Patent Application
20230265576
The present invention relates to a composition for copper electroplating comprising copper ions and a seed protecting and nucleation agent.
Formation of metal wiring interconnects in integrated circuits (ICs) can be achieved using a damascene or dual damascene process. Typically, trenches or holes are etched into dielectric material, such as silicon dioxide, located on a substrate. The holes or trenches may be lined with one or more liner layers and barrier layers. Then a thin layer of copper may be deposited in the holes or trenches that can act as a copper seed layer. Thereafter, the holes or trenches may be filled with copper.
Conventional copper deposition typically occurs in two steps. First, a copper seed layer is deposited on the substrate using a PVD process. Second, copper is electroplated on the seed layer to fill the holes or trenches.
Techniques have been developed that avoid depositing a copper seed layer using PVD by directly electroplating copper on barrier or liner layers. However, challenges exist in directly electroplating copper on barrier or liner layers.
WO 2019/199614 A1 discloses a void-free bottom-up fill of copper into interconnect features comprising a non-copper liner that show a higher resistivity than copper, such as cobalt or ruthenium. The electroplating solution includes a low copper concentration, high pH, organic additives, and bromide ions as a copper complexing agent.
One class of additives are the so-called suppressors, suppressing agents or sometimes simply surfactants. Suppressors are used to provide a substantially bottom-up filling of small features like vias or trenches. The smaller the features are the more sophisticated the additives have to be to avoid voids and seams. In literature, a variety of different suppressing compounds have been described. The mostly used class of suppressors are polyether compounds like polyglycols or polyalkylene oxides like ethylene oxide propylene oxide copolymers.
WO 2006/053242 A1 discloses amine-based polyoxyalkylene suppressors. The amine may be methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, ethylendiamine, diethylenetriamine, diaminopropane, diethyleneglykol diamine or triethylenglycol diamine. The copolymers may have block, alternating or random structure. Compounds provided by BASF under the trademark TETRONIC®, all of those being EO/PO block copolymers of ethylene diamine, and having a molecular mass of up to 5500 g/mol are described to be preferred. The block copolymers of EO and PO are used in the examples .
WO 2010/115717, WO 2011/012475, and WO 2018/114985 disclose compositions comprising suppressors based on particular amine started polyalkoxyalkylene copolymers for copper electrodeposition on copper seeds.
With further decreasing aperture size of the features like vias or trenches to dimensions of below 5 nanometers and even below 3 nanometers, respectively, the filling of the interconnects with copper becomes especially challenging, also since the copper seed deposition prior to the copper electrodeposition might exhibit inhomogeneity and non-conformity and thus further decreases the aperture sizes particularly at the top of the apertures. The smaller the size of the feature becomes the more difficult it is to get a continuous seed on the side walls of the feature without significant seed overhang.
To avoid these difficulties associated with a non-copper liner layer such as cobalt or ruthenium is proposed in WO 2019/199614 A1. An electroplating solution for plating copper on a non-copper liner layer includes a low copper concentration, high pH, organic additives, and bromide ions as a copper complexing agent.
The consequence of using bromide is that the electrochemical properties of the additives change significantly which makes their selection more difficult than for composition used for plating without bromide. Electrochemical investigations of polyalkylene copolymer suppressor type reveal that the properties of the suppressing agents are significantly changed since the suppressing effect is increased in the presence of bromide compared to the case without bromide. The presence of bromide will likely influence the adsorption/desorption behavior of the suppressor.
Furthermore, cobalt is a less noble metal compared to copper and quickly corrodes in the presence of an acid and oxygen, particularly if copper is present, too. On the other hand, alkaline electroplating bath that would show less cobalt corrosion provide bad filling and dirty copper fillings due to the use of complexings agents that are required to keep copper in solution.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a copper electroplating composition that is capable of providing a substantially voidless and seamless filling of features on the nanometer scale comprising a cobalt seed with a copper electroplating bath, particularly an acidic copper electroplating bath.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an electroplating bath that is capable of providing a filling of recessed features having a cobalt seed layer with copper and providing a low or at least reduced corrosion of the cobalt seed layer. It is a further object of the present invention to provide an additive that provides bottom-up fill capability, particularly into features having an aperture size of 10, particularly 5 nm and below. Furthermore, it is important to provide additives that are compatible with electroplating compositions that comprise bromide ions.
Surprisingly, it has now been found, that the particular polyamine-based additives defined herein show good bottom-up filling as well as a good corrosion inhibition of the cobalt seed layer.
Therefore, the present invention provides an acidic aqueous composition for copper electroplating comprising
(a) copper ions;
(b) bromide ions; and
(c) at least one additive of formula S1
wherein
XS1 is selected from a linear, branched or cyclic C1-C12 alkanediyl, which may be substituted or unsubstituted, and which may optionally be interrupted by O, S or NRS40;
RS1 is a monovalent
RS2, RS3, RS4
RS40 is selected from (a) linear or branched C1-C20 alkyl, which may optionally be substituted by hydroxy, alkoxy or alkoxycarbonyl, and (b) linear or branched C1-C20 alkenyl, which may optionally be substituted by hydroxyl, alkoxy or alkoxycarbonyl;
XS3 is selected from a linear, branched or cyclic C1-C12 alkanediyl, which may be substituted or unsubstituted, and which may optionally be interrupted by O, S or NRS40; and
n is an integer of from 1 to 6.
The invention further relates to the use of a copper electroplating bath comprising a composition as described herein for depositing copper on substrates comprising recessed features having an aperture size of 30 nanometers or less, which features comprise a cobalt seed.
The invention further relates to a process for depositing a copper layer comprising the steps
(a) providing a substrate comprising a nanometer-sized recessed feature, which feature comprises a cobalt seed layer;
(b) contacting the composition as described herein with the substrate, and
(c) applying a current to the substrate for a time sufficient to deposit a metal layer onto the cobalt seed layer and to fill the nanometer sized feature.
The additive provides a good nucleation of copper on the cobalt seed layer. It allows electroplating over thin seed layers and fast bottom-up fill in both large and small features without causing voids or seams. Furthermore, the additive effectively suppresses corrosion of the cobalt seed layer.
