu.l of the mutant polymerase, prepared as described, or 1 unit of DNAPTaq (Perkin Elmer) in 1 .mu.l of dH.sub.2 O. A "no DNA" control was done in the presence of the DNAPTaq (FIG. 18, lane 1), and a "no enzyme" control was done using water in place of the enzyme (lane 2). Each reaction was mixed, then incubated at room temperature (approx. 22.degree. C.) for 5 minutes, then at 55.degree. C. for 2 minutes, then at 72.degree. C. for 2 minutes. This step incubation was done to detect polymerization in any mutants that might have optimal temperatures lower than 72.degree. C. After the final incubation, the tubes were spun briefly to collect any condensation and were placed on ice. One .mu.l of each reaction was spotted at an origin 1.5 cm from the bottom edge of a polyethyleneimine (PEI) cellulose thin layer chromatography plate and allowed to dry. The chromatography plate was run in 0.75M NaH.sub.2 PO.sub.4, pH 3.5, until the buffer front had run approximately 9 cm from the origin. The plate was dried, wrapped in plastic wrap, marked with luminescent ink, and exposed to X-ray film. Incorporation was detected as counts that stuck where originally spotted, while the unincorporated nucleotides were carried by the salt solution from the origin.
Comparison of the locations of the counts with the two control lanes confirmed the lack of polymerization activity in the mutant preparations. Among the modified DNAPTaq clones, only clone 4B retains any residual synthetic activity as shown in FIG. 18.
EXAMPLE 3
5' Nucleases Derived From Thermostable DNA Polymerases Can Cleave Short Hairpin Structures With Specificity
The ability of the 5' nucleases to cleave hairpin structures to generate a cleaved hairpin structure suitable as a detection molecule was examined. The structure and sequence of the hairpin test molecule is shown in FIG. 19A (SEQ ID NO:15). The oligonucleotide (labeled "primer" in FIG. 19A, SEQ ID NO:22) is shown annealed to its complementary sequence on the 3' arm of the hairpin test molecule. The hairpin test molecule was single-end labeled with .sup.32 P using a labeled T7 promoter primer in a polymerase chain reaction. The label is present on the 5' arm of the hairpin test molecule and is represented by the star in FIG. 19A.
The cleavage reaction was performed by adding 10 fmoles of heat-denatured, end-labeled hairpin test molecule, 0.2 .mu.M of the primer oligonucleotide (complementary to the 3' arm of the hairpin), 50 .mu.M of each dNTP and 0.5 units of DNAPTaq (Perkin Elmer) or 0.5 .mu.l of extract containing a 5' nuclease (prepared as described above) in a total volume of 10 .mu.l in a buffer containing 10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.5, 50 mM KCl and 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2. Reactions shown in lanes 3, 5 and 7 were run in the absence of dNTPs.
Reactions were incubated at 55.degree. C. for 4 minutes. Reactions were stopped at 55.degree. C. by the addition of 8 .mu.l of 95% formamide with 20 mM EDTA and 0.05% marker dyes per 10 .mu.l reaction volume. Samples were not heated before loading onto denaturing polyacrylamide gels (10% polyacrylamide, 19:1 cross-linking, 7M urea, 89 mM Tris-borate, pH 8.3, 2.8 mM EDTA). The samples were not heated to allow for the resolution of single-stranded and re-duplexed uncleaved hairpin molecules.
FIG. 19B shows that altered polymerases lacking any detectable synthetic activity cleave a hairpin structure when an oligonucleotide is annealed to the single-stranded 3' arm of the hairpin to yield a single species of cleaved product (FIG. 19B, lanes 3 and 4). 5' nucleases, such as clone 4D, shown in lanes 3 and 4, produce a single cleaved product even in the presence of dNTPs. 5' nucleases which retain a residual amount of synthetic activity (less than 1% of wild type activity) produce multiple cleavage products as the polymerase can extend the oligonucleotide annealed to the 3' arm of the hairpin thereby moving the site of cleavage (clone 4B, lanes 5 and 6). Native DNATaq produces even more species of cleavage products than do mutant polymerases retaining residual synthetic activity and additionally converts the hairpin structure to a double-stranded form in the presence of dNTPs due to the high level of synthetic activity in the native polymerase (FIG. 19B, lane 8).
EXAMPLE 4
Test Of The Trigger/Detection Assay
To test the ability of an oligonucleotide of the type released in the trigger reaction of the trigger/detection assay to be detected in the detection reaction of the assay, the two hairpin structures shown in FIG. 20A were synthesized using standard techniques. The two hairpins are termed the A-hairpin (SEQ ID NO:23) and the T-hairpin (SEQ ID NO:24). The predicted sites of cleavage in the presence of the appropriate annealed primers are indicated by the arrows. The A- and T-hairpins were designed to prevent intra-strand mis-folding by omitting most of the T residues in the A-hairpin and omitting most of the A residues in the T-hairpin. To avoid mis-priming and slippage, the hairpins were designed with local variations in the sequence motifs (e.g., spacing T residues one or two nucleotides apart or in pairs). The A- and T-hairpins can be annealed together to form a duplex which has appropriate ends for directional cloning in pUC-type vectors; restriction sites are located in the loop regions of the duplex and can be used to elongate the stem regions if desired.
The sequence of the test trigger oligonucleotide is shown in FIG. 20B; this oligonucleotide is termed the alpha primer (SEQ ID NO:25). The alpha primer is complementary to the 3' arm of the T-hairpin as shown in FIG. 20A. When the alpha primer is annealed to the T-hairpin, a cleavage structure is formed that is recognized by thermostable DNA polymerases. Cleavage of the T-hairpin liberates the 5' single-stranded arm of the T-hairpin, generating the tau primer (SEQ ID NO:26) and a cleaved T-hairpin (FIG. 20B; SEQ ID NO:27). The tau primer is complementary to the 3' arm of the A-hairpin as shown in FIG. 20A. Annealing of the tau primer to the A-hairpin generates another cleavage structure; cleavage of this second cleavage structure liberates the 5' single-stranded arm of the A-hairpin, generating another molecule of the alpha primer which then is annealed to another molecule of the T-hairpin. Thermocycling releases the primers so they can function in additional cleavage reactions. Multiple cycles of annealing and cleavage are carried out. The products of the cleavage reactions are primers and the shortened hairpin structures shown in FIG. 20C. The shortened or cleaved hairpin structures may be resolved from the uncleaved hairpins by electrophoresis on denaturing acrylamide gels.
The annealing and cleavage reactions are carried as follows: In a 50 .mu.l reaction volume containing 10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.5, 1.0 MgCl.sub.2, 75 mM KCl, 1 pmole of A-hairpin, 1 pmole T-hairpin, the alpha primer is added at equimolar amount relative to the hairpin structures (1 pmole) or at dilutions ranging from 10- to 10.sup.6 -fold and 0.5 .mu.l of extract containing a 5' nuclease (prepared as described above) are added. The predicted melting temperature for the alpha or trigger primer is 60.degree. C. in the above buffer. Annealing is performed just below this predicted melting temperature at 55.degree. C. Using a Perkin Elmer DNA Thermal Cycler, the reactions are annealed at 55.degree. C. for 30 seconds. The temperature is then increased slowly over a five minute period to 72.degree. C. to allow for cleavage. After cleavage, the reactions are rapidly brought to 55.degree. C. (1.degree. C. per second) to allow another cycle of annealing to occur. A range of cycles are performed (20, 40 and 60 cycles) and the reaction products are analyzed at each of these number of cycles. The number of cycles which indicates that the accumulation of cleaved hairpin products has not reached a plateau is then used for subsequent determinations when it is desirable to obtain a quantitative result.
Following the desired number of cycles, the reactions are stopped at 55.degree. C. by the addition of 8 .mu.l of 95% formamide with 20 mM EDTA and 0.05% marker dyes per 10 .mu.l reaction volume. Samples are not heated before loading onto denaturing polyacrylamide gels (10% polyacrylamide, 19:1 crosslinking, 7M urea, 89 mM trisborate, pH 8.3, 2.8 mM EDTA). The samples were not heated to allow for the resolution of single-stranded and re-duplexed uncleaved hairpin molecules.
The hairpin molecules may be attached to separate solid support molecules, such as agarose, styrene or magnetic beads, via the 3' end of each hairpin. A spacer molecule may be placed between the 3' end of the hairpin and the bead if so desired. The advantage of attaching the hairpins to a solid support is that this prevents the hybridization of the A- and T-hairpins to one another during the cycles of melting and annealing. The A- and T-hairpins are complementary to one another (as shown in FIG. 20D) and if allowed to anneal to one another over their entire lengths this would reduce the amount of hairpins available for hybridization to the alpha and tau primers during the detection reaction.
The 5' nucleases of the present invention are used in this assay because they lack significant synthetic activity. The lack of synthetic activity results in the production of a single cleaved hairpin product (as shown in FIG. 19B, lane 4). Multiple cleavage products may be generated by 1) the presence of interfering synthetic activity (see FIG. 19B, lanes 6 and 8) or 2) the presence of primer-independent cleavage in the reaction. The presence of primer-independent cleavage is detected in the trigger/detection assay by the presence of different sized products at the fork of the cleavage structure. Primer-independent cleavage can be dampened or repressed, when present, by the use of unclearable nucleotides in the fork region of the hairpin molecule. For example, thiolated nucleotides can be used to replace several nucleotides at the fork region to prevent primer-independent cleavage.
EXAMPLE 5
Cleavage Of Linear Nucleic Acid Substrates
From the above, it should be clear that native (i.e., "wild type") thermostable DNA polymerases are capable of cleaving hairpin structures in a specific manner and that this discovery can be applied with success to a detection assay. In this example, the mutant DNAPs of the present invention are tested against three different cleavage structures shown in FIG. 22A. Structure 1 in FIG. 22A is simply single stranded 206-mer (the preparation and sequence information for which was discussed above). Structures 2 and 3 are duplexes; structure 2 is the same hairpin structure as shown in FIG. 12A (bottom), while structure 3 has the hairpin portion of stucture 2 removed.
The cleavage reactions comprised 0.01 pmoles of the resulting substrate DNA, and 1 pmole of pilot oligonucleotide in a total volume of 10 .mu.l of 10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.3, 100 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl.sub.2. Reactions were incubated for 30 minutes at 55.degree. C., and stopped by the addition of 8 .mu.l of 95% formamide with 20 mM EDTA and 0.05% marker dyes. Samples were heated to 75.degree. C. for 2 minutes immediately before electrophoresis through a 10% polyacrylamide gel (19:1 cross link), with 7M urea, in a buffer of 45 mM Tris-Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA.
The results were visualized by autoradiography and are shown in FIG. 22B with the enzymes indicated as follows: I is native Taq DNAP; II is native Tfl DNAP; III is the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BX shown in FIG. 4E; IV is the enzyme Cleavase.sup.TM BB shown in FIG. 4F; V is the mutant shown in FIG. 5B; and VI is the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN shown in FIG. 4G. Structure 2 was used to "normalize" the comparison. For example, it was found that it took 50 ng of Taq DNAP and 300 ng of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN to give similar amounts of cleavage of Structure 2 in thirty (30) minutes. Under these conditions native Taq DNAP is unable to cleave Structure 3 to any significant degree. Native Tfl DNAP cleaves Structure 3 in a manner that creates multiple products.
By contrast, all of the mutants tested cleave the linear duplex of Structure 3. This finding indicates that this characteristic of the mutant DNA polymerases is consistent of thermostable polymerases across thermophilic species.
The finding described herein that the mutant DNA polymerases of the present invention are capable of cleaving linear duplex structures allows for application to a more straightforward assay design (FIG. 1A). FIG. 23 provides a more detailed schematic corresponding to the assay design of FIG. 1A.
The two 43-mers depicted in FIG. 23 were synthesized by standard methods. Each included a fluorescein on the 5'end for detection purposes and a biotin on the 3'end to allow attachment to streptavidin coated paramagnetic particles (the biotin-avidin attachment is indicated by . . . "". . . ).
Before the trityl groups were removed, the oligos were purified by HPLC to remove truncated by-products of the synthesis reaction. Aliquots of each 43-met were bound to M-280 Dynabeads (Dynal) at a density of 100 pmoles per mg of beads. Two (2) rags of beads (200 .mu.l) were washed twice in 1X wash/bind buffer (1M NACl, 5 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.5, 0.5 mM EDTA) with 0.1% BSA, 200 .mu.l per wash. The beads were magnetically sedimented between washes to allow supernatant removal. After the second wash, the beads were resuspended in 200 .mu.l of 2X wash/bind buffer (2M Na Cl, 10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.5 with 1 mM EDTA), and divided into two 100 .mu.l aliquots. Each aliquot received 1 .mu.l of a 100 .mu.M solution of one of the two oligonucleotides. After mixing, the beads were incubated at room temperature for 60 minutes with occasional gentle mixing. The beads were then sedimented and analysis of the supernatants showed only trace amounts of unbound oligonucleotide, indicating successful binding. Each aliquot of beads was washed three times, 100 .mu.l per wash, with 1X wash/bind buffer, then twice in a buffer of 10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.3 and 75 mM KCl. The beads were resuspended in a final volume of 100 .mu.l of the Tris/KCl, for a concentration of 1 pmole of oligo bound to 10 .mu.g of beads per .mu.l of suspension. The beads were stored at 4.degree. C. between uses.
The types of beads correspond to FIG. 1A. That is to say, type 2 beads contain the oligo (SEQ ID NO:33) comprising the complementary sequence (SEQ ID NO:34) for the alpha signal oligo (SEQ ID NO:35) as well as the beta signal oligo (SEQ ID NO:36) which when liberated is a 24-mer. This oligo has no "As" and is "T" rich. Type 3 beads contain the oligo (SEQ ID NO:37) comprising the complementary sequence (SEQ ID NO:38) for the beta signal oligo (SEQ ID NO:39) as well as the alpha signal oligo (SEQ ID NO:35) which when liberated is a 20-mer. This oligo has no "Ts" and is "A" rich.
Cleavage reactions comprised 1 .mu.l of the indicated beads, 10 pmoles of unlabelled alpha signal oligo as "pilot" (if indicated) and 500 ng of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN in 20 .mu.l of 75 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2 and 10 .mu.M CTAB. All components except the enzyme were assembled, overlaid with light mineral oil and warmed to 53.degree. C. The reactions were initiated by the addition of prewarmed enzyme and incubated at that temperature for 30 minutes. Reactions were stopped at temperature by the addition of 16 .mu.l of 95% formamide with 20 mM EDTA and 0.05% each of bromophenol blue and xylene cyanol. This addition stops the enzyme activity and, upon heating, disrupts the biotin-avidin link, releasing the majority (greater than 95%) of the oligos from the beads. Samples were heated to 75.degree. C. for 2 minutes immediately before electrophoresis through a 10% polyacrylamide gel (19:1 cross link), with 7M urea, in a buffer of 45 mM Tris-Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA. Results were visualized by contact transfer of the resolved DNA to positively charged nylon membrane and probing of the blocked membrane with an anti-fluorescein antibody conjugated to alkaline phosphatase. After washing, the signal was developed by incubating the membrane in Western Blue (Promega) which deposits a purple precipitate where the antibody is bound.
FIG. 24 shows the propagation of cleavage of the linear duplex nucleic acid structures of FIG. 23 by the DNAP mutants of the present invention. The two center lanes contain both types of beads. As noted above, the beta signal oligo (SEQ ID NO:36) when liberated is a 24-mer and the alpha signal oligo (SEQ ID NO:35) when liberated is a 20-mer. The formation of the two lower bands corresponding to the 24-mer and 20-mer is clearly dependent on "pilot".
EXAMPLE 6
5' Exonucleolytic Cleavage ("Nibbling") By Thermostable DNAPs
It has been found that thermostable DNAPs, including those of the present invention, have a true 5' exonuclease capable of nibbling the 5' end of a linear duplex nucleic acid structures. In this example, the 206 base pair DNA duplex substrate is again employed (see above). In this case, it was produced by the use of one .sup.32 P-labeled primer and one unlabeled primer in a polymerase chain reaction. The cleavage reactions comprised 0.01 pmoles of heat-denatured, end-labeled substrate DNA (with the unlabeled strand also present), 5 pmoles of pilot oligonucleotide (see pilot oligos in FIG. 12A) and 0.5 units of DNAPTaq or 0.5 .mu. of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BB in the E. coli extract (see above), in a total volume of 10 .mu.l of 10 mM Tris.Cl, pH 8.5, 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2.
Reactions were initiated at 65.degree. C. by the addition of pre-warmed enzyme, then shifted to the final incubation temperature for 30 minutes. The results are shown in FIG. 25A. Samples in lanes 1-4 are the results with native Taq DNAP, while lanes 5-8 shown the results with the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BB. The reactions for lanes 1, 2, 5, and 6 were performed at 65.degree. C. and reactions for lanes 3, 4, 7, and 8 were performed at 50.degree. C. and all were stopped at temperature by the addition of 8 .mu.l of 95% formamide with 20 mM EDTA and 0.05% marker dyes. Samples were heated to 75.degree. C. for 2 minutes immediately before electrophoresis through a 10% acrylamide gel (19:1 cross-linked), with 7M urea, in a buffer of 45 mM Tris-Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA. The expected product in reactions 1, 2, 5, and 6 is 85 nucleotides long; in reactions 3 and 7, the expected product is 27 nucleotides long. Reactions 4 and 8 were performed without pilot, and should remain at 206 nucleotides. The faint band seen at 24 nucleotides is residual end-labeled primer from the PCR.
The surprising result is that the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BB under these conditions causes all of the label to appear in a very small species, suggesting the possibility that the enzyme completely hydrolyzed the substrate. To determine the composition of the fastest-migrating band seen in lanes 5-8 (reactions performed with the deletion mutant), samples of the 206 base pair duplex were treated with either T7 gene 6 exonuclease (USB) or with calf intestine alkaline phosphatase (Promega), according to manufacturers' instructions, to produce either labeled mononucleotide (lane a of FIG. 25B) or free .sup.32 P-labeled inorganic phosphate (lane b of FIG. 25B), respectively. These products, along with the products seen in lane 7 of panel A were resolved by brief electrophoresis through a 20% acrylamide gel (19:1 cross-link), with 7M urea, in a buffer of 45 mM Tris.Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA. The enzyme Cleavase.TM. BB is thus capable of converting the substrate to mononucleotides.
EXAMPLE 7
Nibbling Is Duplex Dependent
The nibbling by the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BB is duplex dependent. In this example, internally labeled, single strands of the 206-mer were produced by 15 cycles of primer extension incorporating .alpha.-.sup.32 P labeled dCTP combined with all four unlabeled dNTPs, using an unlabeled 206-bp fragment as a template. Single and double stranded products were resolved by electrophoresis through a non-denaturing 6% polyacrylamide gel (29:1 cross-link) in a buffer of 45 mM Tris. Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA, visualized by autoradiography, excised from the gel, eluted by passive diffusion, and concentrated by ethanol precipitation.
The cleavage reactions comprised 0.04 pmoles of substrate DNA, and 2 .mu.l of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BB (in an E. coli extract as described above) in a total volume of 40 .mu.l of 10 mM Tris. Cl, pH 8.5, 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2. Reactions were initiated by the addition of pre-warmed enzyme; 10 .mu.l aliquots were removed at 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes, and transferred to prepared tubes containing 8 .mu.l of 95% formamide with 30 mM EDTA and 0.05% marker dyes. Samples were heated to 75.degree. C. for 2 minutes immediately before electrophoresis through a 10% acrylamide gel (19:1 cross-linked), with 7M urea, in a buffer of 45 mM Tris.Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA. Results were visualized by autoradiography as shown in FIG. 26. Clearly, the cleavage by the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BB depends on a duplex structure; no cleavage of the single strand structure is detected whereas cleavage of the 206-mer duplex is complete.
EXAMPLE 8
Nibbling Can Be Target Directed
The nibbling activity of the DNAPs of the present invention can be employed with success in a detection assay. One embodiment of such an assay is shown in FIG. 27. In this assay, a labelled oligo is employed that is specific for a target sequence. The oligo is in excess of the target so that hybridization is rapid. In this embodiment, the oligo contains two fluorescein labels whose proximity on the oligo causes their emmision to be quenched. When the DNAP is permitted to nibble the oligo the labels separate and are detectable. The shortened duplex is destabilized and disassociates. Importantly, the target is now free to react with an intact labelled oligo. The reaction can continue until the desired level of detection is achieved. An analogous, although different, type of cycling assay has been described employing lambda exonuclease. See C. G. Copley and C. Boot, BioTechniques 13:888 (1992).
