Composition based on 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene

Abstract

The subject of the present application is a composition comprising a lubricant based on polyol esters (POEs) or PVE and a refrigerant F comprising from 1 to 99% by weight of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234A and from 1 to 99% by weight of trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (trans-HFO-1234ze). The subject of the present application is also the use of said composition in refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pumps.

Description

The present application claims priority to French application Number FR 10.57482 filed Sep. 20, 2010.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a composition containing 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and at least one lubricant, capable of being used in refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pumps.

The problems presented by substances which deplete the atmospheric ozone layer were dealt with at Montreal, where the protocol was signed imposing a reduction in the production and use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). This protocol has been the subject of amendments which have required the abandoning of CFCs and have extended the regulations to other products, including hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).

The refrigeration and air-conditioning industry has invested a great deal in the replacement of these refrigerants and it is because of this that hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have been marketed.

In the motor vehicle industry, the air-conditioning systems of vehicles sold in many countries have been changed from a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC-12) refrigerant to a hydrofluorocarbon (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane: HFC-134a) refrigerant, which is less harmful to the ozone layer. However, from the viewpoint of the objectives set by the Kyoto protocol, HFC-134a (GWP=1430) is considered to have a high heating power. The contribution of a refrigerant to the greenhouse effect is quantified by a criterion, the GWP (Global Warming Potential), which summarizes the heating power by taking a reference value of 1 for carbon dioxide.

Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) have a low heating power and thus meet the objectives set by the Kyoto protocol. Document JP 4-110388 discloses hydrofluoropropenes as heat-transfer agents.

In the industrial sector, the refrigerating machines most commonly used are based on cooling by evaporation of a liquid refrigerant. After vaporization, the refrigerant is compressed and then cooled in order to return to the liquid state and thus continue the cycle.

The refrigeration compressors used are of the reciprocating, scroll, centrifugal or screw type. In general, internal lubrication of the compressors is essential in order to reduce wear and heating of the moving members, complete their leaktightness and protect them against corrosion.

In addition to good heat-transfer agent properties, in order for a refrigerant to be commercially accepted, it must in particular exhibit thermal stability and compatibility with the lubricants. Specifically, it is highly desirable for the refrigerant to be compatible with the lubricant used in the compressor, present in the majority of refrigeration systems. This combination of refrigerant and lubricant is important for the implementation and the efficiency of the refrigeration system; in particular, the lubricant should be sufficiently soluble or miscible in the refrigerant over the entire operating temperature range. Thus, polyalkylene glycols (PAGs) have been developed as lubricants of HFC-134a in motor vehicle air conditioning.

Tests for miscibility of 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene and 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene with lubricants have been described in Example 2 of document WO 2004/037913.

Compatibility tests have also been described in Example 3, with polyalkylene glycol. However, these tests do not specify the nature of the 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene isomer. Just recently, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene was chosen as a refrigerant for replacing HFC-134a in motor vehicle air conditioning.

The applicant has now developed a refrigerant and lubricant pairing which can be used in refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pumps.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A subject of the present application is therefore a composition comprising at least one lubricant based on polyol esters (POEs) or on polyvinyl ether (PVE) and a refrigerant F comprising from 1 to 99% by weight of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf) and from 1 to 99% by weight of trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (trans-HFO-1234ze). The refrigerant F may also comprise HFC-134a, and preferably at most 10% by weight.

Preferably, the composition according to the present invention comprises at least one lubricant based on polyol esters (POEs) or on polyvinyl ether (PVE) and a refrigerant F comprising from 5 to 70% by weight of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf) and from 30 to 95% by weight of trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (trans-HFO-1234ze). The composition which is particularly preferred comprises at least one lubricant based on polyol esters (POEs) or on polyvinyl ether (PVE) and a refrigerant F comprising from 25 to 55% by weight of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf) and from 45 to 75% by weight of trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (trans-HFO-1234ze).

