Field of the Invention
The subject matter of the present application relates to microelectronic packages and assemblies, particularly in a context of assemblies which occupy reduced space of a circuit panel, e.g., a motherboard.
Description of the Related Art
Semiconductor chips are commonly provided as individual, prepackaged units. A standard chip has a flat, rectangular body with a large front face having contacts connected to the internal circuitry of the chip. Each individual chip typically is contained in a package having external terminals connected to the contacts of the chip. In turn, the terminals, i.e., the external connection points of the package, are configured to electrically connect to a circuit panel, such as a printed circuit board. In many conventional designs, the chip package occupies an area of the circuit panel considerably larger than the area of the chip itself. As used in this disclosure with reference to a flat chip having a front face, the “area of the chip” should be understood as referring to the area of the front face.
Size is a significant consideration in any physical arrangement of chips. The demand for more compact physical arrangements of chips has become even more intense with the rapid progress of portable electronic devices. Merely by way of example, devices commonly referred to as “smart phones” integrate the functions of a cellular telephone with powerful data processors, memory and ancillary devices such as global positioning system receivers, electronic cameras, and local area network connections along with high-resolution displays and associated image processing chips. Such devices can provide capabilities such as full internet connectivity, entertainment including full-resolution video, navigation, electronic banking and more, all in a pocket-size device. Complex portable devices require packing numerous chips into a small space. Moreover, some of the chips have many input and output connections, commonly referred to as “I/Os.” These I/Os must be interconnected with the I/Os of other chips. The components which form the interconnections should not greatly increase the size of the assembly. Similar needs arise in other applications as, for example, in data servers such as those used in internet search engines where increased performance and size reduction are needed.
Semiconductor chips containing memory storage arrays, particularly dynamic random access memory chips (DRAMs) and flash memory chips are commonly packaged in single- or multiple-chip packages and assemblies. Each package has many electrical connections for carrying signals, power and ground between terminals and the chips therein. The electrical connections can include different kinds of conductors such as horizontal conductors, e.g., traces, beam leads, etc., which extend in a horizontal direction relative to a contact-bearing surface of a chip, vertical conductors such as vias, which extend in a vertical direction relative to the surface of the chip, and wire bonds which extend in both horizontal and vertical directions relative to the surface of the chip.
As manufacturers of smartphones, tablets and other devices constantly seek increased performance and greater circuit density the trend for these devices is to provide ever greater functional capabilities in an amount of space on a circuit panel that may stay the same or decrease over time. In light of the foregoing, certain improvements can be made in the structure of microelectronic packages and assemblies which comprise a microelectronic package having a memory controller function, or “controller package” as further defined herein. Such improvements may help reduce an amount of space of a circuit panel, e.g., motherboard occupied by the controller and memory packages when such controller and memory packages are mounted in close proximity to one another at non-overlapping areas of the circuit panel.
Accordingly, an aspect of the invention provides a microelectronic package configured to provide multiple channel memory access. Such package may comprise a substrate having first and second opposite surfaces, the first surface having third and fourth corners opposite one another along a first diagonal of the first surface, and first and second corners opposite one another along a second diagonal of the first surface transverse to the first diagonal. The first diagonal may divide the first surface in first and second half areas each extending from the first diagonal to one of the first corner or the second corner. The substrate can include a plurality of terminals at the first surface, the terminals including first terminals configured to carry data and second terminals configured to carry address information. In such package, the first terminals and the second terminals in the first half area can provide access to a first memory storage array corresponding to a first memory channel, and the first terminals and the second terminals in the second half area can provide access to a second memory storage array corresponding to a second memory channel different from the first memory channel. The microelectronic package may include first and second microelectronic elements overlying the second surface and stacked in first and second orientations transverse to one another, the first and second microelectronic elements comprising the first and second memory storage arrays.
In accordance with one or more further aspects of the invention, the first microelectronic element may comprise the first memory storage array and the second microelectronic element comprises the second memory storage array.
In accordance with one or more further aspects of the invention, each of the microelectronic elements can have a face parallel to the second surface, edges bounding the face, and contacts at the face. The contacts of each microelectronic element may include first peripheral contacts at or near a first one of the edges. The first contacts can be configured to carry data. Second peripheral contacts which can be at or near a second one of the edges opposite the first edge can be configured to carry address information.
