Patent Grant
7167099
The present invention is generally directed to a sensor for detecting suspended particles and, more particularly, to a compact particle sensor.
Obscuration sensors have been utilized as smoke detectors in closed structures such as, houses, factories, offices, shops, ships and aircraft to provide an early indication of fire.
Historically, obscuration sensors have included an obscuration emitter and a light receiver spaced at a substantial distance, such as one meter or across a room, to achieve a desired sensitivity. In general, the longer the light beam path, the more likely a smoke particle will interrupt the beam and, hence, the more sensitive the obscuration sensor. Thus, there has been a tradeoff between sensitivity and compactness.
Obscuration sensors have normally been utilized to detect black smoke with particles in the range of 0.05 to 0.5 microns, which are generally produced by rapidly accelerating fires. Traditionally, obscuration or direct sensors have aligned an obscuration emitter and a light receiver such that light generated by the emitter shines directly on the receiver. When a fire exists, smoke particles interrupt a portion of the beam thereby decreasing the amount of light received by the light receiver.
A scatter sensor, commonly known as an indirect or reflected detector, is another type of sensor that has been utilized to detect smoke. A typical scatter sensor has a scatter emitter and a light receiver positioned on non-colinear axes such that light from the emitter does not shine directly onto the receiver. In smoke detectors that have included a scatter sensor, the smoke detector has included a test chamber that admits a test atmosphere, while at the same time blocking ambient light. A light receiver within the test chamber receives light provided by an emitter located within the chamber. The light level received provides an indication of the amount of smoke in the test atmosphere. Smoke particles in a test chamber reflect or scatter light from the emitter to the receiver. Most scatter sensors generally work well for gray smoke but have a decreased sensitivity to black smoke.
Obscuration sensors have been proposed that utilize a mirror within a test chamber to reflect a light beam provided by an obscuration emitter to increase the path length traveled by the light beam to improve the overall sensitivity of the obscuration sensor. In this type of obscuration sensor, the emitter and the receiver have not been located on the same axis. That is, the emitter and the receiver have been located on non-colinear axes such that light from the emitter did not shine directly onto the receiver. However, proposed obscuration sensors that have implemented a mirror have incorporated the mirror and the components in the same plane, which would yield an apparatus with relatively large dimensions in order to achieve a desirable sensitivity. Further, such sensors have implemented fixed alarm thresholds and, as such, have generally been incapable of adapting to changing environmental conditions and responding appropriately to different particle reflectivities.
What is needed is a sensitive, low cost, compact particle sensor that is equally sensitive to both low and high reflectivity particles that can be implemented within a relatively small volume.
The present invention is directed to a compact particle sensor for detecting suspended particles. In one embodiment, the compact particle sensor includes a housing, a light source, a light receiver and a plurality of optical elements. The housing provides a test chamber and includes at least one opening for admitting particles into the test chamber, while simultaneously substantially preventing outside light from entering the test chamber. The light source is positioned for supplying a light beam within the test chamber. The plurality of optical elements are positioned to direct the light beam from the light source to the receiver, which is positioned to receive the light beam supplied by the light source.
These and other features, advantages and objects of the present invention will be further understood and appreciated by those skilled in the art by reference to the following specification, claims and appended drawings.
In the drawings:
General Considerations
A weakness of many contemporary smoke detectors is their reliance on a single measured characteristic of smoke particles to indicate the presence, or lack, of smoke in a test chamber of the smoke detector. This is generally true for both ionic and optical methods of detecting smoke. In the case of the optical scatter technique of detection, the characteristic of concern is the ability of the smoke to reflect light. Although the wavelengths of light emanating from a light source may be controlled to enhance the desired response, the reflected light provides a single indicator. In the case of the optical obscuration technique, the measured characteristic of the smoke is its ability to attenuate light emanating from a light source. Again, the wavelength of light may be chosen to enhance this effect.
The ability of smoke to either reflect or attenuate light is generally determined by more than just the density of the particles suspended in the measurement medium, usually a test atmosphere. That is, the particle size, shape, texture, opacity, temperature and color all affect the reflectivity of a given density of smoke and, hence, the ability to reflect or block a given spectrum of light. This limits the ability of the smoke detector to determine particle density accurately. Most simple smoke detectors merely sound an alarm based on exceeding a pre-set light intensity threshold at the receiver and are incapable of discerning what caused the received signal. The cause of the received signal may, for example, be a high concentration of dull black particles or a low concentration of reflective white particles. However, in a typical smoke detector, the relation between particle density and received light is lost.
For the sake of explanation, a moderately to highly reflective particle is referred to herein as a “gray” particle and a minimally reflective particle is referred to as a “black” particle. However, these definitions should not lead to an inference that only particles of a certain visible nature satisfy the reflectivity requirements.
If a scatter sensor is set to sound an alarm at a predetermined density of gray smoke, the scatter sensor generally requires a much greater density of black smoke to sound an alarm, based on achieving the same reflectivity reading. Conversely, if an obscuration sensor is set to alarm at a predetermined attenuation due to black smoke, it generally requires a greater density of gray smoke to achieve the same degree of attenuation to sound the alarm. While gray smoke particles block a light beam of an obscuration sensor, as black smoke particles do, they also create a higher percentage of forward light scatter. Unfortunately, the forward-scattered light that reaches the receiver detracts from the obscuration effects of the smoke. These effects are problematic for single-mode obscuration sensors attempting to measure when the particle density in the test chamber has reached a predetermined threshold. While single-mode obscuration sensors function, particle density accuracy is a compromise chosen at the time the sensor is calibrated.
Placing both techniques of particle detection (i.e., scatter and obscuration) in a single particle sensor enhances the ability of the particle sensor to detect smoke without increasing false alarms, as compared to a sensor that implements either technique alone. With proper analysis of the scatter and obscuration sensor readings, both of which measure the same (or near-same) test atmosphere, a more consistent measurement of particle density entering the test chamber is possible. This provides a benefit in early warning detectors, such as a smoke alarm. Good sensitivity is possible at low levels of particle density, despite varying degrees of particle reflectivity, without increasing the likelihood of false alarms. As such, the alarm threshold is not a fixed, single measurement threshold. Rather, the alarm threshold is preferably based on two or more measurements interacting to create a dynamically adjustable alarm threshold.
Although this description primarily focuses on photodetection methods, which produce an output based on reflectivity or transmittance changes, it should be recognized that virtually any combination of sensor technologies can be combined to produce a dynamically adjusted threshold. For example, ion detection technology (i.e., ionization detectors) reacts quickly to fire precursors from fires that produce black smoke. As such, combining an ion sensor with a scatter sensor and varying the sensitivity of the scatter sensor based on the ion sensor will also generally produce an enhanced effect over either technique alone. Alternatively, the sensitivity of an ion sensor can be varied based on the scatter sensor. In addition, the sensitivity of the scatter sensor can also be varied based on other sensor technologies (e.g., chemical and/or temperature sensors). For example, the sensitivity can be varied based on one of a predetermined temperature, a predetermined rate of change in temperature, a predetermined chemical level and a predetermined rate of change in chemical level.
Today, commercially available products that combine an ionization detector and a scatter detector use fixed thresholds. As such, either detector may cause an alarm independent of the other detector. Thus, false alarms are also more likely based on combining the weaknesses of both technologies. As discussed herein, implementing dynamic threshold adjustment requires confirmation from both sensors that at least some level of smoke is present before sounding an alarm.
As discussed above, a disadvantage of obscuration sensors is that the output per unit of particle density is directly related to the length of the beam path through the measured media. This is especially problematic when trying to sense very low levels of particle density. At the low level of particle density required to perform an early warning smoke detector function, path lengths of less than six inches become almost unusable with cost-effective electronic circuits. The percentage change between an alarm and non-alarm condition typically requires less than a two percent change. This has generally required sophisticated, expensive circuitry to avoid false alarms. Further, simply making a straight beam longer is undesirable because it makes the overall package size of the finished product rather large and requires critical mechanical alignment.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the beam length is increased to a distance compatible with inexpensive circuitry, while maintaining an acceptably small product size. It has been found that redirecting the light path using optical elements such as mirrors, prisms, lenses and the like, does not diminish the ability of the obscuration sensor to detect particles. The portion of the radiated beam that travels through the measured media may be summed in length and shown as equivalent to straight path performance.
However, a loss of beam brightness does occur with each reflection at a rate that is dependent on the efficiency of the optical elements. However, this loss of efficiency does not generally result in a loss of sensitivity when detecting particles. It does, however, place a practical limit as to how many reflections are allowed. The detecting means must receive adequate illumination to produce an output level appropriate for the associated circuitry, for the life of the product. Environmental contaminants such as dust, which may accumulate on the optical elements, should be accounted for in a commercial product. As in all smoke detectors, if the contaminants accumulate to the extent that the illumination reaching the receiver is inadequate, the product must be cleaned to restore normal function.
As previously mentioned, smoke detection involves sensing very small particles in the range of 50 to 1000 nanometers. In the case of most black smoke sources, the particle size is skewed toward the very low end of that range. The average particle size is small compared to the wavelength of infrared or visible light sources, which span the range of 430 to 1100 nanometers. This small size diminishes the ability of a particle to obscure the light source (e.g., an obscuration emitter). Light sources having a majority of the radiated energy near the 430 nanometer wavelength typically provide greater sensitivity to particles this small. As such, shorter wavelength light is, therefore, more likely to detect the smallest particles of concern. It is presumed that this effect continues into the non-visible wavelengths shorter than 430 nanometer and continues until the particles are no longer opaque to the light source. The wavelength effect is generally not as pronounced in a scatter sensor.