The refrigerant F has the advantage, compared to HFO-1234yf alone, of having a low inflammability and a process for producing trans-HFO-1234ze which is less complex and less expensive than that for trans-HFO-1234yf. In addition, the refrigerant F, in combination with POE or PVE, exhibits good thermal stability. The refrigerant F may advantageously be used to produce heat at very high temperatures (around 100° C.) as a result of its high critical temperature.

Polyol esters are obtained by reaction of a polyol (an alcohol containing at least 2 hydroxyl groups —OH) with a monofunctional or plurifunctional carboxylic acid or with a mixture of monofunctional carboxylic acids. The water formed during this reaction is eliminated in order to prevent the reverse reaction (i.e. hydrolysis).

According to the present invention, the preferred polyols are those which have a neopentyl backbone, such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol and dipentaerythritol; pentaerythritol is the preferred polyol.

The carboxylic acids may contain from 2 to 15 carbon atoms, it being possible for the carbon backbone to be linear or branched. Mention may in particular be made of n-pentanoic acid, n-hexanoic acid, n-heptanoic acid, n-octanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, 2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid, 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoic acid, adipic acid and succinic acid, and mixtures thereof.

Some alcohol functions are not esterified, however their proportion remains low. Thus, the POEs can comprise between 0 and 5 relative mol % of CH₂—OH units relative to the —CH₂—O—(C═O)— units.

The preferred POE lubricants are those which have a viscosity of from 1 to 1000 centiStokes (cSt) at 40° C., preferably from 10 to 200 cSt, and advantageously from 30 to 80 cSt.

The polyvinyl ether (PVE) oils are preferably copolymers of the following 2 units:

The properties of the oil (viscosity, solubility of the refrigerant and miscibility with the refrigerant in particular) can be adjusted by varying the m/n ratio and the sum m+n. The preferred PVE oils are those which have 50 to 95% by weight of units 1.

According to one preferred embodiment of the invention, the lubricant represents between 10 and 50%, inclusive, by weight of the composition.

The refrigerant F may also comprise additives such as odorous compounds.

A subject of the present invention is also the use of the abovementioned composition in:

• • refrigeration, in particular domestic or commercial refrigeration, cold rooms, the food industry, the processing industry, refrigerated transport (trucks, boats);
  • air conditioning: domestic, commercial or industrial air conditioning, where the appliances used are chillers or direct expansion appliances;
  • heat pumps, in particular medium- and high-temperature heat pumps.

By virtue of their low glide temperature, the compositions according to the present invention can be used both in equipment with dry-expansion evaporators and in equipment with evaporators operating in a flooded system.

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION

The thermal stability trials are carried out according to standard ASHRAE 97-2007: “sealed glass tube method to test the chemical stability of materials for use within refrigerant systems”.

The test conditions are as follows:

• weight of refrigerant: 2.2 g
• weight of lubricant: 5 g
• temperature: 200° C.
• duration: 14 days

The lubricant is introduced into a 42.2 ml glass tube. The tube is then evacuated under vacuum and then the refrigerant F is added thereto. The tube is then welded in order to close it and placed in an oven at 200° C. for 14 days.

At the end of the test, various analyses are carried out:

• • the gas phase is recovered in order to be analysed by gas chromatography: the main impurities were identified by GC/MS (gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry). The impurities coming from the refrigerant F and those coming from the lubricant can thus be combined; the lubricant is analysed: colour (by spectrocolorimetry, Labomat DR

Lange LICO220 Model MLG131), water content (by Karl Fischer coulometry, Mettler DL37) and acid number (by quantitative determination with 0.01N methanolic potassium hydroxide).

3 commercial lubricants were tested: the PAG ND8 oil, the POE Ze-GLES RB68 oil and the PVE FVC 68D oil.