In accordance with one or more further aspects of the invention, the first terminals and the second terminals corresponding to the first memory channel can be coupled to the first contacts and the second contacts of the first microelectronic element, respectively, and the first terminals and the second terminals corresponding to the second memory channel can be coupled to the first contacts and the second contacts of the second microelectronic element, respectively.
In accordance with one or more further aspects of the invention, geometric distances between the second contacts of each microelectronic element and the second terminals coupled thereto for the corresponding channel can be longer than the geometric distances between the second contacts of each microelectronic element and the second terminals of the non-corresponding channel which are not coupled thereto.
In accordance with one or more further aspects of the invention, the second contacts of each microelectronic element can be aligned with the half area at which the non-coupled second terminals of the non-corresponding memory channel are disposed.
In accordance with one or more further aspects of the invention, the second contacts of each microelectronic element can be aligned with the half area which can be opposite from the half area at which the corresponding second terminals coupled thereto can be disposed.
In accordance with one or more further aspects of the invention, each half area can be further defined by first and second quarter area portions thereof extending between third and fourth corners, respectively, and a second diagonal of the package extending between the first and second corners, wherein the first terminals in each half area can be disposed in the first quarter area portion, and the second terminals in each half area span the second diagonal.
In accordance with one or more further aspects of the invention, each half area can be further defined by first and second quarter area portions thereof extending between third and fourth corners, respectively, and a second diagonal of the package extending between the first and second corners, wherein the first terminals in each half area can be disposed in the first quarter area portion, and the second terminals in each half area can be disposed in the second quarter area portion.
In accordance with one or more further aspects of the invention, the package can be configured to provide access to a third memory storage array corresponding to a third memory channel, and to a fourth memory storage array corresponding to a fourth memory channel different from each of the first, second and third memory channels. Each half area can be further defined by first and second quarter area portions thereof extending between third and fourth corners, respectively, and a second diagonal of the package extending between the first and second corners, wherein the first terminals and the second terminals disposed in each quarter area portion can be configured to provide access to a single one of the first, second, third and fourth memory channels.
Another aspect of the invention provides a microelectronic assembly which comprises a controller package comprising a microelectronic element having a memory controller function. Such “controller” microelectronic element can be electrically coupled with a substrate having controller package terminals at a surface thereof. As used herein, a “controller package” shall mean a microelectronic package comprising a microelectronic element having a memory controller function which, alone or in combination with other microelectronic elements, functions as a memory controller. Typically, a controller package comprises a “controller” microelectronic element which may be a “CPU” or processor microelectronic element; however, a controller package may alternatively comprise a microelectronic element which is not a CPU or a processor microelectronic element. For example, the controller package may comprise a memory controller microelectronic element. As used herein, a “controller chip package” shall mean a “controller package.”
The assembly may further comprise a memory package having a memory microelectronic element, which can be electrically coupled with a substrate having memory package terminals at a surface thereof. The controller and memory packages can be assembled with a circuit panel at laterally separate, adjacent first and second non-overlapping areas of a same surface of the circuit panel and can be electrically coupled with one another through their respective terminals and the circuit panel therebetween. At least portions of the adjacent edges of the respective packages can be less than two millimeters apart. Typically, adjacent edges of the respective packages are parallel to one another and a majority of the length of the edge of the memory package is spaced less than two millimeters from the adjacent parallel edge of the controller package.
In accordance with one or more further aspects of the invention, the controller package comprises controller contacts at a face of the controller microelectronic element and package traces coupled between the controller package terminals and the controller contacts. The memory package comprises memory element contacts at a face of the memory microelectronic element and package traces coupled between the memory package terminals and the memory element contacts. In such assembly, a range of total electrical lengths defined by the respective interconnections between the controller contacts and the memory element contacts is within a permitted tolerance therefor, and a range of total electrical lengths defined by the interconnections between the memory element contacts and the memory package terminals is outside the permitted tolerance.
In accordance with one or more further aspects of the invention, the memory element contacts can include first memory element contacts configured to carry first address information for a first memory channel and second memory element contacts configured to carry second address information for a second memory channel separately accessible from the first memory channel. In such assembly, the range of total electrical lengths of the connections between the controller contacts and the first memory element contacts are within a permitted first tolerance, and the range of total electrical lengths of the connections between the controller contacts and the second memory element contacts are within a permitted second tolerance different from the permitted first tolerance.
