The invention relates to assemblies used to absorb impact and more particularly to bumpers used to absorb impact to roof mounting systems for fuel cylinders.
It is known, particularly for vehicles using alternative fuels such as CNG, LNG and hydrogen, to mount a plurality of fuel cylinders to the roof of a vehicle. Typically, metal frames are used to secure the cylinders to the vehicle's roof, using metal structural members to absorb and transfer any impact away from the cylinders and the associated valving. Unfortunately, the addition of such apparatus adds considerably to the overall weight of the roof mounting system making these systems less than desirable. Further, damage to the structural members used to absorb and transfer the impact may ultimately result in loss of integrity of the cylinders should the members be sheared from the overall mounting system or be deflected significantly towards the cylinders in crash or high-impact situations.
In order to meet NFPA 52 2002 and CSA B109-01 certification in both the US and Canada, respectively, the mounting systems must be designed to withstand dynamic loading as a result of normal operation and in the event of a crash. Pressure vessels or cylinders must be restrained due to inertial loading as well as be protected from direct impact. The dynamic loads which must be safely restrained in the event of a crash are specified in terms of multiples of gravity. Frames are provided to absorb and meet requirements of the vehicle and further to surround the cylinders. Impact may also be directed to the roof mounting itself. The loading designs must accommodate both longitudinal and transverse orientation of the vessels and is dependant upon the standards to be met. In Canada, cylinders are typically oriented in the same direction as travel of the vehicle. Dynamic loading must be at least 20 g in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle and 8 g in any other direction. Impact standards require protection of the fuel cylinders under specified mass and momentum conditions. These loads supersede those required for normal operation and are generally more stringent than those imposed in the US and in other pats of the world.
Frames are known which are resistant to inertial loading as a result of vehicle impact. In 1998, Lincoln Composites (Lincoln, Nebr., USA), a division of Advanced Technical Products, Inc., disclosed a modular concept for roof mounting utilizing a lightweight truss frame, expandable to accommodate various lengths of cylinders. Integration of the modules to the bus roof is accomplished by utilizing mounting brackets that can be relocated along the length of the modules to correspond with the roof “hard points”. The modular frame comprises end frames spacing two rails and a plurality of truss-like central frame members running lengthwise in the same direction as the cylinders and separating the cylinders, thus adding structural rigidity to the frame.
Other frames have been designed to meet safety requirements and weight restrictions. One such known design is that used typically for roof-mounting in low floor buses comprising a frame structure of end members and cross members. The frame has steel straps at two places along each pressure vessel, clamping each into the frame.
In the Lincoln Composites system described above, cylinders are positioned with their longitudinal axis oriented in the same direction as the longitudinal axis of the vehicle. In other known frames, cylinders are oriented with their longitudinal axis at 90 degrees to the frame rails and to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle. The differences in orientation of the cylinders are representative of differences in mounting conventions between North America and those in Japan and Europe.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,257,360 to Wozniak et al. teaches a plurality of compressed gas cylinders nested within shock-absorbing foam positioned within a container or outer shell which is strapped to the chassis of a vehicle. The outer shell of fiberglass and impact-absorbing foam contained therein serves to protect the cylinders from impact loads.
The known mounting systems typically utilize multiple-component, complete and heavy frames into which cylinders are mounted or rely on foam alone to absorb impact and protect the integrity of the vessels.
What is desired is a lightweight impact-absorption system, which alone or in combination with a mounting system, protects a structure and particularly roof-mounted cylinders both from inertial loading and from direct impact to the cylinders as a result of the impact by absorbing the impact and transferring any residual load away from the cylinders so as to diminish any adverse effects thereon.
An embodiment of a lightweight impact absorbing impact assembly comprises a unitary impact-absorbing assembly or bumper having a lightweight compressible foam outer layer and a lightweight highly cellular load-transferring inner layer, preferably an end-grain balsa core laminated with a fiber-reinforced plastic, such as epoxy fiberglass, the outer layer and inner layer wrapped together in a polymer skin, such as a urethane, a polyurethane resin or an epoxy fiberglass layer or coating. The outer foam layer is adhesively bonded to the inner load-transferring layer using a compatible adhesive, such as an epoxy or urethane adhesive, prior to wrapping or coating.