Simply placing an emitter in a location outside the field of view of a receiver produces a scatter sensor if the emitted photoenergy crosses the field of view of the receiver in the test chamber. Particles within the test chamber reflect the light off-axis and towards the receiver. As a practical matter, a very specific physical orientation of emitter and receiver produces the maximum sensitivity to the presence of particles in the test chamber. Identifying this orientation maximizes the sensor output and reduces the cost of the mating electronics.
An obscuration emitter may be almost any type of emitter that radiates light in the wavelength appropriate for particle sizes being detected. This includes incandescent and fluorescent lamps, LED and laser diodes, and the like. Narrowband emitters have certain advantages in that reflectivity may be optimized for the task at hand. Wideband emitters also work, however, their performance as an emitter is a statistical distribution of how the energy in the band is distributed.
Although not necessary for the obscuration function, it is desirable to direct most of the radiated energy from the source to the receiver. This minimizes the stray reflections that may occur, as well as minimizing energy consumption. To accomplish this, a collimated beam of light may be created from a small light emitting area using various optical elements. If the light source emits energy in a coherent collimated fashion, no external optical elements are required to produce a beam. A laser is an excellent light source if cost and emitted wavelengths are appropriate for the device being constructed.
Practically speaking, light sources do not behave as ideal theoretical models. That is, light sources have a definite surface area and shape, such that a true point source is rarely achieved. Many light sources have a mechanical structure that blocks a portion of the available light. Structures such as connecting wires, bonding pads and support posts, required in a real world emitter, create shadows within the emitted light, causing localized intensity variations in an otherwise homogenous emission pattern. In addition, most light sources emit light in a non-coherent fashion, so laser-like beams are not available from commonly available low-cost emitters. The light source may also emit light in such a way as to create localized concentrations, or “hot spots” of light rays that vary with the distance from the light source. These realities create significant optical and mechanical problems when attempting to create an obscuration sensor. Any small movement between the emitter and the receiver can cause the “hot spots” and shadowed areas of a real-world light source to also move in relation to the receiver. Examples of these movements are external vibrations, thermal expansion-contraction of the device, or distortions caused by physically mounting the device to a wall or the like. If these shadows move in relation to the receiver, they can cause variations in the average light flux density being received. In a simple detection circuit, this variation is indistinguishable from variations caused by particles entering the space between the emitting and receiving means. To keep cost low, it is desirable to minimize the effects of defects in the emission pattern of a light source. More expensive sensor arrays, such as a charge-coupled device (CCD) video sensor, can be used to analyze the light pattern, but this adds unnecessary design complexity for many applications.
As is well known, the electromagnetic spectrum spans a wide range of wavelengths. However, the vast majority of cost effective emitters for use in an obscuration sensor span the range of approximately 430 to 1100 nanometers. Since the goal in many cases is to produce a product visible to humans (light visible to the human eye occupies the very narrow range of 400 to 700 nanometers), many emitters are available in this range. Another common use for emitters is in applications where the human eye cannot perceive that the emitter is producing illumination. Products such as remote controls exploit this fact to unobtrusively communicate between electronic devices. Products that occupy the 700 to 1100 nanometer band are called infrared (IR) emitters. Thus, the choice of emitter wavelength for an obscuration or scatter sensor is generally one of availability, as well as optimization.
As previously mentioned, it should be understood that many optical elements may be used to create an obscuration sensor. Lenses, prisms, mirrors and apertures may be used to direct light where it is needed. In general, the use of optical elements should be minimized for cost, energy efficiency and mechanical stability reasons.
Since an obscuration sensor measures light intensity, any ambient or operating temperature-induced variations in the electrical efficiency of the emitter generally result in a false particle or anti-particle reading. As such, some combination of temperature compensation hardware and software must typically be used to prevent false indications of particles in the sample space. If an LED is the light source, two technologies that normally stand out as having a lower temperature co-efficient are GaP and InGaN devices, which have lower temperature induced effects and are normally easier to compensate. It should be understood that almost any manner of light source packaging (including surface mount components) can be utilized.
Another consideration for practical use of low cost light sources is that the initial brightness may vary widely from device to device. The reasons for these variations are many. Two major sources of variation are the inherent electrical efficiency of the emitting material itself, and mechanical alignment to the optical system in the device package. Any variations caused by other optical elements, such as mirrors or lenses, should also be taken into account. A successful design must generally null out any variations that exceed the compensation ability of the measurement circuits. Traditionally, this has generally been performed during the manufacturing process with a potentiometer that is used to set an initial brightness.
There are many commercially available photosensitive devices that can act as a receiver in an obscuration or scatter sensor. Silicon photodiodes and photocells are examples of receivers that are bulk area sensors that are sensitive to light striking anywhere on their surface. Some receivers consist of an array of very small photosensitive receivers that can detect variations in wavelength, hue, brightness, etc. over the surface of the sensor. Other receivers have self-contained amplifier or A/D circuitry that allow the device to directly communicate with the logic stage of a particle detector using no other circuitry.
One of the most basic, reliable and accurate photoreceivers is the silicon photodiode, which is basically a silicon diode physically optimized for generating electrical current in response to light. Small electrical currents are produced by photons penetrating the surface and creating electron mobility. The effect is very proportional to the intensity of the light over a very wide brightness range. The larger the surface area of the diode, the greater the photocurrent produced.
These devices are packaged in a variety of ways. One of the more appropriate packages for a particle sensor receiver is the T1¾ package, also used to package LEDs. The T1¾ package collects light from a relatively large lens (e.g., a 5 millimeter diameter lens), and converges that light onto a small (e.g., a 1 mm square) photosensitive surface. This produces optical amplification of the light flux density at the active surface of the diode, producing more current than without the lens. This is normally an important feature for a scatter receiver, which must resolve very low levels of light. It is also important for the obscuration receiver, but for reasons other than light intensity.
Other devices which provide similar characteristics to the T1¾ package include packages such as the T1 (3 millimeter diameter) and TopLED (1 millimeter) surface mount packages, which offer further miniaturization opportunities, but at a reduction of photocurrent. Packages, such as, the EG&G VTP1188 (8 millimeter diameter) offer even more photocurrent than the T1¾ package at an increased cost and size. An older LED device, the Jumbo LED, actually provides a suitable photodiode housing, but is not commonly available as a photodetector.
If a lens is utilized, the active receiver surface is ideally placed with its centerline in alignment with the centerline of the lens. Sometimes this is not practical, as is the case with the T1¾ PIN diode design. The attraction of this plastic package is that large volumes of photodiodes are available. The disadvantage of the T1¾ as a receiver package is that the physical size of a photodiode is generally much larger than the LED emitter for which the package was optically designed. To maximize the surface area of the diode, the lead frame design forces the chip to be placed off-center from the lens. This placement creates an optical peak sensitivity centerline that is not the same as the physical centerline of the T1¾ package. To gain maximum efficiency as a photodetector, the physical placement should be based on the optical centerline and not the physical centerline, as is customary. In the case of the MID-54419 device from Unity Optoelectronics Technology, the peak optical efficiency centerline is tilted about 15 degrees with respect to the physical centerline.
On-chip amplification removes much of the objection to very small photocurrents. It is recognized that a smaller silicon area is practical if the photocurrent is amplified locally before being sent to the next stage. Digital diodes incorporate much of the logic required to create a signal that may be directly read by a microprocessor, or other digital logic device. A negative to this approach involves the problems of non-homogenous light sources. The smaller active area decreases mechanical stability in some designs.
It is recognized that arrays of photoreceivers may be used to further analyze changes in the received signal that go beyond an average light intensity reading. However, cost and complexity are generally too burdensome for many applications for particle sensors. On the other hand, the ability to recognize mechanical movement and distinguish that from particles in the test chamber is one desirable feature possible with an array.
Silicon photodiodes exhibit a wavelength of light versus sensitivity characteristic. PIN diodes are typically most sensitive in the 900 nanometer infrared region, with diminished sensitivity as the wavelength varies up or down. This peak efficient region may be altered somewhat by the manufacturer, but there remains a characteristic efficiency curve. Since a scatter function is relatively insensitive to wavelength of the emitter, and the receiver must resolve very low levels of light, it is generally desirable to use a scatter emitter that is matched to the peak response region of the receiver. This usually means using an infrared emitter for the scatter emitter. Since the obscuration sensor functions best with short wavelengths of light, it is generally desirable to select a wavelength for the obscuration emitter that produces an acceptable sensitivity to small particles, while staying within the acceptable range for the receiver. The emitter brightness must generally increase to compensate for any mismatch with the most sensitive light wavelength region of the receiver, which reduces the energy efficiency of the sensor.
Photodiodes exhibit a temperature characteristic that is generally dependent on the wavelength of light being received. The efficiency in converting light into electron flow varies with temperature and wavelength of the incoming light. As such, a stable design should generally incorporate a temperature compensation scheme that is matched to the light frequencies involved. At an ideal light frequency, the photodiode is not temperature dependent. If the design can accept this wavelength, the temperature stability of the sensor is increased.