The suppressing agents according to the present invention are particularly useful for filling of small recessed features, particularly those having aperture sizes of 20 nm or below, particularly 10 nm or below, most particularly 5 nm or below.
It was found that the electroplating compositions according to the invention comprising bromide ions and at least one additive as described below show extraordinary performance in feature filling that are nanometer sized and have a cobalt liner or seed. The additive acts as a suppressing agent as well as cobalt corrosion inhibitor. The additive is also referred to herein as “suppressing agent”.
Besides the electrolyte the aqueous composition according to the present invention comprises at least one additive of formula S1
Generally, the suppressing agent consists of a polyamine starter comprising one or more polyoxyalkylene side arms.
XS1 is a spacer group within the polyamine starter. It may be a linear or branched C1-C12 alkanediyl, which may be substituted or unsubstituted, preferably unsubstituted. Such alkanediyl spacer may optionally be interrupted by O, S or NRS40. In a first preferred embodiment XS1 is C1-C6 alkanediyl, more preferably C1-C4 alkanediyl, most preferably methanediyl, ethanediyl or propanediyl. In a second preferred embodiment heteroatoms are present and XS1 may be —(CH2)q-[Q-(CH2)r]s-, wherein Q is selected from O, S or NR40, q and r are integers from 1 to 6, s is an integer from 1 to 4 and q+r s is the total number of C atoms in XS1. Particularly preferred is a spacer with Q=O and q=r =1 or 2, and s=1. Useful substituents may be hydroxy, alkoxy, and alkoxycarbonyl.
Group RS1 (also referred to herein as “polyoxyalkylene” group) comprises a poly(oxy(C3 to C6)alkylene) and a poly(oxyethylene) parts arranged in block order. The poly(oxy(C3 to C6)alkylene) is also referred to herein as AO and poly(oxyethylene) as EO.
In a first embodiment group RS1 may be a monovalent poly(oxy(C3 to C6)alkylene)-block-poly(oxyethylene) group (-AO-EO). This bi-block oxyalkylene group is bound to the N-atom by the more hydrophobic poly(oxy(C3 to C6)alkylene part. In other words: The poly(oxyethylene) part terminates the group RS1.
In an alternative embodiment group RS1 may be a monovalent poly(oxyethylene)-block-poly(oxy(C3 to C6)alkylene)-block-poly(oxyethylene) group (-EO-AO-EO). Also in this tri-block oxyalkylene group the EO part terminates the group RS1. It is preferred that at least 50%, more preferably 75% of the EO is located at the terminating end of group RS1.
The polyoxyalkylene group RS1 may have a poly(oxyethylene) content of from 5 to 30% by weight, preferably from 7 to 29% by weight, even more preferably from 8 to 28% by weight.
The respective polyoxyalkylene block copolymers may be prepared from the respective alkylene oxides.
Preferably the at least one C3 to C6 polyoxyalkylene block in RS1 is selected from polyoxypropylene (prepared from propylene oxide), and polyoxybutylene (prepared from butylene oxide).
RS2, RS3, RS4 is either selected from H, RS1, R40; or RS3 and an adjacent group RS4 or, if n>2, two adjacent groups RS4 may together form a divalent group XS3. In the latter case XS3 may be selected from a linear or branched C1-C12 alkanediyl, which may optionally be interrupted by O, S or NRS40. RS40 may be (a) linear or branched C1-C20 alkyl, which may optionally be substituted by hydroxyl, alkoxy or alkoxycarbonyl, and (b) linear or branched C1-C20 alkenyl, which may optionally be substituted by hydroxyl, alkoxy or alkoxycarbonyl. Preferably RS40 is a C1 to C6 alkyl or a C1 to C12 hydroxyalkyl. Preferably XS3 is selected from a linear or branched C1-C6 alkanediyl, more preferably from a C1-C4 alkanediyl, most preferably from methyl or ethyl or propyl. In this case XS1 is preferably selected so as to form a 5 or 6 membered ring system.
In a preferred embodiment, all groups RS2, RS3, RS4 are a polyoxyalkylene group RS1 as defined above.
Generally, n may be an integer of from 1 to 6. Preferably n is an integer from 1 to 4, most preferably n is 1 or 2.
Generally, the molecular mass Mw of the suppressing agent may be from about 300 to about 25 000 g/mol, preferably 500 to 15000 g/mol. In one embodiment the molecular mass Mw of the suppressing agent is from about 500 to about 8000 g/mol, preferably from about 1000 to about 6000 g/mol, most preferably from about 1000 to about 3500 g/mol. In another preferred embodiment the molecular mass Mw of the suppressing agent is from about 5 000 to about 20 000 g/mol, in particular from about 6 000 to about 15 000 g/mol.
A first preferred embodiment is an additive of formula (S2a)
wherein
RS1 has the prescribed meanings;
RS2, RS3 and RS4 are selected from RS1 or RS40, preferably RS1;
r is an integer from 1 to 8, preferably 2 to 6, most preferably 2, 3 or 4;
RS40 has the prescribed meanings and is preferably C1 to C6 alkyl or C1 to C12 hydroxyalkyl; and
n is 1, 2, or 3.
A second preferred embodiment is an additive of formula (S2b)
RS1 has the prescribed meanings;
RS2 is selected from RS1 or RS40, preferably RS1;
RS40 has the prescribed meanings and is preferably C1 to C6 alkyl or C1 to C12 hydroxyalkyl; and
XS1, XS3 are independently a C1 to C3 alkanediyl, preferably XS1 and XS3 are both ethanediyl or either XS1 or XS3 is methanediyl and the other of XS1 and XS3 is propanediyl.
Such compounds may be prepared by starting from cyclic amines, such as but not limited to piperazin, methylpiperazin, ethylpiperazin, propylpiperazin, butylpiperazin, and the like.