The success of such an assay depends on specificity. In other words, the oligo must hybridize to the specific target. It is also preferred that the assay be sensitive; the oligo ideally should be able to detect small amounts of target. FIG. 28A shows a 5'-end .sup.32 P-labelled primer bound to a plasmid target sequence. In this case, the plasmid was pUC19 (commercially available) which was heat denatured by boiling two (2) minutes and then quick chilling. The primer is a 21-mer (SEQ ID NO:39). The enzyme Cleavase.TM. BX (a dilution equivalent to 5.times.10.sup.-3 .mu.l extract) was employed in 100 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.3, 2 mM MnCl.sub.2. The reaction was performed at 55.degree. C. for sixteen (16) hours with or without genomic background DNA (from chicken blood). The reaction was stopped by the addition of 8 .mu.l of 95% formamide with 20 mM EDTA and marker dyes.
The products of the reaction were resolved by PAGE (10% polyacrylamide, 19:1 cross link, 1.times.TBE) as seen in FIG. 28B. Lane "M" contains the labelled 21-mer. Lanes 1-3 contain no specific target, although Lanes 2 and 3 contain 100 ng and 200 ng of genomic DNA, respectively. Lanes 4, 5 and 6 all contain specific target with either 0 ng, 100 ng or 200 ng of genomic DNA, respectively. It is clear that conversion to mononucleotides occurs in Lanes 4, 5 and 6 regardless of the presence or amount of background DNA. Thus, the nibbling can be target directed and specific.
EXAMPLE 9
Purification Of The Enzyme Cleavase.TM.
As noted above, expressed thermostable proteins, i.e. , the 5' nucleases, were isolated by crude bacterial cell extracts. The precipitated E. coli proteins were then, along with other cell debris, removed by centrifugation. In this example, cells expressing the BN clone were cultured and collected (500 grams). For each gram (wet weight) of E. coli, 3 ml of lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA, 100 .mu.M NaCl) was added. The cells were lysed with 200 ug/ml lysozyme at room temperature for 20 minutes. Thereafter deoxycholic acid was added to make a 0.2% final concentration and the mixture was incubated 15 minutes at room temperature.
The lysate was sonicated for approximately 6-8 minutes at 0.degree. C. The precipitate was removed by centriguation (39,000 g for 20 minutes). Polyethyleneimine was added (0.5%) to the supernatant and the mixture was incubated on ice for 15 minutes. The mixture was centrifuged (5,000 g for 15 minutes) and the supernatant was retained. This was heated for 30 minutes at 60.degree. C. and then centrifuged again (5,000 g for 15 minutes) and the supernatant was again retained.
The supernatant was precipitated with 35% ammonium sulfate at 4.degree. C. for 15 minutes. The mixture was then centrifuged (5,000 g for 15 minutes) and the supernatant was removed. The precipitate was then dissolved in 0.25M KCl, 20 mM Tris, pH 7.6, 0.2% Tween and 0.1 EDTA) and then dialyzed against Binding Buffer (8X Binding Buffer comprises: 40 mM imidazole, 4M NaCl, 160 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.9).
The solubilized protein is then purified on the Ni.sup.++ column (Novagen). The Binding Buffer is allows to drain to the top of the column bed and load the column with the prepared extract. A flow rate of about 10 column volumes per hour is optimal for efficient purification. If the flow rate is too fast, more impurities will contaminate the eluted fraction.
The column is washed with 25 ml (10 volumes) of 1X Binding Buffer and then washed with 15 ml (6 volumes) of 1X Wash Buffer (8X Wash Buffer comprises: 480 mM imidazole, 4M NaCl, 160 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.9). The bound protein was eluted with 15 ml (6 volumes) of 1X Elute Buffer (4X Elute Buffer comprises: 4 mM imidazole, 2M NaCl, 80 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.9). Protein is then reprecipitated with 35% Ammonium Sulfate as above. The precipitate was then dissolved and dialyzed against: 20 mM Tris, 100 mM KCl, 1 mM EDTA). The solution was brought up to 0.1% each of Tween 20 and NP-40 and stored at 4.degree. C.
EXAMPLE 10
5' Nucleases Cut Nucleic Acid Substrates At Naturally Occurring Areas Of Secondary Structure
The ability of a 5' nuclease to recognize and cleave nucleic acid substrates at naturally occurring areas of secondary structure in the absence of a pilot oligonucleotide (i.e., primer independent cleavage) was shown in Example 1C (FIG. 12, lane 9). When DNAPTaq was incubated at 50.degree. C. in the presence of a 206 bp DNA substrate (single end labeled, double stranded template) in a buffer containing 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.5 and 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, adventitious (i.e., naturally occurring) structures in the DNA substrate were cleaved by the 5' nuclease activity of the enzyme. This cleavage generated three prominent fragments (FIG. 12, lane 9); this cleavage pattern provides a "fingerprint" of the DNA template.
The ability of 5' nucleases to cleave naturally occurring structures in nucleic acid templates (structure-specific cleavage) is useful to detect internal sequence differences in nucleic acids without prior knowledge of the specific sequence of the nucleic acid. To develop a general method to scan nucleic acids for mutations �e.g., single base changes (point mutations), small insertions or deletions, etc.! using 5' nucleases, the following series of experiments were performed.
a) The Substitution Of MnCl.sub.2 For MgCl.sub.2 In The Cleavage Reaction Produces Enhanced Cleavage Patterns
The effect of substituting of Mn.sup.2+ in place of Mg.sup.2+ upon the cleavage pattern created by 5' nuclease activity on a double-stranded DNA substrate was examined. A 157 bp fragment derived from exon 4 of either the wild-type (SEQ ID NO:40) or the mutant G419R (SEQ ID NO:41) tyrosinase gene was prepared by PCR as follows.
The primer pair 5' biotin-CACCGTCCTCTTCAAGAAG 3' (SEQ ID NO:42) and 5' fluorescein-CTGAATCTTGTAGATAGCTA 3' (SEQ ID NO:43) was used to prime the PCRs. The synthetic primers were obtained from Promega; the primers were labeled on the 5' end with biotin or fluorescein during synthesis.
The target DNA for the generation of the 157 bp fragment of mutant G419R (King, R. A., et al., (1991) Mol. Biol. Med. 8:19; here after referred to as the 419 mutant) was a 339 bp PCR product (SEQ ID NO:44) generated using genomic DNA homozygous for the 419 mutation. Genomic DNA was isolated using standard techniques from peripheral blood leukocytes isolated from patients. This 339 bp PCR product was prepared as follows.
The symmetric PCR reaction comprised 10 ng of genomic DNA from the 419 mutant, 100 pmoles of the primer 5' biotin-GCCTTATTTTACTTTAAAAAT-3' (SEQ ID NO:45), 100 pmoles of the primer 5'-fluorescein-TAAAGTTTTGTGTTATCTCA-3' (SEQ ID NO:46), 50 .mu.M of each dNTP, 20 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 50 mM KCl, with 0.05% Tween 20 and 0.05% Nonidet P-40 (NP40). The primers of SEQ ID NOS:45 and 46 were obtained from Integrated DNA Technologies, Coralville, Iowa. A tube containing 45 .mu.l of the above mixture was overlaid with two drops of light mineral oil and the tube was heated to 95.degree. C. for 1 min. Taq polymerase was then added as 1.25 units of enzyme in 5 .mu.l of 20 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 50 mM KCl, with 0.05% Tween 20 and 0.05% Nonidet P-40. The tube was heated to 94.degree. C. for 40 sec, cooled to 55.degree. C. for 50 sec, heated to 72.degree. C. for 70 sec for 29 repetitions with a 5 min incubation at 72.degree. C. after the last repetition.
The PCR products were gel purified as follows. The products were resolved by electrophoresis through a 6% polyacrylamide gel (29:1 cross-link) in a buffer containing 45 mM Tris-Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA. The DNA was visualized by ethidium bromide staining and the 339 bp fragment was excised from the gel. The DNA was eluted from the gel slice by passive diffusion overnight into a solution containing 0.5M NH.sub.4 OAc, 0.1% SDS and 0.1M EDTA. The DNA was then precipitated with ethanol in the presence of 4 .mu.g of glycogen carrier. The DNA was pelleted and resuspended in 40 .mu.l of TE (10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.0, 0.1 mM EDTA).
To generate the 157 bp fragment from the 419 mutant, the purified 339 bp 419 PCR fragment was used as the target in an asymmetric PCR. The asymmetric PCR comprised 100 pmoles of the biotinylated primer of SEQ ID NO:45, 1 pmole of the fluoresceinated primer of SEQ ID NO:46, 50 .mu.M of each dNTP, 20 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 50 mM KCl, with 0.05% Tween 20 and 0.05% Nonidet P-40. A tube containing 45 .mu.l of the above mixture was overlaid with two drops of light mineral oil and the tube was heated to 95.degree. C. for 5 sec and then cooled to 70.degree. C. Taq polymerase was then added as 1.25 units of enzyme in 5 .mu.l of 20 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 50 mM KCl, with 0.05% Tween 20 and 0.05% Nonidet P-40. The tube was heated to 95.degree. C. for 45 sec, cooled to 50.degree. C. for 45 sec, heated to 72.degree. C. for 1 min 15 sec for 30 repetitions with a 5 min incubation at 72.degree. C. after the last repetition.
The asymmetric PCR products were gel purified as follows. The products were resolved by electrophoresis through a 6% polyacrylamide gel (29:1 cross-link) in a buffer containing 45 mM Tris-Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA. The DNA was visualized by ethidium bromide staining; the double-stranded DNA was differentiated from the single-stranded DNA due to the mobility shift commonly seen with single-stranded DNA produced from asymmetric PCR (In an asymmetric PCR both single-stranded and double-stranded products are produced; typically the single-stranded product will have a slower speed of migration through the gel and will appear closer to the origin than will the double-stranded product). The double-stranded 157 bp substrate corresponding to the 419 mutant (SEQ ID NO:41) was excised from the gel.
The 157 bp wild-type fragment was generated by asymmetric PCR as described above for the 419 mutant with the exception that the target DNA was 10 ng of supercoiled pcTYR-N1Tyr plasmid DNA. The pcTYR-N1Tyr plasmid contains the entire wild-type tyrosinase cDNA �Geibel, L. B., et al. (1991) Genomics 9:435!.
Following the asymmetric PCRs, the reaction products were resolved on an acrylamide gel and the double-stranded fragments of interest were excised, eluted and precipitated as described above. The precipitated 157 bp wild-type (SEQ ID NO:40) and 419 mutant (SEQ ID NO:41) fragments were resuspended in 40 .mu.l of TE.
Cleavage reactions comprised 100 fmoles of the resulting double-stranded substrate DNAs (the substrates contain a biotin moiety at the 5' end of the sense strand) in a total volume of 10 .mu.l of 10 mM MOPS, pH 8.2, 1 mM divalent cation (either MgCl.sub.2 or MnCl.sub.2) and 1 unit of DNAPTaq. The reactions were overlaid with a drop of light mineral oil. Reactions were heated to 95.degree. C. for 5 seconds to denature the substrate and then the tubes were quickly cooled to 65.degree. C. (this step allows the DNA assume its unique secondary structure by allowing the formation of intra-strand hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases). The reaction can be performed in either a thermocycler (MJ Research, Watertown, Mass.) programmed to heat to 95.degree. C. for 5 seconds then drop the temperature immediately to 65.degree. C. or alternatively the tubes can be placed manually in a heat block set at 95.degree. C. and then transferred to a second heat block set at 65.degree. C.
The reaction was incubated at 65.degree. C. for 10 minutes and was stopped by the addition of 8 .mu.l of stop buffer (95% formamide containing 20 mM EDTA and 0.05% each xylene cyanol and bromophenol blue). Samples were heated to 72.degree. C. for 2 minutes and 5 .mu.l of each reaction were resolved by electrophoresis through a 10% polyacrylamide gel (19:1 cross-link), with 7M urea, in a buffer containing 45 mM Tris-Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA.
After electrophoresis, the gel plates were separated allowing the gel to remain flat on one plate. A 0.2 .mu.m-pore positively-charged nylon membrane (Schleicher and Schuell, Keene, N.H.), pre-wetted in 0.5X TBE (45 mM Tris-Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA), was laid on top of the exposed acrylamide gel. All air bubbles trapped between the gel and the membrane were removed. Two pieces of 3 MM filter paper (Whatman) were then placed on top of the membrane, the other glass plate was replaced, and the sandwich was clamped with binder clips. Transfer was allowed to proceed overnight. After transfer, the membrane was carefully peeled from the gel and allowed to air dry. After complete drying, the membrane was washed in 1.2X Sequenase Images Blocking Buffer (United States Biochemical) for 30 minutes. Three tenths of a ml of the buffer was used per cm.sup.2 of membrane. A streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate (SAAP, United States Biochemical) was added to a 1:4000 dilution directly to the blocking solution, and agitated for 15 minutes. The membrane was rinsed briefly with H.sub.2 O and then washed 3 times (5 minutes/wash) in 1X SAAP buffer (100 mM Tris-HCL, pH 10; 50 mM NaCl) with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) using 0.5 ml buffer/cm.sup.2 of the buffer, with brief H.sub.2 O rinses between each wash. Similarly, for fluorescein-labeled DNA, anti-fluorescein fragment (Boehringer Mannheim Biochemicals, Indianapolis, Ind.) at a 1:20,000 final dilution may be added followed by three washes (5 min/wash) in 1X SAAP buffer containing 0.1% SDS and 0.025% Tween 20. The membrane was then washed once in 1X SAAP buffer without SDS, drained thoroughly and placed in a plastic heat-sealable bag. Using a sterile pipet tip, 0.05 ml/cm.sup.2 of CDP-Star.TM. (Tropix, Bedford, Mass.) was added to the bag and distributed over the entire membrane for 5 minutes. The bag was drained of all excess liquid and air bubbles. The membrane was then exposed to X-ray film (Kodax XRP) for an initial 30 minutes. Exposure times were adjusted as necessary for resolution and clarity. The results are shown in FIG. 30.
In FIG. 30, the lane marked "M" contains molecular weight markers. The marker fragments were generated by digestion of pUC19 with HaelII followed by the addition of biotinylated dideoxynucleotides (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, Ind.) to the cut ends using terminal transferase (Promega). Lanes 1, 3 and 5 contain the reaction products from the incubation of the wild type 157 nucleotide substrate in the absence of the DNAPTaq enzyme (lane 1), in the presence of MgCl.sub.2 and enzyme (lane 3) or in the presence of MnCl.sub.2 and enzyme (lane 5). Lanes 2, 4 and 6 contains the reaction products from the incubation of the 157 nucleotide substrate derived from the 419 mutant in the absence of enzyme (lane 2), in the presence of MgCl.sub.2 and enzyme (lane 4) or in the presence of MnCl.sub.2 and enzyme (lane 6).
FIG. 30 demonstrates that the use of MnCl.sub.2 rather than MgCl.sub.2 in the cleavage reaction results in the production of an enhanced cleavage pattern. It is desirable that the cleavage products are of different sizes so that the products do not all cluster at one end of the gel. The ability to spread the cleavage products out over the entire length of the gel makes it more likely that alterations in cleavage products between the wild type and mutant substrates will be identified. FIG. 30 shows that when Mg.sup.2+ is used as the divalent cation, the majority of the cleavage products cluster together in the upper portion of the gel. In contrast when Mn.sup.2+ is used as the divalent cation, the substrate assumes structures which, when cleaved, generate products of widely differing mobilities. These results show that Mn.sup.2+ is the preferred divalent cation for the cleavage reaction.
b) 5' Nuclease Cleavage Of Different But Similarly Sized DNAs Generates Unique Cleavage Fragments
The ability of 5' nuclease to generate a cleavage pattern or "fingerprint" which is unique to a given piece of DNA was shown by incubating four similarly sized DNA substrates with the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN. The four DNA substrates used were a 157 nucleotide fragment from the sense (or coding) strand of exon 4 of the wild-type tyrosinase gene (SEQ ID NO:47); a 157 nucleotide fragment from the anti-sense (or non-coding) strand of exon 4 of the wild-type tyrosinase gene (SEQ ID NO:48); a 165 nucleotide DNA fragment derived from pGEM3Zf(+) (SEQ ID NO:49) and a 206 nucleotide DNA fragment derived from the bottom strand of pGEM3Zf(+) (SEQ ID NO:50). The DNA substrates contained either a biotin or fluorescein label at their 5' or 3' ends. The substrates were made as follows.
To produce the sense and anti-sense single-stranded substrates corresponding to exon 4 of the wild-type tyrosinase gene, a double-stranded DNA fragment, 157 nucleotides in length (SEQ ID NO:40), was generated using symmetric PCR. The target for the symmetric PCR was genomic DNA containing the wild-type tyrosinase gene. The symmetric PCR comprised 50-100 ng of genomic wild-type DNA, 25 pmoles each of primers SEQ ID NOS:42 and 43, 50 .mu.M each dNTP and 1.25 units of Taq polymerase in 50 .mu.l of 20 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 50 mM KCl, with 0.05% Tween 20 and 0.05% Nonidet P-40. The reaction mixture was overlaid with two drops of light mineral oil and the tube was heated to 94.degree. C. for 30 sec, cooled to 50.degree. C. for 1 min, heated to 72.degree. C. for 2 min for 30 repetitions. The double-stranded PCR product was gel purified, precipitated and resuspended in 40 .mu.l of TE buffer as described above in a).
The single-stranded sense and anti-sense 157 nucleotide DNA fragments were generated using the above 157 bp wild-type DNA fragment (SEQ ID NO:40) in two asymmetric PCR reactions. The sense strand fragment was generated using 5 .mu.l of the above purified 157 bp fragment (SEQ ID NO:40) as the target in an asymmetric PCR. The reaction mixtures for the asymmetric PCR were as above for the symmetric PCR with the exception that 100 pmoles of the biotin-labeled sense primer (SEQ ID NO:42) and 1 pmole of the fluorescein-labeled anti-sense primer (SEQ ID NO:43) was used to prime the reaction. The anti-sense fragment was generated using 5 .mu.l of the above purified 157 bp fragment as the target in an asymmetric PCR. The reaction conditions for the asymmetric PCR were as above for the symmetric PCR with the exception that 1 pmole of the sense primer (SEQ ID NO:42) and 100 pmoles of the anti-sense primer (SEQ ID NO:43) was used to prime the reaction.
The reaction conditions for the asymmetric PCR were 95.degree. C. for 45 sec, 50.degree. C. for 45 sec, 72.degree. C. for 1 min and 15 sec for 30 repetitions with a 5 min incubation at 72.degree. C. after the last repetition. The reaction products were visualized, extracted and collected as described above with the single stranded DNA being identified by a shift in mobility when compared to a double stranded DNA control.
The single-stranded 165 nucleotide fragment from pGEM3Zf(+) (SEQ ID NO:49) was generated by asymmetric PCR. The PCR comprised 50 pmoles of 5' biotin-AGCGGATAACAATTTCACACAGGA-3' (SEQ ID NO:51; Promega) and 1 pmole of 5'-CACGGATCCTAATACGACTCACTATAGGG-3' (SEQ ID NO:52; Integrated DNA Technologies, Coralville, Iowa), 50 .mu.M each dNTP, 20 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 50 mM KCl, with 0.05% Tween 20 and 0.05% Nonidet P-40. Forty-five microliters of this reaction mixture was overlaid with two drops of light mineral oil and the tube was heated to 95.degree. C. for 5 sec and then cooled to 70.degree. C. Taq polymerase was then added at 1.25 units in 5 .mu.l of 20 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 50 mM KCl, with 0.05% Tween 20 and 0.05% Nonidet P-40. The tubes were heated to 95.degree. C. for 45 sec, cooled to 50.degree. C. for 45 sec, heated to 72.degree. C. for 1 min 15 sec for 30 repetitions with a 5 min incubation at 72.degree. C. after the last repetition. The reaction products were visualized, extracted and collected as described above with the 164 nucleotide DNA fragment being identified by a shift in mobility when compared to a double stranded DNA control.
The 206 nucleotide DNA fragment (SEQ ID NO:50) was prepared by asymmetric as follows. The asymmetric PCR comprised 1 pmole of a double-stranded 206 bp PCR product (generated as described in Example 1C), 50 pmoles of the primer 5'-CGCCAGGGTTTTCCCAGTCACGAC-3' (SEQ ID NO:53), 50 .mu.M each dNTP, 20 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 50 mM KCl, with 0.05% Tween 20 and 0.05% Nonidet P-40. Ninety-five microliters of this reaction mixture was overlaid with three drops of light mineral oil and the tube was heated to 95.degree. C. for 5 sec and then cooled to 70.degree. C. Taq polymerase was then added at 2.5 units in 5 .mu.l of 20 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 50 mM KCl, with 0.05% Tween 20 and 0.05% Nonidet P-40. The tubes were heated to 95.degree. C. for 45 sec, cooled to 63.degree. C. for 45 sec, heated to 72.degree. C. for 1 min 15 sec for 15 repetitions with a 5 min incubation at 72.degree. C. after the last repetition. The reaction products were visualized, extracted and collected as described above with the 206 nucleotide DNA fragment being identified by a shift in mobility when compared to a double stranded DNA control. The precipitated DNA was resuspended in 70 .mu.l of TE buffer.
Twenty-five microliters of the above product was biotinylated on the 3' end using 10-20 units of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Promega) in a 50 .mu.l reaction. The reaction comprised 0.5 moles of biotin-16-ddUTP (Boehringer Mannheim) and 1X buffer (500 mM cacoodylate buffer, pH 6.8, 5 mM CoCl.sub.2, 0.5 mM DTT and 500 .mu.g/ml BSA). The tubes were incubated at 37.degree. C. for 15 min followed by ethanol precipitation in the presence of 4 .mu.g of glycogen. The DNA was ethanol precipitated a second time and then resuspended in 25 .mu.l of 10 Mm Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 0.1 mM EDTA.