As previously mentioned, to achieve the goal of an obscuration sensor with adequate sensitivity to low levels of particle intrusion, yet remain within a small circular area typically required for a smoke detector, optical elements are used to redirect the light beam. These elements may include lenses, prisms, planar mirrors, non-planar mirrors, and apertures. The goal of the redirection is to increase the optical path length, from light source to light receiver, over that provided by a straight path. This increase in path length increases the percentage change in received light, for a given density of particles in the optical path. The path length required depends on the application. For high-density particle detection, a short, straight path is adequate. For low-density detectors, such as early warning smoke detectors, a long optical path is preferred to achieve adequate sensitivity. For the purpose of early warning smoke detection, it has been found that path lengths greater than about six inches are desirable for adequate sensitivity.
The requirements of the optical system for an obscuration detector that detects low levels of particle intrusion into the folded optical path are difficult to achieve in a mass-produced product. The choice of optical elements may significantly affect reliability. Minimal, low cost materials are desirable to maintain costs below an acceptable level. High quality optical devices, while desirable, are usually quite expensive as optically pure materials with precision surface tolerances and quality finishes are expensive to manufacture. As such, it is desirable to construct an obscuration sensor using standard tolerance materials that do not require manual adjustment.
Specific Implementations
One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a compact particle sensor (e.g., a smoke detector) that utilizes a plurality of optical elements, e.g., planar and non-planar (for example, concave, conical, spherical, parabolic, etc.) mirrors, a light source (e.g., a light emitting diode (LED) and a laser diode) and a light receiver. While the discussion herein primarily focuses on mirrors, it should be appreciated that other optical elements may be utilized to direct light from a light source to a light receiver. As used herein, the term ‘light source’ or ‘emitter’ generally means any structure capable of emitting visible light, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, or infrared (IR) radiation. In a preferred embodiment, a scatter sensor is implemented in conjunction with an obscuration sensor. Among other things, the scatter sensor can advantageously be utilized to calibrate and/or adjust the sensitivity of the obscuration sensor. In at least one implementation, spherical mirrors are used to reduce light loss between the light source and the light receiver, which typically results in a lower electrical power requirement.
Utilizing spherical mirrors may eliminate the need for a lens system external to the light source and typically improves mechanical predictability of the light beam, as compared to an assembly with planar mirrors. Various embodiments of the present invention advantageously place the light source and light receiver in a different plane than that of the mirrors, which obviates the concern that the light source and the receiver will block the light beam, within the test chamber. Various embodiments of the present invention generally collimate the light provided by a light source, which is advantageous when non-homogenous light sources, such as LEDs, are utilized.
Preferably, the optical elements (e.g., mirrors) are incorporated within a molded plastic structure. When mirrors are utilized, a reflective coating, e.g., aluminum, is sputtered onto each mirror structure and an anti-oxidant or protective coating is generally applied to the reflective coating to prevent oxidation. While the discussion herein is primarily directed to obscuration sensors that are utilized to detect smoke particles suspended in a test atmosphere, with modifications the present invention is also broadly applicable to the detection of particles suspended in a liquid or a non-opaque solid. It should be understood that a greater number or lesser number of symmetrically arranged optical elements, other than those described herein, may be implemented, according to the present invention.
As is shown in
Under the processor 15 control, the emitter 38 emits light (e.g., a light beam 40) and the emitter 32 emits light (e.g., a light ray 34). As is discussed further below, the light beam 40, emitted from the emitter 38, is reflected from a plurality of optical elements (not shown in
A suitable alternative light receiver is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/307,191 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,359,274), by Robert H. Nixon, Eric R. Fossum and Jon H. Bechtel, filed May 7, 1999, and entitled “PHOTODIODE LIGHT SENSOR,” which is assigned to the assignee of the present invention. The entire disclosure provided in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/307,191 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,359,274) is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
An output 30 of the receiver 28 is coupled, via an output signal line 30, to the processor 15, such that the processor 15 can determine the amount of smoke located within the chamber 24. In a preferred embodiment, the processor 15 is also programmed to periodically cause the emitter 32 to emit light. A portion of the light (e.g., the light ray 34) may be reflected to a light receiver 28A or the light receiver 28, when the light ray (i.e., scatter emitter light) 34 strikes the exemplary smoke particle 26 within the chamber 24. If desired, the light receiver 28A can be omitted from the design, in which case the light receiver 28 detects the portion of the light ray 34 that is scattered from the exemplary smoke particle 26. When implemented, the scatter emitter 32 is preferably located such that the light it emits is not reflected to the receiver 28A or 28 by the optical elements. An exemplary system that utilizes one light receiver to detect light transmitted by both an obscuration emitter and a scatter emitter is further described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/456,470 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,225,910), which is assigned to the assignee of the present invention. As is common in the electronic field, the electronic components associated with the sensor 20 are preferably interconnected by a printed circuit board (PCB) (see
As shown in
As shown in
Turning to
As with the sensor 200 of
The focal point of the emitter 312 is preferably aimed directly at the center of the mirror 302 and is located at about one inch from the surface of the mirror 302. The emitter 312 is also offset by about eighteen degrees from the central axis of the mirror 302 in the vertical plane. In one embodiment, a two millimeter aperture (not separately shown in
The choice of spherical mirrors yields a light beam, which generally alternately collimates and converges/diverges after each reflection (depending on the light source utilized). The positioning of the mirrors 302, 304, 306, 308 and 310 is preferably maintained within about one-half degree in order for the sensor 300 to optimally function. The sensor 300, shown in
The mirrors 402, 404, 406, 408 and 410 are preferably formed by sputtering a metal, e.g., aluminum, onto an interior surface of the non-planar structures. To preserve the reflectivity of the mirrors 402, 404, 406, 408 and 410 an anti-oxidant or protective coating may be applied to the face of the mirrors 402, 404, 406, 408 and 410. Preferably, the mirrors 404, 406 and 408 have about a three and one-eighth inch radius of curvature and share a central radial axis with the ring 401.
In a preferred embodiment, the mirror 402 has a two inch radius of curvature and is formed about twelve and one-half degrees downward (with respect to the horizontal plane of the ring 401) to receive a light beam provided by an obscuration emitter (light source) 412, located in another plane. The mirror 410 preferably has the same radius of curvature as the mirrors 404, 406 and 408. However, the mirror 410 is preferably formed about twelve and one-half degrees downward (with respect to the horizontal plane of the ring 401) to provide the transmitted light beam to the light receiver (detector) 414, located in substantially the same plane as the emitter 412. As shown in
The mirrors 402, 404, 406, 408 and 410, which are preferably spherical mirrors, are arranged around the ring 401 at an angular spacing of about seventy-two degrees. Similar to the sensor 300, of
The focal point of the emitter 412 is ideally aimed directly at the center of the mirror 402 and is preferably located about one inch from the surface of the mirror 402. The emitter 412 is preferably offset by about eighteen degrees from the central axis of the mirror 402 in the vertical plane. In one embodiment, a two millimeter aperture (not separately shown in
As with the embodiment shown in
To maximize the number of mirrors which may be used, the reflectance of each should be as high as can be reasonably attained and each reflective element should direct as much of the light which is received from the preceding member of the chain to the succeeding member of the chain as is reasonably possible. Choose element 450 as a representative reflective element in the chain. One way for element 450 to achieve the objective to reflect as much of the light from the preceding element to the succeeding element as is reasonably possible is for it to reflect an image of the area of 449 D onto the area of 451. In detail, when element 450 is so designed, substantially every ray 449B which emanates from a point 449A on element 449 and which strikes reflective element 450 is, after a reflective loss, reflected as ray 449C onto the point 449D, which is the image of point 449A on element 451. With the stated imaging property, the result is substantially the same for every ray which emanates from every point on element 449 and which falls on element 450 so that substantially all such light which is not absorbed or scattered by element 450 is directed to element 451. We may recursively step through the sequence of reflective elements beginning with the one to which light from the source is directed and ending with the one which reflects light to the sensor. In each case, the imaging criteria applied to element 450 is applied to the design of the selected element. When this design sequence is complete, substantially all of the light which is directed to the first reflective element from the source and which is not lost due to imperfect reflection or other aberration or by attenuation of the medium being monitored is finally directed to the area selected to illuminate the sensor. Note that as long as the imaging constraint is met, it is not necessary to have all mirrors the same size and also note that in configurations where path lengths are not all the same, active mirror areas will not be the same. Note also that relative beam path lengths will largely control the sizes of succeeding image areas. The size of each reflective element should be large enough to fully include the image which is reflected from the previous stage and is preferably larger to accommodate mechanical tolerances.
In what follows, the discussion above will be related to the
Especially when the area of the source is small, rays in alternate paths will be nearly parallel. An alternate way to obtain a well collimated beam is to use a laser diode as a source. Such a source may be utilized in this design but does carry a cost premium at the present time. The intent of the optical structure is to efficiently transmit the beam through a long path length, not to transmit an image even though imaging optics have been used in a preferred embodiment. The nearly parallel rays obtained by use of the laser or the small area source open the possibility to substantially alter the length of the path or paths having the nearly parallel rays with relatively small changes required in other optical elements. As a side issue, this may also have a beneficial diffusing effect on the light which traverses the optical path and finally impinges on the sensor. With the flexibility to alter path length one or more of the parallel ray paths may be extended in overall length and then redirected or “folded” into a compact pattern by inserting one or more planar mirrors in the respective path. Such flat mirrors may, for example, be used in place of one or more of the non-planar mirrors and the overall structure and mirror placement may be made similar to that which is depicted in
Referring again to
As is shown in
The mirror 502 preferably has a focal length of one-half that of mirrors 504, 506, 508 and 510. The focal point is directed midway from the central line along a seventy-two degree normal line from the mirror 502 to the central point 515. Each of the mirrors 504, 506, 508 and 510 have a radius of approximately three inches and have their focal points along the central line. Preferably, the light source is a homogenous point source. For example, a diffused LED or a non-diffused LED behind an aperture can provide a homogenous point source. The light source is placed on or near the focal point of mirror 502 and is offset by eighteen degrees horizontally below and eight degrees vertically below with respect to normal. The light beam exits mirror 502 at a positive eighteen degrees to the horizontal and a positive eight degrees to the vertical. This provides a thirty-six degree horizontal and sixteen degree vertical trajectory.