In use, to protect one or more fuel cylinders mounted on vehicles from impact loading, embodiments of the impact assembly of the present invention are integrated into mounting systems such that reduced and residual load following impact compression of the foam layer and absorption into the rear balsa layer is transferred to the mounting system, thus avoiding contact with and minimizing transference of energy to the cylinders, preventing shearing of the cylinders from the mounting system and preventing loss of integrity of the one or more cylinders.
Regardless the orientation of the fuel cylinders relative to the direction of travel of the vehicle, lightweight mounting frames are provided to mount the fuel cylinders to the vehicle, such as to the roof of a bus, so as to cause any residual load resulting from the impact, following the action of the impact assembly, to be transferred to the mounting frame.
Typically, in the case where the fuel cylinders are mounted longitudinally on the vehicle, aligned with the direction of travel, an embodiment of a mounting system comprises longitudinal frame members interconnected to transverse mounting members and to at least a front impact assembly, having a compressible foam outer layer and an inner load-transferring epoxy fiberglass-laminated balsa layer. The frame members are fastened to the impact assembly's inner layer for transferring residual load through the frame, preferably by an intermediate member or strut fastened to the impact assembly at a mounting plate. The frame members may be adhesively fastened to the inner layer or alternatively, may be mechanically fastened to the inner layer.
Typically, in the case of fuel cylinders that are mounted transverse to the direction of travel, a pair of spaced, parallel longitudinal frame members are provided to which opposing ends of the fuel cylinders are mounted, the cylinders further acting as structural members. Additional transverse support members for spacing and supporting the longitudinal members may be provided at intervals along the length of the longitudinal members. At least a front impact assembly spans across and is connected to a first end of each of the longitudinal members, residual load being transferred from the inner layer of the impact assembly to the longitudinal members. Preferably, the impact assembly is mechanically fastened to the longitudinal support members.
Typically, there are no intermediate frame members between the two longitudinal support members adjacent the impact assembly. For greater support across a front impact assembly, however, a reinforcing beam assembly may be positioned transversely between the longitudinal support members adjacent the inner layer and extending substantially along a transverse width of the impact assembly.
Preferably, the reinforcing beam assembly further comprises a lightweight hollow aluminum support beam having a carbon fiber/epoxy strip bonded to a rearward/inward edge of the beam. The carbon fiber/epoxy strip is bonded to the side which would enter tension in an impact for increasing the stiffness of the beam.
a-1e illustrate and embodiment of an impact assembly comprising an outer compression layer and an inner laminated balsa layer wrapped in a fiberglass skin, more particularly,
a is a top view of an embodiment of an impact assembly comprising the inner laminated balsa layer having fasteners protruding therefrom for attachment to a structure,
b is a front end view according to
c is a bottom view according to
d is an end view according to
e is a front perspective view according to
a-2e are external views according to
a is an external top view of an embodiment of an impact assembly according to
b is an external front end view according to
c is an external bottom view according to
d is an external end view according to
e is an external front perspective view according to
a-e illustrate an embodiment of an outer compression layer or bumper for use in the impact assembly of
a is a top view of the outer compression layer,
b is a front end view according to
c is a bottom view according to
d is a side view according to
e is a front end perspective view according to
a is perspective view of an embodiment of a mounting system comprising front and rear impact assemblies and a frame having struts and load absorbing attachment plates for transferring load to the impact assemblies and adapted for use in mounting fuel cylinders longitudinally onto a vehicle and oriented in the direction of travel, the cylinders omitted for illustrating the frame;
b is a perspective view of an embodiment of the frame for use in the mounting system according to
a-5e illustrate an embodiment of the inner laminated balsa layer according to
a is a rear end view of the inner layer illustrating a plurality of load absorbing attachment plates fastened thereto,
b is a top view according to
c is a front end view according to
d is a perspective view according to