In accordance with one or more further aspects of the invention, the lengths of the interconnections along the circuit panel between the controller package terminals and the memory package terminals can be the shortest possible for the spacing between the microelectronic packages.
In accordance with one or more further aspects of the invention, the controller package comprises package traces coupled between the controller package terminals and the controller contacts, and the memory package comprises package traces coupled between the memory package terminals and memory element contacts. In such assembly, a range of total electrical lengths defined by the respective interconnections between the controller contacts and the memory element contacts are within a permitted tolerance, and a range of total electrical lengths defined by the interconnections between the memory package terminals and the memory element contacts are outside the permitted tolerance.
In accordance with one or more further aspects of the invention, the electrical length of each of a plurality of first interconnections usable to transfer a first type of signals from the controller contacts to respective memory element are within a single permitted tolerance for transferring the first type of signals therebetween. However, the electrical lengths of some of the traces on the memory package corresponding to the first interconnections are longer than others of the traces on the memory package so as to compensate for portions of the first interconnections on the circuit panel which are shorter than other portions of the first interconnections on the circuit panel.
In accordance with one or more further aspects of the invention, the first interconnections can be configured to transfer each of at least 16 data signals of a memory channel per memory cycle.
In accordance with one or more further aspects of the invention, the first interconnections can be configured to transfer address information of a memory channel which is usable to specify an addressable location of a memory storage array of the memory microelectronic element.
In accordance with one or more further aspects of the invention, the memory package terminals can be at a first surface of the substrate thereof. The first surface can have first and second half areas extending from a diagonal bisecting the first surface and a respective opposite corner of the first surface. The memory package terminals can include first terminals configured to carry data and second terminals configured to carry address information, the first terminals. The second terminals in the first half area can provide access to a first memory storage array corresponding to a first memory channel, and the first terminals and the second terminals in the second half area can provide access to a second memory storage array corresponding to a second memory channel different from the first memory channel. The memory element can comprise first and second microelectronic elements overlying the second surface and stacked in first and second orientations transverse to one another. The first and the second microelectronic elements can comprise the first and second memory storage arrays.
In accordance with one or more further aspects of the invention, each of the microelectronic elements may have a face parallel to the second surface, edges bounding the face, and contacts at the face. The contacts of each microelectronic element can include first peripheral contacts at or near a first one of the edges, the first contacts configured to carry data, and second peripheral contacts at or near a second one of the edges opposite the first edge, the second contacts configured to carry address information.
In accordance with one or more further aspects of the invention, the first terminals and the second terminals corresponding to the first memory channel can be coupled to the first contacts and the second contacts of the first microelectronic element, respectively, and the first terminals and the second terminals corresponding to the second memory channel can be coupled to the first contacts and the second contacts of the second microelectronic element, respectively.
In accordance with one or more further aspects of the invention, geometric distances between the second contacts of each microelectronic element and the second terminals coupled thereto for the corresponding channel may be generally longer than the geometric distances between the second contacts of each microelectronic element and the second terminals of the non-corresponding channel which are not coupled thereto.
In accordance with one or more further aspects of the invention, the second contacts of each microelectronic element can be aligned with the half area at which the non-coupled second terminals of the non-corresponding memory channel are disposed.
Another aspect of the invention provides a microelectronic assembly. Such assembly can comprise a controller package which can include, for example, a microelectronic element having a memory controller function, such microelectronic element electrically coupled with a substrate having controller package terminals at a surface thereof. The assembly may include a memory package, and the memory package may have a substrate and memory package terminals at a first surface of the substrate. First and second microelectronic elements may overlie a second surface of the substrate opposite from the first surface, the first and second microelectronic elements stacked in first and second orientations transverse to one another. The microelectronic elements can comprise first and second memory storage arrays, respectively. The substrate of the memory package may have a first surface having first and second half areas extending from a diagonal bisecting the first surface and a respective opposite corner of the first surface. The memory package terminals may include first terminals configured to carry data and second terminals configured to carry address information. The first terminals and the second terminals in the first half area can be configured to provide access to a first memory storage array corresponding to a first memory channel, and the first terminals and the second terminals in the second half area can be configured to provide access to a second memory storage array corresponding to a second memory channel different from the first memory channel. The controller package and the memory package can be assembled with a circuit panel at laterally separate, adjacent first and second non-overlapping areas of a same surface of the circuit panel and can be electrically coupled with one another through their respective terminals and the circuit panel therebetween. At least portions of the adjacent edges of the respective packages can be less than two millimeters apart. Geometric distances between the second contacts of each microelectronic element and the second terminals coupled thereto for the corresponding channel may be generally longer than the geometric distances between the second contacts of each microelectronic element and the second terminals of the non-corresponding channel which is not coupled thereto.