The mirror 504 is arranged such that the light beam reflected from the mirror 502 is rendered perpendicular to the vertical centerline after reflection (i.e., a four degree vertical tilt below the centerline). The mirror 504 is aimed directly at mirror 506, which continues the reflection horizontally to mirror 508, which is on the same horizontal plane. The mirror 508 is positioned four degrees below vertical, which causes the light beam 521 to be directed toward the mirror 510. The mirror 510 is also positioned four degrees below vertical, which causes the light beam to be directed down a negative eight degrees to horizontal towards the light receiver 514.
The receiver 514 is placed such that its optical centerline is aimed directly at the center of the mirror 510. The choice of mirror geometry is desirable to maintain the light beam in a non-diverging manner. When the light beam directed toward the mirror 504 is collimated, alternate reflections will converge (odd number reflections) and then collimate (even numbered reflections). Locating the receiver 514 on the focal point of an odd number reflection usually provides a self-aligning characteristic. The sensor 500, as described, implements a helical spiral, which allows the overall sensor 500 to be smaller horizontally. That is, if the receiver 514 and emitter 512 were to be provided on the same horizontal plane as the mirrors 502, 504, 506, 508 and 510, the diameter of the sensor 500 would generally require enlargement to ensure that the physical components (i.e., the emitter and light receiver) did not interrupt the light beam. As will be appreciated, the final focal point is affected by the choice of the mirror 510, which also dictates the placement of the light receiver. Preferably, the sensor 500 is fabricated using plastic injected molding techniques, which allows critical dimensioning to be achieved and mirror alignment to be maintained at a low cost.
To address the constraints imposed by non-ideal light emitters and high volume production, another technique is generally preferred to redirect the light emitter rays to the light receiver, while maintaining a long optical path through the test chamber. The preferred optical design allows a minimum of modest quality optical components to reliably direct a majority of emitted light to the receiver. Image quality, usually a concern in most optical designs, is normally not a significant concern in this application. However, consistency and efficiency of illumination of the target area is typically a high priority. Further, when non-planar mirrors are implemented, small mechanical shifts in the optical components (i.e., the light source, receiver and mirror assembly) generally reduces the light intensity variation at the receiver in the absence of particles in the test chamber.
Of interest throughout the following discussion is that the effective beam length is greater than about 2, 3, 4 and 5 times (preferably about 4.5 times) the diameter of the circle that contains the beam, depending on the number of optical elements implemented. This makes it practical to construct an early warning smoke detector with a beam length much greater than six inches, yet still stay within the confines of a package much smaller than six inches.
The five mirrors 562–570 in
However, adjustments may be required to the idealized optical model described in
The focal points of the mirrors 562 and 570 may also be altered to accommodate the movement of the emitter 511 and the receiver 543 with respect to the mirrors 562 and 570. As will be appreciated, changing the focal point of spherical mirrors requires alterations to the radius of curvature of the mirrored surface. However, such changes may have a detrimental affect on mechanical stability of the sensor and, therefore, should be used sparingly.
As previously mentioned, shadows and other defects in the light beam caused by the physical construction of the emitter attenuate the average illumination level at the receiver. These defects may be ignored if their contribution to the average illumination level is stable over time. If not stable, the resulting change in average light levels will be indistinguishable from particles (or anti-particles) entering the test chamber. As an example, any mechanical movements that shift an optical defect over a different percentage of the photosensitive area of the receiver will cause a change in light intensity received, which affects the basic accuracy of the particle sensor. As such, sudden movements are especially troublesome.
One way to address this is to assure an extremely rigid assembly by using very stable materials, such as solid aluminum, and avoid any physical movements in the entire optical system that are not proportional to the basic geometry. A very large photoreceiver, with a large photosensitive area to capture all the light, is another solution. However, the materials used as photosensitive surfaces are usually too expensive to be made large enough to be of practical value. A less expensive method is to use a lens to concentrate the incoming beam into an area smaller than the photosensitive area of the receiver. Standard LED technology provides such a lens in most forms that are commercially available. By packaging the photosensitive receiver in an LED package, such as the T1 ¾ style, an integral condensing lens is generally provided. The MID-54419, manufactured by Unity Optoelectronics Technology, is one example of such a device.
The T1 ¾ package is designed to house an LED chip, not a photoreceiver. As such, the package does not allow the relatively large photochip to be mounted directly under the lens and is, therefore, offset to one side. This offset may be compensated for by tilting the device in relation to incoming light. The incoming light rays are then concentrated into an intense point of light, centered on, and smaller than, the photosensitive device within the T1 ¾ package. In this manner, small mechanical movements shift the light within the boundaries of the photosensitive area. This is beneficial for stabilizing the amount of light received from a light source that has defects in intensity. Since all of the defects are contained within an area smaller than the surface of the photoreceiver, small movements have a minimal affect on average light received.
A sensor 500M, of
Depending on the design constraints, fewer or greater numbers of mirrors may be employed to achieve a beam length having the proper sensitivity. The angular spacing between the mirrors changes according to the number of reflections, but the mechanical benefits remain the same for, at least, any odd number of reflective surfaces. It is contemplated that an even number of reflections may be useful where mechanical stability is generally of less concern.
When attempting to construct an obscuration sensor alone, there are many physical constraints to consider. When attempting to combine a scatter sensor with an obscuration sensor that monitors the same test chamber the constraints are even more challenging. The ability to relocate the light beam to another plane is, generally speaking, important in most practical designs.
There is some advantage to using mirrors with slightly diffused finishes. Although this reduces the efficiency of light transmission, requiring a more intense light source to properly illuminate the receiver, there are some advantages in long-term sensor stability. It should also be appreciated that the light receiver may also be configured to diffuse the light, provided by the light source, if desired. Dust accumulation on the mirrors is unavoidable in applications, such as early warning smoke detectors. Even when dust barriers, such as fine mesh screens at entry points into the test chamber are utilized, some dust generally enters and settles on the mirrors, which attenuates the light provided by the light source. This may affect the calibration of the sensor. If high-efficiency type mirrors are used, the early degradation due to dust is generally fairly rapid. If the mirrors are initially less efficient, the dust accumulation normally has a smaller effect on the light reaching the receiver. This less severe rate-of-change is less demanding on the sensor elements that insure continued calibration, as the sensor components age.
Any system that exposes the optical elements to an unfiltered atmosphere will experience degradation of optical qualities. Since the purpose of a particle sensor, as described herein, is to detect particles entering the test chamber, contamination of optical surfaces is unavoidable. An initial screen-type filter to block large particles from entering the sample space will generally delay contamination, but cannot completely avoid it. It has been experimentally shown that after exposure to black smoke particle densities of 11 percent per foot obscuration, the reflective surfaces degrade about 0.25 percent per mirror. With five reflections, this effect is multiplied as viewed by the receiver. While this reduction is semi-permanent, i.e., the oily residue from the smoke will evaporate over time, the particles remain.
For example, if each mirror has an initial optical efficiency of 85 percent a sensor with five mirrors will have an overall efficiency of 0.855, or just 44.4 percent of emitted light reaches the receiver. With a 0.25 percent degradation per mirror due to smoke exposure, the sensor efficiency is 0.84755, or 43.7 percent, which is a 0.7 percent reduction in overall efficiency. As stated above, this reduction is semi-permanent as the oily residue from the smoke will evaporate over time, but the particles remain. In terms of percent-attenuation of received light, the effect is 0.7/0.444=1.58 percent. (44.4 percent initial light is 100 percent of the received light).
As such, the interface to an obscuration sensor should adjust for these effects over time. It has been experimentally shown that the rate of contamination slows with subsequent smoke exposures, but never stops. Having the mirrors vertically oriented with respect to the earth results in less rapid and less severe dust accumulation.
However, at some level of dust accumulation, insufficient light will reach the receiver to allow proper operation of the sensor. This situation is typically handled by an algorithm in the controller. When the factory set calibration for clear air, i.e. 100 percent light, is diminished to a pre-determined level, the device may alert the end user of the condition by an audible, visible or similar alert indication indicating replacement or cleaning is required.
When implemented within a particle sensor, the scatter sensor measures the amount of light reflected by particles in the test atmosphere. In measuring the amount of reflected light, the scatter sensor uses the amount of energy indicated when no light is emitted from the scatter emitter as a reference. In contrast, the obscuration sensor measures the amount of energy received by light emitted from the obscuration emitter that directly strikes the photodetector. To determine the amount of obscuration, a zero obscuration value is desirable for comparison.