A third preferred embodiment is an additive of formula (S2c)
wherein
RS1 has the prescribed meanings;
RS2 and RS3 are selected from RS1 or RS40, preferably RS1;
RS40 has the prescribed meanings and is preferably C1 to C6 alkyl or C1 to C12 hydroxyalkyl; and
XS1, XS11, XS3 are independently a C1 to C3 alkanediyl, preferably XS1 and XS3 are both ethanediyl or either XS1 or XS3 is methanediyl and the other of XS1 and XS3 is propanediyl.
A fourth preferred embodiment is an additive of formula (S2d)
wherein
RS1 has the prescribed meanings;
RS2, RS3 and RS4 are selected from RS1 or RS40, preferably RS1;
RS40 has the prescribed meanings and is preferably C1 to C6 alkyl or C1 to C12 hydroxyalkyl; and
XS1, XS11, XS3 are independently a C1 to C3 alkanediyl, preferably XS1 and XS3 are both ethanediyl or either XS1 or XS3 is methanediyl and the other of XS1 and XS3 is propanediyl.
Such compounds of embodiments three and four may be prepared by starting from aminoalkylated cyclic amines, such as but not limited to bisaminoethyl piperazin, bisaminopropyl piperazin, bisaminobutyl piperazin, and the like.
Further useful polyamine starters are described in WO 2018/073011, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Plating Bath
A wide variety of metal plating baths may be used with the present invention. Metal electroplating baths typically contain a copper ion source, bromide ions, an electrolyte, the suppressing agent, and optionally further additives such as but not limited to accelerators, levelers, surfactants.
The plating baths are typically aqueous. The term “aqueous” means that the plating bath is water based. The water may be present in a wide range of amounts. Any type of water may be used, such as distilled, deionized or tap. Preferably the plating bath is a solution of the compounds described herein in water. Preferably the water is electronic grade deionized water. Other solvents besides water may be present in minor amounts but preferably water is the only solvent.
The suppressing agents of the invention are typically used in an amount of about 0.1 ppm to about 1000 ppm, based on the total weight of the plating bath. Particularly suitable amounts of suppressor useful in the present invention are 1 to 700 ppm, and more particularly 10 to 500 ppm.
The metal ion source may be any compound capable of releasing copper ions to be deposited in the electroplating bath in sufficient amount, i.e. is at least partially soluble in the electroplating bath. In a preferred embodiment, no further metals besides copper are present in the electroplating bath. In other preferred embodiment the metal comprises copper and comprise tin in amount of below 0.1 g/l, preferably below 0.01 g/l, most preferably no tin.
It is preferred that the copper ion source is soluble in the plating bath to release 100% of the metal ions. Suitable copper ion sources are metal salts and include, but are not limited to, metal sulfates, metal halides, metal acetates, metal nitrates, metal fluoroborates, metal alkylsulfonates, metal arylsulfonates, metal sulfamates, metal gluconates and the like. It is preferred that the metal is copper. It is further preferred that the source of copper ions is copper sulfate, copper chloride, copper acetate, copper citrate, copper nitrate, copper fluoroborate, copper methane sulfonate, copper phenyl sulfonate and copper p-toluene sulfonate. Copper sulfate pentahydrate and copper methane sulfonate are particularly preferred. Such metal salts are generally commercially available and may be used without further purification.
The copper ion source may be used in the present invention in any amount that provides sufficient metal ions for electroplating on a substrate.
Copper is typically present in an amount in the range of from about 0.2 to about 300 g/l of the plating solution. Generally, the suppressor is useful in low copper, medium copper and high copper baths. Low copper means a copper concentration from about 0.3 to about 20 g/l.
Bromide ions are typically present in an amount of from 0.25 to 250 ppm, preferably from 5 to 100 ppm, most preferably from 10 to 80 ppm as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,268,155 B1 or WO 2019/199614 A1.
Also mixtures of metal salts may be electroplated according to the present invention. Thus, alloys, such as copper-tin having up to about 2 percent by weight tin, may be advantageously plated according to the present invention. The amounts of each of the metal salts in such mixtures depend upon the particular alloy to be plated and is well known to those skilled in the art.
In general, besides the copper ions, bromide ions and at least one of the suppressing agents according to the present invention the present copper electroplating compositions preferably include an electrolyte, one or more sources of metal ions, optionally further halide ions, particularly chloride ions, and optionally other additives like accelerators and/or levelers.
The electroplating baths of the present invention may be prepared by combining the components in any order. It is preferred that the inorganic components such as metal salts, water, electrolyte and optional halide ion source, are first added to the bath vessel followed by the organic components such as leveling agents, accelerators, suppressors, surfactants and the like.
Typically, the plating baths of the present invention may be used at any temperature from 10 to 65° C. or higher. It is preferred that the temperature of the plating baths is from 10 to 35° C. and more preferably from 15 to 30° C.
Suitable acidic electrolytes include such as, but not limited to, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, fluoroboric acid, alkylsulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, propanesulfonic acid and trifluoromethane sulfonic acid, arylsulfonic acids such as phenyl sulfonic acid and toluenesulfonic acid, sulfamic acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like. In a particular embodiment the electrolyte does not comprise pyrophosphoric acid. The acids are typically present in an amount in the range of from about 0.1 to about 300 g/l. The plating bath may be a high, a medium or a low acid bath. Low acid baths usually comprise one or more acids in a concentration below 15 g/l or even below 10 g/l or 5 g/l. As used herein, “acidic” means that the pH of the plating bath is below 7, preferably below 5. More preferably the pH of the acidic plating bath is below 4, even more preferably below 3, most preferably below 2.
Such electrolytes may optionally contain a source of further halide ions, such as chloride ions as in copper chloride, or hydrochloric acid. A wide range of chloride ion concentrations may be used in the present invention such as from about 0 to about 500 ppm. Typically, the chloride ion concentration is in the range of from about 1 to about 100 ppm, preferably from about 10 ppm to about 100 ppm, most preferably from 20 to 80 ppm, based on the plating bath. It is preferred that the electrolyte is sulfuric acid or methanesulfonic acid, and preferably a mixture of sulfuric acid or methanesulfonic acid and a source of chloride ions. The acids and sources of halide ions useful in the present invention are generally commercially available and may be used without further purification.