e is a partial cutaway view of a portion of the inner laminated balsa layer illustrating a balsa core and fiberglass lamination layers;
a-6d illustrate an embodiment of a gull wing door for the mounting system according to
a is an internal perspective view of the gull wing door,
b is an external end view according to
c is an internal view according to
d is a side view according to a mirror image of
a is a back view of the impact assembly and particularly the inner laminated balsa layer illustrating the points at which the struts and flanges of the frame are fastened;
b is a detailed view of A according to
c is a side view of the bumper according to
a is a bottom view according to
b is a front end view according to
c is a side view according to
a is a top view of an embodiment of the longitudinal mounting system according to
b is a perspective view according to
a is a front end view according to
b is a side view according to
c is a perspective view according to
a-16e illustrate the details of the beam assembly according to
a is an isometric view of the beam assembly,
b is a top view according to
c is a rear view of the beam assembly illustrating a linear support beam having a carbon-fiber strip adhesively bonded to a rearward/inward side for increasing the stiffening of the support beam,
d is a bottom view of the beam assembly, and
e is a detailed view of the mounting attachments for fastening the mounting system to the vehicle;
a is an isometric view of an inner laminated balsa layer according to
b is a rear view of the inner laminated balsa layer according to
c is a side view of the inner laminated balsa layer according to
a is a rear isometric view of a foam outer layer according to
b is a top view according to
c is a rear view according to
d is a front end view according to
a and 20b are Von Mises stress plots illustrating stresses in a frame having an impact assembly according to an embodiment of the invention as shown in
a is a Von Mises Stress plot illustrating a frame according to an embodiment of the invention as shown in
b is a sum displacement plot illustrating the displacement resulting from the impact according to
a is a deflection plot illustrating deflection of an aluminum beam having undergone analysis at impact test conditions;
b is a deflection plot illustrating deflection of an aluminum beam having an epoxy/carbon fiber reinforcement strip adhesively bonded thereto and tested under impact conditions according to
a is a rear perspective view according to
b is a detailed view according to
a is a rear perspective view of a frame suitable for use with the impact assembly according to
b is a front view according to
c is a rear perspective view according to
a is a Von Mises Stress plot of a system according to
b is a Von Mises Stress plot of the system according to
As shown in
In use, the composite impact assembly 10 may be used in a variety of applications to reduce the damage caused by impact and particularly to protect structures to which the impact assembly 10 may be fastened. The compression requirements and load absorption and dispersion requirements are determined relative to the use to which the impact assembly 10 may be put and may further determine the selection of materials used for the inner and outer layers 11,12.
Herein the term “front” indicates the position of an impact assembly 10 which is located to intercept the most likely source of an impact.
As shown in
Depending upon the orientation of the fuel cylinders 100 relative to a direction of travel of a supporting vehicle various different mounting systems 102 may be provided, such as to mount the cylinders 100 to the roof of a bus, so as to cause any residual load resulting from an impact, to be transferred to the frame 101 and not to the cylinders 100.
In one example, lightweight materials were selected for the inner and outer layers 11,12 to provide impact protection for fuel cylinders 100 mounted to the roof of a vehicle and therefore in danger of impact loading as a result of crash conditions.
The theoretical performance of foam was tested for deflection using the application of incremental loading. A hydraulic ram having an area of 2.24 in2 was used to apply pressure to a sample of polystyrene insulation, from having a width of 95.9 mm and height of 0.1 mm, a length of 49.5 mm and a total area of 6722.6 mm2. The results are shown in Table A.
Type 3 PlastiSpan™ polystyrene insulation, available from Plasti-Fab Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, Canada, was selected for use as the foam for the compression layer 11 based on theoretical calculation of the defection of the foam under load conditions using a bus gross vehicle weight of 30.2e3 Kg and initial velocity of 2.22 m/s, a final velocity of 0 m/s and a volume of foam of 0.3 m3. It was calculated that the foam would deform 59% in the longitudinal direction under the stated load conditions.