To determine the zero obscuration value an algorithm that tracks changes can be employed. For instance, an algorithm may evaluate a measurement on a regular basis, for example, once a day. If the value indicates clear air, this becomes the reference. However, if smoke is present, when the measurement is taken, the most recent clear air measurement is preferably used as the reference. Unfortunately, this technique does not account for abrupt changes to the environment, such as the UL dust test, and this technique requires long-term stability in the particle sensor.
As such, a generally better technique is to have the scatter detector provide the clear air reference. In fact, the obscuration sensor need not be used at all until the scatter sensor determines that some small amount of smoke is present. When the scatter sensor indicates some amount of smoke, the obscuration sensor is activated. The first measurement taken by the obscuration sensor then becomes the clear air reference and all measurements taken after this are compared to the clear air reference. If the smoke clears, the obscuration sensor is then preferably deactivated to save energy, which is desirable in battery operated environments. It should be appreciated that the clean air reference may also be provided by other sources, such as an ion sensor.
To determine the amount of time shift associated with a given density of smoke one must generally determine the relationship between the photocurrent and the smoke density, which generally varies with the design. With reference to the circuit 44 of
Suitable exemplary constants for the particle detector are set forth below:
Freq=1.60E+07 Hz
C1=1.000E−09F
R3=3.000E+06Ω
VDD=4.480E+00V
Iphoto2.5%=1.200E−08A
Iphoto0%=9.400E−07A
Idark=2.00E−09A
Igrass=1.20E−08A
Idarkcal=2.00E−09A
It should be appreciated that the total capacitance includes both the capacitance of capacitor C1 and the capacitance of the receiver utilized (in this case, the capacitance of the receiver is about 12 pF). The above constants, which are dictated by the components utilized, are used in the scatter sensor (IR) algorithms as set forth below:
Tdarkcal=R3*C1*ln(((VDD)/(VDD*9/32)+R3*Idarkcal)))
Tdark=R3*C1*ln(((VDD)/(VDD*9/32)+R3*Idark)))
Tgrass=R3*C1*ln(((VDD+(R3*Igrass))/((VDD*9/32)+(R3*Igrass)+(R3*Idark))))
Tgrass+smoke=R3*C1*ln(((VDD+(R3*(Iphoto2.5%+Igrass)))/((VDD*9/32)+(R3*(Iphoto2.5%+Igrass))+(R3*Idark))))
IRgrassdelta=(Tdark−Tgrass)/Tclk
IRgrass+smoke=(Tdark−Tgrass+smoke)/Tclk
IRsmokedelta=IRgrass+smoke−IRgrass delta
REFCountIR=Tdark/Tclk
IRCount=Tgrass+smoke/Tclk
where Freq is the frequency at which the controller 80, as disclosed, operates and Tclk is the time period corresponding to Freq; VDD*9/32 is the charge/discharge threshold (i.e., level 108); Iphoto2.5% is the current through the receiver at 2.5% obscuration and is the point at which an alarm is normally sounded; Idark is the current through the receiver with no light; Igrass is the current through the receiver with no smoke; Idarkcal is the current through the receiver with no light at calibration; Tdarkcal is the time to reach the discharge threshold with no light at calibration; Tdark is the time to reach the discharge threshold with no light, otherwise; Tgrass is the time to reach the discharge threshold with the light on and no smoke; Tgrass+smoke is the time to reach the discharge threshold with the light on and smoke at 2.5% obscuration; Tdark/Tgrass provides a ratio; Tdark/Tgrass+smoke provides another ratio; IRgrassdelta is the count corresponding to the difference between Tdark and Tgrass; IRgrass+smoke is the count corresponding to the difference between Tdark and Tgrass+smoke; IRsmokedelta is the count corresponding to the difference between IRgrassdelta and IRgrass+smoke; REFCountIR is the count corresponding to Tdark; and IRCount is the count corresponding to Tgrass+smoke. It should be appreciated that it is desirable to control the value of VDD as the value is utilized in both the obscuration and scatter sensor algorithms.
The calculated values for the above variables, using the constants and algorithms set forth above, are:
Tdarkcal=3.837E−03S
Tdark=3.837E−03S
Tgrass3.776E−03S
Tgrass+smoke=3.717E−03S
IRgrassdelta=40.6
IRgrass+smoke=79.7
IRsmokedelta=39.1
REFCountIR=2558
IRount=2478
The above constants are also used in the obscuration sensor algorithms as set forth below:
Tbeamdark=R3*C1*ln(VDD/(VDD*9/32)+R3*Idark))
T100%=R3*C1*ln((VDD−R3*Iphoto0%)/((VDD*9/32)+R3*Idark))
Blue/GreenT80.6%=R3*C1*ln(VDD−R3*Iphoto0%*0.806)/(VDD*9/32)+R3*Idark))
GreenT83.7%=R3*C1*ln((VDD−R3*Iphoto0%*0.837)/(VDD*9/32)+R3*Idark))
REFCount=Tbeamdark/Tclk
PostBeamCount=T100%/Tclk
Delta=REFCount−PostBeamCount
Blue/Green(UL 11%)Delta=(Blue/GreenT80.6%−T100%)/Tclk
Green(UL 11%)Delta=(GreenT83.7%−T100%)/Tclk
Blue/GreenIp(490 nm)80.6%=Iphoto0%*0.806
GreenIp(570 nm)83.7%=Iphoto0%*0.837
where Tbeamdark is the time to reach the charge threshold with no light; T100% is the time to reach the charge threshold with light and no smoke; REFCount is the count corresponding to Theamdark; PostBeamCount is the count corresponding to T100%; Delta is difference between REFCount and PostBeamCount; Blue/GreenIp(490 nm)80.6% corresponds to the receiver current at 80.6% atmosphere clarity as determined by the obscuration emitter, which occurs at 2.5% obscuration as determined by the scatter emitter and 11% obscuration referenced to UL standards; Greenlp(570 nm)83.7% corresponds to the receiver current at 83.7% atmosphere clarity as determined by the obscuration emitter (570 nanometer wavelength), which occurs at 2.5% obscuration as determined by the scatter emitter and 11% obscuration referenced to UL standards; Blue/GreenT80.6% is the time which produces count Blue/Green(UL11%), when a 490 nanometer obscuration emitter is used; GreenT83.7% is the time which produces count Green(UL 11%), when a 570 nanometer obscuration emitter is used; Blue/Green(UL 11%)Delta is the count corresponding to the difference between Blue/GreenT80.6% and T100%; and Green(UL 11%)Delta is the count corresponding to the difference between GreenT83.7% and T100%.
The calculated values for the obscuration sensor algorithms, using the constant values set forth above, are set forth below:
Tbeamdark=3.837E−03
T100%=8.23E−04
Blue/GreenT80.6%=1.69E−03
GreenT83.7%=1.56E−03
REFCount=2558
PostBeamCount=548
Delta=2009.4
Blue/Green(UL 11%)Delta=576.5
Green(UL 11%)Delta 494.7
Blue/GreenIp(490 nm)80.6%=7.58E−07
GreenIp(570 nm)83.7%=7.87E−07
With reference again to
where VREF is (VDD*9/32).
The sensitivity to particle density is limited by the ability of the controller to resolve changes in time. Faster digital clock speeds generally translate into the ability to measure smaller changes in time. However, faster clock speeds also translate into more energy consumption by the controller. In cases where it is desirable to minimize energy consumption, the clock speed may be stopped or reduced between measurement cycles to conserve power. If a sleep mode is not available, circuitry to temporarily boost the clock speed to maximum for the measurement period and then back to a reduced speed for a majority of the time also conserves power.
Condensing humidity on the mirrors of the obscuration sensor has a dramatic effect on light levels at the receiver. As such, it may be desirable to provide a hydrophilic coating on the reflective surface of each mirror or position a heater adjacent to or on each mirror to substantially prevent fogging of the reflective surface. Condensing humidity can exceed the anticipated effects of even very high particle densities in the test chamber. As such, logic can suppress the alarm function for a predetermined time, if the apparent obscuration levels exceed a predetermined limit for reasonable particle densities. During this alarm suppression period, brief transient conditions caused by condensing humidity, would have time for the moisture to evaporate before a false high particle density indication occurs. In the case of an early warning smoke detector, the suppression period can prevent what would have been a false alarm. However, the duration of the suppression period should be chosen so as not to compromise safety.
When used as an early warning smoke detector, the possibility that the unit will be powered up in the presence of smoke should also be considered. Any automated means that compensates for offset errors at power-up, should not shift calibration excessively, when smoke is present at calibration time. A sensor so calibrated will generally exhibit degraded sensitivity to smoke.
Chambers used to create a sample test chamber for scatter sensors are usually made of black, intentionally non-reflective materials. A black material has the advantage of absorbing the unwanted light that passes the field of view of the receiver, preventing stray reflections. If allowed to occur, these reflections appear in the receiver output and are nearly indistinguishable from the output created by particles in the test chamber. In an early warning smoke detector this can lead to the alarm threshold shifting, resulting in false alarms.
A problem with using an interior black smoke sensor housing is that non-black dust is likely to accumulate on the inside surfaces over time. This greatly increases the stray reflections that find their way to the receiver. By starting with a smoke sensor constructed from more reflective materials, such as gray plastic; the amount of change from no-dust to a dusty surface is much less than if the interior housing of the sensor is black. With careful initial design, this can help stabilize the sensitivity to particles in the test chamber as the components age.