In a particular embodiment the suppressors of this invention may be used in low copper electrolyte compositions typically containing about below 20 g/l copper ions, in combination with typically about 0.1-15 g/l acid like sulfuric acid and with bromide ions typically in the range of about 10-400 ppm by weight, preferably in combination with chloride ions.
Other Additives
The electroplating baths according to the present invention may include one or more optional additives. Such optional additives include, but are not limited to, accelerators, other suppressors, levelers, surfactants and the like.
Any accelerators may be advantageously used in the plating baths according to the present invention. Accelerators useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, compounds comprising one or more sulphur atom and a sulfonic/phosphonic acid or their salts. Preferably the composition further comprises at least one accelerating agent.
Preferred accelerators have the general structure MO3X—R21—(S)n—R22, with:
More specifically, useful accelerators include those of the following formulae:
MO3S—R21—SH
MOS3—R21—S—S—R21′—SO3M
MOS3—Ar—S—S—Ar—SO3M
with R21 is as defined above and Ar is Aryl.
Particularly preferred accelerating agents are:
Other examples of accelerators, used alone or in mixture, include, but are not limited to: MES (2-Mercaptoethanesulfonic acid, sodium salt); DPS (N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid (3-sulfopropylester), sodium salt); UPS (3-[(amino-iminomethyl)-thio]-1-propylsulfonic acid); ZPS (3-(2-benzthiazolylthio)-1-propanesulfonic acid, sodium salt); 3-mercapto-propylsulfonicacid-(3-sulfopropyl)ester; methyl-(ω-sulphopropyl)-disulfide, disodium salt; methyl-(ω-sulphopropyl)-trisulfide, disodium salt.
Such accelerators are typically used in an amount of about 0.1 ppm to about 3000 ppm, based on the total weight of the plating bath. Particularly suitable amounts of accelerator useful in the present invention are 1 to 500 ppm, and more particularly 2 to 100 ppm.
Any additional suppressor may be advantageously used in the present invention. Suppressors useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, polymeric materials, particularly those having heteroatom substitution, and more particularly oxygen substitution. It is preferred that the suppressor is a polyalkyleneoxide. Suitable suppressors include polyethylene glycol copolymers, particularly polyethylene glycol polypropylene glycol copolymers. The arrangement of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide of suitable suppressors may be block, alternating, gradient, or random. The polyalkylene glycol may comprise further alkylene oxide building blocks such as butylene oxide. Preferably, the average molecular weight of suitable suppressors exceeds about 2000 g/mol. The starting molecules of suitable polyalkylene glycol may be alkyl alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, n-butanol and the like, aryl alcohols such as phenols and bisphenols, alkaryl alcohols such as benzyl alcohol, polyol starters such as glycol, glycerin, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, carbohydrates such as saccharose, and the like, amines and oligoamines such as alkyl amines, aryl amines such as aniline, triethanol amine, ethylene diamine, and the like, amides, lactams, heterocyclic amines such as imidazol and carboxylic acids. Optionally, polyalkylene glycol suppressors may be functionalized by ionic groups such as sulfate, sulfonate, ammonium, and the like.
If further suppressors are used, they are typically present in an amount in the range of from about 1 to about 10,000 ppm based on the weight of the bath, and preferably from about 5 to about 10,000 ppm. Preferably no further suppressing agent than the suppressing agent according to the invention is present in the plating bath.
Leveling agents can advantageously be used in the metal plating baths according to the present invention. The terms “leveling agent” and “leveler” are used herein synonymously. Preferably the composition further comprises at least one leveling agent.
Suitable leveling agents include, but are not limited to, one or more of polyethylene imine and derivatives thereof, quaternized polyethylene imine, polyglycine, poly(allylamine), polyaniline, polyurea, polyacrylamide, poly(melamine-co-formaldehyde), reaction products of amines with epichlorohydrin, reaction products of an amine, epichlorohydrin, and polyalkylene oxide, reaction products of an amine with a polyepoxide, polyvinylpyridine, polyvinylimidazole as described e.g. in WO 2011/151785 A1, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyaminoamides as described e.g. in WO 2011/064154 A2 and WO 2014/072885 A2, WO 2019/043146 A1, or copolymers thereof, nigrosines, pentamethyl-para-rosaniline hydrohalide, hexamethyl-pararosaniline hydrohalide, di- or trialkanolamines and their derivatives as described in WO 2010/069810, and biguanides as described in WO 2012/085811 A1.
Furthermore, a compound containing a functional group of the formula N—R—S may be used as a leveling agents, where R is a substituted alkyl, unsubstituted alkyl, substituted aryl or unsubstituted aryl. Typically, the alkyl groups are (C1-C6)alkyl and preferably (C1-C4)alkyl. In general, the aryl groups include (C6-C20)aryl, preferably (C6-C10)aryl. Such aryl groups may further include heteroatoms, such as sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen. It is preferred that the aryl group is phenyl or napthyl. The compounds containing a functional group of the formula N—R—S are generally known, are generally commercially available and may be used without further purification. In such compounds containing the N—R—S functional group, the sulfur (“S”) and/or the nitrogen (“N”) may be attached to such compounds with single or double bonds. When the sulfur is attached to such compounds with a single bond, the sulfur will have another substituent group, such as but not limited to hydrogen, (C1-C12)alkyl, (C2-C12)alkenyl, (C6-C20)aryl, (C1-C12)alkylthio, (C2-C12)alkenylthio, (C6-C20)arylthio and the like. Likewise, the nitrogen will have one or more substituent groups, such as but not limited to hydrogen, (C1-C12)alkyl, (C2-C12)alkenyl, (C7-C10)aryl, and the like. The N—R—S functional group may be acyclic or cyclic. Compounds containing cyclic N—R—S functional groups include those having either the nitrogen or the sulfur or both the nitrogen and the sulfur within the ring system.