The cleavage reactions were carried out in a final volume of 10 .mu.l containing 1X CFLP buffer (10 mM MOPS, pH 8.2) with 1 mM MnCl.sub.2 using approximately 100 fmoles of substrate DNA and 250 ng of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN. Parallel reactions lacking the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN (no enzyme control) were set up as above with the exception that one third as much DNA template was used (approximately 33 fmoles of each template) to balance the signal on the autoradiograph.
Each substrate DNA was placed in a 200 .mu.l thin wall microcentrifuge tube (BioRad, Hercules, Calif.) in 5 .mu.l of 1X CFLP buffer with 2 mM MnCl.sub.2. The solution was overlaid with one drop of light mineral oil. Tubes were brought to 95.degree. C. for 5 seconds to denature the substrates and then the tubes were quickly cooled to 65.degree. C.
Cleavage reactions were started immediately by the addition of a diluted enzyme mixture comprising 1 .mu.l of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN �250 ng/.mu.l in 1X dilution buffer (0.5% NP40, 0.5% Tween20, 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 50 mM KCl, 10 .mu.g/ml BSA)! in 5 .mu.l of 1X CFLP buffer without MnCl.sub.2. The enzyme solution was at room temperature before addition to the cleavage reaction. After 5 minutes at 65.degree. C., the reactions were stopped by the addition of 8 .mu.l of stop buffer. Samples were heated to 72.degree. C. for 2 minutes and 5 .mu.l of each reaction were resolved by electrophoresis through a 10% polyacrylamide gel (19:1 cross-link), with 7M urea, in a buffer containing 45 mM Tris-Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA.
After electrophoresis, the gel plates were separated and overlaid with a 0.45 .mu.m-pore positively charged nylon membrane (United States Biochemical). The DNA was transferred to the membrane and the membrane was dried, washed in 1.2X Sequenase Images Blocking Buffer, treated with 1X SAAP buffer as described above. The signal was developed using Lumiphos-530 (United States Biochemical) or Quantum Yield Chemiluminescent Substrate (Promega) in place of the CDP-Star.TM.; the membrane was then exposed to X-ray film as described above. The resulting autoradiograph is shown in FIG. 31.
FIG. 31 shows the results of incubation of the four substrates described above in the presence or absence of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN. Four sets of reactions are shown. Set one contains the reaction products from the incubation of the 157 nucleotide sense strand fragment of the tyrosinase gene (SEQ ID NO:47) in the absence or presence of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN. Set two contains the reaction products from the incubation of the 157 nucleotide anti-sense strand fragment of the tyrosinase gene (SEQ ID NO:48) in the absence or presence of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN. Set three contains the reaction products from the incubation of the 165 base bottom strand fragment of the plasmid pGEM3Zf(+) (SEQ ID NO:49) in the absence or presence of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN. Set four contains the reaction products from the incubation of the 206 base top strand fragment of the plasmid pGEM3Zf(+) (SEQ ID NO:50) in the absence or presence of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN. Lanes marked "M" contain biotin-labeled molecular weight markers prepared as described above; the sizes of the marker fragments are indicated in FIG. 31. In the absence of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN, no cleavage of the substrates is observed. In the presence of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN, each substrate is cleaved generating a unique set of cleavage products. When these cleavage products are resolved on a polyacrylamide gel, a unique pattern or fingerprint is seen for each substrate DNA. Thus, although the four substrates are similar in size (157 to 206 bases), the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN generates a unique collection of cleavage products from each substrate. These unique cleavage patterns result from the characteristic conformation each substrate DNA assumes.
The present invention contemplates the ability to generate a unique cleavage pattern for two or more DNA substrates of the same size as part of a method for the detection of genetic mutations. This method compares a normal (or wild type or non-mutated) substrate with a substrate from a patient suspected of having a mutation in that substrate. The two substrates would be of the same length and the cleavage reaction would be used to probe the patient DNA substrate for conformational changes relative to the pattern seen in the wild type control substrate.
EXAMPLE 11
Cleavage Directed By The Enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN Can Detect Single Base Changes In DNA Substrates
The ability of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN to cleave DNA substrates of the same size but which contain single base changes between the substrates is herein demonstrated. The human tyrosinase gene was chosen as a model system because numerous single point mutations have been identified in exon 4 of this gene �Spritz, R. A. (1994) Human Molecular Genetics 3:1469!. Mutation of the tyrosinase gene leads to oculocutaneous albinism in humans.
Three single-stranded substrate DNAs were prepared; the substrates contain a biotin label at their 5' end. The wild type substrate comprises the 157 nucleotide fragment from the sense strand of the human tyrosinase gene �(SEQ ID NO:47); Geibel, L. B., et al. (1991) Genomics 9:435!. Two mutation-containing substrates were used. The 419 substrate (SEQ ID NO:54) is derived from the tyrosinase mutant G419R which contains a glycine (GGA) to arginine (AGA) substitution; this mutant differs from the wild-type exon 4 fragment by a single base change at nucleotide 2675 �King, R. A., et al. (1991) Mol. Biol. Med. 8:19!. The 422 substrate (SEQ ID NO:55) is derived from the tyrosinase mutant R422Q which contains an arginine (CGG) to glutamine (CAG) substitution; this mutant differs from the wild type exon 4 fragment by a single base change at nucleotide 2685 �Giebel, L. B., et al. (1991) J. Clin. Invest. 87:1119!.
Single-stranded DNA containing a biotin label at the 5' end was generated for each substrate using asymmetric PCR as described in Example 10a with the exception that the single-stranded PCR products were recovered from the gel rather than the double-stranded products.
The following primer pair was used to amplify each DNA (the 419 and 422 mutations are located internally to the exon 4 fragment amplified by the primer pair thus the same primer pair can be used to amplify the wild type and two mutant templates). The primer listed as SEQ ID NO:42 (sense primer) contains a biotin label at the 5' end and was used in a 100-fold excess over the anti-sense primer of SEQ ID NO:43.
To generate the single stranded substrates the following templates were used. Ten ng of supercoiled plasmid DNA was used as the target to generate the wild-type (plasmid pcTYR-N1Tyr) or 422 mutant (plasmid pcTYR-A422) 157 nucleotide fragments. Five microliters of the gel purified 339 bp PCR fragment (SEQ ID NO:44) derived from genomic DNA homozygous for the 419 mutation (described in Example 10a) was used as the target to generate the 157 nucleotide 419 mutant fragment (SEQ ID NO:54).
For each target DNA, the asymmetric PCR comprised 100 pmoles of SEQ ID NO:42 and 1 pmole of SEQ ID NO:43, 50 .mu.M each dNTP, 20 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 50 mM KCl, with 0.05% Tween 20 and 0.05% Nonidet P-40. The reaction mixture (45 .mu.l) was overlaid with two drops of light mineral oil and the tubes were heated to 95.degree. C. for 5 sec then cooled to 70.degree. C. Taq polymerase was then added as 1.25 units of enzyme in 5 .mu.l of 20 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 50 mM KCl, with 0.05% Tween 20 and 0.05% Nonidet P-40. The tubes were heated to 95.degree. C. for 45 sec, cooled to 50.degree. C. for 45 sec, heated to 72.degree. C. for 1 min 15 sec for 30 repetitions with a 5 min incubation at 72.degree. C. after the last repetition. The single stranded PCR products were gel purified, precipitated and resuspended in 40 .mu.l of TE buffer as described above.
Cleavage reactions were performed as follows. Each substrate DNA (100 fmoles) was placed in a 200 .mu.l thin wail microcentrifuge tube (BioRad) in 5 .mu.l of 1X CFLP buffer with 2 mM MnCl.sub.2. A tube containing 33 fmoles of template DNA in 10 .mu.l of 1X CFLP buffer and 1 MnCl.sub.2 was prepared for each template and served as the no enzyme (or uncut) control. The solution was overlaid with one drop of light mineral oil. Tubes were brought to 95.degree. C. for 5 seconds to denature the substrates and then the tubes were quickly cooled to 65.degree. C.
Cleavage reactions were started immediately by the addition of a diluted enzyme mixture comprising 1 .mu.l of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN �250 ng/.mu.l in 1X dilution buffer (0.5% NP40, 0.5% Tween 20, 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 50 mM KCl, 10 .mu.g/ml BSA)! in 5 .mu.l of 1X CFLP buffer without MnCl.sub.2. The enzyme solution was at room temperature before addition to the cleavage reaction. After 5 minutes at 65.degree. C., the reactions were stopped by the addition of 8 .mu.l of stop buffer. The samples were heated to 72.degree. C. for 2 minutes and 7 .mu.l of each reaction were resolved by electrophoresis through a 10% polyacrylamide gel (19:1 cross-link), with 7M urea, in a buffer containing 45 mM Tris-Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA.
After electrophoresis, the gel plates were separated and overlaid with a nylon membrane as described in Example 10a. The DNA was transferred to the membrane and the membrane was dried, washed in 1.2X Sequenase Images Blocking Buffer, treated with 1X SAAP buffer and reacted with CDP-Star.TM. (Tropix) and exposed to X-ray film as described in Example 10a. The resulting autoradiograph is shown in FIG. 32.
In FIG. 32, lanes marked "M" contain molecular weight markers prepared as described in Example 10. Lanes 1-3 contain the no enzyme control for the wild type (SEQ ID NO:47), the 419 mutant (SEQ ID NO:54) and the 422 mutant (SEQ ID NO:55) substrates, respectively. Lane 4 contains the cleavage products from the wild type template. Lane 5 contains the cleavage products from the 419 mutant. Lane 6 contains the cleavage products from the 422 mutant.
FIG. 32 shows that a similar, but distinctly different, pattern of cleavage products is generated by digestion of the three template DNAs with the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN. Note that in the digest of mutant 419, the bands below about 40 nucleotides are absent, when compared to wild-type, while in the digest of mutant 422 several new bands appear in the 53 nucleotide range.
Although the three template DNAs differed in only one of the 157 nucleotides, a unique pattern of cleavage fragments was generated for each. Thus a single base change in a 157 nucleotide fragment gives rise to different secondary structures which are recognized by the enzyme Cleavase.TM..
EXAMPLE 12
Single Base Changes In Large DNA Fragments Are Detected By The Enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN
The previous example demonstrated that the 5' nuclease activity of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN could be used to detect single point mutations within a 157 nucleotide DNA fragment. The ability of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN to detect single point mutations within larger DNA fragments is herein demonstrated.
Increasingly larger fragments derived from the 422 tyrosinase mutant was compared to the same size fragments derived from the wild-type tyrosinase gene. Four sets of single-stranded substrates were utilized: 1) a 157 nucleotide template derived from the sense strand of exon 4 from the wild-type (SEQ ID NO:47) and 422 mutant (SEQ ID NO:55), 2) a 378 nucleotide fragment containing exons 4 and 5 from the wild-type (SEQ ID NO:56) and 422 mutant (SEQ ID NO:57), 3) a 1.059 kb fragment containing exons 1-4 from the wild-type (SEQ ID NO:58) and 422 mutant (SEQ ID NO:59) and 4) a 1.587 kb fragment containing exons 1-5 from the wild-type (SEQ ID NO:60) and 422 mutant (SEQ ID NO:61). The only difference between the wild type and 422 mutant templates is the G to A change in exon 4 regardless of the length of the template used. The G to A point mutation is located 27, 27, 929 and 1237 nucleotides from the labeled ends of the 157 base, 378 base, 1.059 kb and 1.6 kb substrate DNAs, respectively.
a) Preparation Of The Substrate DNA
A cDNA clone containing either the wild-type �pcTYR-N1Tyr, Bouchard, B., et al. (1989) J. Exp. Med. 169:2029! or 422 mutant �pcTYR-A422, Giebel, L. B., et al. (1991) 87:1119! tyrosinase gene was utilized as the target DNA in PCRs to generate the above substrate DNAs. The primer pair consisting of SEQ ID NOS:42 and 43 were used to generate a double stranded 157 bp DNA fragment from either the mutant of wild-type cDNA clone. The primer pair consisting of SEQ ID NO:42 and SEQ ID NO:62 was used to generate a double stranded 378 bp DNA fragment from either the wild-type or mutant cDNA clone. The primer pair consisting of SEQ ID NO:63 and SEQ ID NO:43 was used to generate a double stranded 1.059 kbp DNA fragment from either the wild-type or mutant cDNA clone. The primer pair consisting of SEQ ID NO:64 and SEQ ID NO:62 was used to generate a double stranded 1.587 kbp DNA fragment from either the wild-type or mutant cDNA clone. In each case the sense strand primer contained a biotin label at the 5' end.
The PCR reactions were carried out as follows. One to two ng of plasmid DNA from the wild-type or 422 mutant was used as the target DNA in a 100 .mu.l reaction containing 50 .mu.M of each dNTP, 1 .mu.M of each primer in a given primer pair, 20 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 50 mM KCl, with 0.05% Tween 20 and 0.05% Nonidet P-40. Tubes containing the above mixture were overlaid with three drops of light mineral oil and the tubes were heated to 94.degree. C. for 1 min, then cooled to 70.degree. C. Taq polymerase was then added as 2.5 units of enzyme in 5 .mu.l of 20 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 50 mM KCl, with 0.05% Tween 20 and 0.05% Nonidet P-40. The tube was heated to 93.degree. C. for 45 sec, cooled to 52.degree. C. for 2 min, heated to 72.degree. C. for 1 min 45 sec for 35 repetitions, with a 5 min incubation at 72.degree. C. after the last repetition.
Following the PCR, excess primers were removed using a QIA Quick-Spin PCR Purification kit (Qiagen, Inc. Chatsworth, Calif.) following the manufacturer's instructions; the DNA was eluted in 50 .mu.l of 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA. The sense strand of each of the double-stranded fragments from the wild-type and 422 mutant gene were isolated as follows. Streptavidin-coated paramagnetic beads (Dynal M280 beads) �0.5 mg in 50 .mu.l; pre-washed in 2X bind and wash (B&W) buffer (2M NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1% Tween 20)! were added to each purified PCR product. The samples were incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes with occasional shaking. The beads were removed from the supernatant by exposing the tube to a magnetic plate and the supernatant was discarded. The bead-DNA complexes were washed twice in 2X B&W buffer. One hundred microliters of 0.1M NaOH were added to the beads and the samples were incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes (for the 157, 378 bp DNAs); for DNA fragments larger than 1 kb, the beads were incubated at 47.degree. C. for 30 minutes. After incubation, the beads were washed twice with 2X B&W buffer. Finally, the bead-ssDNA complexes were resuspended in 50 .mu.l 2X B&W buffer and stored at 4.degree. C.
b) Cleavage Reaction Conditions
The cleavage reactions were performed directly on the single-stranded DNA-bead complexes. Five to 10 .mu.l of DNA-bead complex (about 100 fmoles of DNA) were placed in a 200 .mu.l microcentrifuge tube and washed once with 10 .mu.l of sterile H.sub.2 O. Seven and one half microliters of 1X CFLP buffer with 1.3 mM MnCl.sub.2 (to yield a final concentration of 1 mM) was then added to each tube. The reaction tubes were prewarmed to 65.degree. C. for 2 minutes and cleavage was initiated by the addition of 2.5 .mu.l of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN (10-50 ng in 1X dilution buffer). The reaction was carried out at 65.degree. C. for 5 min.
Immediately after this 5 min incubation, the beads were allowed to settle to the bottom of the tube and the supernatant was removed and discarded. Ten to forty microliters of stop buffer (95% formamide with 20 mM EDTA and 0,05% xylene cyanol and 0.05% bromophenol blue) was then added to the beads and the sample was incubated at 90.degree. C. for 5-10 minutes. The formamide/EDTA solution releases the biotinylated DNA from the beads. The beads were allowed to settle to the bottom of the tube. The supernatant containing the cleavage products was collected. Two to eight microliters of the supernatant solution loaded onto 6% polyacrlamide gel (19:1 cross-link), with 7M urea, in a buffer containing 45 mM Tris-Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA.
After electrophoresis, the gel plates were separated and overlaid with a nylon membrane as described in Example 10a and allowed to transfer overnight. After transfer the membrane was dried, blocked, probed and washed as described in Example 10a. The blot was reacted with CDP-Star.TM. (Tropix) and exposed to X-ray film as described in Example 10a. The resulting autoradiograph is shown in FIG. 33.
In FIG. 33, lanes marked "M" contain molecular weight markers prepared as described in Example 10. Lanes 1, 3, 5 and 7 contain cleavage products using the 157, 378, 1056 or 1587 nucleotide sense strand fragment from the wild-type tyrosinase gene, respectively. Lanes 2, 4, 6 and 8 contain cleavage products using the 157, 378, 1056 or 1587 nucleotide sense strand fragment from the 422 mutant tyrosinase gene, respectively.
As shown in FIG. 33, the clear pattern of cleavages seen between the wild type and 422 mutant was not obscured when the single base change was located in longer DNA fragments. Thus, the cleavage reaction of the invention can be used to scan large fragments of DNA for mutations. Fragments greater than about 500 bp in length cannot be scanned using existing methodologies such as SSCP or DGGE analysis.
EXAMPLE 13
The Cleavase.TM. Reaction Is Insensitive To Large Changes In Reaction Conditions
The results shown above demonstrated that the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN can be used to probe DNA templates in a structure-specific but sequence independent manner. These results demonstrated that the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN could be used as an efficient way to recognize conformational changes in nucleic acids caused by sequence variations. This suggested that the 5' nuclease activity of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN could be used to develop a method to scan nucleic acid templates for sequence alterations relative to a wild-type template. The experiments below showed that this was the case. Furthermore it is demonstrated below that the method of the invention is relatively insensitive to large changes in conditions thereby making the method suitable for practice in clinical laboratories.
First, the effect of varying the concentration of MnCl.sub.2 on the cleavage reaction was determined. Second, the effect of different amounts of salt (KCl) on the cleavage pattern was examined. Third, a time course was performed to investigate when complete cleavage was obtained. Fourth, a temperature titration was performed to determine the effect of temperature variations on the cleavage pattern. Next, the enzyme was titrated to determine the effect of a 50-fold variation in enzyme concentration on the cleavage reaction. The results of these experiments showed that the Cleavase.TM. reaction is remarkably robust to large changes in conditions.
a) MnCl.sub.2 Titration
To determine the sensitivity of the cleavage reaction to fluctuations in the concentration of MnCl.sub.2, a single template was incubated in the presence of a fixed amount of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN (250 ng) in a buffer containing 10 mM MOPS, pH 8.2 and various amount of MnCl.sub.2. The cleavage reaction was performed as follows. One hundred fmoles of the 157 nucleotide sense strand fragment of the tyrosinase gene (SEQ ID NO:55; prepared by asymmetric PCR as described in Example 11a) was placed in a 200 .mu.l thin wall microcentrifuge tube (BioRad) in 5 .mu.l of 1X CFLP buffer with 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 or 20 mM MnCl.sub.2 (to yield a final concentration of either 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 mM MnCl.sub.2). A tube containing 100 fmoles template DNA in 5 .mu.l of 1X CFLP buffer with 10 MnCl.sub.2 was prepared and served as the no enzyme (or uncut) control. Each reaction mixture was overlaid with a drop of light mineral oil. The tubes were heated to 95.degree. C. for 5 sec and then cooled to 65.degree. C.
Cleavage reactions were started immediately by the addition of a diluted enzyme mixture comprising 1 .mu.l of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN �250 ng/.mu.l in 1X dilution buffer (0.5% NP40, 0.5% Tween 20, 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 50 mM KCl, 10 .mu.g/ml BSA)! in 5 .mu.l of 1X CFLP buffer without MnCl.sub.2. The enzyme solution was at room temperature before addition to the cleavage reaction. After 5 minutes at 65.degree. C., the reactions were stopped by the addition of 8 .mu.l of stop buffer. Samples were heated to 72.degree. C. for 2 minutes and 8 .mu.l of each reaction were resolved by electrophoresis through a 10% polyacrylamide gel (19:1 cross-link), with 7M urea, in a buffer containing 45 mM Tris-Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA.
After electrophoresis, the gel plates were separated and overlaid with a nylon membrane as described in Example 10b. The DNA was transferred to the membrane and the membrane was dried, washed in 1.2X Sequenase Images Blocking Buffer, treated with 1X SAAP buffer and reacted with Lumiphos-530 (United States Biochemical) or Quantum Yield Chemiluminescent Substrate (Promega Corp., Madison Wis.) and exposed to X-ray film as described in Example 10. The resulting autoradiograph is shown in FIG. 34.