One of the greatest challenges of designing a combination obscuration/scatter sensor in one compact housing is preventing the two sensors from interacting within a confined space. The mirrors required for creating a compact beam sensor should be positioned such that light from the scatter emitter is not reflected to the receiver by other than particles in the test chamber. When using the same receiver for both obscuration and scatter modes, the choices become even more limited. Further limiting the physical choices are the constraints of high volume manufacturing, which should be considered for early warning smoke detectors. A low labor assembly compatible with PCB manufacturing processes, such as a wave or reflow solder system, is desirable. Because of the very sensitive measurements being made, a Faraday shield may be required to protect the receiver from outside electromagnetic interference. This shield is generally metallic and reflective and may reflect stray light to the receiver. Another restriction is that the end-product is wall or ceiling mounted, in the case of an early warning smoke detector, and is expected to be low profile for aesthetic and practical reasons. A smoke chamber that is small in a direction perpendicular to the mounting surface is, therefore, desirable. Particle entry should be nearly equally permissive into the test chamber from a 360 degree arc surrounding the test chamber. It is also generally desirable that the mirrors and system components not unduly impede entry of particles into the test chamber, based on the orientation to the flow of the particles into the test chamber.
One physical system that meets these varied requirements includes a mounting block (i.e., an optic block) for the three optical elements, the receiver (MID-54419), the scatter emitter (MIE-526A4U) and the beam emitter (MVL-5A4BG). A second component is the smoke cage base, which preferably supports a separate mirror assembly consisting of five non-planar mirrors, arranged in a circular pattern of 3⅛ inches diameter. The base preferably holds the mirrors in precise alignment to the optic block and forms a portion of the light-blocking labyrinth that forms the dark test chamber and, when practical, a molded filter screen, when molding constraints allow the formation of an integral filter screen. Alternatively, an optional non-integral filter screen may be installed external to all particle entry points. Either screen method should generally prevent larger particles, insects and the like from entering the test chamber. The last component is the test chamber cover, which completes the light labyrinth and preferably has anti-reflective grooves on its inner surface to dissipate unwanted scatter emitter reflections and is removable to expose the surfaces that may later need cleaning.
A preferred optic block places the three optoelectric components in a housing made of material that is opaque to the wavelengths of light being emitted.
The optic block 97 limits the field of view for the receiver 28. However, this limitation is not necessarily uniform in all directions and conforms to the conditions within the test chamber, as function requires. The optic block 97 should be designed to not block incoming light from the obscuration emitter 38, yet it should block stray reflections from the scatter emitter 32. The blocking of light is used only as required, because sensitivity to particles in the test chamber may be attenuated by excessively restrictive apertures. It is desirable that the receiver 28 not have any test chamber surface within its field of view that also reflects direct light from the scatter emitter 32. Any such reflection is generally indistinguishable from particles in the test chamber and may be considered a noise component. The field of view for the receiver 28 is generally limited either by its own construction, as shown in
The emission pattern for both emitters 32 and 38 is also generally restricted. In particular, the scatter emitter 32 light output is restricted in conjunction with the viewing field of the receiver 28, to assure no direct light reflects off any wall of the test chamber that is viewed by the receiver 28. A barrier separates the scatter emitter 32 from the receiver 28 such that there is no direct line-of-sight between the two. These two components are held in a specific orientation that preferably maximizes the electrical output of the scatter sensor in response to particles in the test chamber. In the case of the MID-54419 photodiode and the MIE-526A4U scatter emitter this orientation places the physical bodies of the scatter emitter 32 and the receiver 28 at about a ninety degree angle to one another. Further, this physical orientation places the maximum optical centerline 99 at 105 degrees between the scatter emitter 32 and receiver 28, as shown in
The receiver 28 is preferably placed with its physical centerline 98 at about a 40 degree incline with respect to the PCB, as shown in
It should also be noted that the receiver 28, is rotated about its own centerline such that the optical centerline 99 is at about a 105 degree angle to the physical centerline of the scatter emitter 32. This greater than 90 degree optical angle slightly degrades the sensitivity of the receiver 28 to particles in the test chamber, but improves another aspect of the particle sensor in that the test chamber cover may be closer to the receiver 28 and emitter 32, without causing the two fields of view to intersect at the surface of the cover. This allows a properly functioning particle sensor to have an acceptably low profile. In the case of a combined scatter and obscuration receiver function, it places the receiver 28 at an angle optimized to receive light from a mirror assembly, which also may be located within the low profile. With respect to the mounting surface, a suitable angle (Θ3) is about 25 degrees as indicated in
The cover may generally be located at any height greater than about 20 mm above the optic block barrier that separates the receiver 28 and scatter emitter 32. Anti-reflective patterns in the cover surface facing the scatter emitter 32 may further assist in reducing unwanted stray reflections that may reach the receiver 28 by means other than particles in the test chamber. A portion of the light blocking labyrinth may also be part of this cover.
The rotation of the scatter emitter 32 about its centerline is generally less important, because the optical and physical centerlines are the same. There is some advantage to placing the wire bond structure within the scatter emitter 32, towards the barrier that separates the receiver 28 and emitter 32 as this places the wire bond shadow in an area that has a minimal affect on sensitivity to particles in the test chamber.
Referring to the obscuration emitter 38 as shown in
As is described elsewhere, a mirror assembly is placed outbound such that the light exiting the obscuration emitter 38 is directed to the receiver 28 after multiple reflections. The choice of a 25 degree angle allows a 3⅛ inch diameter mirror assembly to perform this function, without the optic block 97 interfering with the resulting folded light beam.
A Faraday shield may be added to the optic block 97 by several methods. The optic block 97 itself can be a cast metallic part or molded of plastic impregnated with RF absorbing materials. A preferred embodiment employs a simple plated steel sheet metal part that is folded to an appropriate shape to protect the receiver 28. This part should be machine solderable, and have a tab to make a connection to the ground reference circuitry on the underside of the PCB. This connection may be made to the unregulated, low voltage power source for the associated electronics rather than circuit common. This places the RF ground path ahead of the voltage regulator for the electronics, which further inhibits RF entry into sensitive circuits.
By combining the above-described elements, a compact, low profile, RF resistant, dual emitter, single receiver, particle sensor having low interaction between sensors, with 360 degree permissivity of particles may be produced by high volume manufacturing methods at relatively low labor and cost.
Referring to
The receiver 28, implemented by photodiode PD1, is connected between supply voltage VDD and connection point 82. A capacitor C1, indicated by 84, is connected across the receiver 28. A resistor R3, indicated by 86, joins connection point 82 with a discrete output (GP2) of the controller 80, indicated by 88. The connection point 82 is also connected to a sense input 90 of the controller 80, labeled GP3. Preferably, the sense input 90 is connected to a comparator, having an adjustable reference threshold, within controller 80. Although the receiver 28 and the capacitor C1 are described as being connected between the supply VDD and connection point 82, it will be recognized that the capacitor C1 and the receiver 28 can alternatively be connected in parallel between connection point 82 and ground.
In one embodiment, scatter emitter 32 has a principal wavelength between 850 and 950 nanometers and obscuration emitter 38 has a principal emission wavelength between 430 and 575 nanometers. For example, light emitting diode D1 can be implemented using an MIE-546A4U, emitting light at a principal wavelength of 940 nanometers, available from Unity Optoelectronics Technology of Taipei, Taiwan. Light emitting diode D2 may be an MVL-504B, emitting light at a principal wavelength of 490 nanometers, also available from Unity Optoelectronics Technology. The intensity of the scatter emitter light 34 and the obscuration emitter light 40 are dependent upon the values of resistors R1 and R2, respectively. In this example, the resistance of the resistor R1 may be 7Ω and the resistance of the resistor R2 may be 16Ω. Photodiode PD1 may be, for example, a MID-56419, also available from Unity Optoelectronics Technology.
Referring now to
More particularly, the discrete output 88 and the sense input 90 are deasserted by connection to ground potential at time 100. This causes the capacitor 84 to charge to approximately VDD. The discrete output 88 is asserted at time 104, at which time the sense input 90 is allowed to float, allowing the voltage across the capacitor 84 to discharge through the resistor 86. Discharge will also occur due to the dark current produced by the receiver 28, connected in parallel to the capacitor 84. Asserting the discrete output 88, and permitting the sense input 90 to float, triggers a counter within the controller 80 to begin counting clock pulses, as indicated by counter signal 106. The counter is halted when the sense input 90 crosses a programmable threshold level 108. A comparator (not shown) internal to the controller 80 compares the signal level on the sense input 90 to the level 108, which is set to a default level during most of the measurement cycle. A dark scatter reference 110 is the elapsed time between when the discrete output 88 is asserted and when the sense input 90 crosses the level 108, and indicates a dark current reference level of the receiver 28. This dark scatter reference 110 is used in the scatter detector measurement as described herein below.
The discrete output 88 and the sense input 90 are deasserted at time 112, causing charging of the capacitor 84. The discrete output 88 is asserted at time 116, at which time the sense input 90 is permitted to float. At the same time, the scatter emitter signal 36 is asserted, turning on the scatter emitter 32. The rate of discharge of the capacitor 84 is dependent upon the amount of the scatter emitter light 34 striking the receiver 28, as the capacitor 84 will discharge both through the resistor 86 and due to the current through the receiver 28. Asserting the discrete output 88 begins a counter within the controller 80, as indicated by the counter signal 106. The counter is turned off when the sense input 90 crosses the level 108. The elapsed scatter time 118, which is the elapsed time between asserting the discrete output 88 and when the sense input 90 crosses the level 108, is dependent upon the amount of the scatter emitter light 34 striking the receiver 28. The more reflective smoke particles that are present, the more light from the scatter emitter 32 that will strike the receiver 28, the more current that will be drawn through the receiver 28 and the shorter the time required to discharge the capacitor 84 to the point that the sense input 90 crosses the level 108. The scatter emitter signal 36 may be deasserted at time 120, following the elapsed scatter time 118, such that the scatter emitter 32 is turned off when the sense input 90 crosses the level 108.