Relatively new device types such as smartphones and tablets have a need for ever-increasing performance and reduced component size. While the trend towards ever-increasing circuit density on processor chips, memory chips, and other types of integrated circuit chips are a positive development, the sizes of circuit panels or circuit boards also need to be reduced to meet this need. However, traditional microelectronic assemblies which incorporate a microelectronic package or “controller package” having a memory controller function, a memory package including a memory chip, and a circuit panel, e.g., motherboard, to which the packages are mounted and electrically connected, require significant circuit panel space for routing traces between the controller and memory packages.
For example, in the example shown in
At frequencies of operation of up to 800 MHz at which available “double-data rate two” (DDR2) standard memory buses between controller chips and existing memory chips operate, relatively few and small adjustments to the trace lengths on the motherboard have been required. Differences in the phase or arrival time of signals transmitted between a controller chip package and a memory chip package that stem from differences in the total electrical lengths of the interconnections between the controller chip and the memory chip heretofore have been relatively tolerable. Such phase shifts are a function of the wavelength λ, and the wavelength λ is determined by the speed of light divided by the frequency, i.e., λ=C/f. However, at higher memory data bus rates or speeds currently ranging to 1,600 MHz and 3,000 MHz at which “double-data rate three” (DDR3), “double-data rate four” (DDR4) and “low-power double-data rate” (LPDDRx) standards operate, the tolerance for the differences in the electrical interconnections between the controller chip and memory chip can be reduced significantly. For example, when the memory bus rate is tripled from 1000 MHz to 3,000 MHz, this typically causes the tolerance for differences in the total electrical lengths of interconnections shrinks by two-thirds.
Reducing an overall area of the circuit panel shown in
Communication of information between the controller chip package 10 and the memory chip package 20 is provided through a plurality of corresponding terminals provided at a surface of the controller chip package, and a plurality of terminals provided at a surface of the memory chip package. As used in this disclosure with reference to a component, e.g., an interposer, microelectronic element, circuit panel, substrate, etc., a statement that an electrically conductive element is “at” a surface of a component indicates that, when the component is not assembled with any other element, the electrically conductive element is available for contact with a theoretical point moving in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the component toward the surface of the component from outside the component. Thus, a terminal or other conductive element which is at a surface of a substrate may project from such surface; may be flush with such surface; or may be recessed relative to such surface in a hole or depression in the substrate.
In such memory package 20, terminals denoted “C/A CH 0” and “C/A CH 1” which carry command and address bus information for first and second memory channels, respectively, are disposed in relative close proximity to corresponding contacts denoted “C/A CH 0” and “C/A CH 1” on first and second corresponding memory chips 40, 42 in the package. In this way, within the memory chip package 20 the trace lengths of the interconnections between the CA CH 0 terminals and the CA CH 0 contacts of first memory chip 40 may be matched, i.e., kept within a permitted tolerance, and the trace lengths of the interconnections between the CA CH 1 terminals on the memory chip package 20 and the CA CH 1 contacts of the second memory chip 42 may be kept within a permitted tolerance. As used herein in connection with the lengths of specific types of electrical interconnections, “permitted tolerance” means that range of the lengths which is permitted by design rule given the type of signal carried by the electrical interconnection, the electrical characteristics of the circuit panels and microelectronic packages involved and the operating frequency. For example, in a system having a circuit panel, a controller chip package, and a memory chip package with a DDRx or LPDDRx type memory channel architecture thereon operating at a frequency of 1,600 MHz, and a dielectric constant K of the circuit panel being about 4, the effective wavelength λ for signals propagating along traces of the circuit panel or package is about 94 millimeters. In that system, a design rule provided by a manufacturer of the controller chip requires that the total lengths of the electrical interconnections carrying specific clock signals in either direction between the controller chip and memory chip range within a permitted tolerance of less than 10 mils, or about 0.254 millimeters. This value is about one quarter of one percent of the wavelength of the signal, i.e., in this example, one quarter of one percent of the 94 millimeter wavelength determined above at an operating frequency of 1,600 MHz. For types of signals other than clock, the permitted tolerance may be a greater percentage of the total wavelength, as permitted by a somewhat more relaxed design rule. Data signals in either direction and address signals provided as input to the memory chip typically fall into this category. Typically, the permitted tolerance for the lengths of the electrical interconnections between the controller chip and memory chip in the system will range up to a maximum of 5% of the wavelength in either direction between the controller chip and memory chip.