In FIG. 34, lanes marked "M" contain molecular weight markers. Lane 1 contains the no enzyme control and shows the migration of the uncleaved template DNA. Lanes 2 through 8 contain reaction products incubated in the presence of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN in a buffer containing 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 1, or 0 mM MnCl.sub.2, respectively.
FIG. 34 shows that no cleavage occurs in the absence of divalent cations (lane 8, 0 mM MnCl.sub.2). Efficient production of cleavage fragments was promoted by the inclusion of MnCl.sub.2. The most distinct pattern of cleavage seen at 1 mM MnCl.sub.2 (lane 7), but little change in the pattern was seen when the Mn.sup.2+ concentration varied from 1 to 4 mM; High concentrations of MnCl.sub.2 tend to suppress the cleavage reaction (concentrations above 6 mM). These results show that the cleavage reaction requires a divalent cation but that changes in the amount of divalent cation present have little effect upon the cleavage pattern.
b) Effect Of Salt Concentration On The Cleavage Reaction
To determine the effect of salt concentration upon the cleavage reaction, a single template was incubated in the presence of a fixed amount of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN (250 ng) in a buffer containing 10 mM MOPS, pH 8.2, 1 mM MnCl.sub.2 and various amount of KCl.
One hundred fmoles of the 157 base fragment derived from the sense strand of exon 4 of the tyrosinase gene (SEQ ID NO:47; prepared as described in Example 10a) was placed in a 200 .mu.l thin wall microcentrifuge tube (BioRad) in a buffer containing 10 mM MOPS, pH 8.2 and 1 mM MnCl.sub.2. KCl was added to give a final concentration of either 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 or 50 mM KCl; the final reaction volume was 10 .mu.l.
A tube containing 10 mM MOPS, pH 8.2, 1 mM MnCl.sub.2, 33 fmoles template DNA and 50 mM KCl was prepared and served as the no enzyme (or uncut) control. Each reaction mixture was overlaid with a drop of light mineral oil. The tubes were heated to 95.degree. C. for 5 seconds and then cooled to 65.degree. C.
Cleavage reactions were started immediately by the addition of a diluted enzyme mixture comprising 1 .mu.l of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN �250 ng/.mu.l in 1X dilution buffer (0.5% NP40, 0.5% Tween 20, 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 50 mM KCl, 10 .mu.g/ml BSA)! in 5 .mu.l of 1X CFLP buffer without MnCl.sub.2. The enzyme solution was at room temperature before addition to the cleavage reaction. After 5 minutes at 65.degree. C., the reactions were stopped by the addition of 8 .mu.l of stop buffer. Samples were heated to 72.degree. C. for 2 minutes and 8 .mu.l of each reaction were resolved by electrophoresis through a 10% polyacrylamide gel (19:1 cross-link), with 7M urea, in a buffer containing 45 mM Tris-Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA.
After electrophoresis, the gel plates were separated and overlaid with a nylon membrane, as described in Example 10b. The DNA was transferred to the membrane and the membrane was dried, washed in 1.2X Sequenase Images Blocking Buffer, treated with 1X SAAP buffer and reacted with Lumiphos-530 (United States Biochemical) or Quantum Yield Chemiluminescent Substrate (Promega Corp., Madison Wis.) and exposed to X-ray film as described in Example 10. The resulting autoradiograph is shown in FIG. 35.
In FIG. 35, lanes marked "M" contain molecular weight markers. Lane 1 contains the no enzyme control and shows the migration of the uncleaved template DNA. Lanes 2 through 7 contain reaction products incubated in the presence of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN in a buffer containing 50, 40, 30, 20, 10 or 0 mM KCl, respectively.
The results shown in FIG. 35 show that the Cleavase.TM. reaction is relatively insensitive to variations in salt concentration. The same cleavage pattern was obtained when the 157 nucleotide tyrosinase DNA template (SEQ ID NO:47) was incubated with the enzyme Cleavase.TM. regardless of whether the KCl concentration varied from 0 to 50 mM.
c) Time Course Of The Cleavage Reaction
To determine how quickly the cleavage reaction is completed, a single template was incubated in the presence of a fixed amount of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN for various lengths of time. A master mix comprising 20 .mu.l of a solution containing 1X CFLP buffer, 2 mM MnCl.sub.2, and 400 fmoles of the 157 base fragment derived from the sense strand of exon 4 of the tyrosinase gene �(SEQ ID NO:47); prepared as described in Example 10b! was made. Five microliter aliquots were placed in 200 .mu.l thin wall microcentrifuge tube (BioRad) for each time point examined. A no enzyme control tube was run; this reaction contained 33 fmoles of the template DNA in 1X CFLP buffer with 1 mM MnCl.sub.2 (in a final reaction volume of 10 .mu.l). The solutions were overlaid with one drop of light mineral oil. The tubes were brought to 95.degree. C. for 5 seconds to denature the templates and then the tubes were cooled to 65.degree. C.
Cleavage reactions were started immediately by the addition of a diluted enzyme mixture comprising 1 .mu.l of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN �250 ng per .mu.l in 1X dilution buffer (0.5% NP40, 0.5% Tween 20, 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 50 mM KCl, 10 .mu.g/ml BSA)! in 5 .mu.l of 1X CFLP buffer without MnCl.sub.2. Immediately at the indicated time points, the reaction was stopped by the addition of 8 .mu.l of 95% formamide containing 20 mM EDTA and 0.05% each xylene cyanol and bromophenol blue. The no enzyme control was incubated at 65.degree. C., for 10 minutes and treated in the same manner as the other reactions by the addition of 8 .mu.l of stop buffer. Samples were heated to 72.degree. C. for 2 minutes and 5 .mu.l of each reaction were resolved by electrophoresis through a 10% polyacrylamide gel (19:1 cross-link), with 7M urea, in a buffer containing 45 mM Tris-Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA.
After electrophoresis, the gel plates were separated and overlaid with a nylon membrane as described in Example 10b. The DNA was transferred to the membrane and the membrane was dried, washed in 1.2X Sequenase Images Blocking Buffer, treated with 1X SAAP buffer and reacted with Lumiphos-530 (United States Biochemical) or Quantum Yield Chemiluminescent Substrate (Promega Corp., Madison Wis.) and exposed to X-ray film as described in Example 10b. The resulting autoradiograph is shown in FIG. 36.
In FIG. 36, lanes marked "M" contain molecular weight markers prepared as described in Example 10. Lane 1 contains the no enzyme control incubated for 10 minutes. Lanes 2-5 contain the cleavage products from reactions incubated for 0.1, 1, 5 or 10 minutes at 65.degree. C. FIG. 36 shows that the cleavage reaction mediated by the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN is very rapid. Cleavage is already apparent at less than 6 seconds (<0.1 min) and is complete within one minute. These results also show that the same pattern of cleavage is produced whether the reaction is run for 1 or 10 minutes.
d) Temperature Titration Of The Cleavase Reaction
To determine the effect of temperature variation on the cleavage pattern, the 157 base fragment derived from the sense strand of exon 4 of the tyrosinase gene (SEQ ID NO:47) was incubated in the presence of a fixed amount of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN for 5 minutes at various temperatures. One hundred fmoles of substrate DNA (prepared as described in Example 10b) was placed in a 200 .mu.l thin wall microcentrifuge tube (BioRad) in 5 .mu.l of 1X CFLP buffer with 2 mM MnCl.sub.2. Two "no enzyme" test control tubes were set-up as above with the exception that these reactions contained 33 fmoles of substrate DNA in 10 .mu.l of the above buffer with 1 mM MnCl.sub.2. The solution was overlaid with one drop of light mineral oil. Tubes were brought to 95.degree. C. for 5 seconds to denature the templates and then the tubes were cooled to the desired temperature.
Cleavage reactions were started immediately by the addition of a diluted enzyme mixture comprising 1 .mu.l of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN �250 ng per .mu.l in 1X dilution buffer (0.5% NP40, 0.5% Tween 20, 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 50 mM KCl, 10 .mu.g/ml BSA)! in 5 .mu.l of 1X CFLP buffer without MnCl.sub.2. The tubes placed at either 55.degree., 60.degree., 65.degree., 70.degree., 75.degree. or 80.degree. C. After 5 minutes at a given temperature, the reactions were stopped by the addition of 8 .mu.l of stop buffer.
Samples were heated to 72.degree. C. for 2 minutes and 5 .mu.l of each reaction were resolved by electrophoresis through a 10% polyacrylamide gel (19:1 cross-link), with 7M urea, in a buffer containing 45 mM Tris-Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA.
After electrophoresis, the gel plates were separated and overlaid with a nylon membrane as described in Example 10b. The DNA was transferred to the membrane and the membrane was dried, washed in 1.2X Sequenase Images Blocking Buffer, treated with 1X SAAP buffer and reacted with Lumiphos-530 (United States Biochemical) or Quantum Yield Chemiluminescent Substrate (Promega Corp., Madison Wis.) and exposed to X-ray film as described in Example 10. The resulting autoradiograph is shown in FIG. 37.
In FIG. 37, the lanes marker "M" contain molecular weight markers prepared as described in Example 10. Lanes 1 and 2 contain no enzyme controls incubated at 55.degree. C. and 80.degree. C., respectively. Lanes 3-8 contain the cleavage products from the enzyme Cleavase.TM.-containing reactions incubated at 55.degree. C., 60.degree. C., 65.degree. C., 70.degree. C., 75.degree. C. or 80.degree. C., respectively.
FIG. 37 shows that the Cleavase.TM. reaction can be performed over a wide range of temperatures. The pattern of cleavages changed progressively in response to the temperature of incubation, in the range of 55.degree. C. to 75.degree. C. Some bands were evident only upon incubation at higher temperatures. Presumably some structures responsible for cleavage at the intermediate temperatures were not favored at the lower temperatures. As expected, cleavages became progressively less abundant in the high end of the temperature range tested as structures were melted out. At 80.degree. C. cleavage was inhibited completely presumably due to complete denaturation of the template.
These results show that the cleavage reaction can be performed over a wide range of temperatures. The ability to run the cleavage reaction at elevated temperatures is important. If a strong (i.e., stable) secondary structure is assumed by the templates, a single nucleotide change is unlikely to significantly alter that structure, or the cleavage pattern it produces. Elevated temperatures can be used to bring structures to the brink of instability, so that the effects of small changes in sequence are maximized, and revealed as alterations in the cleavage pattern within the target template, thus allowing the cleavage reaction to occur at that point.
e) Titration Of The Enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN
The effect of varying the concentration of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN in the cleavage reaction was examined. One hundred fmoles of the 157 base fragment derived from the sense strand of exon 4 of the tyrosinase gene (SEQ ID NO:47) was placed in 4 microcentrifuge tubes in 5 .mu.l of 1X CFLP buffer with 2 mM MnCl.sub.2. A no enzyme control tube was run; this reaction contained 33 fmoles of substrate DNA in 10 .mu.l of 1X CFLP buffer containing 1 mM MnCl.sub.2. The solutions were overlaid with one drop of light mineral oil. The tubes were brought to 95.degree. C. for 5 seconds to denature the templates and then the tubes were cooled to 65.degree. C.
Cleavage reactions were started immediately by the addition of a diluted enzyme mixture comprising 1 .mu.l of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN in 1X dilution buffer such that 10, 50, 100 or 250 ng of enzyme was in the tubes in 5 .mu.l of 1X CFLP buffer without MnCl.sub.2. After 5 minutes at 65.degree. C., the reactions were stopped by the addition of 8 .mu.l of stop buffer. The samples were heated to 72.degree. C. for 2 minutes and 7 .mu.l of each reaction were resolved by electrophoresis through a 10% polyacrylamide gel (19:1 cross-link), with 7M urea, in a buffer containing 45 mM Tris-Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA.
After electrophoresis, the gel plates were separated and overlaid with a nylon membrane as described in Example 10b. The DNA was transferred to the membrane and the membrane was dried, washed in 1.2X Sequenase Images Blocking Buffer, treated with 1X SAAP buffer and reacted with Lumiphos-530 (United States Biochemical) or Quantum Yield Chemiluminescent Substrate (Promega Corp., Madison Wis.) and exposed to X-ray film as described in Example 10. The resulting autoradiograph is shown in FIG. 38.
The lanes marked "M" in FIG. 38 contain molecular weight markers. Lane 1 contains the no enzyme control and shows the migration of the uncut substrate. Lanes 2-5 contain reaction products from reactions containing 10, 50, 100 or 250 ng of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN, respectively.
These results show that the same cleavage pattern was obtained using the 157 nucleotide tyrosinase DNA substrate regardless of whether the amount of enzyme used in the reaction varied over a 25-fold range. Thus, the method is ideally suited for practice in clinical laboratories where reactions conditions are not as controlled as in research laboratories.
f) Consistent Cleavage Patterns Are Obtained Using Different DNA Preparations
To demonstrate that the same cleavage pattern is consistently obtain from a given substrate, several different preparations of the 157 base fragment derived from the sense strand of exon 4 of the tyrosinase gene (SEQ ID NO:47) were generated. The substrate was generated as described in Example 10b. Three independent PCR reactions performed on separate days were conducted. One of these PCR samples was split into two and one aliquot was gel-purified on the day of generation while the other aliquot was stored at 4.degree. C. overnight and then gel-purified the next day.
Cleavage reactions were performed as described in Example 10b. Samples were run on an acrylamide gel and processed as described in Example 10b. The resulting autoradiograph is shown in FIG. 39.
In FIG. 39, the lanes marked "M" contain biotinylated molecular weight markers. Set 1 contains the products from a cleavage reaction performed in the absence (-) or presence (+) of enzyme on preparation no. 1. Set 2 contains the products from a cleavage reaction performed in the absence (-) or presence (+) of enzyme on preparation no. 2. Set 3 contains the products from a cleavage reaction performed in the absence (-) or presence (+) of enzyme on preparation no. 3. Preparation no. 3 was derived from preparation 2 and is identical except that preparation no. 3 was gel-purified one day after preparation no. 2. Set 4 contains the products from a cleavage reaction performed in the absence (-) or presence (+) of enzyme on preparation no. 4. The same pattern of cleavage products is generated from these independently prepared substrate samples.
These results show that independently produced preparations of the 157 nucleotide DNA fragment gave identical cleavage patterns. Thus, the Cleavase.TM. reaction is not effected by minor differences present between substrate preparations.
EXAMPLE 14
Point Mutations Are Detected Using Either The Sense Or Anti-Sense Strand Of The Tyrosinase Gene
The ability of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. to create a unique pattern of cleavage products (i.e., a fingerprint) using either the sense (coding) or anti-sense (non-coding) strand of a gene fragment was examined.
Single stranded DNA substrates corresponding to either the sense (SEQ ID NO:47) or anti-sense strand (SEQ ID NO:48) of the 157 nucleotide fragment derived from the wild-type tyrosinase gene were prepared using asymmetric PCR as described in Example 10a. The sense strand wild-type substrate contains a biotin label at the 5' end; the anti-sense strand contains a fluorescein label at the 5' end.
A single stranded DNA substrate corresponding to the sense strand of the 157 nucleotide fragment derived from the 419 mutant tyrosinase gene (SEQ ID NO:54) was prepared using asymmetric PCR as described in Example 11. The sense strand 419 mutant substrate contains a biotin label at the 5' end.
A single stranded DNA substrate corresponding to the anti-sense strand of the 157 nucleotide fragment derived from the 419 mutant tyrosinase gene (SEQ ID NO:65) was prepared using asymmetric PCR as described in Example 11 with the exception that 100 pmoles of the fluorescein-labeled anti-sense primer (SEQ ID NO:43) and 1 pmole of the biotin-labelled sense primer (SEQ ID NO:42) were used. The resulting anti-sense strand 419 mutant substrate contains a fluorescein label at the 5' end.
A single stranded DNA substrate corresponding to the sense strand of the 157 nucleotide fragment derived from the 422 mutant tyrosinase gene (SEQ ID NO:55) was prepared using asymmetric PCR as described in Example 11. The sense strand 422 mutant substrate contains a biotin label at the 5' end.
A single stranded DNA substrate corresponding to the anti-sense strand of the 157 nucleotide fragment derived from the 422 mutant tyrosinase gene (SEQ ID NO:66) was prepared using asymmetric PCR as described in Example 11 with the exception that 100 pmoles of the fluorescein-labeled anti-sense primer (SEQ ID NO:43) and 1 pmole of the biotin-labelled sense primer (SEQ ID NO:42) were used. The resulting anti-sense strand 422 mutant substrate contains a fluorescein label at the 5' end.
Following asymmetric PCR, the single stranded PCR products were gel purified, precipitated and resuspended in 40 .mu.l of TE buffer as described in Example 10.
Cleavage reactions were performed as described in Example 11. Following the cleavage reaction, the samples were resolved by electrophoresis as described in Example 10a. After electrophoresis, the gel plates were separated allowing the gel to remain flat on one plate. A 0.2 .mu.m-pore positively-charged nylon membrane (Schleicher and Schuell, Keene, N.H.), pre-wetted in 0.5X TBE (45 mM Tris-Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA), was laid on top of the exposed acrylamide gel. All air bubbles trapped between the gel and the membrane were removed. Two pieces of 3 MM filter paper (Whatman) were then placed on top of the membrane, the other glass plate was replaced, and the sandwich was clamped with binder clips. Transfer was allowed to proceed overnight. After transfer, the membrane was carefully peeled from the gel and allowed to air dry. After complete drying, the membrane was washed twice in 1.5X Sequenase Images Blocking Buffer (United States Biochemical) for 30 minutes/wash. Three tenths of a ml of the buffer was used per cm.sup.2 of membrane. The following reagents were added directly to the blocking solution: a streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate (SAAP, United States Biochemical) added at a 1:4000 final dilution and an anti-fluorescein antibody (Fab)-alkaline phosphatase conjugate (Boeringher Mannheim Biochemicals, Indianapolis, Ind.) added at a 1:20,000 final dilution. The membrane was agitated for 15 minutes. The membrane was rinsed briefly with H.sub.2 O and then washed 3 times (5 minutes/wash) in 1X SAAP buffer (100 mM Tris-HCL, pH 10; 50 mM NaCl) with 0.05% SDS and 0.025% Tween 20 using 0.5 ml buffer/cm.sup.2 of the buffer, with brief H.sub.2 O rinses between each wash. The membrane was then washed once in 1X SAAP buffer without SDS or Tween 20, drained thoroughly and placed in a plastic heat-sealable bag. Using a sterile pipet tip, 0.05 ml/cm.sup.2 of CDP-Star.TM. (Tropix, Bedford, Mass.) was added to the bag and distributed over the entire membrane for 5 minutes. The bag was drained of all excess liquid and air bubbles. The membrane was then exposed to X-ray film (Kodax XKP) for an initial 30 minutes. Exposure times were adjusted as necessary for resolution and clarity. The resulting autoradiograph is shown in FIG. 40.
In FIG. 40, lanes marked "M" contain biotinylated molecular weight markers prepared as described in Example 10. Lanes 1-6 contain biotinylated sense strand substrates from the wild-type, 419 and 422 mutant 157 nucleotide fragments. Lanes 1-3 contain no enzyme controls for the wild-type, 419 and 422 mutant fragments, respectively. Lanes 4-6 contain the reaction products from the incubation of the sense strand of the wild-type, 419 and 422 mutant fragments with the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN, respectively. Lanes 7-12 contain fluoresceinated anti-sense strand substrates from the wild-type, 419 and 422 mutant 157 nucleotide fragments. Lanes 1-3 contain "no enzyme" controls for the wild-type, 419 and 422 mutant fragments, respectively. Lanes 4-6 contain the reaction products from the incubation of the anti-sense strand of the wild-type, 419 and 422 mutant fragments with the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN, respectively.
As expected, distinct but unique patterns of cleavage products are generated for the wild-type, 419 and 422 mutant fragments when either the sense or anti-sense fragment is utilized. The ability to use either the sense or anti-sense strand of a gene as the substrate is advantageous because under a given set of reaction conditions one of the two strands may produce a more desirable banding pattern (i.e., the cleavage products are spread out over the length of the gel rather than clustering at either end), or may have a mutation more favorably placed to create a significant structural shift. This could be more important in the analysis of long DNA substrates which contain mutations closer to one end or the other. Additionally, detection on both strands serves as a confirmation of a sequence change.
EXAMPLE 15
Detection Of Mutations In The Human Beta-Globin Gene Using The Enzyme Cleavase.TM.