At time 122 the output 88 is deasserted and the sense input 90 continues to float. The voltage level on the sense input 90 will drop to a level 121, which is proportional to the magnitude of the dark current present at the output 30 of the receiver 28, after an appropriate settling time for the capacitor 84. The settling time is selected to be the maximum amount of time expected for the capacitor 84 to become substantially settled, and may for example be approximately 10 to 15 milliseconds. The threshold level 108 is programmable to 1 of 32 different voltage levels. The magnitude range for the dark current is determined using this programmable threshold level. Initially, threshold level 108 is set to its lowest programmable value, and once the capacitor settling time has elapsed, a comparison is made to determine whether the voltage present on input 90 is higher than this lowest programmable level. If it is not, then the dark current magnitude is in the lowest range. If, however, the voltage present at the input 90 is higher than the lowest programmable level, the level 108 is incremented to its next level. If the voltage present on the sense input 90 is higher than the incremented reference level, the level 108 is incremented again, to a next programmable reference level. The sense input 90 is then compared to that reference level. The process of incrementing the reference level to its next sequential level, and comparing the voltage on the sense input 90 to that incremented sequential reference level, is repeated until the level on the input 90 is lower than the level 108 or the highest reference voltage is reached. The value to which level 108 must be raised in order to exceed the signal level on the input 90 is the obscuration dark current reference level, which is stored for later use in selecting an adjustment factor as described in greater detail herein below. The adjustment factor is used to compensate for temperature variations, thereby enhancing the accuracy of obscuration detector measurements made over a wider temperature range.
At time 123, the level 108 is returned to its default value, the discrete output 88 is asserted, permitting the capacitor 84 to discharge and the counter begins counting, as indicated by the counter signal 106, while the obscuration emitter signal 42 remains deasserted (i.e., the emitter 38 is off). The counter is turned off when the sense input 90 crosses the level 108. The dark obscuration reference 127, which is the elapsed time between asserting the discrete output 88 and when the sense input 90 crosses the level 108, is a reference dark current time count for the obscuration emitter 38. The dark obscuration reference 127 is used in the obscuration detector measurement as further described herein below.
At time 124, the discrete output 88 is deasserted, the sense input 90 continues to float, and the obscuration emitter signal 42 is asserted. Consequently, the capacitor 84 begins charging at the same time as the obscuration emitter 38 turns on. The capacitor 84 will charge to a potential such that the sense input 90 settles at voltage level 125, which voltage level is dependent upon the amount of light striking the light receiver 28. If no smoke is present, the emitter light 40 reaches the receiver 28 without substantial blockage, inducing a large current in the receiver 28, resulting in a high voltage level 125 at time 126. When more smoke is present, less emitter light 40 reaches the receiver 28, allowing the sense input 90 to reach a lower voltage 125 at time 126. At time 126, the discrete output 88 is asserted, while the sense input 90 floats, and the obscuration emitter 38 is turned off, causing the capacitor 84 to discharge through the resistor 86 and the receiver 28. The time required for the capacitor 84 to discharge to the point that the sense input 90 crosses the level 108 is inversely related to the amount of the emitter light 40 striking the receiver 28 between time 124 and time 126. As noted above, the more smoke present while the obscuration emitter 38 is on, the lower the voltage 125 at the sense input 90. The lower the voltage at time 126, the more time will be required to discharge the capacitor 84 to the point that the sense input 90 crosses above the level 108. The measurement of elapsed obscuration time 128 is initiated upon deasserting the discrete output 88. At that time, a counter within the controller 80 begins counting, as indicated by the counter signal 106. The counter is turned off when the sense input 90 crosses the level 108. The elapsed obscuration time 128, between asserting the discrete output 88 and when the sense input 90 crosses over the level 108, indicates the amount of the obscuration emitter light 40 striking the receiver 28 during the interval from time 126 until the sense input 90 crosses the level 108. Preferably, measurements 110, 118, 127 and 128 are taken within a short period of time to properly compensate for dark current in the receiver 28. The elapsed obscuration time 128 is used in the obscuration detector measurement as described herein below.
Although not illustrated, it will be recognized that the length of time required to complete each measurement cycle can be reduced. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that if the times 112, 122, 124 and 129 are preset, the time period between asserting and deasserting the output 88 must be longer than the longest expected time required for the voltage on the sense input 90 to cross the level 108. To reduce the cycle time, the time periods 112, 122, 124 and 129 are preferably set dynamically as follows. As soon as the sense input 90 crosses the level 108, the control input 88 is deasserted. As a consequence, the times 112, 122, 124 and 129 need not be set in advance, and they will occur at the earliest possible time for actual measurement conditions.
The operation of the smoke detector 20 will now be described with reference to
If the scatter emitter is below the threshold TH3 (point C in
If it is determined in step 1308 that the scatter ratio has not dropped below threshold TH1, although it is below TH3, and the obscuration measurement is below threshold TH2 as determined in steps 1306 and 1322, the smoke detector enters a pending alarm state and the cycle ends.
If it is determined in step 1322 that the obscuration percentage change is greater than threshold TH2, the scatter emitter ratio is compared to a threshold TH4, in step 1324. If the scatter time ratio is above TH4, the alarm condition continues to be pending, such that the measurement cycle is repeated more often, and the cycle ends. If the scatter ratio is below threshold TH4, an alarm detect signal is made, as indicated in step 1326, and the cycle ends. As can be seen from
Although the scatter detector and obscuration detector can operate independently, several advantages are gained by using them together as described above. For example, the short length of the obscuration detector light path from the emitter 38 to the receiver 28 affects its sensitivity. By using the scatter detector threshold TH3 as a precondition to using the obscuration detector, the reliability of the obscuration detector is increased despite the relatively short length of the path for the obscuration emitter light 40. Using the obscuration detector to reset the scatter emitter alarm threshold to TH4 improves the sensitivity of the scatter detector in the presence of black smoke while helping to avoid false alarms which would result if the scatter detector threshold is always low. Additionally, the scatter detector can operate alone during most cycles as the obscuration detector need only be used after the scatter detector ratio reaches threshold TH3. This reduces the overall current drain of the smoke detector under non-alarm conditions, which is particularly advantageous for battery-operated smoke detectors.
It is envisioned that the smoke detector sensor cycle is repeated periodically, and that each cycle lasts for a very short period of time. For example, the cycle may be repeated once every 5 to 45 seconds and can, for example, occur once every 8 seconds. The cycle may last between 0.05 and 0.2 second and may, for example, last approximately 0.1 second. The timing of the cycle is chosen to reduce power consumption without detrimentally impacting the response time of the smoke detector 20. Additionally, it is envisioned that the cycle is repeated at a higher rate, set in step 1318, such as once every 1 to 5 seconds, when the scatter ratio drops below the threshold TH3, until the scatter ratio rises above the threshold TH3, as determined in step 1306, at which time the interval between sampling cycles is reset to the longer interval in step 1320, such as the exemplary once every 8 second interval described above.
An example of how the thresholds TH1-TH4 can be selected will now be provided. The threshold TH1 can be selected as follows. A scatter detector is placed in gray smoke having a density that causes a UL beam to detect approximately 2.5% obscuration/foot. “UL beam” refers to a beam detector test performed according to Underwriter's Laboratory (UL) test standards, such as UL268. The scatter detector measurement is made. The scatter detector measurement in that smoke density is used for the threshold TH1 of the smoke detector. The threshold TH3 is selected in a similar manner. The scatter detector is placed in gray smoke having a density such that UL beam will detect approximately 0.6% obscuration/foot. The scatter detector measurement in that density of smoke is threshold TH3. Threshold TH4 is also selected in the same manner. The scatter detector is placed in gray smoke having a density such that a UL beam will detect approximately 1.25% obscuration/foot. The scatter detector measurement in that smoke density is the threshold TH4 for the smoke detector. The threshold TH2 is selected to correspond to approximately a 4% light reduction, which due to the short path length for light 40, corresponds to approximately 6% obscuration/foot in the presence of black smoke as measured by a UL beam. For a new smoke detector operating using these thresholds in the presence of black smoke, the light from the obscuration emitter 38 is expected to be at approximately 98% of full intensity when it impacts receiver 28 at the time when the scatter detector ratio crosses threshold TH3. As long as the scatter detector detects at least this level of smoke, the obscuration emitter 38 continues to operate, and the sensing cycle is repeated at the higher repetition rate. When the threshold TH2 is exceeded, the detector changes the scatter detector alarm threshold to be more sensitive, by using threshold TH4 instead of threshold TH1. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the thresholds are merely exemplary, and that other thresholds can be used. Additionally, smoke detectors can be tailored for use in controlled environments by the selection of the threshold levels. For example, if the smoke detector is intended for use in a controlled environment where fuels (e.g., gasoline or kerosene) are stored, such that fires are expected to always have a high black smoke content, the thresholds TH1–TH3 can be selected such that the smoke detector is more sensitive to black smoke without producing excessive false alarms. Those skilled in the art will also recognize that the actual smoke density thresholds for any particular smoke detector can vary due to aging of the smoke detector, environmental conditions, part tolerances, and the like.