Within the memory chip package 20 the trace lengths of the interconnections between the DQ CH 0 data terminals and the DQ CH 0 data contacts of chip 40 may be matched, i.e., kept within a permitted tolerance, and the trace lengths of the interconnections between the DQ CH 1 data terminals on the memory chip package 20 and the DQ CH 1 data contacts of chip 42 may be kept within a permitted tolerance.
As further seen in
Even though the electrical lengths of the interconnections between groups of terminals on the memory chip package and the data contacts of each memory chip within the memory chip package can be matched, the electrical lengths of the external interconnections that extend between the terminals on the controller chip package and the terminals of the memory chip package must also be matched. This is because some of the external interconnections between some of the controller package terminals and some of the memory package terminals in each group extend over relatively short “geometric”, i.e., straight line distances, while other controller package terminals and memory package terminals in the same group extend over longer geometric distances. For example, the geometric distances between C/A CH 1 terminals on the controller chip package and the corresponding C/A CH 1 terminals on the memory chip package vary greatly. The C/A CH 1 terminals on the memory chip package at location 50 are at much smaller geometric distances from the C/A CH 1 terminals on the controller chip package than the C/A CH 1 terminals on the memory chip package at location 52. Thus, in the example shown in
In addition, as can be further seen in
In view of the foregoing, in a microelectronic assembly 100 (
Thus, the spacing between closest adjacent edges 112, 122 of the packages is not determined by an amount of circuit panel area required to accommodate additional jogs in the board traces thereon to provide package to package interconnections having matched trace lengths.
Factors contribute to or determine the mechanical limit may include the smallest spacing at which equipment is capable of positioning or “placing” the packages 110, 120 on the circuit panel, and at which the packages can then be mounted thereto by melting and solidifying conductive metal joining elements for example. In addition, the mechanical limit may also account for an acceptable degree of misalignment in the position of each package on the circuit panel. For example, the mechanical limit may be determined in part by permitted misalignment which results in the edges 112, 122 of the adjacent packages being slightly out of parallel, where portions of the edges 112, 122 are closer than other portions of the edges. Also, in some cases, the mechanical limit is at least as large as a smallest spacing between packages 110, 120 which would permit typical rework, that is, a smallest spacing which would permit one or both of the mounted packages 110, 120 to be removed from its respective position mounted to the circuit panel and replaced by another package 110 or 120 having a same footprint or substantially the same footprint as that of the package being replaced. In addition, the mechanical limit may need to accommodate changes in the positions of the edges 112, 122 of the adjacent packages due to differential thermal expansion over an entire range of very cold to very hot temperatures and conditions (e.g., −54° C. to 100° C.) at which the microelectronic assembly 100 may be expected to be stored and operated during its lifetime.
With the reduced spacing R between the closest edges 112, 122 of the adjacent packages 110, 120, the lengths of the electrical interconnections between terminals of the controller package (e.g., terminals 170 in
As further seen in
In the memory chip package 120 shown in
As seen in
Referring to
Electrical interconnections between the element contacts 144 of each chip 140, 142 and corresponding contacts (not shown) on the package substrate 148 can be provided through electrically conductive structure such as wire bonds 146 which extend above the face 145 of each chip. Similar to the controller chip package, electrical interconnection between terminals 150 of the memory chip package 120 and corresponding contacts 134 of the circuit panel 130 is provided through joining elements 152. Each chip 140 or 142 can have a structure such as the exemplary chip 142 shown in
Although memory chips which conform to a DDRx standard are typically manufactured with center-bond contacts disposed in a central region of the face rather than near the edges of the face, such chips can be modified by processing usually performed at wafer-level which redistributes the contacts from the central region of the face to areas as shown in
One of the features of the exemplary microelectronic assembly shown in
Thus, in accordance with this embodiment, the total electrical lengths of the interconnections between a group of controller contacts and a corresponding group of memory element contacts can be brought within a permitted tolerance by adjusting the lengths of the traces on the memory package 120 between the memory package terminals and the corresponding memory element contacts. This can be done for each of the groups of terminals which carry the types of signals such as the terminal groups which are configured to carry the C/A CH 0 information, the C/A CH 1 information, the DQ CH 0 data, and the DQ CH 1 data.