In general, the total amount of leveling agents in the electroplating bath is from 0.5 ppm to 10 000 ppm based on the total weight of the plating bath. The leveling agents are typically used in a total amount of from about 0.1 ppm to about 1 000 ppm based on the total weight of the plating bath and more typically from 1 to 100 ppm, although greater or lesser amounts may be used.
A large variety of further additives may typically be used in the bath to provide desired surface finishes for the Cu plated metal. Usually more than one additive is used with each additive forming a desired function. Advantageously, the electroplating baths may contain one or more of accelerators, levelers, sources of halide ions, grain refiners and mixtures thereof. Most preferably the electroplating bath contains both, an accelerator and a leveler in addition to the suppressor according to the present invention. Other additives may also be suitably used in the present electroplating baths.
Process
According to one embodiment of the present invention a copper electroplating bath comprising a composition as described herein may be used for depositing copper on substrates comprising recessed features having an aperture size of 30 nanometers or less, which features comprise a cobalt seed.
A further embodiment of the present invention is a process for depositing a copper layer comprising the steps
(a) providing a substrate comprising a nanometer-sized recessed feature, which feature comprises a cobalt seed layer;
(b) contacting the composition as described herein with the substrate, and
(c) applying a current to the substrate for a time sufficient to deposit a metal layer onto the cobalt seed layer and to fill the nanometer sized feature.
The present invention is useful for depositing a copper layer on a variety of cobalt seeded substrates, particularly those having nanometer and variously sized apertures. For example, the present invention is particularly suitable for depositing copper on integrated circuit substrates, such as semiconductor devices, with small diameter vias, trenches or other apertures that are provided with a cobalt seed layer. In one embodiment, semiconductor devices are plated according to the present invention. Such semiconductor devices include, but are not limited to, wafers used in the manufacture of integrated circuits.
Usually, the cobalt seed layer has a thickness of 40 nm to 1.5 nm, preferably of 2 to 10 nm.
Preferably, the static corrosion of the cobalt seed layer in the electroplating composition is 10 nm/min or below, preferably 5 nm/min or below, most preferably 3 nm/min or below. As used herein, “static corrosion” means that the electroplating composition is brought into contact with the substrate without applying any electric potential or mechanic abrasion.
Most preferably the submicrometer-sized features have an (effective) aperture size from 1 to 30 nanometers and/or an aspect ratio of 4 or more. More preferably the features have an aperture size of 25 nanometers or below, most preferably of 20 nanometers or below.
The aperture size according to the present invention means the smallest diameter or free distance of a feature before plating, i.e. after seed deposition. The terms “aperture” and “opening” are used herein synonymously. A convex shape is a feature having an aperture size being at least 25%, preferably 30%, most preferably 50% smaller than the biggest diameter or free distance of the feature before plating.
Typically, substrates are electroplated by contacting the substrate with the plating baths of the present invention. The substrate typically functions as the cathode. The plating bath contains an anode, which may be soluble or insoluble. Optionally, cathode and anode may be separated by a membrane. Potential is typically applied to the cathode. Sufficient current density is applied and plating performed for a period of time sufficient to deposit a metal layer, such as a copper layer, having a desired thickness on the substrate. Suitable current densities include, but are not limited to, the range of 0.5 to 250 mA/cm2. Typically, the current density is in the range of 1 to 60 mA/cm2 when used to deposit copper in the manufacture of integrated circuits. The specific current density depends on the substrate to be plated, the leveling agent selected and the like. Such current density choice is within the abilities of those skilled in the art. The applied current may be a direct current (DC), a pulse current (PC), a pulse reverse current (PRC) or other suitable current.
In general, when the present invention is used to deposit metal on a substrate such as a wafer used in the manufacture of an integrated circuit, the plating baths are agitated during use. Any suitable agitation method may be used with the present invention and such methods are well-known in the art. Suitable agitation methods include, but are not limited to, inert gas or air sparging, work piece agitation, impingement and the like.
Such methods are known to those skilled in the art. When the present invention is used to plate an integrated circuit substrate, such as a wafer, the wafer may be rotated such as from 1 to 150 RPM and the plating solution contacts the rotating wafer, such as by pumping or spraying. In the alternative, the wafer need not be rotated where the flow of the plating bath is sufficient to provide the desired metal deposit.
Copper is deposited in apertures according to the present invention without substantially forming voids within the metal copper deposit. By the term “without substantially forming voids”, it is meant that 95% of the plated apertures are void-free. It is preferred that 98% of the plated apertures are void-free, mostly preferred is that all plated apertures are void-free.
Plating equipment for plating semiconductor substrates are well known. Plating equipment comprises an electroplating tank which holds Cu electrolyte and which is made of a suitable material such as plastic or other material inert to the electrolytic plating solution. The tank may be cylindrical, especially for wafer plating. A cathode is horizontally disposed at the upper part of tank and may be any type substrate such as a silicon wafer having openings such as trenches and vias. The wafer substrate is coated with a seed layer of cobalt. A cobalt seed layer may be applied by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD) or the like. An anode is also preferably circular for wafer plating and is horizontally disposed at the lower part of tank forming a space between the anode and cathode. The anode is typically a soluble anode.
These bath additives are useful in combination with membrane technology being developed by various tool manufacturers. In this system, the anode may be isolated from the organic bath additives by a membrane. The purpose of the separation of the anode and the organic bath additives is to minimize the oxidation of the organic bath additives.
The cathode substrate and anode are electrically connected by wiring and, respectively, to a rectifier (power supply). The cathode substrate for direct or pulse current has a net negative charge so that Cu ions in the solution are reduced at the cathode substrate forming plated Cu metal on the cathode surface. An oxidation reaction takes place at the anode. The cathode and anode may be horizontally or vertically disposed in the tank.
Preferably the substrate comprises nanometer sized features and the deposition is performed to fill the micrometer or nanometer sized features, particularly those having an aperture size from 1 to 30 nm and/or an aspect ratio of 4 or more. The additives are even capable of void-free filling features having aperture sizes of 15 nm, particularly 10 nm or below and aspect ratios of 4 or more.