The results shown in Examples 10-14 showed that the Cleavase.TM. reaction could be used to detect single base changes in fragments of the tyrosinase gene ranging from 157 nucleotides to 1.6 kb. To demonstrate that the Cleavase.TM. reaction is generally applicable for the detection of mutations, a second model system was examined.
The human .beta.-globin gene is known to be mutated in a number of hemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell anemia and .beta.-thalassemia. These disorders generally involve small (1 to 4) nucleotide changes in the DNA sequence of the wild type .beta.-globin gene �Orkin, S. H. and Kazazian, H. H., Jr. (1984) Annu. Rev. Genet. 18:131 and Collins, F. S. and Weissman, S. M. (1984) Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 31:315!. At least 47 different mutations in the .beta.-globin gene have been identified which give rise to a .beta.-thalassemia.
Three .beta.-globin mutants were compared to the wild type .beta.-globin gene �Lawn, R. M., et al. (1980) Cell 21:647! using the Cleavase.TM. reaction. Mutant 1 contains a nonsense mutation in codon 39; the wild-type sequence at codon 39 is CAG; the mutant 1 sequence at this codon is TAG �Orkin, S. H. and Goff, S. C. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256:9782!. Mutant 2 contains a T to A substitution in codon 24 which results in improper splicing of the primary transcript �Goldsmith, M. E., et al. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:2318!. Mutant 3 contains a deletion of two A residues in codon 8 which results in a shift in the reading frame; mutant 3 also contains a silent C to T substitution in codon 9 �Orkin, S. H. and Goff, S. C. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256:9782!.
a) Preparation Of Wild Type And Mutant .beta.-Globin Gene Substrates
Single stranded substrate DNA was prepared from the above wild type and mutant .beta.-globin genes as follows. Bacteria harboring the appropriate plasmids were streaked onto antibiotic plates and grown overnight at 37.degree. C. (bacteria with the wild-type plasmid and the plasmid containing the mutant 3, were grown on tetracycline plates; bacteria with the plasmids containing the mutant 1 and mutant 2 sequences were grown on ampicillin plates). Colonies from the plates were then used to isolate plasmid DNAs using the Wizard Minipreps DNA Purification System (Promega Corp., Madison, Wis.). The colonies were resuspended in 200 .mu.l of "Cell Resuspension Buffer" from the kit. The DNA was extracted according to the manufacturers protocol. Final yields of approximately 2.5 .mu.g of each plasmid were obtained.
A 536 (wild-type, mutants 1 and 2) or 534 (mutant 3) nucleotide fragment was amplified from each of the above plasmids in polymerase chain reactions comprising 5 ng of plasmid DNA, 25 pmoles each of 5'-biotinylated KM29 primer (SEQ ID NO:67) and 5'-fluorescein labeled RS42 primer (SEQ ID NO:68), 50 .mu.M each dNTP and 1.25 units of Taq DNA Polymerase in 50 .mu.l of 20 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 50 mM KCl with 0.05% each Tween-20 and Nonidet P-40. The reactions were overlaid with 2 drops of light mineral oil and were heated to 95.degree. C. for 30 seconds, cooled to 55.degree. C. for 30 seconds, heated to 72.degree. C. for 60 seconds, for 35 repetitions in a thermocycler (MJ Research, Watertown, Mass.). The products of these reactions were purified from the residual dNTPs and primers by use of a Wizard PCR Cleanup kit (Promega Corp., Madison, Wis.), leaving the duplex DNA in 50 .mu.l of 10 mM Tris-CL, pH 8.0, 0.1 mM EDTA.
To generate single stranded copies of these DNAs, the PCRs described above were repeated using 1 .mu.l of the duplex PCR DNA as template, and omitting the RS42 primer. The products of this asymmetric PCR were loaded directly on a 6% polyacrylamide gel (29:1 cross-link) in a buffer of 45 mM Tris-Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA, alongside an aliquot of the original PCR DNA to identify the location of the double-strand DNA product. After electrophoretic separation, the DNAs were visualized by sting with ethidium bromide and the single stranded DNAs, identified by altered mobility when compared to the duplex DNAs, were excised and eluted from the gel slices by passive diffusion overnight into a solution comprising 0.5M NH.sub.4 OAc, 0.1% SDS and 0.2 mM EDTA. The products were collected by ethanol precipitation and dissolved in 40 .mu.l of 10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.0, 0.1 mM EDTA.
The sequence of the 536 nucleotide fragment from the wild-type .beta.-globin gene is listed in SEQ ID NO:69. The sequence of the 534 nucleotide fragment from mutant 3 is listed in SEQ ID NO:70. The sequence of the 536 nucleotide fragment from mutant 1 is listed in SEQ ID NO:71. The sequence of the 536 nucleotide fragment from mutant 2 is listed in SEQ ID NO:72.
b) Optimization Of The Cleavage Reaction Using The Wild-Type Beta-Globin Substrate
The optimal conditions (salt concentration, temperature) which produce an array of cleavage products having widely differing mobilities from the .beta.-globin substrate were determined. Conditions which produce a cleavage pattern having the broadest spread array with the most uniform intensity between the bands were determined (the production of such an array of bands aids in the detection of differences seen between a wild-type and mutant substrate). This experiment involved running the cleavage reaction on the wild type .beta.-globin substrate (SEQ ID NO:69) at several different temperatures in the presence of either no KCl or 50 mM KCl.
For each KCL concentration to be tested, 30 .mu.l of a master mix containing DNA, CFLP buffer and salts was prepared. For the "0 mM KCl" reactions, the mix included approximately 500 fmoles of single-stranded, 5' biotinylated 536-mer PCR DNA from plasmid pHBG1 in 30 .mu.l of 1X CFLP buffer (10 mM MOPS, pH 8.2) with 1.7 mM MnCl.sub.2 (for 1 mM in the final reaction); the "50 mM KCl" mix included 83.3 mM KCl in addition to the above components. The mixes were distributed into labeled reaction tubes in 6 .mu.l aliquots, and stored on ice until use. An enzyme dilution cocktail included 450 ng of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN in 1X CFLP buffer without MnCl.sub.2.
Cleavage reactions were performed at 60.degree. C., 65.degree. C., 70.degree. C. and 75.degree. C. For each temperature to be tested, a pair of tubes with and without KCl were brought to 95.degree. C. for 5 seconds, then cooled to the selected temperature. The reactions were then started immediately by the addition of 4 .mu.l of the enzyme cocktail. In the 75.degree. C. test, a duplicate pair of tubes was included, and these tubes received 4 .mu.l of 1X CFLP buffer without MnCl.sub.2 in place of the enzyme addition. No oil overlay was used. All reactions proceeded for 5 minutes, and were stopped by the addition of 8 .mu.l of stop buffer. Completed and yet-to-be-started reactions were stored on ice until all reactions had been performed. Samples were heated to 72.degree. C. for 2 minutes and 5 .mu.l of each reaction was resolved by electrophoresis through a 6% polyacrylamide gel (19:1 crosslink), with 7M urea, in a buffer of 45 mM Tris-Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA. After electrophoresis, the gel plates were separated allowing the gel to remain flat on one plate. A 0.2 .mu.m-pore positively-charged nylon membrane (NYTRAN, Schleicher and Schuell, Keene, N.H.), pre-wetted in H.sub.2 O, was laid on top of the exposed gel. All air bubbles were removed. Two pieces of 3MM filter paper (Whatmen) were then placed on top of the membrane, the other glass plate was replaced, and the sandwich was clamped with binder clips. Transfer was allowed to proceed overnight. After transfer, the membrane was carefully peeled from the gel and allowed to air dry. After complete drying the membrane was washed in 1.2X Sequenase Images Blocking Buffer (United States Biochemical) using 0.3 ml of buffer/cm.sup.2 of membrane. The wash was performed for 30 minutes. A streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate (SAAP, United States Biochemical) was added to a 1:4000 dilution directly to the blocking solution, and agitated for 15 minutes. The membrane was rinsed briefly with H.sub.2 O and then washed three times for 5 minutes per wash using 0.5 ml/cm.sup.2 of 1X SAAP buffer (100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 10, 50 mM NaCl) with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The membrane was rinsed briefly with H.sub.2 O between each wash. The membrane was then washed once in 1X SAAP/1 mM MgCl.sub.2 without SDS, drained thoroughly and placed in a plastic heat-sealable bag. Using a sterile pipet, 5 mls of either CSPD.TM. or CDP-Star.TM. (Tropix, Bedford, Mass.) chemiluminescent substrates for alkaline phosphatase were added to the bag and distributed over the entire membrane for 2-3 minutes. The CSPD.TM.-treated membranes were incubated at 37.degree. C. for 30 minutes before an initial exposure to XRP X-ray film (Kodak) for 60 minutes. CDP-Star.TM.-treated membranes did not require preincubation, and initial exposures were for 10 minutes. Exposure times were adjusted as necessary for resolution and clarity. The results are shown in FIG. 41.
In FIG. 41, the lane marked "M" contains molecular weight markers. Lanes 1-5 contain reaction products from reactions run in the absence of KCl. Lane 1 contains the a reaction run without enzyme at 75.degree. C. Lanes 2-5 contain reaction products from reactions run at 60.degree. C., 65.degree. C., 70.degree. C. and 75.degree. C., respectively. Lanes 6-10 contain reaction products from reactions run in the presence of 50 mM KCl. Lane 6 contains the a reaction run without enzyme at 75.degree. C. Lanes 7-10 contain reaction products from reactions run at 60.degree. C., 65.degree. C., 70.degree. C. and 75.degree. C., respectively.
In general, a preferred pattern of cleavage products was produced when the reaction included 50 mM KCl. As seen in Lanes 7-10, the reaction products are more widely spaced in the 50 mM KCL-containing reactions at every temperature tested as compared to the reactions run in the absence of KCL (lanes 2-5; more of the cleavage products are found clustered at the top of the gel near the uncut substrate). As seen in Lane 7 of FIG. 41, cleavage reactions performed in 50 mM KCl at 60.degree. C. produced a pattern of cleavage products in which the products are maximally spread out, particularly in the upper portion of the gel, when compared to other reaction condition patterns.
From the results obtained in this experiment, the optimal cleavage conditions for the 536 nucleotide sense strand fragment derived from the wild-type .beta.-globin gene (SEQ ID NO:69) were determined to be 1X CFLP buffer containing 1 mM MnCl.sub.2 and 50 mM KCl at 60.degree. C.
c) Optimization Of The Cleavage Reaction Using Two Mutant Beta-Globin Substrates
From the results obtained above in a) and b), 60.degree. C. was chosen as the optimum temperature for the cleavage reaction when a .beta.-globin substrate was to be used. When the wild-type substrate was utilized, running the cleavage reaction in the presence of 50 mM KCl generate the optimal pattern of cleavage products. The effect of varying the concentration of KCl upon the cleavage pattern generated when both wild-type and mutant .beta.-globin substrates were utilized was next examined to determine the optimal salt concentration to allow a comparison between the wild-type and mutant .beta.-globin substrates.
Single stranded substrates, 536 nucleotides in length, corresponding to mutant 1 (SEQ ID NO:71) and mutant 2 (SEQ ID NO:72) mutations were prepared as described above in a). These two mutants each differ from the wild-type sequence by 1 nucleotide; they differ from each other by 2 nucleotides.
For each substrate tested, 39 .mu.l of a master mix containing DNA, CFLP buffer and MnCl.sub.2 was prepared. These mixes each included approximately 500 fmoles of single-stranded, 5' biotinylated 536 nucleotide substrate DNA, 39 .mu.l of 1X CFLP buffer containing 1.54 mM MnCl.sub.2 (giving a final concentration of 1 mM MnCl.sub.2). The mixes were distributed into labeled reaction tubes in 6.5 .mu.l aliquots. Each aliquot then received 0.5 .mu.l of 200 mM KCl for each 10 mM final KCl concentration (e.g., 2.0 .mu.l added to the 40 mM reaction tube) and all volumes were brought to 9 .mu.l with dH.sub.2 O. No oil overlay was used. The reactions were brought to 95.degree. C. for 5 seconds, then cooled to 65.degree. C. The reactions were then started immediately by the addition of 50 ng of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN in 1 .mu.l of enzyme dilution buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 50 mM KCl, 0.5% NP40, 0.5% Tween 20, 10 .mu.g/ml BSA). All reactions proceeded for 5 minutes, and were stopped by the addition of 8 .mu.l of stop buffer. Samples were heated to 72.degree. C. for 2 minutes and 5 .mu.l of each reaction was resolved by electrophoresis through a 6% polyacrylamide gel (19:1 cross-link), with 7M area, in a buffer of 45 mM Tris-Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA.
After electrophoresis, the gel plates were separated and overlaid with a nylon membrane as described above. The DNA was transferred to the membrane and the membrane was treated as described above in b) and then exposed to X-ray film. The resulting autoradiograph is shown in FIG. 42.
In FIG. 42, the lane marked "M" contains molecular weight markers. Lanes 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 contain reaction products from cleavage reactions using the mutant 1 substrate in the presence of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 or 50 mM KCl, respectively. Lanes 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 contain reaction products from cleavage reactions using the mutant 2 substrate in the presence of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 or 50 mM KCl, respectively.
FIG. 42 shows that while the pattern of cleavage products generated from each mutant changes as the KCl concentration is increased, distinct patterns are generated from each mutant and differences in banding patterns are seen between the two mutants at every concentration of KCl tested. In the mid-salt ranges (10 to 20 mM KCl), the larger cleavage bands disappear and smaller molecular weight bands appear (lanes 3-6). At higher salt concentrations (30 to 50 mM KCl), the larger molecular weight cleavage bands reappear with the cominant loss of the low molecular weight bands (lanes 7-12). Reaction conditions comprising the use of 50 mM KCl were chosen as optimal from the results show in FIG. 42. Clear differences in the intensities of a band appearing about 200 nucleotides (see arrow in FIG. 42) is seen between the two mutant substrates under these reaction conditions.
d) The Enzyme Cleavase.TM. Generates Unique Cleavage Products From Wild-Type And Mutant Beta-Globin Substrates
From the experiments performed above, the optimal reaction conditions when the wild-type or mutant .beta.-globin substrates were determined to be the use of 50 mM KCl and a temperature of 60.degree. C. These conditions were then used to allow the comparison of the cleavage patterns generated when the wild-type substrate (SEQ ID NO:69) was compared to the mutant 1 (SEQ ID NO:71), mutant 2 (SEQ ID NO:72) and mutant 3 (SEQ ID NO:70) substrates.
Single-stranded substrate DNA, 534 or 536 nucleotides in length, was prepared for the wild-type, mutant 1, mutant 2 and mutant 3 .beta.-globin genes as described above in a). Cleavage reactions were performed as follows. Reaction tubes were assembled which contained approximately 100 fmoles of each DNA substrate in 9 .mu.l of 1.1X CFLP buffer (1X final concentration) with 1.1 mM MnCl.sub.2 (1 mM final concentration) and 55.6 mM KCl (50 mM final concentration). A "no enzyme" or uncut control was set up for each substrate DNA. The uncut controls contained one third as much DNA (approximately 33 fmoles) as did the enzyme-containing reactions to balance the signal seen on the autoradiograph.
The tubes were heated to 95.degree. C. for 5 sec, cooled to 60.degree. C. and the reactions were started immediately by the addition of 1 .mu.l of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN (50 ng per .mu.l in 1X dilution buffer). The uncut controls received 1 .mu.l of 1X dilution buffer.
Reactions proceeded for 5 min and then were stopped by the addition of 8 .mu.l of stop buffer. The samples were heated to 72.degree. C. for 2 min and 5 .mu.l of each reaction was resolved by electrophoresis through a 6% polyacrylamide gel (19:1 cross-link), with 7M urea, in a buffer of 45 mM Tris-Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA.
After electrophoresis, the gel plates were separated and overlaid with a nylon membrane as described above. The DNA was transferred to the membrane and the membrane was treated as described above in b) and then exposed to X-ray film. The resulting autoradiograph is shown in FIG. 43.
In FIG. 43, two panels are shown. The first panel shows the reaction products from the above cleavage reactions; the uncut controls are shown in lanes 1-4 and the cleavage products are shown in lanes 5-6. The second panel is a magnification of lanes 5-8 to better shown the different banding patterns seen between the substrate DNAs in the upper portion of the gel.
In FIG. 43, the lanes marked "M" contain biotinylated molecular weight markers prepared as described in Example 10. Lanes 1-4 contain the uncut controls for the wild-type, mutant 1, mutant 2 and mutant 3 .beta.-globin substrates, respectively. Lanes 5-8 contain the cleavage products from the wild-type, mutant 1, mutant 2 and mutant 3 substrates, respectively.
From the results shown in FIG. 43, the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN generates a unique pattern of cleavage products from each .beta.-globin substrate tested. Differences in banding patterns are seen between the wild-type and each mutant; different banding patterns are seen for each mutant allowing not only a discrimination of the mutant from the wild-type but also a discrimination of each mutant from the others.
The results shown here for the .beta.-globin gene and above for the tyrosinase gene demonstrate that the Cleavase.TM. reaction provides a powerful new tool for the detection of mutated genes.
EXAMPLE 16
Treatment Of RNA Substrates Generates Unique Cleavage Patterns
The present invention contemplates 5' nuclease cleavage of single- or double-stranded DNA substrates to generate a unique pattern of bands characteristic of a given substrate. The ability of the 5' nuclease activity of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN to utilize RNA as the substrate nucleic acid was next demonstrated. This experiment showed that RNA can be utilized as a substrate for the generation of a cleavage pattern using appropriate conditions (Lowering of the pH to 6.5 from 8.2 to reduce manganese-mediated degradation of the RNA substrate). The experiment was performed as follows.
An RNA transcript internally labelled with biotin was produced to serve as the substrate. The plasmid pGEM3Zf (Promega) was digested with EcoRI. EcoRI cuts the plasmid once generating a linear template. An RNA transcript 64 nucleotides in length (SEQ ID NO:73) was generated by SP6 transcription of the linearized template using a Riboprobe Gemini System kit from Promega, Corp.; the manufacturer's directions were followed with the exception that 25% of the UTP in the reaction was replaced with biotin-UTP (Boehringer Mannheim) to produce an internally labelled transcript. Following the transcription reaction (1 hour at 37.degree. C.), the DNA template was removed by treatment with RQ1 RNase-free DNAse (from the Riboprobe kit and used according to the manufacturer's instructions) and the RNA was collected and purified by precipitating the sample twice in the presence of 2M NH.sub.4 OAc and ethanol. The resulting RNA pellet was rinsed with 70% ethanol, air dried and resuspended in 40 .mu.l of 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0 and 1 mM EDTA.
Cleavage reactions contained 1 .mu.l of the above RNA substrate and 50 ng of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN in 10 .mu.l of 1X RNA-CFLP buffer (10 mM MOPS, pH 6.3) and 1 mM of either MgCl.sub.2 or MnCl.sub.2. The reactions were assembled with all the components except the enzyme and were warmed to 45.degree. C. for 30 sec. Reactions were started by the addition of 50 ng of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN in 1 .mu.l of dilution buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 50 mM KCl, 0.5% NP40, 0.5% Tween 20, 10 .mu.g/ml BSA). Reactions proceeded for 10 min and were stopped by the addition of 8 .mu.l of stop buffer. The samples were heated to 72.degree. C. for 2 minutes and 5 .mu.l of each reaction were were resolved by electrophoresis through a 10% polyacrylamide gel (19:1 crosslink), with 7M urea, in a buffer containing 45 mM Tris-Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA.
After electrophoresis, the gel plates were separated and overlaid with a nylon membrane as described in Example 10b. The DNA was transferred to the membrane and the membrane was dried, washed in 1.2X Sequenase Images Blocking Buffer, treated with 1X SAAP buffer and reacted with Lumiphos-530 (United States Biochemical) or Quantum Yield Chemiluminescent Substrate (Promega) and exposed to X-ray film as described in Example 10b. The resulting autoradiograph is shown in FIG. 44.
In FIG. 44, lanes marked "M" contain molecular weight markers. Lane 1 contains the no enzyme control and shows the migration of the uncut substrate. Lanes 2 and 3 contain reaction products from the incubation of the RNA substrate in a buffer containing MgCl.sub.2 in the presence or absence of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN, respectively. Lanes 4 and 5 contain reaction products from the incubation of the RNA substrate in a buffer containing MnCl.sub.2 in the presence or absence of the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN, respectively. A pattern of cleavage products is seen when the enzyme is incubated with the RNA substrate in the presence of MnCl.sub.2, (lane 5).
These results show that the enzyme Cleavase.TM. can be used to probe RNA substrates for changes in sequence (i.e., point mutations, deletions, substitutions). This capability enables the examination of genes which have very large introns (e.g., greater than 10 kb) interrupting the coding sequences. The spliced RNA transcript represents a simpler target for the scanning for mutations. In addition, the structural (i.e., folding) information gained by cleavage of the RNA would be useful in targeting of hybridization or ribozyme probes to unstructured regions of RNAs. Furthermore, because the cleavage reaction occurs so quickly, the enzyme Cleavase.TM. can be used to study various types of RNA folding and the kinetics with which this folding occurs.