Furthermore, while the total electrical lengths of the interconnections between the controller chip 160 and each memory chip 140, 142 are conformed to within the permitted tolerance by adjusting the lengths of traces on the memory chip package 120, one result of adjusting the trace lengths on the memory chip package can be that the differences in the adjusted lengths of the traces on the memory chip package within each group of interconnections may exceed the permitted tolerance for those controller chip to memory chip interconnections.
As shown in
Similarly, the second half area 270 of the surface 254 can have the C/A CH 1 group of terminals and the DQ CH 1 group of terminals thereon, these terminal groups being configured to carry address information and data for providing access to a second memory channel. In one example, all such terminals of each C/A CH 1 group and DQ CH 1 may be disposed at locations in the second half area. However, in another example, a smaller number of such terminals of one or both groups which carries a majority of the address information or data therefor may be disposed at locations in the second half area.
Further, as apparent in
In addition, as further seen in
As further seen in the embodiment of a memory chip package 320 shown in
Thereafter, at 1430, a check is made to determine whether all the net lengths are the same within a permitted tolerance for each signal type. For example, the net lengths need to be the same for all C/A CH 0 type signals, and the net lengths need to be the same for all C/A CH 1 type signals, but the C/A CH 0 net lengths need not be the same as the C/A CH 1 net lengths. Similarly, the net lengths need to be the same for all DQ CH 0 type signals, and the net lengths need to be the same for all DQ CH 1 type signals, but the DQ CH 0 net lengths need not be the same as the DQ CH 1 net lengths. If this condition is not met, the process 1420 is resumed again until the condition is met.
Then, at 1440, after the check at 1430 is met, a post layout electrical simulation can be performed using the net lengths (C+M+L) of the layout determined by the above processing. Block 1450 represents a determination of whether the proposed layout meets signal integrity requirements. If the SI requirements are not met, the layout process resumes again at 1420 and the process flow continues as above. Finally, when the determination at 1450 passes, layout processing is completed and the layout can be passed to a tape out process 1460 for generating the final circuit panel layout and memory chip package layout.
The microelectronic packages and microelectronic assemblies described above with reference to
In the exemplary system 1500 shown, the system can include a circuit panel, motherboard, or riser panel 1502 such as a flexible printed circuit board, and the circuit panel can include numerous conductors 1504, of which only one is depicted in
In a particular embodiment, the system 1500 can also another component such as the semiconductor chip 1508 and component 1510 is a display screen, but any other components can be used in the system 1500. Of course, although only two additional components 1508 and 1510 are depicted in
Modules or components 1506 and components 1508 and 1510 can be mounted in a common housing 1501, schematically depicted in broken lines, and can be electrically interconnected with one another as necessary to form the desired circuit. The housing 1501 is depicted as a portable housing of the type usable, for example, in a smartphone or cellular telephone and screen 1510 can be exposed at the surface of the housing. In embodiments where a structure 1506 includes a light-sensitive element such as an imaging chip, a lens 1511 or other optical device also can be provided for routing light to the structure. Again, the simplified system shown in
Although the invention herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerous modifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.
Thus, the memory chip package may have a structure other than that shown and described herein. For example, the memory chip package may include memory chips having face-down orientations with wire bonds extending through one or more apertures in the substrate, or may include one or more memory chips in face-down orientation and one or more chips in face-up orientation.
It will be appreciated that the various dependent claims and the features set forth therein can be combined in different ways than presented in the initial claims. It will also be appreciated that the features described in connection with individual embodiments may be shared with others of the described embodiments.
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