All percent, ppm or comparable values refer to the weight with respect to the total weight of the respective composition except where otherwise indicated. All cited documents are incorporated herein by reference.
The following examples shall further illustrate the present invention without restricting the scope of this invention.
Analytical Methods
The molecular weight of the suppressing agents was determined by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Polystyrene was used as standard and tetrahydrofuran as eluent. The temperature of the column was 30° C., the injected volume 30 μL (μliter) and the flow rate 1.0 ml/min. The weight average molecular weight (Mw), the number average molecular weight (Mn) and the polydispersity PDI (Mw/Mn) of the suppressors were determined.
The amine number was determined according to DIN 53176 by titration of a solution of the polymer in acetic acid with perchloric acid.
Several suppressors have been synthesized by polyalkoxylation of the respective starters.
Diethylene triamine (154.8 g) was placed under nitrogen atmosphere into a 3.5 l autoclave and heated up to 100° C. Then butylene oxide (540.9 g) was added over a period of 9 h. The mixture post-react for 10 h. A yellow intermediate product (653.9 g) having a hydroxy number of 604.5 mg KOH/g was obtained.
The intermediate product (463.8 g) and potassium tert-butoxide (1.6 g) were placed into a 3.5 l autoclave. After nitrogen neutralization, the pressure was adjusted to 1.5 bar and the mixture was homogenized at 130° C. for 1 h. Then butylene oxide (504.8 g) was added at 130° C. over a period of 8 h, reaching a maximum pressure of 5 bar. The mixture post-react for 6 h. Afterwards ethylene oxide (88.1 g) was added at 130° C. over a period of 2 h, reaching a maximum pressure of 5 bar. To complete the reaction, the mixture post-react for 6 h at 130° C. at a pressure of 7 bar. Then, the temperature was decreased to 80° C. and volatile compounds were removed in vacuum at 80° C. Suppressor 1 was obtained as yellowish liquid (923.7 g) with a hydroxy value of 292.8 mg/g.
Diethylene triamine (253.8 g) was placed under nitrogen atmosphere into a 2 l autoclave and heated up to 100° C. Then propylene oxide (714.0 g) was added over a period of 5.5 h. The mixture post-react for 10 h. A yellow intermediate product (962.0 g) having a hydroxy number of 700 mg KOH/g was obtained.
The intermediate product (120.9 g) and potassium tert-butoxide (1.5 g) were placed into a 2 l autoclave. After nitrogen neutralization, the pressure was adjusted to 1.5 bar and the mixture was homogenized at 130° C. for 1 h. Then propylene oxide (625.9 g) was added at 130° C. over a period of 11 h, reaching a maximum pressure of 5 bar. The mixture post-react for 10 h. Afterwards ethylene oxide (270.8 g) was added at 130° C. over a period of 4.5 h, reaching a maximum pressure of 5 bar. To complete the reaction, the mixture post-react for 6 h at 130° C. at a pressure of 5 bar. Then, the temperature was decreased to 80° C. and volatile compounds were removed in vacuum at 80° C. Suppressor 2 was obtained as yellowish liquid (1048.7 g) with a hydroxy value of 84.5 mg KOH/g.
Diethylene triamine (253.8 g) was placed under nitrogen atmosphere into a 2 l autoclave and heated up to 100° C. Then propylene oxide (714.0 g) was added over a period of 5.5 h. The mixture post-react for 10 h. A yellow intermediate product (962.0 g) having a hydroxy number of 700 mg KOH/g was obtained.
The intermediate product (137.8 g) and potassium tert-butoxide (0.9 g) were placed into a 3.5 l autoclave. After nitrogen neutralization, the pressure was adjusted to 1.5 bar and the mixture was homogenized at 130° C. for 1 h. Then propylene oxide (304.9 g) was added at 130° C. over a period of 5 h, reaching a maximum pressure of 5 bar. The mixture post-react for 6 h. Afterwards ethylene oxide (154.2 g) was added at 130° C. over a period of 3 h, reaching a maximum pressure of 5 bar. To complete the reaction, the mixture post-react for 6 h at 130° C. at a pressure of 5 bar. Then, the temperature was decreased to 80° C. and volatile compounds were removed in vacuum at 80° C. Suppressor 3 was obtained as yellowish liquid (568.9 g) with a hydroxy value of 170.0 mg KOH/g.
Diethylene triamine (253.8 g) was placed under nitrogen atmosphere into a 2 l autoclave and heated up to 100° C. Then propylene oxide (714.0 g) was added over a period of 5.5 h. The mixture post-react for 10 h. A yellow intermediate product (962.0 g) having a hydroxy number of 700 mg KOH/g was obtained.
The intermediate product (236.1 g) and potassium tert-butoxide (1.4 g) were placed into a 3.5 l autoclave. After nitrogen neutralization, the pressure was adjusted to 1.5 bar and the mixture was homogenized at 130° C. for 1 h. Then propylene oxide (592.4 g) was added at 130° C. over a period of 10 h, reaching a maximum pressure of 5 bar. The mixture post-react for 6 h. Afterwards ethylene oxide (79.3 g) was added at 130° C. over a period of 2 h, reaching a maximum pressure of 5 bar. To complete the reaction, the mixture post-react for 6 h at 130° C. at a pressure of 5 bar. Then, the temperature was decreased to 80° C. and volatile compounds were removed in vacuum at 80° C. Suppressor 4 was obtained as yellowish liquid (887.6 g) with a hydroxy value of 180.4 mg KOH/g.
Diethylene triamine (253.8 g) was placed under nitrogen atmosphere into a 2 l autoclave and heated up to 100° C. Then propylene oxide (714.0 g) was added over a period of 5.5 h. The mixture post-react for 10 h. A yellow intermediate product (962.0 g) having a hydroxy number of 700 mg KOH/g was obtained.