The inner load-transferring layer 12 of lightweight end-grain balsa, laminated on first and second surfaces 14,15 with a fiber-reinforced plastic, such as epoxy fiberglass, was tested to determine load transfer. Several ¾″ balsa core panels 13 were laminated on first and second surfaces 14,15 using various strength epoxy fiberglass laminate skins 16. The resulting panels were placed over a 12″ OD cylinder and subjected to increasing pressure until failure. The pressure was applied using a 3″ hexagonal shaped piece of steel applied to the center of the panel. The maximum load which could be applied to each panel is shown in Table B.
The laminated balsa panel 12 was determined to be capable of sustaining high loads. Based on the testing, it was concluded that it would be preferable to position load transfer plates on either side of the laminate panel and mechanically join the plates to support the laminate interface at the load-transferring points for reducing the possibility of laminate separation under load conditions.
It was calculated and confirmed using a scale mock up, that the volume of foam used in the testing would deform approximately 73% as a result of the impact imposed during the test. This “real world” test gave results comparable to the expected results based on the theoretical calculations.
Having reference to
The struts 110 extend axially from the mounting members 111 in the direction of travel of the vehicle and are fastened to the inner laminated balsa layer 12 for transferring residual load from the impact assembly 10 through the strut 110 and into the frame 101. The struts 110 may be adhesively fastened to the inner layer 12 or alternatively, may be mechanically fastened to the inner layer 12. Preferably, the struts 110 are fastened to the inner layer 12 using mounting plates 114 which are adhesively bonded or mechanically fastened to the inner layer 12. Most preferably, mounting plates 114 are positioned on opposing sides of the inner laminated balsa layer 12, one within the assembly 10 and one on the strut 110 and are bolted therethrough to assist in preventing de-lamination of the inner layer 12.
Most preferably, as shown in
As shown in
In a preferred embodiment, as shown in
As shown in
In another embodiment, as shown in
As shown in
As shown in
The reinforcing beam assembly 200, best seen in
Preferably, as shown in greater detail in
In the example shown, the frame 101 was manufactured from steel, CSA G40.21 44 W having a modulus of elasticity of 207 Gpa, a Poisson Ratio of 0.27 and a tensile strength (Yield) of 300 MPa. The aluminum reinforcing beam assembly 200 and particularly the linear support beam 201 were manufactured from 6061 aluminum having a modulus of elasticity of 69 GPa, a Poisson ratio of 0.33 and a tensile strength (yield) of 275 MPa. The carbon fiber, MR35E, had a modulus of elasticity (x) of 2.102e5 MPa, a modulus of elasticity (y) of 6400 MPA, a modulus of elasticity (z) of 9606 MPa, a Poisson ratio (xy) of 0.25506, a Poisson ratio (xz) of 0.27148, a Poisson ratio (yz) of 0.4048, a shear modulus (xy) of 4406 MPa, a shear modulus (xz) of 4395.9 MPa, a shear modulus (yz) of 2501.3 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength (x) of 2670 MPa.
As shown in
Significant weight reductions were achieved in embodiments of the invention disclosed herein. The embodiments disclosed herein reduced the weight of the frame by 2 to ¼ conventional steel frames while meeting the stringent crash standards required for use in Canada. For example, a conventional steel frame suitable for roof-mounting cylinders was estimated to weigh about 100 kg while embodiments of the frame 101, according to the embodiment of the system disclosed herein, reduced the weight to 52 kg using steel struts and to 22 kg when using end grain balsa pillars 130 as the intermediate members 110.
This application is a regular application claiming priority of U.S. Provisional Patent application Ser. No. 60/541,037 filed on Feb. 3, 2004, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Number | Date | Country | |
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60541037 | Feb 2004 | US |