		POE Ze-	PVE FVC
	PAG ND8	GLES RB68	68D
	HFO-	Trans-HFO-	Trans-HFO-	Trans-HFO-
Refrigerant	1234yf	1234ze	1234ze	1234ze
By-products in
the gas phase:
from the	0	4000 ppm +	500 ppm +	3% +
refrigerant	1000 ppm	6000 ppm	1500 ppm	1800 ppm
		(HFO-	(HFO-	(HFO-
		1234yf)	1234yf)	1234yf)
from the	3%	2%	800 ppm	2%
lubricant
Analysis of the
lubricant:
colour	9 Gardner	17 Gardner	300 Hazen	6 Gardner
water content	1500 ppm	1100 ppm	500 ppm	500 ppm
acid number	4.5 mg	>10 mg	0.6 mg	1.1 mg
	KOH/g	KOH/g	KOH/g	KOH/g

The procedure is carried out as previously, except that the refrigerant is replaced with the refrigerant F. It is noted that the addition of trans-HFO-1234ze to HFO-1234yf in the presence of POE or PVE improves the stability of the lubricant. In addition, in the presence of POE, the stability of the refrigerant is also improved.

APPLICATIONS

Thermodynamic performance of the systems using the refrigerant F

Calculation Tools

The RK—Soave equation is used for the calculation of the densities, enthalpies, entropies and the liquid-vapour equilibrium data of the mixtures. The use of this equation requires knowledge of the properties of the pure substances used in the mixtures in question and also the coefficients of interaction for each binary combination.

The data necessary for each pure substance are: boiling point, critical pressure and temperature, curve of pressure as a function of temperature starting from the boiling point to the critical point, saturated liquid and saturated vapour densities as a function of temperature.

The HFO temperature-pressure curve data are measured by the static method. The critical pressure and temperature are measured using a C80 calorimeter sold by Setaram. The densities, at saturation as a function of temperature, are measured by means of the vibrating tube densimeter technology developed by the laboratories of the école des Mines de Paris [French Engineering School].

Coefficient of Binary Interaction:

The RK-Soave equation uses coefficients of binary interaction to represent the behaviour of products in mixtures. The coefficients are calculated according to experimental liquid-vapour equilibrium data. The technique used for the liquid-vapour equilibrium measurements is the static analytical cell method. The equilibrium cell comprises a sapphire tube and is equipped with two Rolsitm electromagnetic samplers. It is immersed in a cryothermostat bath (Huber HS40). Magnetic stirring driven by a magnetic field rotating at a variable speed is used to accelerate the reaching of the equilibria. The sample analysis is carried out by gas chromatography (HP5890 series II) using a katharometer (TCD).

Trans-HFO-1234ze/HFO-1234yf

The liquid-vapour equilibrium measurements on the HFO-1234ze/HFO-1234yf binary combination are carried out for the following isotherm: 18° C.

Compression System

Consider a compression system equipped with an evaporator, a condenser, a liquid-vapour exchanger (internal exchanger), a screw compressor and a pressure regulator.

The system operates with 15° C. of overheat and an internal exchanger between the outlets of the condenser and of the evaporator.

The isentropic efficiency of the compressors depends on the compression ratio. This efficiency is calculated according to the following equation:

$\begin{array}{cc}{\eta }_{\mathrm{isen}}=a-{b\left(\tau -c\right)}^2-\frac{d}{\tau -e}& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

For a screw compressor, the constants a, b, c, d and e of the isentropic efficiency equation (1) are calculated according to the standard data published in the “Handbook of air conditioning and refrigeration, page 11.52”.

The coefficient of performance (COP) is defined as being the useful power supplied by the system over the power provided or consumed by the system.

The Lorenz coefficient of performance (COPLorenz) is a reference coefficient of performance. It depends on temperatures and is used to compare the COPs of the various refrigerants.

The Lorenz coefficient of performance is defined as follows:

(the temperatures T are in K)T_average^condensor=T_inlet^condensor−T_outlet^condensor  (2)T_average^evaporator=T_outlet^evaporator−T_inlet^evaporator  (3)The Lorenz COP in the case of conditioned air and refrigeration:

$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{COPlorenz}=\frac{T_{\mathrm{average}}^{\mathrm{evaporator}}}{T_{\mathrm{average}}^{\mathrm{condensor}}-T_{\mathrm{average}}^{\mathrm{evaporator}}}& \left(4\right)\end{array}$ The Lorenz COP in the Case of Heating:

$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{COPlorenz}=\frac{T_{\mathrm{average}}^{\mathrm{condensor}}}{T_{\mathrm{average}}^{\mathrm{condensor}}-T_{\mathrm{average}}^{\mathrm{evaporator}}}& \left(5\right)\end{array}$ For each composition, the coefficient of performance of the Lorenz cycle is calculated as a function of the corresponding temperatures. The % COP/COPLorenz is the ratio of the COP of the system relative to the COP of the corresponding Lorenz cycle.Results in Cooling Mode

In cooling mode, the compression system operates between an evaporation temperature of −5° C. and a condensation temperature of 50° C.