The intermediate product (157.4 g) and potassium tert-butoxide (0.9 g) were placed into a 3.5 l autoclave. After nitrogen neutralization, the pressure was adjusted to 1.5 bar and the mixture was homogenized at 130° C. for 1 h. Then propylene oxide (348.5 g) was added at 130° C. over a period of 6 h, reaching a maximum pressure of 5 bar. The mixture post-react for 6 h. Afterwards ethylene oxide (114.5 g) was added at 130° C. over a period of 2 h, reaching a maximum pressure of 5 bar. To complete the reaction, the mixture post-react for 6 h at 130° C. at a pressure of 5 bar. Then, the temperature was decreased to 80° C. and volatile compounds were removed in vacuum at 80° C. Surfactant 5 was obtained as yellowish liquid (598.6 g) with a hydroxy value of 182.4 mg KOH/g.
For the plating experiments a patterned wafer substrate was used as shown in
A plating bath was prepared by combining DI water, 0.5 g/l copper as copper sulfate, 2.5 g/l sulfuric acid, 0.050 g/l chloride ion as HCl, 0.040 g/l bromide ion as HBr, 0.081 g/l of SPS and 3.43 ml/l of a 1.8wt % solution in DI water of suppressor 1 as prepared in example A1.
A copper layer was electroplated onto a wafer substrate with features provided with a cobalt seed layer by contacting the wafer substrate with the above described plating bath at 18° C. applying a direct current of −1.01 mA/cm2 for 29.0 s. The thus electroplated copper layer was investigated by SEM inspection.
The result is shown in
A plating bath was prepared by combining DI water, 0.5 g/l copper as copper sulfate, 2.5 g/l sulfuric acid, 0.050 g/l chloride ion as HCl, 0.040 g/l bromide ion as HBr, 0.081 g/l of SPS and 3.43 m1/l of a 1.8 wt % solution in DI water of suppressor 1 as prepared in example A1.
A copper layer was electroplated onto a wafer substrate with features provided with a cobalt seed layer by contacting the wafer substrate with the above described plating bath at 18° C. applying a direct current of −1.01 mA/cm2 for 65.4 s. The thus electroplated copper layer was investigated by SEM inspection.
The result is shown in
A plating bath was prepared by combining DI water, 0.5 g/l copper as copper sulfate, 2.5 g/l sulfuric acid, 0.050 g/l chloride ion as HCl, 0.040 g/l bromide ion as HBr, 0.081 g/l of SPS, 0.5 ml/l of a 0.866 wt % solution in DI water of a polyalkanolamine type leveler and 3.43 ml/l of a 1.8 wt % solution in DI water of suppressor 1 as prepared in example A1.
A copper layer was electroplated onto a wafer substrate with features provided with a cobalt seed layer by contacting the wafer substrate with the above described plating bath at 18° C. applying a direct current of −1.01 mA/cm2 for 29.0 s. The thus electroplated copper layer was investigated by SEM inspection.
The result is shown in
A plating bath was prepared by combining DI water, 0.5 g/l copper as copper sulfate, 2.5 g/l sulfuric acid, 0.050 g/l chloride ion as HCl, 0.040 g/l bromide ion as HBr, 0.081 g/l of SPS, 0.5 ml/l of a 0.866 wt % solution in DI water of a polyalkanolamine type leveler and 3.43 ml/l of a 1.8 wt % solution in DI water of suppressor 1 as prepared in example A1.
A copper layer was electroplated onto a wafer substrate with features provided with a cobalt seed layer by contacting the wafer substrate with the above described plating bath at 18° C. applying a direct current of −1.01 mA/cm2 for 65.4 s. The thus electroplated copper layer was investigated by SEM inspection.
The result is shown in
A plating bath was prepared by combining DI water, 0.5 g/l copper as copper sulfate, 2.5 g/l sulfuric acid, 0.050 g/l chloride ion as HCl, 0.040 g/l bromide ion as HBr, 0.081 g/l of SPS, 0.5 ml/l of a 0.866 wt % solution in DI water of a polyalkanolamine type leveler and 37.0 ml/l of a 1.8 wt % solution in DI water of suppressor 2 as prepared in example A2.
A copper layer was electroplated onto a wafer substrate with features provided with a cobalt seed layer by contacting the wafer substrate with the above described plating bath at 18° C. applying a direct current of −1.01 mA/cm2 for 29.0 s. The thus electroplated copper layer was investigated by SEM inspection.
The result is shown in
A plating bath was prepared by combining DI water, 0.5 g/l copper as copper sulfate, 2.5 g/l sulfuric acid, 0.050 g/l chloride ion as HCl, 0.040 g/l bromide ion as HBr, 0.081 g/l of SPS, 0.5 ml/l of a 0.866 wt % solution in DI water of a polyalkanolamine type leveler and 37.0 ml/l of a 1.8 wt % solution in DI water of suppressor 2 as prepared in example A2.
A copper layer was electroplated onto a wafer substrate with features provided with a cobalt seed layer by contacting the wafer substrate with the above described plating bath at 18 degrees C. applying a direct current of −1.01 mA/cm2 for 43.5 s. The thus electroplated copper layer was investigated by SEM inspection.
The result is shown in
A plating bath was prepared by combining DI water, 0.5 g/l copper as copper sulfate, 2.5 g/l sulfuric acid, 0.050 g/l chloride ion as HCl, 0.080 g/l bromide ion as HBr, 0.081 g/l of SPS, 0.5 ml/l of a 0.866 wt % solution in DI water of a polyalkanolamine type leveler and 37.0 ml/l of a 1.8 wt % solution in DI water of suppressor 2 as prepared in example A2.
A copper layer was electroplated onto a wafer substrate with features provided with a cobalt seed layer by contacting the wafer substrate with the above described plating bath at 18 degrees C. applying a direct current of −1.01 mA/cm2 for 65.4 s. The thus electroplated copper layer was investigated by SEM inspection.
The result is shown in
A plating bath was prepared by combining DI water, 0.5 g/l copper as copper sulfate, 2.5 g/l sulfuric acid, 0.050 g/l chloride ion as HCl, 0.040 g/l bromide ion as HBr, 0.081 g/l of SPS, 0.5 ml/l of a 0.866 wt % solution in DI water of a polyalkanolamine type leveler and 19.0 ml/l of a 1.8 wt % solution in DI water of suppressor 3 as prepared in example A3.