EXAMPLE 17
The 5' Nuclease Activity From Both Cleavase.TM. BN And Taq Polymerase Generates Unique Cleavage Patterns Using Double-Stranded DNA Substrates
The ability of both the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN and Taq polymerase to generate cleavage patterns on single-stranded DNA templates was examined. The substrates utilized in this experiment were the 378 nucleotide fragment from either the wild-type (SEQ ID NO:56) or 422 mutant (SEQ ID NO:57) tyrosinase gene. These single-stranded substrates were generated as described in Example 12a.
Cleavage reactions were performed as described in Example 12b with the exception that half of the reactions were cut with the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN as described and a parallel set of reaction was cut with Taq polymerase. The Taq polymerase reactions contained 1.25 units of Taq polymerase in 1X CFLP buffer. The reaction products were resolved by electrophoresis and the autoradiograph was generated as described in Example 12b. The autoradiograph is shown in FIG. 45.
In FIG. 45, lanes marked "M" contain biotinylated molecular weight markers. Lanes 1 and 2 contain the wild-type or 422 mutant substrate cleaved with the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN, respectively. Lanes 3 and 4 contain the wild-type or 422 mutant substrate cleaved with Taq polymerase, respectively.
FIG. 45 shows that both the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN and Taq polymerase generate a characteristic set of cleavage bands for each substrate allowing the differentiation of the wild-type and 422 mutant substrates. The two enzyme produce similar but distinct arrays of bands for each template.
These results show that the 5' nuclease of both the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN and Taq polymerase are useful for practicing the cleavage reaction of the invention. Cleavage with Taq polymerase would find application when substrates are generated using the PCR and no intervening purification step is employed other than the removal of excess nucleotides using alkaline phosphatase
EXAMPLE 18
Multiplex Cleavage Reactions
The above Examples show that the cleavage reaction can be used to generate a characteristic set of cleavage products from single-stranded DNA and RNA substrates. The ability of the cleavage reaction to utilize double-stranded DNA templates was examined. For many applications, it would be ideal to run the cleavage reaction directly upon a double-stranded PCR product without the need to isolate a single-stranded substrate from the initial PCR. Additionally it would be advantageous to be able to analyze multiple substrates in the same reaction tube ("multiplex" reactions).
Cleavage reactions were performed using a double-stranded template which was carried a 5' biotin label on the sense-strand and a 5' fluorescein label on the anti-sense strand. The double-stranded substrate was denatured prior to cleavage. The double-stranded substrate was cleaved using Taq polymerase. Taq polymerase was used in this experiment because it has a weaker duplex-dependent 5' to 3' exonuclease activity than does the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN and thus Taq polymerase does not remove the 5' end label from the re-natured DNA duplexes as efficiently as does the enzyme Cleavase.TM. BN; therefore less signal is lost in the reaction.
The substrate utilized was a 157 bp fragment derived from either the wild-type (SEQ ID NO:47), 419 mutant (SEQ ID NO:54) or 422 mutant (SEQ ID NO:55) of the tyrosinase gene. The wild-type fragment was generated as described in Example 10a, the 419 mutant fragment was generated as described in Example 10a and the 422 mutant fragment was generated as described in Example 11 using PCR. The sense strand primer (SEQ ID NO:42) contains a 5' biotin label and the anti-sense primer (SEQ ID NO:43) contains a 5' fluorescein label resulting in the generation of a double-stranded PCR product label on each strand with a different label. The PCR products were gel purified as described in Example 10a.
The cleavage reactions were performed as follows. Reaction tubes were assembled with approximately 100 fmoles of the double-stranded DNA substrates in 5 .mu.l of 1X CFLP buffer, 1 mM MnCl.sub.2. The solutions were overlaid with a drop of mineral oil. The tubes were heated to 95.degree. C. for 30 sec and 1 unit of Taq polymerase (Promega) was added. Uncut controls contained 33 fmoles of double-stranded DNA substrates in 5 .mu.l of 1X CFLP buffer, 1 mM MnCl.sub.2. The reactions were cooled to 65.degree. C. and incubated at this temperature for 15 minutes. the reactions were stopped by the addition of 8 .mu.l of stop buffer. The samples were heated to 72.degree. C. for 2 min and 5 .mu.l of reaction were resolved by electrophoresis through a 10% polyacrylamide gel (19:1 cross-link), with 7M urea in a buffer containing 45 mM Tris-Borate, pH 8.3, 1.4 mM EDTA. The entire set of reactions was loaded in duplicate on the gel such that duplicate nylon membranes containing the full set of reactions were created. After transfer to a nylon membrane (performed as described in Example 10a), the membrane was cut in half; one half was probed using a streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate to visualize the biotinyated sense-strand products (as described in Example 10a). The other half of the membrane was probed with an anti-fluorescein antibody-alkaline phosphatase conjugate to visualize the fluorescein-labelled anti-sense strand products (as described in Example 5). The blots were visualized using the chemiluminescent procedures described in Examples 10a and 5 for biotin-labeled or fluorescein-labeled DNA, respectively. The autoradiographs are shown side-by side in FIG. 46.
In FIG. 46, the lane labeled "M1" contains biotinylated molecular weight markers prepared as described in Example 10a. The lane labeled "M2" contains molecular weight markers generated by digestion of pUC19 with MspI, followed by Klenow treatment to fill-in the ends. The blunt ends were then labeled with fluorsceinated dideoxynucleotides (Boehringer Mannheim) using terminal transferase (Promega). Lanes M1 and 1-6 were developed using the protocol for biotinylated DNA. Lanes 7-12 and M2 were developed using the protocol for fluorescein-labeled DNA. Note that in all lanes both strands of the substrate are present; only one strand is visualized in a given development protocol.
In FIG. 46, lanes 1-3 and 7-9 contain the "no enzyme" or uncut controls using the wild-type, 419 or 422 mutant substrates, respectively. Lanes 4-6 and 10-12 contain cleavage products from the wild-type, 419 or 422 mutant substrates, respectively. Unique patterns of cleavage products are seen for each strand of each of the three substrates examined. Thus, a single reaction allowed the generation of a unique fingerprint from either the sense or anti-sense strand of each of the three tyrosinase fragments tested.
The results shown in FIG. 46 demonstrate that a cleavage pattern can be generated from a double-stranded DNA fragment by denaturing the fragment before performing the cleavage reaction. Note that in FIG. 46 the cleavage patterns were generated in the course of a single round of heating to denature and cooling to cleave and that much of the substrate remains in an uncut form. This reaction would be amenable to performing multiple cycles of denaturation and cleavage in a thermocycler. Such cycling conditions would increase the signal intensity seen for the cleavage products. Substrates generated by the PCR performed in the standard PCR buffer (50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 0.01% gelatin) can be treated to remove remaining dNTPs (e.g., addition of alkaline phosphatase) and to provide Mn.sup.2+. Under these conditions the cleavase reaction can be performed on both strands of one or more products generated in that PCR. Such a protocol reduces sample preparation to a minimum resulting in a savings of both time and expense.
The above example also demonstrates that two distinct substrates can be analyzed in a single reaction thereby allowing the "multiplexing" of the cleavage reaction.
__________________________________________________________________________SEQUENCE LISTING(1) GENERAL INFORMATION:(iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 73(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 2506 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: double(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:ATGAGGGGGATGCTGCCCCTCTTTGAGCCCAAGGGCCGGGTCCTCCTGGTGGACGGCCAC60CACCTGGCCTACCGCACCTTCCACGCCCTGAAGGGCCTCACCACCAGCCGGGGGGAGCCG120GTGCAGGCGGTCTACGGCTTCGCCAAGAGCCTCCTCAAGGCCCTCAAGGAGGACGGGGAC180GCGGTGATCGTGGTCTTTGACGCCAAGGCCCCCTCCTTCCGCCACGAGGCCTACGGGGGG240TACAAGGCGGGCCGGGCCCCCACGCCGGAGGACTTTCCCCGGCAACTCGCCCTCATCAAG300GAGCTGGTGGACCTCCTGGGGCTGGCGCGCCTCGAGGTCCCGGGCTACGAGGCGGACGAC360GTCCTGGCCAGCCTGGCCAAGAAGGCGGAAAAGGAGGGCTACGAGGTCCGCATCCTCACC420GCCGACAAAGACCTTTACCAGCTCCTTTCCGACCGCATCCACGTCCTCCACCCCGAGGGG480TACCTCATCACCCCGGCCTGGCTTTGGGAAAAGTACGGCCTGAGGCCCGACCAGTGGGCC540GACTACCGGGCCCTGACCGGGGACGAGTCCGACAACCTTCCCGGGGTCAAGGGCATCGGG600GAGAAGACGGCGAGGAAGCTTCTGGAGGAGTGGGGGAGCCTGGAAGCCCTCCTCAAGAAC660CTGGACCGGCTGAAGCCCGCCATCCGGGAGAAGATCCTGGCCCACATGGACGATCTGAAG720CTCTCCTGGGACCTGGCCAAGGTGCGCACCGACCTGCCCCTGGAGGTGGACTTCGCCAAA780AGGCGGGAGCCCGACCGGGAGAGGCTTAGGGCCTTTCTGGAGAGGCTTGAGTTTGGCAGC840CTCCTCCACGAGTTCGGCCTTCTGGAAAGCCCCAAGGCCCTGGAGGAGGCCCCCTGGCCC900CCGCCGGAAGGGGCCTTCGTGGGCTTTGTGCTTTCCCGCAAGGAGCCCATGTGGGCCGAT960CTTCTGGCCCTGGCCGCCGCCAGGGGGGGCCGGGTCCACCGGGCCCCCGAGCCTTATAAA1020GCCCTCAGGGACCTGAAGGAGGCGCGGGGGCTTCTCGCCAAAGACCTGAGCGTTCTGGCC1080CTGAGGGAAGGCCTTGGCCTCCCGCCCGGCGACGACCCCATGCTCCTCGCCTACCTCCTG1140GACCCTTCCAACACCACCCCCGAGGGGGTGGCCCGGCGCTACGGCGGGGAGTGGACGGAG1200GAGGCGGGGGAGCGGGCCGCCCTTTCCGAGAGGCTCTTCGCCAACCTGTGGGGGAGGCTT1260GAGGGGGAGGAGAGGCTCCTTTGGCTTTACCGGGAGGTGGAGAGGCCCCTTTCCGCTGTC1320CTGGCCCACATGGAGGCCACGGGGGTGCGCCTGGACGTGGCCTATCTCAGGGCCTTGTCC1380CTGGAGGTGGCCGAGGAGATCGCCCGCCTCGAGGCCGAGGTCTTCCGCCTGGCCGGCCAC1440CCCTTCAACCTCAACTCCCGGGACCAGCTGGAAAGGGTCCTCTTTGACGAGCTAGGGCTT1500CCCGCCATCGGCAAGACGGAGAAGACCGGCAAGCGCTCCACCAGCGCCGCCGTCCTGGAG1560GCCCTCCGCGAGGCCCACCCCATCGTGGAGAAGATCCTGCAGTACCGGGAGCTCACCAAG1620CTGAAGAGCACCTACATTGACCCCTTGCCGGACCTCATCCACCCCAGGACGGGCCGCCTC1680CACACCCGCTTCAACCAGACGGCCACGGCCACGGGCAGGCTAAGTAGCTCCGATCCCAAC1740CTCCAGAACATCCCCGTCCGCACCCCGCTTGGGCAGAGGATCCGCCGGGCCTTCATCGCC1800GAGGAGGGGTGGCTATTGGTGGCCCTGGACTATAGCCAGATAGAGCTCAGGGTGCTGGCC1860CACCTCTCCGGCGACGAGAACCTGATCCGGGTCTTCCAGGAGGGGCGGGACATCCACACG1920GAGACCGCCAGCTGGATGTTCGGCGTCCCCCGGGAGGCCGTGGACCCCCTGATGCGCCGG1980GCGGCCAAGACCATCAACTTCGGGGTCCTCTACGGCATGTCGGCCCACCGCCTCTCCCAG2040GAGCTAGCCATCCCTTACGAGGAGGCCCAGGCCTTCATTGAGCGCTACTTTCAGAGCTTC2100CCCAAGGTGCGGGCCTGGATTGAGAAGACCCTGGAGGAGGGCAGGAGGCGGGGGTACGTG2160GAGACCCTCTTCGGCCGCCGCCGCTACGTGCCAGACCTAGAGGCCCGGGTGAAGAGCGTG2220CGGGAGGCGGCCGAGCGCATGGCCTTCAACATGCCCGTCCAGGGCACCGCCGCCGACCTC2280ATGAAGCTGGCTATGGTGAAGCTCTTCCCCAGGCTGGAGGAAATGGGGGCCAGGATGCTC2340CTTCAGGTCCACGACGAGCTGGTCCTCGAGGCCCCAAAAGAGAGGGCGGAGGCCGTGGCC2400CGGCTGGCCAAGGAGGTCATGGAGGGGGTGTATCCCCTGGCCGTGCCCCTGGAGGTGGAG2460GTGGGGATAGGGGAGGACTGGCTCTCCGCCAAGGAGTGATACCACC2506(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 2496 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: double(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:ATGGCGATGCTTCCCCTCTTTGAGCCCAAAGGCCGCGTGCTCCTGGTGGACGGCCACCAC60CTGGCCTACCGCACCTTCTTTGCCCTCAAGGGCCTCACCACCAGCCGCGGCGAACCCGTT120CAGGCGGTCTACGGCTTCGCCAAAAGCCTCCTCAAGGCCCTGAAGGAGGACGGGGACGTG180GTGGTGGTGGTCTTTGACGCCAAGGCCCCCTCCTTCCGCCACGAGGCCTACGAGGCCTAC240AAGGCGGGCCGGGCCCCCACCCCGGAGGACTTTCCCCGGCAGCTGGCCCTCATCAAGGAG300TTGGTGGACCTCCTAGGCCTTGTGCGGCTGGAGGTTCCCGGCTTTGAGGCGGACGACGTG360CTGGCCACCCTGGCCAAGCGGGCGGAAAAGGAGGGGTACGAGGTGCGCATCCTCACTGCC420GACCGCGACCTCTACCAGCTCCTTTCGGAGCGCATCGCCATCCTCCACCCTGAGGGGTAC480CTGATCACCCCGGCGTGGCTTTACGAGAAGTACGGCCTGCGCCCGGAGCAGTGGGTGGAC540TACCGGGCCCTGGCGGGGGACCCCTCGGATAACATCCCCGGGGTGAAGGGCATCGGGGAG600AAGACCGCCCAGAGGCTCATCCGCGAGTGGGGGAGCCTGGAAAACCTCTTCCAGCACCTG660GACCAGGTGAAGCCCTCCTTGCGGGAGAAGCTCCAGGCGGGCATGGAGGCCCTGGCCCTT720TCCCGGAAGCTTTCCCAGGTGCACACTGACCTGCCCCTGGAGGTGGACTTCGGGAGGCGC780CGCACACCCAACCTGGAGGGTCTGCGGGCTTTTTTGGAGCGGTTGGAGTTTGGAAGCCTC840CTCCACGAGTTCGGCCTCCTGGAGGGGCCGAAGGCGGCAGAGGAGGCCCCCTGGCCCCCT900CCGGAAGGGGCTTTTTTGGGCTTTTCCTTTTCCCGTCCCGAGCCCATGTGGGCCGAGCTT960CTGGCCCTGGCTGGGGCGTGGGAGGGGCGCCTCCATCGGGCACAAGACCCCCTTAGGGGC1020CTGAGGGACCTTAAGGGGGTGCGGGGAATCCTGGCCAAGGACCTGGCGGTTTTGGCCCTG1080CGGGAGGGCCTGGACCTCTTCCCAGAGGACGACCCCATGCTCCTGGCCTACCTTCTGGAC1140CCCTCCAACACCACCCCTGAGGGGGTGGCCCGGCGTTACGGGGGGGAGTGGACGGAGGAT1200GCGGGGGAGAGGGCCCTCCTGGCCGAGCGCCTCTTCCAGACCCTAAAGGAGCGCCTTAAG1260GGAGAAGAACGCCTGCTTTGGCTTTACGAGGAGGTGGAGAAGCCGCTTTCCCGGGTGTTG1320GCCCGGATGGAGGCCACGGGGGTCCGGCTGGACGTGGCCTACCTCCAGGCCCTCTCCCTG1380GAGGTGGAGGCGGAGGTGCGCCAGCTGGAGGAGGAGGTCTTCCGCCTGGCCGGCCACCCC1440TTCAACCTCAACTCCCGCGACCAGCTGGAGCGGGTGCTCTTTGACGAGCTGGGCCTGCCT1500GCCATCGGCAAGACGGAGAAGACGGGGAAACGCTCCACCAGCGCTGCCGTGCTGGAGGCC1560CTGCGAGAGGCCCACCCCATCGTGGACCGCATCCTGCAGTACCGGGAGCTCACCAAGCTC1620AAGAACACCTACATAGACCCCCTGCCCGCCCTGGTCCACCCCAAGACCGGCCGGCTCCAC1680ACCCGCTTCAACCAGACGGCCACCGCCACGGGCAGGCTTTCCAGCTCCGACCCCAACCTG1740CAGAACATCCCCGTGCGCACCCCTCTGGGCCAGCGCATCCGCCGAGCCTTCGTGGCCGAG1800GAGGGCTGGGTGCTGGTGGTCTTGGACTACAGCCAGATTGAGCTTCGGGTCCTGGCCCAC1860CTCTCCGGGGACGAGAACCTGATCCGGGTCTTTCAGGAGGGGAGGGACATCCACACCCAG1920ACCGCCAGCTGGATGTTCGGCGTTTCCCCCGAAGGGGTAGACCCTCTGATGCGCCGGGCG1980GCCAAGACCATCAACTTCGGGGTGCTCTACGGCATGTCCGCCCACCGCCTCTCCGGGGAG2040CTTTCCATCCCCTACGAGGAGGCGGTGGCCTTCATTGAGCGCTACTTCCAGAGCTACCCC2100AAGGTGCGGGCCTGGATTGAGGGGACCCTCGAGGAGGGCCGCCGGCGGGGGTATGTGGAG2160ACCCTCTTCGGCCGCCGGCGCTATGTGCCCGACCTCAACGCCCGGGTGAAGAGCGTGCGC2220GAGGCGGCGGAGCGCATGGCCTTCAACATGCCGGTCCAGGGCACCGCCGCCGACCTCATG2280AAGCTGGCCATGGTGCGGCTTTTCCCCCGGCTTCAGGAACTGGGGGCGAGGATGCTTTTG2340CAGGTGCACGACGAGCTGGTCCTCGAGGCCCCCAAGGACCGGGCGGAGAGGGTAGCCGCT2400TTGGCCAAGGAGGTCATGGAGGGGGTCTGGCCCCTGCAGGTGCCCCTGGAGGTGGAGGTG2460GGCCTGGGGGAGGACTGGCTCTCCGCCAAGGAGTAG2496(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 2504 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: double(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:ATGGAGGCGATGCTTCCGCTCTTTGAACCCAAAGGCCGGGTCCTCCTGGTGGACGGCCAC60CACCTGGCCTACCGCACCTTCTTCGCCCTGAAGGGCCTCACCACGAGCCGGGGCGAACCG120GTGCAGGCGGTCTACGGCTTCGCCAAGAGCCTCCTCAAGGCCCTGAAGGAGGACGGGTAC180AAGGCCGTCTTCGTGGTCTTTGACGCCAAGGCCCCCTCCTTCCGCCACGAGGCCTACGAG240GCCTACAAGGCGGGGAGGGCCCCGACCCCCGAGGACTTCCCCCGGCAGCTCGCCCTCATC300AAGGAGCTGGTGGACCTCCTGGGGTTTACCCGCCTCGAGGTCCCCGGCTACGAGGCGGAC360GACGTTCTCGCCACCCTGGCCAAGAAGGCGGAAAAGGAGGGGTACGAGGTGCGCATCCTC420ACCGCCGACCGCGACCTCTACCAACTCGTCTCCGACCGCGTCGCCGTCCTCCACCCCGAG480GGCCACCTCATCACCCCGGAGTGGCTTTGGGAGAAGTACGGCCTCAGGCCGGAGCAGTGG540GTGGACTTCCGCGCCCTCGTGGGGGACCCCTCCGACAACCTCCCCGGGGTCAAGGGCATC600GGGGAGAAGACCGCCCTCAAGCTCCTCAAGGAGTGGGGAAGCCTGGAAAACCTCCTCAAG660AACCTGGACCGGGTAAAGCCAGAAAACGTCCGGGAGAAGATCAAGGCCCACCTGGAAGAC720CTCAGGCTCTCCTTGGAGCTCTCCCGGGTGCGCACCGACCTCCCCCTGGAGGTGGACCTC780GCCCAGGGGCGGGAGCCCGACCGGGAGGGGCTTAGGGCCTTCCTGGAGAGGCTGGAGTTC840GGCAGCCTCCTCCACGAGTTCGGCCTCCTGGAGGCCCCCGCCCCCCTGGAGGAGGCCCCC900TGGCCCCCGCCGGAAGGGGCCTTCGTGGGCTTCGTCCTCTCCCGCCCCGAGCCCATGTGG960GCGGAGCTTAAAGCCCTGGCCGCCTGCAGGGACGGCCGGGTGCACCGGGCAGCAGACCCC1020TTGGCGGGGCTAAAGGACCTCAAGGAGGTCCGGGGCCTCCTCGCCAAGGACCTCGCCGTC1080TTGGCCTCGAGGGAGGGGCTAGACCTCGTGCCCGGGGACGACCCCATGCTCCTCGCCTAC1140CTCCTGGACCCCTCCAACACCACCCCCGAGGGGGTGGCGCGGCGCTACGGGGGGGAGTGG1200ACGGAGGACGCCGCCCACCGGGCCCTCCTCTCGGAGAGGCTCCATCGGAACCTCCTTAAG1260CGCCTCGAGGGGGAGGAGAAGCTCCTTTGGCTCTACCACGAGGTGGAAAAGCCCCTCTCC1320CGGGTCCTGGCCCACATGGAGGCCACCGGGGTACGGCTGGACGTGGCCTACCTTCAGGCC1380CTTTCCCTGGAGCTTGCGGAGGAGATCCGCCGCCTCGAGGAGGAGGTCTTCCGCTTGGCG1440GGCCACCCCTTCAACCTCAACTCCCGGGACCAGCTGGAAAGGGTGCTCTTTGACGAGCTT1500AGGCTTCCCGCCTTGGGGAAGACGCAAAAGACAGGCAAGCGCTCCACCAGCGCCGCGGTG1560CTGGAGGCCCTACGGGAGGCCCACCCCATCGTGGAGAAGATCCTCCAGCACCGGGAGCTC1620ACCAAGCTCAAGAACACCTACGTGGACCCCCTCCCAAGCCTCGTCCACCCGAGGACGGGC1680CGCCTCCACACCCGCTTCAACCAGACGGCCACGGCCACGGGGAGGCTTAGTAGCTCCGAC1740CCCAACCTGCAGAACATCCCCGTCCGCACCCCCTTGGGCCAGAGGATCCGCCGGGCCTTC1800GTGGCCGAGGCGGGTTGGGCGTTGGTGGCCCTGGACTATAGCCAGATAGAGCTCCGCGTC1860CTCGCCCACCTCTCCGGGGACGAAAACCTGATCAGGGTCTTCCAGGAGGGGAAGGACATC1920CACACCCAGACCGCAAGCTGGATGTTCGGCGTCCCCCCGGAGGCCGTGGACCCCCTGATG1980CGCCGGGCGGCCAAGACGGTGAACTTCGGCGTCCTCTACGGCATGTCCGCCCATAGGCTC2040TCCCAGGAGCTTGCCATCCCCTACGAGGAGGCGGTGGCCTTTATAGAGGCTACTTCCAAA2100GCTTCCCCAAGGTGCGGGCCTGGATAGAAAAGACCCTGGAGGAGGGGAGGAAGCGGGGCT2160ACGTGGAAACCCTCTTCGGAAGAAGGCGCTACGTGCCCGACCTCAACGCCCGGGTGAAGA2220GCGTCAGGGAGGCCGCGGAGCGCATGGCCTTCAACATGCCCGTCCAGGGCACCGCCGCCG2280ACCTCATGAAGCTCGCCATGGTGAAGCTCTTCCCCCGCCTCCGGGAGATGGGGGCCCGCA2340TGCTCCTCCAGGTCCACGACGAGCTCCTCCTGGAGGCCCCCCAAGCGCGGGCCGAGGAGG2400TGGCGGCTTTGGCCAAGGAGGCCATGGAGAAGGCCTATCCCCTCGCCGTGCCCCTGGAGG2460TGGAGGTGGGGATGGGGGAGGACTGGCTTTCCGCCAAGGGTTAG2504(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 832 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:MetArgGlyMetLeuProLeuPheGluProLysGlyArgValLeuLeu151015ValAspGlyHisHisLeuAlaTyrArgThrPheHisAlaLeuLysGly202530LeuThrThrSerArgGlyGluProValGlnAlaValTyrGlyPheAla354045LysSerLeuLeuLysAlaLeuLysGluAspGlyAspAlaValIleVal505560ValPheAspAlaLysAlaProSerPheArgHisGluAlaTyrGlyGly65707580TyrLysAlaGlyArgAlaProThrProGluAspPheProArgGlnLeu859095AlaLeuIleLysGluLeuValAspLeuLeuGlyLeuAlaArgLeuGlu100105110ValProGlyTyrGluAlaAspAspValLeuAlaSerLeuAlaLysLys115120125AlaGluLysGluGlyTyrGluValArgIleLeuThrAlaAspLysAsp130135140LeuTyrGlnLeuLeuSerAspArgIleHisValLeuHisProGluGly145150155160TyrLeuIleThrProAlaTrpLeuTrpGluLysTyrGlyLeuArgPro165170175AspGlnTrpAlaAspTyrArgAlaLeuThrGlyAspGluSerAspAsn180185190LeuProGlyValLysGlyIleGlyGluLysThrAlaArgLysLeuLeu195200205GluGluTrpGlySerLeuGluAlaLeuLeuLysAsnLeuAspArgLeu210215220LysProAlaIleArgGluLysIleLeuAlaHisMetAspAspLeuLys225230235240LeuSerTrpAspLeuAlaLysValArgThrAspLeuProLeuGluVal245250255AspPheAlaLysArgArgGluProAspArgGluArgLeuArgAlaPhe260265270LeuGluArgLeuGluPheGlySerLeuLeuHisGluPheGlyLeuLeu275280285GluSerProLysAlaLeuGluGluAlaProTrpProProProGluGly290295300AlaPheValGlyPheValLeuSerArgLysGluProMetTrpAlaAsp305310315320LeuLeuAlaLeuAlaAlaAlaArgGlyGlyArgValHisArgAlaPro325330335GluProTyrLysAlaLeuArgAspLeuLysGluAlaArgGlyLeuLeu340345350AlaLysAspLeuSerValLeuAlaLeuArgGluGlyLeuGlyLeuPro355360365ProGlyAspAspProMetLeuLeuAlaTyrLeuLeuAspProSerAsn370375380ThrThrProGluGlyValAlaArgArgTyrGlyGlyGluTrpThrGlu385390395400GluAlaGlyGluArgAlaAlaLeuSerGluArgLeuPheAlaAsnLeu405410415TrpGlyArgLeuGluGlyGluGluArgLeuLeuTrpLeuTyrArgGlu420425430ValGluArgProLeuSerAlaValLeuAlaHisMetGluAlaThrGly435440445ValArgLeuAspValAlaTyrLeuArgAlaLeuSerLeuGluValAla450455460GluGluIleAlaArgLeuGluAlaGluValPheArgLeuAlaGlyHis465470475480ProPheAsnLeuAsnSerArgAspGlnLeuGluArgValLeuPheAsp485490495GluLeuGlyLeuProAlaIleGlyLysThrGluLysThrGlyLysArg500505510SerThrSerAlaAlaValLeuGluAlaLeuArgGluAlaHisProIle515520525ValGluLysIleLeuGlnTyrArgGluLeuThrLysLeuLysSerThr530535540TyrIleAspProLeuProAspLeuIleHisProArgThrGlyArgLeu545550555560HisThrArgPheAsnGlnThrAlaThrAlaThrGlyArgLeuSerSer565570575SerAspProAsnLeuGlnAsnIleProValArgThrProLeuGlyGln580585590ArgIleArgArgAlaPheIleAlaGluGluGlyTrpLeuLeuValAla595600605LeuAspTyrSerGlnIleGluLeuArgValLeuAlaHisLeuSerGly610615620AspGluAsnLeuIleArgValPheGlnGluGlyArgAspIleHisThr625630635640GluThrAlaSerTrpMetPheGlyValProArgGluAlaValAspPro645650655LeuMetArgArgAlaAlaLysThrIleAsnPheGlyValLeuTyrGly660665670MetSerAlaHisArgLeuSerGlnGluLeuAlaIleProTyrGluGlu675680685AlaGlnAlaPheIleGluArgTyrPheGlnSerPheProLysValArg690695700AlaTrpIleGluLysThrLeuGluGluGlyArgArgArgGlyTyrVal705710715720GluThrLeuPheGlyArgArgArgTyrValProAspLeuGluAlaArg725730735ValLysSerValArgGluAlaAlaGluArgMetAlaPheAsnMetPro740745750ValGlnGlyThrAlaAlaAspLeuMetLysLeuAlaMetValLysLeu755760765PheProArgLeuGluGluMetGlyAlaArgMetLeuLeuGlnValHis770775780AspGluLeuValLeuGluAlaProLysGluArgAlaGluAlaValAla785790795800ArgLeuAlaLysGluValMetGluGlyValTyrProLeuAlaValPro805810815LeuGluValGluValGlyIleGlyGluAspTrpLeuSerAlaLysGlu820825830(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 831 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5:MetAlaMetLeuProLeuPheGluProLysGlyArgValLeuLeuVal151015AspGlyHisHisLeuAlaTyrArgThrPhePheAlaLeuLysGlyLeu202530ThrThrSerArgGlyGluProValGlnAlaValTyrGlyPheAlaLys354045SerLeuLeuLysAlaLeuLysGluAspGlyAspValValValValVal505560PheAspAlaLysAlaProSerPheArgHisGluAlaTyrGluAlaTyr65707580LysAlaGlyArgAlaProThrProGluAspPheProArgGlnLeuAla859095LeuIleLysGluLeuValAspLeuLeuGlyLeuValArgLeuGluVal100105110ProGlyPheGluAlaAspAspValLeuAlaThrLeuAlaLysArgAla115120125GluLysGluGlyTyrGluValArgIleLeuThrAlaAspArgAspLeu130135140TyrGlnLeuLeuSerGluArgIleAlaIleLeuHisProGluGlyTyr145150155160LeuIleThrProAlaTrpLeuTyrGluLysTyrGlyLeuArgProGlu165170175GlnTrpValAspTyrArgAlaLeuAlaGlyAspProSerAspAsnIle180185190ProGlyValLysGlyIleGlyGluLysThrAlaGlnArgLeuIleArg195200205GluTrpGlySerLeuGluAsnLeuPheGlnHisLeuAspGlnValLys210215220ProSerLeuArgGluLysLeuGlnAlaGlyMetGluAlaLeuAlaLeu225230235240SerArgLysLeuSerGlnValHisThrAspLeuProLeuGluValAsp245250255PheGlyArgArgArgThrProAsnLeuGluGlyLeuArgAlaPheLeu260265270GluArgLeuGluPheGlySerLeuLeuHisGluPheGlyLeuLeuGlu275280285GlyProLysAlaAlaGluGluAlaProTrpProProProGluGlyAla290295300PheLeuGlyPheSerPheSerArgProGluProMetTrpAlaGluLeu305310315320LeuAlaLeuAlaGlyAlaTrpGluGlyArgLeuHisArgAlaGlnAsp325330335ProLeuArgGlyLeuArgAspLeuLysGlyValArgGlyIleLeuAla340345350LysAspLeuAlaValLeuAlaLeuArgGluGlyLeuAspLeuPhePro355360365GluAspAspProMetLeuLeuAlaTyrLeuLeuAspProSerAsnThr370375380ThrProGluGlyValAlaArgArgTyrGlyGlyGluTrpThrGluAsp385390395400AlaGlyGluArgAlaLeuLeuAlaGluArgLeuPheGlnThrLeuLys405410415GluArgLeuLysGlyGluGluArgLeuLeuTrpLeuTyrGluGluVal420425430GluLysProLeuSerArgValLeuAlaArgMetGluAlaThrGlyVal435440445ArgLeuAspValAlaTyrLeuGlnAlaLeuSerLeuGluValGluAla450455460GluValArgGlnLeuGluGluGluValPheArgLeuAlaGlyHisPro465470475480PheAsnLeuAsnSerArgAspGlnLeuGluArgValLeuPheAspGlu485490495LeuGlyLeuProAlaIleGlyLysThrGluLysThrGlyLysArgSer500505510ThrSerAlaAlaValLeuGluAlaLeuArgGluAlaHisProIleVal515520525AspArgIleLeuGlnTyrArgGluLeuThrLysLeuLysAsnThrTyr530535540IleAspProLeuProAlaLeuValHisProLysThrGlyArgLeuHis545550555560ThrArgPheAsnGlnThrAlaThrAlaThrGlyArgLeuSerSerSer565570575AspProAsnLeuGlnAsnIleProValArgThrProLeuGlyGlnArg580585590IleArgArgAlaPheValAlaGluGluGlyTrpValLeuValValLeu595600605AspTyrSerGlnIleGluLeuArgValLeuAlaHisLeuSerGlyAsp610615620GluAsnLeuIleArgValPheGlnGluGlyArgAspIleHisThrGln625630635640ThrAlaSerTrpMetPheGlyValSerProGluGlyValAspProLeu645650655MetArgArgAlaAlaLysThrIleAsnPheGlyValLeuTyrGlyMet660665670SerAlaHisArgLeuSerGlyGluLeuSerIleProTyrGluGluAla675680685ValAlaPheIleGluArgTyrPheGlnSerTyrProLysValArgAla690695700TrpIleGluGlyThrLeuGluGluGlyArgArgArgGlyTyrValGlu705710715720ThrLeuPheGlyArgArgArgTyrValProAspLeuAsnAlaArgVal725730735LysSerValArgGluAlaAlaGluArgMetAlaPheAsnMetProVal740745750GlnGlyThrAlaAlaAspLeuMetLysLeuAlaMetValArgLeuPhe755760765ProArgLeuGlnGluLeuGlyAlaArgMetLeuLeuGlnValHisAsp770775780GluLeuValLeuGluAlaProLysAspArgAlaGluArgValAlaAla785790795800LeuAlaLysGluValMetGluGlyValTrpProLeuGlnValProLeu805810815GluValGluValGlyLeuGlyGluAspTrpLeuSerAlaLysGlu820825830(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 