It is further envisioned that instead of having two unique alarm thresholds, TH1 and TH4, the alarm threshold could be proportionally adjusted by the amount of black smoke composition present, (i.e. TH4′=ƒ(Scatter, Obscuration). To obtain an alarm at a consistent smoke density the function ƒ(Scatter, Obscuration) can be implemented using a look-up table. Table 1 provides exemplary values for a five point look-up table.
The table represents the smoke detect threshold level TH1 or TH4′ for the scatter detector as the obscuration detector percent change measurements vary. Thus, when the obscuration measurement detects a 1.1 percent change, the scatter emitter threshold is TH1. As mentioned above, TH1 is the scatter emitter measurement taken in a smoke density that produces a 2.5 percent obscuration in a UL beam measurement. As the obscuration measurement rises, the smoke detect threshold for the scatter detector rises. When the obscuration detector measurement crosses 1.78 percent change, the scatter emitter threshold is raised to TH4′. For this obscuration measurement, TH4′ is a scatter emitter measurement taken in a smoke density that produces a 2.18 percent obscuration in a UL beam measurement. When the obscuration detector measurement crosses 2.5 percent change, the scatter emitter threshold is raised to the next threshold TH4′. For this obscuration measurement, TH4′ is a scatter emitter measurement taken in a smoke density that produces a 1.87 percent obscuration in a UL beam measurement. When the obscuration detector measurement crosses 3.16 percent change, the scatter emitter threshold is raised to the next threshold TH4′. For this obscuration measurement, TH4′ is a scatter emitter measurement taken at a smoke density that produces a 1.56 percent obscuration in a UL beam measurement. When the obscuration detector measurement crosses 4 percent change, the scatter emitter threshold is raised to the next threshold TH4′. For this obscuration measurement, TH4′ is a scatter emitter measurement taken in a smoke density that produces a 1.25 percent obscuration in a UL beam measurement. Thus it can be seen that as the obscuration measurement rises, the scatter detector smoke detect threshold rises proportionally. In operation, if the scatter measurement corresponds to a smoke level of greater than 2.5% obscuration/foot as measured by the UL beam, then an alarm would be generated regardless of the obscuration detector measurement as the threshold for the scatter detector measurement will be TH1. For scatter measurements that indicate a smoke level of less than 2.5% obscuration/ft, as measured by the UL beam, the alarm would be generated based on the evaluation of TH4′=ƒ(Scatter, Obscuration). The different measurement thresholds TH4′ permit the smoke detector to produce a smoke detect signal in approximately the same smoke density (reference B in
The control system described with regards to
In one embodiment a ratio of the received emitter light to the dark reference level at different times is used to compensate for variations in the value of the capacitor 84, and some of the affects of aging and temperature. A first ratio of the received emitter light 34 and 40 to the dark reference level under no smoke conditions is stored in controller 80. During use, a new ratio of received emitter light 34 and 40 to the dark reference level is obtained. In particular, the calibrated measurement ratio used can be:
(T118/T110)/( T118Ref/T110Ref),
where T118 is the measured elapsed scatter time 118 and T110 is the measured dark scatter reference 110 time at a sampling time, and T118Ref is the elapsed scatter time 118 and T110Ref is the dark reference for a stored reference level. In particular, the reference ratio T118Ref/T110Ref is a stored calibration value representing a no smoke condition. This ratio-to-ratios represents the percentage of smoke present. An initial reference ratio value can be set and stored for the scatter and/or obscuration detector when the smoke detector is manufactured. Over time, the reference ratio can be altered to reflect changing performance characteristics of the smoke detector components, and to compensate for the presence of dirt, such as dust, in the test chamber. These adjustments can be made by incremental compensation of the reference ratio in proportion to the gradual drift in measured ratios that do not produce an alarm indication. Thus, if the measured scatter and obscuration ratios at different sampling times drift up or down over a period of time, the associated reference thresholds can be adjusted to a higher or lower value to reflect that drift. Adjustments in the reference ratio would not be made for those measurements that result in a pending alarm or actual alarm condition. By using a ratio of the new received light-to-dark level ratio and the old light-to-dark level ratio removes the effects of long-range drift in the capacitor 84 and compensates for temperature variations, which affects are cancelled by the ratio.
Variations in the characteristics of the obscuration detector may also be compensated for automatically. The obscuration detector uses a percent change calculation to detect a pending alarm condition. In particular, the following relationship is used:
(ORef−ODif)/ORef
where ORef is an obscuration reference and ODif is an obscuration difference. The obscuration difference is T127−T128. The obscuration reference is the obscuration difference recorded when the scatter measurement crosses threshold TH3. By using a percentage change threshold, instead of an absolute measurement, variations in the performance of the emitter 38 and the receiver 28, whether caused by temperature variations, aging, dirt, or the like, can be compensated for during measurement.
Many configurations for sensing received light are possible. Each of these configurations generally includes the controller 80 with the discrete output 88 and the sense input 90. In some implementations, the discrete output 88 and the sense input 90 share a common input/output port with the capacitor 84 connected to the discrete output 88. In these embodiments, a path for current extends between the capacitor 84 and the light receiver 28 and a voltage sense path extends from the capacitor 84 to the sense input 90. In these embodiments, the sense input is allowed to float while the discrete output changes from VDD to ground, for example.
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring now to
It is envisioned that improved performance can also be obtained by normalizing for dark current, as an alternative to the ratio-of-ratios technique described above, for those measurements made responsive to the scatter emitter 32, using the dark current voltage 121 range measurement made during the time interval 122 to 123 (
Alternatively, it is envisioned that the stored factor can be multiplied by level 108, to vary the level 108 such that the larger the dark current voltage 121 measured during period 122 to 123, the higher the level 108 during the measurement of the elapsed scatter time 118. It will be recognized that the dark current voltage 121 measurement taken during period 122 to 123 can be taken prior to time period 116, if the level 108 is to be adjusted during measurement of the elapsed scatter time 118.
It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that the PIC16CE624 microprocessor from Microchip Technology includes an internal comparator and a resistor network providing 32 reference levels for the internal comparator. The voltage at terminal 82 is compared to each of these reference levels to determine between which of the 32 reference voltages the dark current voltage 121 of the capacitor 84 settles as noted above. The PIC16CE624 microcontroller advantageously includes 32 reference levels that divide the overall voltage range between VDD and ground into non-uniform, contiguous ranges, the smaller ranges providing finer resolution where the dark current voltage 121 on capacitor 84 is likely to settle. However, the reference voltages could alternately be at uniform, contiguous intervals, if desired.
Turning to
Two separate smoke sources were used to create the charts of
As previously mentioned, the goal of an early warning detector is to sound an alarm in the presence of low levels of smoke. The charts demonstrate that the scatter sensor is superior when detecting an increasing density of gray smoke, while the obscuration sensor is superior when detecting an increasing density of black smoke. As such, a combination of the two optical detection techniques provides an alarm, for either type of smoke, earlier than either technique alone can provide without generally increasing the likelihood of false alarms.
As is well known, light sources (e.g., LEDs) within a given lot may produce varying brightness levels. While such light sources are generally useable to some degree, when the light striking a given light receiver (e.g., a photodiode) is brighter than can be measured the brightness of the light source must be reduced such that a difference in energy received by a light receiver can be related to the amount of particles within a test chamber of a particle sensor. One method of reducing the light level output by a light source is to use a serial potentiometer to reduce the current through the light source (e.g., an obscuration emitter). However, in a production environment, this solution is not particularly attractive as each potentiometer may require mechanical adjustment. Thus, a technique has been developed which limits the on-time of the obscuration emitter to establish an initial condition for an obscuration measurement. Using the same initial condition allows the amount of energy that is lost due to particles in the test chamber to be accurately measured irrespective of the difference in the intensity of the light source.
Accordingly, an improved particle sensor (e.g., a smoke detector) has been disclosed that provides a reliable smoke detect signal without excessive false alarm signals. While embodiments have been illustrated and described, it is not intended that these embodiments illustrate and describe all possible forms of the invention. For example, it is envisioned that the obscuration detector could cause the controller to issue a smoke detect signal when the percent change crosses threshold TH2, rather than changing the scatter detector threshold from TH1 to TH4 when the obscuration detector crosses threshold TH2. Accordingly, the above description is considered that of the preferred embodiments only. Modifications of the invention will occur to those skilled in the art and to those who make or use the invention. Therefore, it is understood that the embodiments shown in the drawings and described above are merely for illustrative purposes and not intended to limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the following claims as interpreted according to the principles of patent law, including the Doctrine of Equivalents.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/844,229 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,876,305), entitled “COMPACT PARTICLE SENSOR,” by Applicants Brian J. Kadwell et al., filed on Apr. 27, 2001, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/804,543 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,326,897), entitled “SMOKE DETECTOR,” by Applicants Brian J. Kadwell et al., filed on Mar. 12, 2001, which is a continuation of U.S. patent Ser. No. 09/456,470 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,225,910), entitled “SMOKE DETECTOR,” by Applicants Brian J. Kadwell et al., filed on Dec. 8, 1999, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
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