A copper layer was electroplated onto a wafer substrate with features provided with a cobalt seed layer by contacting the wafer substrate with the above described plating bath at 18 degrees C. applying a direct current of −1.01 mA/cm2 for 21.8 s. The thus electroplated copper layer was investigated by SEM inspection.
The result is shown in
A plating bath was prepared by combining DI water, 0.5 g/l copper as copper sulfate, 2.5 g/l sulfuric acid, 0.050 g/l chloride ion as HCl, 0.040 g/l bromide ion as HBr, 0.081 g/l of SPS, 0.5 ml/l of a 0.866 wt % solution in DI water of a polyalkanolamine type leveler and 19.0 ml/l of a 1.8 wt % solution in DI water of suppressor 3 as prepared in example A3.
A copper layer was electroplated onto a wafer substrate with features provided with a cobalt seed layer by contacting the wafer substrate with the above described plating bath at 18 degrees C. applying a direct current of −1.01 mA/cm2 for 43.6 s. The thus electroplated copper layer was investigated by SEM inspection.
The result is shown in
A plating bath was prepared by combining DI water, 0.5 g/l copper as copper sulfate, 2.5 g/l sulfuric acid, 0.050 g/l chloride ion as HCl, 0.040 g/l bromide ion as HBr, 0.081 g/l of SPS, 0.5 ml/l of a 0.866 wt % solution in DI water of a polyalkanolamine type leveler and 19.0 ml/l of a 1.8 wt % solution in DI water of suppressor 4 as prepared in example A4.
A copper layer was electroplated onto a wafer substrate with features provided with a cobalt seed layer by contacting the wafer substrate with the above described plating bath at 18 degrees C. applying a direct current of −1.01 mA/cm2 for 21.8 s. The thus electroplated copper layer was investigated by SEM inspection.
The result is shown in
A plating bath was prepared by combining DI water, 0.5 g/l copper as copper sulfate, 2.5 g/l sulfuric acid, 0.050 g/l chloride ion as HCl, 0.040 g/l bromide ion as HBr, 0.081 g/l of SPS, 0.5 ml/l of a 0.866 wt % solution in DI water of a polyalkanolamine type leveler and 19.0 ml/l of a 1.8 wt % solution in DI water of suppressor 4 as prepared in example A4.
A copper layer was electroplated onto a wafer substrate with features provided with a cobalt seed layer by contacting the wafer substrate with the above described plating bath at 18 degrees C. applying a direct current of −1.01 mA/cm2 for 65.4 s. The thus electroplated copper layer was investigated by SEM inspection.
The result is shown in
A plating bath was prepared by combining DI water, 0.5 g/l copper as copper sulfate, 2.5 g/l sulfuric acid, 0.050 g/l chloride ion as HCl, 0.040 g/l bromide ion as HBr, 0.081 g/l of SPS, 0.5 ml/l of a 0.866 wt % solution in DI water of a polyalkanolamine type leveler and 19.0 ml/lof a 1.8 wt % solution in DI water of suppressor 5 as prepared in example A5.
A copper layer was electroplated onto a wafer substrate with features provided with a cobalt seed layer by contacting the wafer substrate with the above described plating bath at 18 degrees C. applying a direct current of −1.01 mA/cm2 for 21.8 s. The thus electroplated copper layer was investigated by SEM inspection.
The result is shown in
A plating bath was prepared by combining DI water, 0.5 g/l copper as copper sulfate, 2.5 g/l sulfuric acid, 0.050 g/l chloride ion as HCl, 0.040 g/l bromide ion as HBr, 0.081 g/l of SPS, 0.5 ml/l of a 0.866 wt % solution in DI water of a polyalkanolamine type leveler and 19.0 ml/l of a 1.8 wt % solution in DI water of suppressor 5 as prepared in example A5.
A copper layer was electroplated onto a wafer substrate with features provided with a cobalt seed layer by contacting the wafer substrate with the above described plating bath at 18 degrees C. applying a direct current of −1.01 mA/cm2 for 65.4 s. The thus electroplated copper layer was investigated by SEM inspection.
The result is shown in
A blanket wafer substrate seeded with 40 nm Co was immersed in an aqueous solution containing 0.05 wt % citric acid for 30 s at room temperature to remove Co oxide. The substrate was removed from the solution and rinsed with DI water and blow-dried. Before and after the treatment with citric acid the thickness of the Co layer has been measured by XRF. The citric-acid-cleaning procedure has been conducted on ten wafer coupons to give an average reduction of Co layer thickness by 2 nm.
For the Co corrosion experiment the precleaned wafer substrate was immersed in an aqueous solution containing 0.5 g/l Cu as copper sulfate, 2.5 g/l sulfuric acid, 0.050 g/l chloride ion as HCl, 0.080 g/l bromide ion as HBr and 270 ppm of the suppressors prepared in example A for 60 s at 25° C. The substrate was removed from the solution and rinsed with DI water and blow-dried. The thickness of the Co layer was measured by XRF before the precleaning and after the corrosion experiment. The obtained change of Co layer thickness was corrected by 2 nm due to the oxide removal by precleaning the substrate with citric acid. Each corrosion experiment was repeated twice and the results were averaged.
The results of the Co corrosion experiments are shown in Table 1 as change of the Co thickness (ΔTHK(Co). Negative numbers indicate a reduction of the Co layer thickness. The suppressors of the invention clearly show an inhibiting effect on the Co corrosion by only small changes of the Co layer thickness. Without any suppressor in the electrolyte solution the Co layer thickness is reduced by about 24 nm. By adding suppressors of the invention the Co layer thickness is reduced to only about 4 nm or less in the static corrosion experiment.
Table 1 shows that by adding the respective additives, the reduction of cobalt layer thickness by static cobalt corrosion is strongly inhibited. The tolerances in the measurement of the cobalt thickness was about 0.4-0.5 nm.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20186697.7 | Jul 2020 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2021/068001 | 6/30/2021 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63050905 | Jul 2020 | US |