834 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6:MetGluAlaMetLeuProLeuPheGluProLysGlyArgValLeuLeu151015ValAspGlyHisHisLeuAlaTyrArgThrPhePheAlaLeuLysGly202530LeuThrThrSerArgGlyGluProValGlnAlaValTyrGlyPheAla354045LysSerLeuLeuLysAlaLeuLysGluAspGlyTyrLysAlaValPhe505560ValValPheAspAlaLysAlaProSerPheArgHisGluAlaTyrGlu65707580AlaTyrLysAlaGlyArgAlaProThrProGluAspPheProArgGln859095LeuAlaLeuIleLysGluLeuValAspLeuLeuGlyPheThrArgLeu100105110GluValProGlyTyrGluAlaAspAspValLeuAlaThrLeuAlaLys115120125LysAlaGluLysGluGlyTyrGluValArgIleLeuThrAlaAspArg130135140AspLeuTyrGlnLeuValSerAspArgValAlaValLeuHisProGlu145150155160GlyHisLeuIleThrProGluTrpLeuTrpGluLysTyrGlyLeuArg165170175ProGluGlnTrpValAspPheArgAlaLeuValGlyAspProSerAsp180185190AsnLeuProGlyValLysGlyIleGlyGluLysThrAlaLeuLysLeu195200205LeuLysGluTrpGlySerLeuGluAsnLeuLeuLysAsnLeuAspArg210215220ValLysProGluAsnValArgGluLysIleLysAlaHisLeuGluAsp225230235240LeuArgLeuSerLeuGluLeuSerArgValArgThrAspLeuProLeu245250255GluValAspLeuAlaGlnGlyArgGluProAspArgGluGlyLeuArg260265270AlaPheLeuGluArgLeuGluPheGlySerLeuLeuHisGluPheGly275280285LeuLeuGluAlaProAlaProLeuGluGluAlaProTrpProProPro290295300GluGlyAlaPheValGlyPheValLeuSerArgProGluProMetTrp305310315320AlaGluLeuLysAlaLeuAlaAlaCysArgAspGlyArgValHisArg325330335AlaAlaAspProLeuAlaGlyLeuLysAspLeuLysGluValArgGly340345350LeuLeuAlaLysAspLeuAlaValLeuAlaSerArgGluGlyLeuAsp355360365LeuValProGlyAspAspProMetLeuLeuAlaTyrLeuLeuAspPro370375380SerAsnThrThrProGluGlyValAlaArgArgTyrGlyGlyGluTrp385390395400ThrGluAspAlaAlaHisArgAlaLeuLeuSerGluArgLeuHisArg405410415AsnLeuLeuLysArgLeuGluGlyGluGluLysLeuLeuTrpLeuTyr420425430HisGluValGluLysProLeuSerArgValLeuAlaHisMetGluAla435440445ThrGlyValArgLeuAspValAlaTyrLeuGlnAlaLeuSerLeuGlu450455460LeuAlaGluGluIleArgArgLeuGluGluGluValPheArgLeuAla465470475480GlyHisProPheAsnLeuAsnSerArgAspGlnLeuGluArgValLeu485490495PheAspGluLeuArgLeuProAlaLeuGlyLysThrGlnLysThrGly500505510LysArgSerThrSerAlaAlaValLeuGluAlaLeuArgGluAlaHis515520525ProIleValGluLysIleLeuGlnHisArgGluLeuThrLysLeuLys530535540AsnThrTyrValAspProLeuProSerLeuValHisProArgThrGly545550555560ArgLeuHisThrArgPheAsnGlnThrAlaThrAlaThrGlyArgLeu565570575SerSerSerAspProAsnLeuGlnAsnIleProValArgThrProLeu580585590GlyGlnArgIleArgArgAlaPheValAlaGluAlaGlyTrpAlaLeu595600605ValAlaLeuAspTyrSerGlnIleGluLeuArgValLeuAlaHisLeu610615620SerGlyAspGluAsnLeuIleArgValPheGlnGluGlyLysAspIle625630635640HisThrGlnThrAlaSerTrpMetPheGlyValProProGluAlaVal645650655AspProLeuMetArgArgAlaAlaLysThrValAsnPheGlyValLeu660665670TyrGlyMetSerAlaHisArgLeuSerGlnGluLeuAlaIleProTyr675680685GluGluAlaValAlaPheIleGluArgTyrPheGlnSerPheProLys690695700ValArgAlaTrpIleGluLysThrLeuGluGluGlyArgLysArgGly705710715720TyrValGluThrLeuPheGlyArgArgArgTyrValProAspLeuAsn725730735AlaArgValLysSerValArgGluAlaAlaGluArgMetAlaPheAsn740745750MetProValGlnGlyThrAlaAlaAspLeuMetLysLeuAlaMetVal755760765LysLeuPheProArgLeuArgGluMetGlyAlaArgMetLeuLeuGln770775780ValHisAspGluLeuLeuLeuGluAlaProGlnAlaArgAlaGluGlu785790795800ValAlaAlaLeuAlaLysGluAlaMetGluLysAlaTyrProLeuAla805810815ValProLeuGluValGluValGlyMetGlyGluAspTrpLeuSerAla820825830LysGly(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 2502 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:7:ATGNNGGCGATGCTTCCCCTCTTTGAGCCCAAAGGCCGGGTCCTCCTGGTGGACGGCCAC60CACCTGGCCTACCGCACCTTCTTCGCCCTGAAGGGCCTCACCACCAGCCGGGGCGAACCG120GTGCAGGCGGTCTACGGCTTCGCCAAGAGCCTCCTCAAGGCCCTGAAGGAGGACGGGGAC180NNGGCGGTGNTCGTGGTCTTTGACGCCAAGGCCCCCTCCTTCCGCCACGAGGCCTACGAG240GCCTACAAGGCGGGCCGGGCCCCCACCCCGGAGGACTTTCCCCGGCAGCTCGCCCTCATC300AAGGAGCTGGTGGACCTCCTGGGGCTTGCGCGCCTCGAGGTCCCCGGCTACGAGGCGGAC360GACGTNCTGGCCACCCTGGCCAAGAAGGCGGAAAAGGAGGGGTACGAGGTGCGCATCCTC420ACCGCCGACCGCGACCTCTACCAGCTCCTTTCCGACCGCATCGCCGTCCTCCACCCCGAG480GGGTACCTCATCACCCCGGCGTGGCTTTGGGAGAAGTACGGCCTGAGGCCGGAGCAGTGG540GTGGACTACCGGGCCCTGGCGGGGGACCCCTCCGACAACCTCCCCGGGGTCAAGGGCATC600GGGGAGAAGACCGCCCNGAAGCTCCTCNAGGAGTGGGGGAGCCTGGAAAACCTCCTCAAG660AACCTGGACCGGGTGAAGCCCGCCNTCCGGGAGAAGATCCAGGCCCACATGGANGACCTG720ANGCTCTCCTGGGAGCTNTCCCAGGTGCGCACCGACCTGCCCCTGGAGGTGGACTTCGCC780AAGNGGCGGGAGCCCGACCGGGAGGGGCTTAGGGCCTTTCTGGAGAGGCTGGAGTTTGGC840AGCCTCCTCCACGAGTTCGGCCTCCTGGAGGGCCCCAAGGCCCTGGAGGAGGCCCCCTGG900CCCCCGCCGGAAGGGGCCTTCGTGGGCTTTGTCCTTTCCCGCCCCGAGCCCATGTGGGCC960GAGCTTCTGGCCCTGGCCGCCGCCAGGGAGGGCCGGGTCCACCGGGCACCAGACCCCTTT1020ANGGGCCTNAGGGACCTNAAGGAGGTGCGGGGNCTCCTCGCCAAGGACCTGGCCGTTTTG1080GCCCTGAGGGAGGGCCTNGACCTCNTGCCCGGGGACGACCCCATGCTCCTCGCCTACCTC1140CTGGACCCCTCCAACACCACCCCCGAGGGGGTGGCCCGGCGCTACGGGGGGGAGTGGACG1200GAGGANGCGGGGGAGCGGGCCCTCCTNTCCGAGAGGCTCTTCCNGAACCTNNNGCAGCGC1260CTTGAGGGGGAGGAGAGGCTCCTTTGGCTTTACCAGGAGGTGGAGAAGCCCCTTTCCCGG1320GTCCTGGCCCACATGGAGGCCACGGGGGTNCGGCTGGACGTGGCCTACCTCCAGGCCCTN1380TCCCTGGAGGTGGCGGAGGAGATCCGCCGCCTCGAGGAGGAGGTCTTCCGCCTGGCCGGC1440CACCCCTTCAACCTCAACTCCCGGGACCAGCTGGAAAGGGTGCTCTTTGACGAGCTNGGG1500CTTCCCGCCATCGGCAAGACGGAGAAGACNGGCAAGCGCTCCACCAGCGCCGCCGTGCTG1560GAGGCCCTNCGNGAGGCCCACCCCATCGTGGAGAAGATCCTGCAGTACCGGGAGCTCACC1620AAGCTCAAGAACACCTACATNGACCCCCTGCCNGNCCTCGTCCACCCCAGGACGGGCCGC1680CTCCACACCCGCTTCAACCAGACGGCCACGGCCACGGGCAGGCTTAGTAGCTCCGACCCC1740AACCTGCAGAACATCCCCGTCCGCACCCCNCTGGGCCAGAGGATCCGCCGGGCCTTCGTG1800GCCGAGGAGGGNTGGGTGTTGGTGGCCCTGGACTATAGCCAGATAGAGCTCCGGGTCCTG1860GCCCACCTCTCCGGGGACGAGAACCTGATCCGGGTCTTCCAGGAGGGGAGGGACATCCAC1920ACCCAGACCGCCAGCTGGATGTTCGGCGTCCCCCCGGAGGCCGTGGACCCCCTGATGCGC1980CGGGCGGCCAAGACCATCAACTTCGGGGTCCTCTACGGCATGTCCGCCCACCGCCTCTCC2040CAGGAGCTTGCCATCCCCTACGAGGAGGCGGTGGCCTTCATTGAGCGCTACTTCCAGAGC2100TTCCCCAAGGTGCGGGCCTGGATTGAGAAGACCCTGGAGGAGGGCAGGAGGCGGGGGTAC2160GTGGAGACCCTCTTCGGCCGCCGGCGCTACGTGCCCGACCTCAACGCCCGGGTGAAGAGC2220GTGCGGGAGGCGGCGGAGCGCATGGCCTTCAACATGCCCGTCCAGGGCACCGCCGCCGAC2280CTCATGAAGCTGGCCATGGTGAAGCTCTTCCCCCGGCTNCAGGAAATGGGGGCCAGGATG2340CTCCTNCAGGTCCACGACGAGCTGGTCCTCGAGGCCCCCAAAGAGCGGGCGGAGGNGGTG2400GCCGCTTTGGCCAAGGAGGTCATGGAGGGGGTCTATCCCCTGGCCGTGCCCCTGGAGGTG2460GAGGTGGGGATGGGGGAGGACTGGCTCTCCGCCAAGGAGTAG2502(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:8:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 833 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: unknown(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:8:MetXaaAlaMetLeuProLeuPheGluProLysGlyArgValLeuLeu151015ValAspGlyHisHisLeuAlaTyrArgThrPhePheAlaLeuLysGly202530LeuThrThrSerArgGlyGluProValGlnAlaValTyrGlyPheAla354045LysSerLeuLeuLysAlaLeuLysGluAspGlyAspAlaValXaaVal505560ValPheAspAlaLysAlaProSerPheArgHisGluAlaTyrGluAla65707580TyrLysAlaGlyArgAlaProThrProGluAspPheProArgGlnLeu859095AlaLeuIleLysGluLeuValAspLeuLeuGlyLeuXaaArgLeuGlu100105110ValProGlyTyrGluAlaAspAspValLeuAlaThrLeuAlaLysLys115120125AlaGluLysGluGlyTyrGluValArgIleLeuThrAlaAspArgAsp130135140LeuTyrGlnLeuLeuSerAspArgIleAlaValLeuHisProGluGly145150155160TyrLeuIleThrProAlaTrpLeuTrpGluLysTyrGlyLeuArgPro165170175GluGlnTrpValAspTyrArgAlaLeuXaaGlyAspProSerAspAsn180185190LeuProGlyValLysGlyIleGlyGluLysThrAlaXaaLysLeuLeu195200205XaaGluTrpGlySerLeuGluAsnLeuLeuLysAsnLeuAspArgVal210215220LysProXaaXaaArgGluLysIleXaaAlaHisMetGluAspLeuXaa225230235240LeuSerXaaXaaLeuSerXaaValArgThrAspLeuProLeuGluVal245250255AspPheAlaXaaArgArgGluProAspArgGluGlyLeuArgAlaPhe260265270LeuGluArgLeuGluPheGlySerLeuLeuHisGluPheGlyLeuLeu275280285GluXaaProLysAlaLeuGluGluAlaProTrpProProProGluGly290295300AlaPheValGlyPheValLeuSerArgProGluProMetTrpAlaGlu305310315320LeuLeuAlaLeuAlaAlaAlaArgXaaGlyArgValHisArgAlaXaa325330335AspProLeuXaaGlyLeuArgAspLeuLysGluValArgGlyLeuLeu340345350AlaLysAspLeuAlaValLeuAlaLeuArgGluGlyLeuAspLeuXaa355360365ProGlyAspAspProMetLeuLeuAlaTyrLeuLeuAspProSerAsn370375380ThrThrProGluGlyValAlaArgArgTyrGlyGlyGluTrpThrGlu385390395400AspAlaGlyGluArgAlaLeuLeuSerGluArgLeuPheXaaAsnLeu405410415XaaXaaArgLeuGluGlyGluGluArgLeuLeuTrpLeuTyrXaaGlu420425430ValGluLysProLeuSerArgValLeuAlaHisMetGluAlaThrGly435440445ValArgLeuAspValAlaTyrLeuGlnAlaLeuSerLeuGluValAla450455460GluGluIleArgArgLeuGluGluGluValPheArgLeuAlaGlyHis465470475480ProPheAsnLeuAsnSerArgAspGlnLeuGluArgValLeuPheAsp485490495GluLeuGlyLeuProAlaIleGlyLysThrGluLysThrGlyLysArg500505510SerThrSerAlaAlaValLeuGluAlaLeuArgGluAlaHisProIle515520525ValGluLysIleLeuGlnTyrArgGluLeuThrLysLeuLysAsnThr530535540TyrIleAspProLeuProXaaLeuValHisProArgThrGlyArgLeu545550555560HisThrArgPheAsnGlnThrAlaThrAlaThrGlyArgLeuSerSer565570575SerAspProAsnLeuGlnAsnIleProValArgThrProLeuGlyGln580585590ArgIleArgArgAlaPheValAlaGluGluGlyTrpXaaLeuValAla595600605LeuAspTyrSerGlnIleGluLeuArgValLeuAlaHisLeuSerGly610615620AspGluAsnLeuIleArgValPheGlnGluGlyArgAspIleHisThr625630635640GlnThrAlaSerTrpMetPheGlyValProProGluAlaValAspPro645650655LeuMetArgArgAlaAlaLysThrIleAsnPheGlyValLeuTyrGly660665670MetSerAlaHisArgLeuSerGlnGluLeuAlaIleProTyrGluGlu675680685AlaValAlaPheIleGluArgTyrPheGlnSerPheProLysValArg690695700AlaTrpIleGluLysThrLeuGluGluGlyArgArgArgGlyTyrVal705710715720GluThrLeuPheGlyArgArgArgTyrValProAspLeuAsnAlaArg725730735ValLysSerValArgGluAlaAlaGluArgMetAlaPheAsnMetPro740745750ValGlnGlyThrAlaAlaAspLeuMetLysLeuAlaMetValLysLeu755760765PheProArgLeuXaaGluMetGlyAlaArgMetLeuLeuGlnValHis770775780AspGluLeuValLeuGluAlaProLysXaaArgAlaGluXaaValAla785790795800AlaLeuAlaLysGluValMetGluGlyValTyrProLeuAlaValPro805810815LeuGluValGluValGlyXaaGlyGluAspTrpLeuSerAlaLysGlu820825830Xaa(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:9:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 1647 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: double(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:9:ATGAATTCGGGGATGCTGCCCCTCTTTGAGCCCAAGGGCCGGGTCCTCCTGGTGGACGGC60CACCACCTGGCCTACCGCACCTTCCACGCCCTGAAGGGCCTCACCACCAGCCGGGGGGAG120CCGGTGCAGGCGGTCTACGGCTTCGCCAAGAGCCTCCTCAAGGCCCTCAAGGAGGACGGG180GACGCGGTGATCGTGGTCTTTGACGCCAAGGCCCCCTCCTTCCGCCACGAGGCCTACGGG240GGGTACAAGGCGGGCCGGGCCCCCACGCCGGAGGACTTTCCCCGGCAACTCGCCCTCATC300AAGGAGCTGGTGGACCTCCTGGGGCTGGCGCGCCTCGAGGTCCCGGGCTACGAGGCGGAC360GACGTCCTGGCCAGCCTGGCCAAGAAGGCGGAAAAGGAGGGCTACGAGGTCCGCATCCTC420ACCGCCGACAAAGACCTTTACCAGCTCCTTTCCGACCGCATCCACGTCCTCCACCCCGAG480GGGTACCTCATCACCCCGGCCTGGCTTTGGGAAAAGTACGGCCTGAGGCCCGACCAGTGG540GCCGACTACCGGGCCCTGACCGGGGACGAGTCCGACAACCTTCCCGGGGTCAAGGGCATC600GGGGAGAAGACGGCGAGGAAGCTTCTGGAGGAGTGGGGGAGCCTGGAAGCCCTCCTCAAG660AACCTGGACCGGCTGAAGCCCGCCATCCGGGAGAAGATCCTGGCCCACATGGACGATCTG720AAGCTCTCCTGGGACCTGGCCAAGGTGCGCACCGACCTGCCCCTGGAGGTGGACTTCGCC780AAAAGGCGGGAGCCCGACCGGGAGAGGCTTAGGGCCTTTCTGGAGAGGCTTGAGTTTGGC840AGCCTCCTCCACGAGTTCGGCCTTCTGGAAAGCCCCAAGGCCCTGGAGGAGGCCCCCTGG900CCCCCGCCGGAAGGGGCCTTCGTGGGCTTTGTGCTTTCCCGCAAGGAGCCCATGTGGGCC960GATCTTCTGGCCCTGGCCGCCGCCAGGGGGGGCCGGGTCCACCGGGCCCCCGAGCCTTAT1020AAAGCCCTCAGGGACCTGAAGGAGGCGCGGGGGCTTCTCGCCAAAGACCTGAGCGTTCTG1080GCCCTGAGGGAAGGCCTTGGCCTCCCGCCCGGCGACGACCCCATGCTCCTCGCCTACCTC1140CTGGACCCTTCCAACACCACCCCCGAGGGGGTGGCCCGGCGCTACGGCGGGGAGTGGACG1200GAGGAGGCGGGGGAGCGGGCCGCCCTTTCCGAGAGGCTCTTCGCCAACCTGTGGGGGAGG1260CTTGAGGGGGAGGAGAGGCTCCTTTGGCTTTACCGGGAGGTGGAGAGGCCCCTTTCCGCT1320GTCCTGGCCCACATGGAGGCCACGGGGGTGCGCCTGGACGTGGCCTATCTCAGGGCCTTG1380TCCCTGGAGGTGGCCGGGGAGATCGCCCGCCTCGAGGCCGAGGTCTTCCGCCTGGCCGGC1440CACCCCTTCAACCTCAACTCCCGGGACCAGCTGGAAAGGGTCCTCTTTGACGAGCTAGGG1500CTTCCCGCCATCGGCAAGACGGAGAAGACCGGCAAGCGCTCCACCAGCGCCGCCGTCCTG1560GAGGCCCTCCGCGAGGCCCACCCCATCGTGGAGAAGATCCTGCAGGCATGCAAGCTTGGC1620ACTGGCCGTCGTTTTACAACGTCGTGA1647(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:10:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 2088 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: double(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:10:ATGAATTCGGGGATGCTGCCCCTCTTTGAGCCCAAGGGCCGGGTCCTCCTGGTGGACGGC60CACCACCTGGCCTACCGCACCTTCCACGCCCTGAAGGGCCTCACCACCAGCCGGGGGGAG120CCGGTGCAGGCGGTCTACGGCTTCGCCAAGAGCCTCCTCAAGGCCCTCAAGGAGGACGGG180GACGCGGTGATCGTGGTCTTTGACGCCAAGGCCCCCTCCTTCCGCCACGAGGCCTACGGG240GGGTACAAGGCGGGCCGGGCCCCCACGCCGGAGGACTTTCCCCGGCAACTCGCCCTCATC300AAGGAGCTGGTGGACCTCCTGGGGCTGGCGCGCCTCGAGGTCCCGGGCTACGAGGCGGAC360GACGTCCTGGCCAGCCTGGCCAAGAAGGCGGAAAAGGAGGGCTACGAGGTCCGCATCCTC420ACCGCCGACAAAGACCTTTACCAGCTCCTTTCCGACCGCATCCACGTCCTCCACCCCGAG480GGGTACCTCATCACCCCGGCCTGGCTTTGGGAAAAGTACGGCCTGAGGCCCGACCAGTGG540GCCGACTACCGGGCCCTGACCGGGGACGAGTCCGACAACCTTCCCGGGGTCAAGGGCATC600GGGGAGAAGACGGCGAGGAAGCTTCTGGAGGAGTGGGGGAGCCTGGAAGCCCTCCTCAAG660AACCTGGACCGGCTGAAGCCCGCCATCCGGGAGAAGATCCTGGCCCACATGGACGATCTG720AAGCTCTCCTGGGACCTGGCCAAGGTGCGCACCGACCTGCCCCTGGAGGTGGACTTCGCC780AAAAGGCGGGAGCCCGACCGGGAGAGGCTTAGGGCCTTTCTGGAGAGGCTTGAGTTTGGC840AGCCTCCTCCACGAGTTCGGCCTTCTGGAAAGCCCCAAGGCCCTGGAGGAGGCCCCCTGG900CCCCCGCCGGAAGGGGCCTTCGTGGGCTTTGTGCTTTCCCGCAAGGAGCCCATGTGGGCC960GATCTTCTGGCCCTGGCCGCCGCCAGGGGGGGCCGGGTCCACCGGGCCCCCGAGCCTTAT1020AAAGCCCTCAGGGACCTGAAGGAGGCGCGGGGGCTTCTCGCCAAAGACCTGAGCGTTCTG1080GCCCTGAGGGAAGGCCTTGGCCTCCCGCCCGGCGACGACCCCATGCTCCTCGCCTACCTC1140CTGGACCCTTCCAACACCACCCCCGAGGGGGTGGCCCGGCGCTACGGCGGGGAGTGGACG1200GAGGAGGCGGGGGAGCGGGCCGCCCTTTCCGAGAGGCTCTTCGCCAACCTGTGGGGGAGG1260CTTGAGGGGGAGGAGAGGCTCCTTTGGCTTTACCGGGAGGTGGAGAGGCCCCTTTCCGCT1320GTCCTGGCCCACATGGAGGCCACGGGGGTGCGCCTGGACGTGGCCTATCTCAGGGCCTTG1380TCCCTGGAGGTGGCCGGGGAGATCGCCCGCCTCGAGGCCGAGGTCTTCCGCCTGGCCGGC1440CACCCCTTCAACCTCAACTCCCGGGACCAGCTGGAAAGGGTCCTCTTTGACGAGCTAGGG1500CTTCCCGCCATCGGCAAGACGGAGAAGACCGGCAAGCGCTCCACCAGCGCCGCCGTCCTG1560GAGGCCCTCCGCGAGGCCCACCCCATCGTGGAGAAGATCCTGCAGTACCGGGAGCTCACC1620AAGCTGAAGAGCACCTACATTGACCCCTTGCCGGACCTCATCCACCCCAGGACGGGCCGC1680CTCCACACCCGCTTCAACCAGACGGCCACGGCCACGGGCAGGCTAAGTAGCTCCGATCCC1740AACCTCCAGAACATCCCCGTCCGCACCCCGCTTGGGCAGAGGATCCGCCGGGCCTTCATC1800GCCGAGGAGGGGTGGCTATTGGTGGCCCTGGACTATAGCCAGATAGAGCTCAGGGTGCTG1860GCCCACCTCTCCGGCGACGAGAACCTGATCCGGGTCTTCCAGGAGGGGCGGGACATCCAC1920ACGGAGACCGCCAGCTGGATGTTCGGCGTCCCCCGGGAGGCCGTGGACCCCCTGATGCGC1980CGGGCGGCCAAGACCATCAACTTCGGGGTCCTCTACGGCATGTCGGCCCACCGCCTCTCC2040CAGGAGCTAGCTAGCCATCCCTTACGAGGAGGCCCAGGCCTTCATTGA2088(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:11:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 962 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:11:ATGAATTCGGGGATGCTGCCCCTCTTTGAGCCCAAGGGCCGGGTCCTCCTGGTGGACGGC60CACCACCTGGCCTACCGCACCTTCCACGCCCTGAAGGGCCTCACCACCAGCCGGGGGGAG120CCGGTGCAGGCGGTCTACGGCTTCGCCAAGAGCCTCCTCAAGGCCCTCAAGGAGGACGGG180GACGCGGTGATCGTGGTCTTTGACGCCAAGGCCCCCTCCTTCCGCCACGAGGCCTACGGG240GGGTACAAGGCGGGCCGGGCCCCCACGCCGGAGGACTTTCCCCGGCAACTCGCCCTCATC300AAGGAGCTGGTGGACCTCCTGGGGCTGGCGCGCCTCGAGGTCCCGGGCTACGAGGCGGAC360GACGTCCTGGCCAGCCTGGCCAAGAAGGCGGAAAAGGAGGGCTACGAGGTCCGCATCCTC420ACCGCCGACAAAGACCTTTACCAGCTTCTTTCCGACCGCATCCACGTCCTCCACCCCGAG480GGGTACCTCATCACCCCGGCCTGGCTTTGGGAAAAGTACGGCCTGAGGCCCGACCAGTGG540GCCGACTACCGGGCCCTGACCGGGGACGAGTCCGACAACCTTCCCGGGGTCAAGGGCATC600GGGGAGAAGACGGCGAGGAAGCTTCTGGAGGAGTGGGGGAGCCTGGAAGCCCTCCTCAAG660AACCTGGACCGGCTGAAGCCCGCCATCCGGGAGAAGATCCTGGCCCACATGGACGATCTG720AAGCTCTCCTGGGACCTGGCCAAGGTGCGCACCGACCTGCCCCTGGAGGTGGACTTCGCC780AAAAGGCGGGAGCCCGACCGGGAGAGGCTTAGGGCCTTTCTGGAGAGGCTTGAGTTTGGC840AGCCTCCTCCACGAGTTCGGCCTTCTGGAAAGCCCCAAGTCATGGAGGGGGTGTATCCCC900TGGCCGTGCCCCTGGAGGTGGAGGTGGGGATAGGGGAGGACTGGCTCTCCGCCAAGGAGT960GA962(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:12:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 1600 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: double(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:12:ATGGAATTCGGGGATGCTGCCCCTCTTTGAGCCCAAGGGCCGGGTCCTCCTGGTGGACGG60CCACCACCTGGCCTACCGCACCTTCCACGCCCTGAAGGGCCTCACCACCAGCCGGGGGGA120GCCGGTGCAGGCGGTCTACGGCTTCGCCAAGAGCCTCCTCAAGGCCCTCAAGGAGGACGG180GGACGCGGTGATCGTGGTCTTTGACGCCAAGGCCCCCTCCTTCCGCCACGAGGCCTACGG240GGGGTACAAGGCGGGCCGGGCCCCCACGCCGGAGGACTTTCCCCGGCAACTCGCCCTCAT300CAAGGAGCTGGTGGACCTCCTGGGGCTGGCGCGCCTCGAGGTCCCGGGCTACGAGGCGGA360CGACGTCCTGGCCAGCCTGGCCAAGAAGGCGGAAAAGGAGGGCTACGAGGTCCGCATCCT420CACCGCCGACAAAGACCTTTACCAGCTCCTTTCCGACCGCATCCACGTCCTCCACCCCGA480GGGGTACCTCATCACCCCGGCCTGGCTTTGGGAAAAGTACGGCCTGAGGCCCGACCAGTG540GGCCGACTACCGGGCCCTGACCGGGGACGAGTCCGACAACCTTCCCGGGGTCAAGGGCAT600CGGGGAGAAGACGGCGAGGAAGCTTCTGGAGGAGTGGGGGAGCCTGGAAGCCCTCCTCAA660GAACCTGGACCGGCTGAAGCCCGCCATCCGGGAGAAGATCCTGGCCCACATGGACGATCT720GAAGCTCTCCTGGGACCTGGCCAAGGTGCGCACCGACCTGCCCCTGGAGGTGGACTTCGC780CAAAAGGCGGGAGCCCGACCGGGAGAGGCTTAGGGCCTTTCTGGAGAGGCTTGAGTTTGG840CAGCCTCCTCCACGAGTTCGGCCTTCTGGAAAGCCCCAAGATCCGCCGGGCCTTCATCGC900CGAGGAGGGGTGGCTATTGGTGGCCCTGGACTATAGCCAGATAGAGCTCAGGGTGCTGGC960CCACCTCTCCGGCGACGAGAACCTGATCCGGGTCTTCCAGGAGGGGCGGGACATCCACAC1020GGAGACCGCCAGCTGGATGTTCGGCGTCCCCCGGGAGGCCGTGGACCCCCTGATGCGCCG1080GGCGGCCAAGACCATCAACTTCGGGGTCCTCTACGGCATGTCGGCCCACCGCCTCTCCCA1140GGAGCTAGCCATCCCTTACGAGGAGGCCCAGGCCTTCATTGAGCGCTACTTTCAGAGCTT1200CCCCAAGGTGCGGGCCTGGATTGAGAAGACCCTGGAGGAGGGCAGGAGGCGGGGGTACGT1260GGAGACCCTCTTCGGCCGCCGCCGCTACGTGCCAGACCTAGAGGCCCGGGTGAAGAGCGT1320GCGGGAGGCGGCCGAGCGCATGGCCTTCAACATGCCCGTCCGGGGCACCGCCGCCGACCT1380CATGAAGCTGGCTATGGTGAAGCTCTTCCCCAGGCTGGAGGAAATGGGGGCCAGGATGCT1440CCTTCAGGTCCACGACGAGCTGGTCCTCGAGGCCCCAAAAGAGAGGGCGGAGGCCGTGGC1500CCGGCTGGCCAAGGAGGTCATGGAGGGGGTGTATCCCCTGGCCGTGCCCCTGGAGGTGGA1560GGTGGGGATAGGGGAGGACTGGCTCTCCGCCAAGGAGTGA1600(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:13:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 36 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:13:CACGAATTCGGGGATGCTGCCCCTCTTTGAGCCCAA36(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:14:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 34 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:14:GTGAGATCTATCACTCCTTGGCGGAGAGCCAGTC34(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:15:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 91 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:15:TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGACCGGAATTCGAGCTCGCCCGGGCGAGCTCGAATTCCG60TGTATTCTATAGTGTCACCTAAATCGAATTC91(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:16:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:16:TAATACGACTCACTATAGGG20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:17:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 27 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:17:GAATTCGATTTAGGTGACACTATAGAA27(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:18:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 31 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:18:GTAATCATGGTCATAGCTGGTAGCTTGCTAC31(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:19:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 42 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:19:GGATCCTCTAGAGTCGACCTGCAGGCATGCCTACCTTGGTAG42(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:20:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 30 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:20:GGATCCTCTAGAGTCGACCTGCAGGCATGC30(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:21:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 2502 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: double(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:21:ATGAATTCGGGGATGCTGCCCCTCTTTGAGCCCAAGGGCCGGGTCCTCCTGGTGGACGGC60CACCACCTGGCCTACCGCACCTTCCACGCCCTGAAGGGCCTCACCACCAGCCGGGGGGAG120CCGGTGCAGGCGGTCTACGGCTTCGCCAAGAGCCTCCTCAAGGCCCTCAAGGAGGACGGG180GACGCGGTGATCGTGGTCTTTGACGCCAAGGCCCCCTCCTTCCGCCACGAGGCCTACGGG240GGGTACAAGGCGGGCCGGGCCCCCACGCCGGAGGACTTTCCCCGGCAACTCGCCCTCATC300AAGGAGCTGGTGGACCTCCTGGGGCTGGCGCGCCTCGAGGTCCCGGGCTACGAGGCGGAC360GACGTCCTGGCCAGCCTGGCCAAGAAGGCGGAAAAGGAGGGCTACGAGGTCCGCATCCTC420ACCGCCGACAAAGACCTTTACCAGCTCCTTTCCGACCGCATCCACGTCCTCCACCCCGAG480GGGTACCTCATCACCCCGGCCTGGCTTTGGGAAAAGTACGGCCTGAGGCCCGACCAGTGG540GCCGACTACCGGGCCCTGACCGGGGACGAGTCCGACAACCTTCCCGGGGTCAAGGGCATC600GGGGAGAAGACGGCGAGGAAGCTTCTGGAGGAGTGGGGGAGCCTGGAAGCCCTCCTCAAG660AACCTGGACCGGCTGAAGCCCGCCATCCGGGAGAAGATCCTGGCCCACATGGACGATCTG720AAGCTCTCCTGGGACCTGGCCAAGGTGCGCACCGACCTGCCCCTGGAGGTGGACTTCGCC780AAAAGGCGGGAGCCCGACCGGGAGAGGCTTAGGGCCTTTCTGGAGAGGCTTGAGTTTGGC840AGCCTCCTCCACGAGTTCGGCCTTCTGGAAAGCCCCAAGGCCCTGGAGGAGGCCCCCTGG900CCCCCGCCGGAAGGGGCCTTCGTGGGCTTTGTGCTTTCCCGCAAGGAGCCCATGTGGGCC960GATCTTCTGGCCCTGGCCGCCGCCAGGGGGGGCCGGGTCCACCGGGCCCCCGAGCCTTAT1020AAAGCCCTCAGGGACCTGAAGGAGGCGCGGGGGCTTCTCGCCAAAGACCTGAGCGTTCTG1080GCCCTGAGGGAAGGCCTTGGCCTCCCGCCCGGCGACGACCCCATGCTCCTCGCCTACCTC1140CTGGACCCTTCCAACACCACCCCCGAGGGGGTGGCCCGGCGCTACGGCGGGGAGTGGACG1200GAGGAGGCGGGGGAGCGGGCCGCCCTTTCCGAGAGGCTCTTCGCCAACCTGTGGGGGAGG1260CTTGAGGGGGAGGAGAGGCTCCTTTGGCTTTACCGGGAGGTGGAGAGGCCCCTTTCCGCT1320GTCCTGGCCCACATGGAGGCCACGGGGGTGCGCCTGGACGTGGCCTATCTCAGGGCCTTG1380TCCCTGGAGGTGGCCGGGGAGATCGCCCGCCTCGAGGCCGAGGTCTTCCGCCTGGCCGGC1440CACCCCTTCAACCTCAACTCCCGGGACCAGCTGGAAAGGGTCCTCTTTGACGAGCTAGGG1500CTTCCCGCCATCGGCAAGACGGAGAAGACCGGCAAGCGCTCCACCAGCGCCGCCGTCCTG1560GAGGCCCTCCGCGAGGCCCACCCCATCGTGGAGAAGATCCTGCAGTACCGGGAGCTCACC1620AAGCTGAAGAGCACCTACATTGACCCCTTGCCGGACCTCATCCACCCCAGGACGGGCCGC1680CTCCACACCCGCTTCAACCAGACGGCCACGGCCACGGGCAGGCTAAGTAGCTCCGATCCC1740AACCTCCAGAACATCCCCGTCCGCACCCCGCTTGGGCAGAGGATCCGCCGGGCCTTCATC1800GCCGAGGAGGGGTGGCTATTGGTGGCCCTGGACTATAGCCAGATAGAGCTCAGGGTGCTG1860GCCCACCTCTCCGGCGACGAGAACCTGATCCGGGTCTTCCAGGAGGGGCGGGACATCCAC1920ACGGAGACCGCCAGCTGGATGTTCGGCGTCCCCCGGGAGGCCGTGGACCCCCTGATGCGC1980CGGGCGGCCAAGACCATCAACTTCGGGGTCCTCTACGGCATGTCGGCCCACCGCCTCTCC2040CAGGAGCTAGCCATCCCTTACGAGGAGGCCCAGGCCTTCATTGAGCGCTACTTTCAGAGC2100TTCCCCAAGGTGCGGGCCTGGATTGAGAAGACCCTGGAGGAGGGCAGGAGGCGGGGGTAC2160GTGGAGACCCTCTTCGGCCGCCGCCGCTACGTGCCAGACCTAGAGGCCCGGGTGAAGAGC2220GTGCGGGAGGCGGCCGAGCGCATGGCCTTCAACATGCCCGTCCGGGGCACCGCCGCCGAC2280CTCATGAAGCTGGCTATGGTGAAGCTCTTCCCCAGGCTGGAGGAAATGGGGGCCAGGATG2340CTCCTTCAGGTCCACGACGAGCTGGTCCTCGAGGCCCCAAAAGAGAGGGCGGAGGCCGTG2400GCCCGGCTGGCCAAGGAGGTCATGGAGGGGGTGTATCCCCTGGCCGTGCCCCTGGAGGTG2460GAGGTGGGGATAGGGGAGGACTGGCTCTCCGCCAAGGAGTGA2502(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:22:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 19 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:22:GATTTAGGTGACACTATAG19(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:23:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 72 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:23:CGGACGAACAAGCGAGACAGCGACACAGGTACCACATGGTACAAGAGGCAAGAGAGACGA60CACAGCAGAAAC72(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:24:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 70 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:24:GTTTCTGCTGTGTCGTCTCTCTTGCCTCTTGTACCATGTGGTACCTGTGTCGCTGTCTCG60CTTGTTCGTC70(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:25:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:25:GACGAACAAGCGAGACAGCG20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:26:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 24 