The values of the constituents (HFO-1234yf, trans-HFO-1234ze) for each composition are given as percentage by weight.

	Temp
Cooling	evap	Temp comp	T condensation	T pressure	Evap P	Cond P	Ratio		Comp	%	% COP/
mode	inlet (° C.)	outlet (° C.)	(° C.)	regulator	(bar)	(bar)	(w/w)	Glide	efficiency	CAP	COPLorenz
HFO-1234ze	−5	73	50	42	1.8	10.0	5.6	0.00	74.8	100	54
HFO-1234yf	HFO-1234ze
65	35	−5	71	50	42	2.3	12.3	5.2	0.49	76.7	120	54
55	45	−6	72	50	42	2.3	12.0	5.3	0.62	76.2	117	53
45	55	−6	73	50	42	2.2	11.8	5.4	0.70	75.8	114	53
35	65	−6	73	50	42	2.1	11.4	5.5	0.70	75.4	110	53
25	75	−6	73	50	42	2.0	11.1	5.6	0.63	75.0	107	53
15	85	−5	74	50	42	1.9	10.7	5.6	0.46	74.8	104	53
5	95	−5	73	50	42	1.8	10.2	5.7	0.18	74.7	101	54

Results in Heating ModeIn heating mode, the compression system operates between an evaporation temperature of −5° C. and a condensation temperature of 50° C.

The values of the constituents (HFO-1234yf, trans-1-IFO-1234ze) for each composition are given as percentage by weight.

	Temp
Heating	evap	Temp comp	T condensation	T pressure	Evap P	Cond P	Ratio		Comp	%	% COP/
mode	inlet (° C.)	outlet (° C.)	(° C.)	regulator	(bar)	(bar)	(w/w)	Glide	efficiency	CAP	COPLorenz
HFO-1234ze	−5	73	50	42	1.8	10.0	5.6	0.00	74.8	100	62
HFO-1234yf	HFO-1234ze
65	35	−5	71	50	42	2.3	12.3	5.2	0.49	76.7	120	61
55	45	−6	72	50	42	2.3	12.0	5.3	0.62	76.2	117	61
45	55	−6	73	50	42	2.2	11.8	5.4	0.70	75.8	114	61
35	65	−6	73	50	42	2.1	11.4	5.5	0.70	75.4	110	61
25	75	−6	73	50	42	2.0	11.1	5.6	0.63	75.0	107	61
15	85	−5	74	50	42	1.9	10.7	5.6	0.46	74.8	104	61
5	95	−5	73	50	42	1.8	10.2	5.7	0.18	74.7	101	62

Claims

1. Composition comprising (i) at least one lubricant consisting of at least one polyol ester obtained from a linear or branched carboxylic acid containing from 5 to 9 carbon atoms and (ii) a refrigerant consisting of from 15 to 35% by weight of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf) and from 65 to 85% by weight of trans-1,3,3,3-tetra-fluoropropene (trans-HFO-1234ze), wherein the at least one polyol ester comprises pentaerythritol ester.

2. Composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one polyol ester is between 10 and 50% by weight of the composition.

3. Composition according to claim 1, wherein said composition exhibits a Hazen color of about 200 or less as measured by ASHRAE test 97-2007 after a sealed glass tube comprising the composition is welded closed and placed in an oven at 200° C. for 14 days.

4. Composition according to claim 2, wherein said composition exhibits a Hazen color of about 200 or less as measured by ASHRAE test 97-2007 after a sealed glass tube comprising the composition is welded closed and placed in an oven at 200° C. for 14 days.