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:26:GTTTCTGCTGTGTCGTCTCTCTTG24(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:27:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 46 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:27:CCTCTTGTACCATGTGGTACCTGTGTCGCTGTCTCGCTTGTTCGTC46(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:28:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 50 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:28:ACACAGGTACCACATGGTACAAGAGGCAAGAGAGACGACACAGCAGAAAC50(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:29:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 15 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: unknown(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:29:MetAlaSerMetThrGlyGlyGlnGlnMetGlyArgIleAsnSer151015(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:30:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 969 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:30:ATGGCTAGCATGACTGGTGGACAGCAAATGGGTCGGATCAATTCGGGGATGCTGCCCCTC60TTTGAGCCCAAGGGCCGGGTCCTCCTGGTGGACGGCCACCACCTGGCCTACCGCACCTTC120CACGCCCTGAAGGGCCTCACCACCAGCCGGGGGGAGCCGGTGCAGGCGGTCTACGGCTTC180GCCAAGAGCCTCCTCAAGGCCCTCAAGGAGGACGGGGACGCGGTGATCGTGGTCTTTGAC240GCCAAGGCCCCCTCCTTCCGCCACGAGGCCTACGGGGGGTACAAGGCGGGCCGGGCCCCC300ACGCCGGAGGACTTTCCCCGGCAACTCGCCCTCATCAAGGAGCTGGTGGACCTCCTGGGG360CTGGCGCGCCTCGAGGTCCCGGGCTACGAGGCGGACGACGTCCTGGCCAGCCTGGCCAAG420AAGGCGGAAAAGGAGGGCTACGAGGTCCGCATCCTCACCGCCGACAAAGACCTTTACCAG480CTTCTTTCCGACCGCATCCACGTCCTCCACCCCGAGGGGTACCTCATCACCCCGGCCTGG540CTTTGGGAAAAGTACGGCCTGAGGCCCGACCAGTGGGCCGACTACCGGGCCCTGACCGGG600GACGAGTCCGACAACCTTCCCGGGGTCAAGGGCATCGGGGAGAAGACGGCGAGGAAGCTT660CTGGAGGAGTGGGGGAGCCTGGAAGCCCTCCTCAAGAACCTGGACCGGCTGAAGCCCGCC720ATCCGGGAGAAGATCCTGGCCCACATGGACGATCTGAAGCTCTCCTGGGACCTGGCCAAG780GTGCGCACCGACCTGCCCCTGGAGGTGGACTTCGCCAAAAGGCGGGAGCCCGACCGGGAG840AGGCTTAGGGCCTTTCTGGAGAGGCTTGAGTTTGGCAGCCTCCTCCACGAGTTCGGCCTT900CTGGAAAGCCCCAAGTCATGGAGGGGGTGTATCCCCTGGCCGTGCCCCTGGAGGTGGAGG960TGGGGATAG969(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:31:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 948 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:31:ATGGCTAGCATGACTGGTGGACAGCAAATGGGTCGGATCAATTCGGGGATGCTGCCCCTC60TTTGAGCCCAAGGGCCGGGTCCTCCTGGTGGACGGCCACCACCTGGCCTACCGCACCTTC120CACGCCCTGAAGGGCCTCACCACCAGCCGGGGGGAGCCGGTGCAGGCGGTCTACGGCTTC180GCCAAGAGCCTCCTCAAGGCCCTCAAGGAGGACGGGGACGCGGTGATCGTGGTCTTTGAC240GCCAAGGCCCCCTCCTTCCGCCACGAGGCCTACGGGGGGTACAAGGCGGGCCGGGCCCCC300ACGCCGGAGGACTTTCCCCGGCAACTCGCCCTCATCAAGGAGCTGGTGGACCTCCTGGGG360CTGGCGCGCCTCGAGGTCCCGGGCTACGAGGCGGACGACGTCCTGGCCAGCCTGGCCAAG420AAGGCGGAAAAGGAGGGCTACGAGGTCCGCATCCTCACCGCCGACAAAGACCTTTACCAG480CTTCTTTCCGACCGCATCCACGTCCTCCACCCCGAGGGGTACCTCATCACCCCGGCCTGG540CTTTGGGAAAAGTACGGCCTGAGGCCCGACCAGTGGGCCGACTACCGGGCCCTGACCGGG600GACGAGTCCGACAACCTTCCCGGGGTCAAGGGCATCGGGGAGAAGACGGCGAGGAAGCTT660CTGGAGGAGTGGGGGAGCCTGGAAGCCCTCCTCAAGAACCTGGACCGGCTGAAGCCCGCC720ATCCGGGAGAAGATCCTGGCCCACATGGACGATCTGAAGCTCTCCTGGGACCTGGCCAAG780GTGCGCACCGACCTGCCCCTGGAGGTGGACTTCGCCAAAAGGCGGGAGCCCGACCGGGAG840AGGCTTAGGGCCTTTCTGGAGAGGCTTGAGTTTGGCAGCCTCCTCCACGAGTTCGGCCTT900CTGGAAAGCCCCAAGGCCGCACTCGAGCACCACCACCACCACCACTGA948(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:32:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 206 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:32:CGCCAGGGTTTTCCCAGTCACGACGTTGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTGAATTGTAATACGACT60CACTATAGGGCGAATTCGAGCTCGGTACCCGGGGATCCTCTAGAGTCGACCTGCAGGCAT120GCAAGCTTGAGTATTCTATAGTGTCACCTAAATAGCTTGGCGTAATCATGGTCATAGCTG180TTTCCTGTGTGAAATTGTTATCCGCT206(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:33:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 43 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:33:TTCTGGGTTCTCTGCTCTCTGGTCGCTGTCTCGCTTGTTCGTC43(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:34:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 19 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:34:GCTGTCTCGCTTGTTCGTC19(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:35:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:35:GACGAACAAGCGAGACAGCG20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:36:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 24 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:36:TTCTGGGTTCTCTGCTCTCTGGTC24(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:37:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 43 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:37:GACGAACAAGCGAGACAGCGACCAGAGAGCAGAGAACCCAGAA43(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:38:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 23 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:38:ACCAGAGAGCAGAGAACCCAGAA23(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:39:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 21 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:39:AACAGCTATGACCATGATTAC21(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:40:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 157 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: double(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:40:CACCGTCCTCTTCAAGAAGTTTATCCAGAAGCCAATGCACCCATTGGACATAACCGGGAA60TCCTACATGGTTCCTTTTATACCACTGTACAGAAATGGTGATTTCTTTATTTCATCCAAA120GATCTGGGCTATGACTATAGCTATCTACAAGATTCAG157(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:41:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 157 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: double(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:41:CACCGTCCTCTTCAAGAAGTTTATCCAGAAGCCAATGCACCCATTAGACATAACCGGGAA60TCCTACATGGTTCCTTTTATACCACTGTACAGAAATGGTGATTTCTTTATTTCATCCAAA120GATCTGGGCTATGACTATAGCTATCTACAAGATTCAG157(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:42:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 19 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:42:CACCGTCCTCTTCAAGAAG19(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:43:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:43:CTGAATCTTGTAGATAGCTA20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:44:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 339 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: double(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:44:GCCTTATTTTACTTTAAAAATTTTCAAATGTTTCTTTTATACACAATATGTTTCTTAGTC60TGAATAACCTTTTCCTCTGCAGTATTTTTGAGCAGTGGCTCCGAAGGCACCGTCCTCTTC120AAGAAGTTTATCCAGAAGCCAATGCACCCATTAGACATAACCGGGAATCCTACATGGTTC180CTTTTATACCACTGTACAGAAATGGTGATTTCTTTATTTCATCCAAAGATCTGGGCTATG240ACTATAGCTATCTACAAGATTCAGGTAAAGTTTACTTTCTTTCAGAGGAATTGCTGAATC300TAGTGTTACCAATTTATTTTGAGATAACACAAAACTTTA339(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:45:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 21 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:45:GCCTTATTTTACTTTAAAAAT21(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:46:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:46:TAAAGTTTTGTGTTATCTCA20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:47:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 157 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:47:CACCGTCCTCTTCAAGAAGTTTATCCAGAAGCCAATGCACCCATTGGACATAACCGGGAA60TCCTACATGGTTCCTTTTATACCACTGTACAGAAATGGTGATTTCTTTATTTCATCCAAA120GATCTGGGCTATGACTATAGCTATCTACAAGATTCAG157(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:48:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 157 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:48:CTGAATCTTGTAGATAGCTATAGTCATAGCCCAGATCTTTGGATGAAATAAAGAAATCAC60CATTTCTGTACAGTGGTATAAAAGGAACCATGTAGGATTCCCGGTTATGTCCAATGGGTG120CATTGGCTTCTGGATAAACTTCTTGAAGAGGACGGTG157(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:49:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 165 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:49:AGCGGATAACAATTTCACACAGGAAACAGCTATGACCATGATTACGCCAAGCTATTTAGG60TGACACTATAGAATACTCAAGCTTGCATGCCTGCAGGTCGACTCTAGAGGATCCCCGGGT120ACCGAGCTCGAATTCGCCCTATAGTGAGTCGTATTAGGATCCGTG165(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:50:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 206 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:50:CGCCAGGGTTTTCCCAGTCACGACGTTGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTGAATTGTAATACGACT60CACTATAGGGCGAATTCGAGCTCGGTACCCGGGGATCCTCTAGAGTCGACCTGCAGGCAT120GCAAGCTTGAGTATTCTATAGTGTCACCTAAATAGCTTGGCGTAATCATGGTCATAGCTG180TTTCCTGTGTGAAATTGTTATCCGCT206(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:51:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 24 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:51:AGCGGATAACAATTTCACACAGGA24(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:52:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 29 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:52:CACGGATCCTAATACGACTCACTATAGGG29(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:53:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 24 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:53:CGCCAGGGTTTTCCCAGTCACGAC24(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:54:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 157 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:54:CACCGTCCTCTTCAAGAAGTTTATCCAGAAGCCAATGCACCCATTAGACATAACCGGGAA60TCCTACATGGTTCCTTTTATACCACTGTACAGAAATGGTGATTTCTTTATTTCATCCAAA120GATCTGGGCTATGACTATAGCTATCTACAAGATTCAG157(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:55:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 157 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:55:CACCGTCCTCTTCAAGAAGTTTATCCAGAAGCCAATGCACCCATTGGACATAACCAGGAA60TCCTACATGGTTCCTTTTATACCACTGTACAGAAATGGTGATTTCTTTATTTCATCCAAA120GATCTGGGCTATGACTATAGCTATCTACAAGATTCAG157(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:56:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 378 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:56:CACCGTCCTCTTCAAGAAGTTTATCCAGAAGCCAATGCACCCATTGGACATAACCGGGAA60TCCTACATGGTTCCTTTTATACCACTGTACAGAAATGGTGATTTCTTTATTTCATCCAAA120GATCTGGGCTATGACTATAGCTATCTACAAGATTCAGACCCAGACTCTTTTCAAGACTAC180ATTAAGTCCTATTTGGAACAAGCGAGTCGGATCTGGTCATGGCTCCTTGGGGCGGCGATG240GTAGGGGCCGTCCTCACTGCCCTGCTGGCAGGGCTTGTGAGCTTGCTGTGTCGTCACAAG300AGAAAGCAGCTTCCTGAAGAAAAGCAGCCACTCCTCATGGAGAAAGAGGATTACCACAGC360TTGTATCAGAGCCATTTA378(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:57:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 378 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:57:CACCGTCCTCTTCAAGAAGTTTATCCAGAAGCCAATGCACCCATTGGACATAACCAGGAA60TCCTACATGGTTCCTTTTATACCACTGTACAGAAATGGTGATTTCTTTATTTCATCCAAA120GATCTGGGCTATGACTATAGCTATCTACAAGATTCAGACCCAGACTCTTTTCAAGACTAC180ATTAAGTCCTATTTGGAACAAGCGAGTCGGATCTGGTCATGGCTCCTTGGGGCGGCGATG240GTAGGGGCCGTCCTCACTGCCCTGCTGGCAGGGCTTGTGAGCTTGCTGTGTCGTCACAAG300AGAAAGCAGCTTCCTGAAGAAAAGCAGCCACTCCTCATGGAGAAAGAGGATTACCACAGC360TTGTATCAGAGCCATTTA378(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:58:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 1059 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:58:GCAAGTTTGGCTTTTGGGGACCAAACTGCACAGAGAGACGACTCTTGGTGAGAAGAAACA60TCTTCGATTTGAGTGCCCCAGAGAAGGACAAATTTTTTGCCTACCTCACTTTAGCAAAGC120ATACCATCAGCTCAGACTATGTCATCCCCATAGGGACCTATGGCCAAATGAAAAATGGAT180CAACACCCATGTTTAACGACATCAATATTTATGACCTCTTTGTCTGGATGCATTATTATG240TGTCAATGGATGCACTGCTTGGGGGATATGAAATCTGGAGAGACATTGATTTTGCCCATG300AAGCACCAGCTTTTCTGCCTTGGCATAGACTCTTCTTGTTGCGGTGGGAACAAGAAATCC360AGAAGCTGACAGGAGATGAAAACTTCACTATTCCATATTGGGACTGGCGGGATGCAGAAA420AGTGTGACATTTGCACAGATGAGTACATGGGAGGTCAGCACCCCACAAATCCTAACTTAC480TCAGCCCAGCATCATTCTTCTCCTCTTGGCAGATTGTCTGTAGCCGATTGGAGGAGTACA540ACAGCCATCAGTCTTTATGCAATGGAACGCCCGAGGGACCTTTACGGCGTAATCCTGGAA600ACCATGACAAATCCAGAACCCCAAGGCTCCCCTCTTCAGCTGATGTAGAATTTTGCCTGA660GTTTGACCCAATATGAATCTGGTTCCATGGATAAAGCTGCCAATTTCAGCTTTAGAAATA720CACTGGAAGGATTTGCTAGTCCACTTACTGGGATAGCGGATGCCTCTCAAAGCAGCATGC780ACAATGCCTTGCACATCTATATGAATGGAACAATGTCCCAGGTACAGGGATCTGCCAACG840ATCCTATCTTCCTTCTTCACCATGCATTTGTTGACAGTATTTTTGAGCAGTGGCTCCGAA900GGCACCGTCCTCTTCAAGAAGTTTATCCAGAAGCCAATGCACCCATTGGACATAACCGGG960AATCCTACATGGTTCCTTTTATACCACTGTACAGAAATGGTGATTTCTTTATTTCATCCA1020AAGATCTGGGCTATGACTATAGCTATCTACAAGATTCAG1059(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:59:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 1059 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:59:GCAAGTTTGGCTTTTGGGGACCAAACTGCACAGAGAGACGACTCTTGGTGAGAAGAAACA60TCTTCGATTTGAGTGCCCCAGAGAAGGACAAATTTTTTGCCTACCTCACTTTAGCAAAGC120ATACCATCAGCTCAGACTATGTCATCCCCATAGGGACCTATGGCCAAATGAAAAATGGAT180CAACACCCATGTTTAACGACATCAATATTTATGACCTCTTTGTCTGGATGCATTATTATG240TGTCAATGGATGCACTGCTTGGGGGATATGAAATCTGGAGAGACATTGATTTTGCCCATG300AAGCACCAGCTTTTCTGCCTTGGCATAGACTCTTCTTGTTGCGGTGGGAACAAGAAATCC360AGAAGCTGACAGGAGATGAAAACTTCACTATTCCATATTGGGACTGGCGGGATGCAGAAA420AGTGTGACATTTGCACAGATGAGTACATGGGAGGTCAGCACCCCACAAATCCTAACTTAC480TCAGCCCAGCATCATTCTTCTCCTCTTGGCAGATTGTCTGTAGCCGATTGGAGGAGTACA540ACAGCCATCAGTCTTTATGCAATGGAACGCCCGAGGGACCTTTACGGCGTAATCCTGGAA600ACCATGACAAATCCAGAACCCCAAGGCTCCCCTCTTCAGCTGATGTAGAATTTTGCCTGA660GTTTGACCCAATATGAATCTGGTTCCATGGATAAAGCTGCCAATTTCAGCTTTAGAAATA720CACTGGAAGGATTTGCTAGTCCACTTACTGGGATAGCGGATGCCTCTCAAAGCAGCATGC780ACAATGCCTTGCACATCTATATGAATGGAACAATGTCCCAGGTACAGGGATCTGCCAACG840ATCCTATCTTCCTTCTTCACCATGCATTTGTTGACAGTATTTTTGAGCAGTGGCTCCGAA900GGCACCGTCCTCTTCAAGAAGTTTATCCAGAAGCCAATGCACCCATTGGACATAACCAGG960AATCCTACATGGTTCCTTTTATACCACTGTACAGAAATGGTGATTTCTTTATTTCATCCA1020AAGATCTGGGCTATGACTATAGCTATCTACAAGATTCAG1059(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:60:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 1587 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:60:ATGCTCCTGGCTGTTTTGTACTGCCTGCTGTGGAGTTTCCAGACCTCCGCTGGCCATTTC60CCTAGAGCCTGTGTCTCCTCTAAGAACCTGATGGAGAAGGAATGCTGTCCACCGTGGAGC120GGGGACAGGAGTCCCTGTGGCCAGCTTTCAGGCAGAGGTTCCTGTCAGAATATCCTTCTG180TCCAATGCACCACTTGGGCCTCAATTTCCCTTCACAGGGGTGGATGACCGGGAGTCGTGG240CCTTCCGTCTTTTATAATAGGACCTGCCAGTGCTCTGGCAACTTCATGGGATTCAACTGT300GGAAACTGCAAGTTTGGCTTTTGGGGACCAAACTGCACAGAGAGACGACTCTTGGTGAGA360AGAAACATCTTCGATTTGAGTGCCCCAGAGAAGGACAAATTTTTTGCCTACCTCACTTTA420GCAAAGCATACCATCAGCTCAGACTATGTCATCCCCATAGGGACCTATGGCCAAATGAAA480AATGGATCAACACCCATGTTTAACGACATCAATATTTATGACCTCTTTGTCTGGATGCAT540TATTATGTGTCAATGGATGCACTGCTTGGGGGATATGAAATCTGGAGAGACATTGATTTT600GCCCATGAAGCACCAGCTTTTCTGCCTTGGCATAGACTCTTCTTGTTGCGGTGGGAACAA660GAAATCCAGAAGCTGACAGGAGATGAAAACTTCACTATTCCATATTGGGACTGGCGGGAT720GCAGAAAAGTGTGACATTTGCACAGATGAGTACATGGGAGGTCAGCACCCCACAAATCCT780AACTTACTCAGCCCAGCATCATTCTTCTCCTCTTGGCAGATTGTCTGTAGCCGATTGGAG840GAGTACAACAGCCATCAGTCTTTATGCAATGGAACGCCCGAGGGACCTTTACGGCGTAAT900CCTGGAAACCATGACAAATCCAGAACCCCAAGGCTCCCCTCTTCAGCTGATGTAGAATTT960TGCCTGAGTTTGACCCAATATGAATCTGGTTCCATGGATAAAGCTGCCAATTTCAGCTTT1020AGAAATACACTGGAAGGATTTGCTAGTCCACTTACTGGGATAGCGGATGCCTCTCAAAGC1080AGCATGCACAATGCCTTGCACATCTATATGAATGGAACAATGTCCCAGGTACAGGGATCT1140GCCAACGATCCTATCTTCCTTCTTCACCATGCATTTGTTGACAGTATTTTTGAGCAGTGG1200CTCCGAAGGCACCGTCCTCTTCAAGAAGTTTATCCAGAAGCCAATGCACCCATTGGACAT1260AACCGGGAATCCTACATGGTTCCTTTTATACCACTGTACAGAAATGGTGATTTCTTTATT1320TCATCCAAAGATCTGGGCTATGACTATAGCTATCTACAAGATTCAGACCCAGACTCTTTT1380CAAGACTACATTAAGTCCTATTTGGAACAAGCGAGTCGGATCTGGTCATGGCTCCTTGGG1440GCGGCGATGGTAGGGGCCGTCCTCACTGCCCTGCTGGCAGGGCTTGTGAGCTTGCTGTGT1500CGTCACAAGAGAAAGCAGCTTCCTGAAGAAAAGCAGCCACTCCTCATGGAGAAAGAGGAT1560TACCACAGCTTGTATCAGAGCCATTTA1587(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:61:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 1587 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:61:ATGCTCCTGGCTGTTTTGTACTGCCTGCTGTGGAGTTTCCAGACCTCCGCTGGCCATTTC60CCTAGAGCCTGTGTCTCCTCTAAGAACCTGATGGAGAAGGAATGCTGTCCACCGTGGAGC120GGGGACAGGAGTCCCTGTGGCCAGCTTTCAGGCAGAGGTTCCTGTCAGAATATCCTTCTG180TCCAATGCACCACTTGGGCCTCAATTTCCCTTCACAGGGGTGGATGACCGGGAGTCGTGG240CCTTCCGTCTTTTATAATAGGACCTGCCAGTGCTCTGGCAACTTCATGGGATTCAACTGT300GGAAACTGCAAGTTTGGCTTTTGGGGACCAAACTGCACAGAGAGACGACTCTTGGTGAGA360AGAAACATCTTCGATTTGAGTGCCCCAGAGAAGGACAAATTTTTTGCCTACCTCACTTTA420GCAAAGCATACCATCAGCTCAGACTATGTCATCCCCATAGGGACCTATGGCCAAATGAAA480AATGGATCAACACCCATGTTTAACGACATCAATATTTATGACCTCTTTGTCTGGATGCAT540TATTATGTGTCAATGGATGCACTGCTTGGGGGATATGAAATCTGGAGAGACATTGATTTT600GCCCATGAAGCACCAGCTTTTCTGCCTTGGCATAGACTCTTCTTGTTGCGGTGGGAACAA660GAAATCCAGAAGCTGACAGGAGATGAAAACTTCACTATTCCATATTGGGACTGGCGGGAT720GCAGAAAAGTGTGACATTTGCACAGATGAGTACATGGGAGGTCAGCACCCCACAAATCCT780AACTTACTCAGCCCAGCATCATTCTTCTCCTCTTGGCAGATTGTCTGTAGCCGATTGGAG840GAGTACAACAGCCATCAGTCTTTATGCAATGGAACGCCCGAGGGACCTTTACGGCGTAAT900CCTGGAAACCATGACAAATCCAGAACCCCAAGGCTCCCCTCTTCAGCTGATGTAGAATTT960TGCCTGAGTTTGACCCAATATGAATCTGGTTCCATGGATAAAGCTGCCAATTTCAGCTTT1020AGAAATACACTGGAAGGATTTGCTAGTCCACTTACTGGGATAGCGGATGCCTCTCAAAGC1080AGCATGCACAATGCCTTGCACATCTATATGAATGGAACAATGTCCCAGGTACAGGGATCT1140GCCAACGATCCTATCTTCCTTCTTCACCATGCATTTGTTGACAGTATTTTTGAGCAGTGG1200CTCCGAAGGCACCGTCCTCTTCAAGAAGTTTATCCAGAAGCCAATGCACCCATTGGACAT1260AACCAGGAATCCTACATGGTTCCTTTTATACCACTGTACAGAAATGGTGATTTCTTTATT1320TCATCCAAAGATCTGGGCTATGACTATAGCTATCTACAAGATTCAGACCCAGACTCTTTT1380CAAGACTACATTAAGTCCTATTTGGAACAAGCGAGTCGGATCTGGTCATGGCTCCTTGGG1440GCGGCGATGGTAGGGGCCGTCCTCACTGCCCTGCTGGCAGGGCTTGTGAGCTTGCTGTGT1500CGTCACAAGAGAAAGCAGCTTCCTGAAGAAAAGCAGCCACTCCTCATGGAGAAAGAGGAT1560TACCACAGCTTGTATCAGAGCCATTTA1587(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:62:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 21 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:62:TAAATGGCTCTGATACAAGCT21(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:63:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:63:GCAAGTTTGGCTTTTGGGGA20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:64:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 23 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:64:ATGCTCCTGGCTGTTTTGTACTG23(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:65:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 157 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:65:CTGAATCTTGTAGATAGCTATAGTCATAGCCCAGATCTTTGGATGAAATAAAGAAATCAC60CATTTCTGTACAGTGGTATAAAAGGAACCATGTAGGATTCCCGGTTATGTCTAATGGGTG120CATTGGCTTCTGGATAAACTTCTTGAAGAGGACGGTG157(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:66:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 157 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:66:CTGAATCTTGTAGATAGCTATAGTCATAGCCCAGATCTTTGGATGAAATAAAGAAATCAC60CATTTCTGTACAGTGGTATAAAAGGAACCATGTAGGATTCCTGGTTATGTCCAATGGGTG120CATTGGCTTCTGGATAAACTTCTTGAAGAGGACGGTG157(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:67:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 22 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:67:GGTTGGCCAATCTACTCCCAGG22(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:68:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 20 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:68:GCTCACTCAGTGTGGCAAAG20(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:69:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 536 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:69:GGTTGGCCAATCTACTCCCAGGAGCAGGGAGGGCAGGAGCCAGGGCTGGGCATAAAAGTC60AGGGCAGAGCCATCTATTGCTTACATTTGCTTCTGACACAACTGTGTTCACTAGCAACCT120CAAACAGACACCATGGTGCACCTGACTCCTGAGGAGAAGTCTGCCGTTACTGCCCTGTGG180GGCAAGGTGAACGTGGATGAAGTTGGTGGTGAGGCCCTGGGCAGGTTGGTATCAAGGTTA240CAAGACAGGTTTAAGGAGACCAATAGAAACTGGGCATGTGGAGACAGAGAAGACTCTTGG300GTTTCTGATAGGCACTGACTCTCTCTGCCTATTGGTCTATTTTCCCACCCTTAGGCTGCT360GGTGGTCTACCCTTGGACCCAGAGGTTCTTTGAGTCCTTTGGGGATCTGTCCACTCCTGA420TGCTGTTATGGGCAACCCTAAGGTGAAGGCTCATGGCAAGAAAGTGCTCGGTGCCTTTAG480TGATGGCCTGGCTCACCTGGACAACCTCAAGGGCACCTTTGCCACACTGAGTGAGC536(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:70:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 534 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:70:GGTTGGCCAATCTACTCCCAGGAGCAGGGAGGGCAGGAGCCAGGGCTGGGCATAAAAGTC60AGGGCAGAGCCATCTATTGCTTACATTTGCTTCTGACACAACTGTGTTCACTAGCAACCT120CAAACAGACACCATGGTGCATCTGACTCCTGAGGAGGTCTGCCGTTACTGCCCTGTGGGG180CAAGGTGAACGTGGATGAAGTTGGTGGTGAGGCCCTGGGCAGGTTGGTATCAAGGTTACA240AGACAGGTTTAAGGAGACCAATAGAAACTGGGCATGTGGAGACAGAGAAGACTCTTGGGT300TTCTGATAGGCACTGACTCTCTCTGCCTATTGGTCTATTTTCCCACCCTTAGGCTGCTGG360TGGTCTACCCTTGGACCCAGAGGTTCTTTGAGTCCTTTGGGGATCTGTCCACTCCTGATG420CTGTTATGGGCAACCCTAAGGTGAAGGCTCATGGCAAGAAAGTGCTCGGTGCCTTTAGTG480ATGGCCTGGCTCACCTGGACAACCTCAAGGGCACCTTTGCCACACTGAGTGAGC534(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:71:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 536 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:71:GGTTGGCCAATCTACTCCCAGGAGCAGGGAGGGCAGGAGCCAGGGCTGGGCATAAAAGTC60AGGGCAGAGCCATCTATTGCTTACATTTGCTTCTGACACAACTGTGTTCACTAGCAACCT120CAAACAGACACCATGGTGCACCTGACTCCTGAGGAGAAGTCTGCCGTTACTGCCCTGTGG180GGCAAGGTGAACGTGGATGAAGTTGGTGGTGAGGCCCTGGGCAGGTTGGTATCAAGGTTA240CAAGACAGGTTTAAGGAGACCAATAGAAACTGGGCATGTGGAGACAGAGAAGACTCTTGG300GTTTCTGATAGGCACTGACTCTCTCTGCCTATTGGTCTATTTTCCCACCCTTAGGCTGCT360GGTGGTCTACCCTTGGACCTAGAGGTTCTTTGAGTCCTTTGGGGATCTGTCCACTCCTGA420TGCTGTTATGGGCAACCCTAAGGTGAAGGCTCATGGCAAGAAAGTGCTCGGTGCCTTTAG480TGATGGCCTGGCTCACCTGGACAACCTCAAGGGCACCTTTGCCACACTGAGTGAGC536(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:72:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 536 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:72:GGTTGGCCAATCTACTCCCAGGAGCAGGGAGGGCAGGAGCCAGGGCTGGGCATAAAAGTC60AGGGCAGAGCCATCTATTGCTTACATTTGCTTCTGACACAACTGTGTTCACTAGCAACCT120CAAACAGACACCATGGTGCACCTGACTCCTGAGGAGAAGTCTGCCGTTACTGCCCTGTGG180GGCAAGGTGAACGTGGATGAAGTTGGAGGTGAGGCCCTGGGCAGGTTGGTATCAAGGTTA240CAAGACAGGTTTAAGGAGACCAATAGAAACTGGGCATGTGGAGACAGAGAAGACTCTTGG300GTTTCTGATAGGCACTGACTCTCTCTGCCTATTGGTCTATTTTCCCACCCTTAGGCTGCT360GGTGGTCTACCCTTGGACCCAGAGGTTCTTTGAGTCCTTTGGGGATCTGTCCACTCCTGA420TGCTGTTATGGGCAACCCTAAGGTGAAGGCTCATGGCAAGAAAGTGCTCGGTGCCTTTAG480TGATGGCCTGGCTCACCTGGACAACCTCAAGGGCACCTTTGCCACACTGAGTGAGC536(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:73:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 64 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: RNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:73:GAAUACUCAAGCUUGCAUGCCUGCAGGUCGACUCUAGAGGAUCCCCGGGUACCGAGCUCG60AAUU64__________________________________________________________________________

Number	Name	Date
4511502	Builder et al.	Apr 1985
4511503	Olson et al.	Apr 1985
4512922	Jones et al.	Apr 1985
4518526	Olson	May 1985
4683195	Mullis et al.	Jul 1987
4683202	Mullis	Jul 1987
5108892	Burke et al.	Apr 1992
5144019	Rossi et al.	Sep 1992
5210015	Gelfand et al.	May 1993
5487972	Gelfand	Jan 1996

	Number	Date
Parent	254359	Jun 1994
Parent	73384	Jun 1993
Parent	986330	Dec 1992

Cleavase fragment length polymorphism

Information

Patent Number

Date Filed

Date Issued

Inventors

Original Assignees

Examiners

Agents

CPC

US Classifications

Field of Search

US

International Classifications

Abstract

Description

Claims

Parent Case Info

US Referenced Citations (10)

Foreign Referenced Citations (1)

Continuations (1)

Continuation in Parts (3)