Patent Grant
7208156
This invention is in the field of immunology and concerns compositions and methods for inducing humoral anergy for the purpose of treating antibody-mediated pathologies. More specifically, the invention relates to conjugates of nonimmunogenic valency platform molecules and analogs of immunogens that lack T cell epitopes.
In order to survive in a world of pathogenic or potentially pathogenic microorganisms, higher organisms have evolved immune systems which can specifically recognize virtually any foreign substance through its characteristic molecules. This recognition frequently results in the production of specific proteins called antibodies which bind only to the foreign substance which induced their synthesis, causing the elimination of the invading microorganism. Occasionally an animal's immune system makes antibodies which recognize some of its own molecules, generating an autoimmune state that may affect the animal's health adversely.
The induction of specific antibodies in response to an immunogen involves the interaction of multiple cell types, including thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells), macrophages, and bone marrow-derived lymphocytes (B cells). This is in contrast to the primary (IgM) immune response which does not include T cells. T cell dependent antigen responses are secondary responses. B cells possess surface immunoglobulin by which they are able to bind immunogens, the first step in their activation and clonal expansion. A single B cell expresses only one type of antigen-specific immunoglobulin. The site(s), region(s) or domain(s) of the immunogen to which the immunoglobulin binds is called a “B cell epitope.” In the second step of B cell activation and expansion, T cells are activated through interaction with a site, region or domain of the immunogen called a “T cell epitope” which is presented by B cells or other antigen-presenting cells. Once activated, the T cells provide positive signal(s) to the B cells to which the immunogen is bound and they proceed to differentiate and to produce and secrete antibody. Positive signals from the T cell include the secretion of lymphokines, and/or direct contact between the B cells and T cells. T cell epitopes may be different or more restricted in scope than B cell epitopes. As discussed above, in order for an immunogen to elicit T dependent antibodies, it must have epitopes recognized by both B and T cells.
Past attempts to treat antibody-mediated pathologies have involved both general and specific suppression of the immune response. General suppression has typically employed broad spectrum, nonspecific immunosuppressants such as cyclophosphamide or steroids. Because these nonspecific drugs suppress many aspects of the immune system, they limit its required and beneficial functions as well as the malfunction causing the condition being treated. They are thus used only with extreme caution and subject the patient to risk from secondary infections or other undesirable side effects.
Because of the disadvantages of general immunosuppression, methods for specifically suppressing an immune response to an immunogen without affecting the normal functions of the immune system are highly preferred for treating antibody-mediated pathologies. The present invention concerns compositions and methods for specifically suppressing the humoral response to immunogens.
Prior attempts to induce specific immunosuppression have focused on conjugating haptens and immunogens to nonimmunogenic polymeric carriers. Benacerraf, Katz and their colleagues used conjugates of haptens and antigens and copolymers of D-lysine and D-glutamic acid (formerly D-GL, hereinafter D-EK). Their initial studies involved conjugates of the synthetic hapten 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) in guinea pigs and mice and showed the conjugates were capable of inducing humoral unresponsiveness. These initial studies were then extended to conjugates of other haptens and conjugates of immunogens. While the results with haptens were repeatable, and although their patents (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,191,668 and 4,220,565) allege the approach is effective in inducing tolerance to immunogens, subsequent work has shown that conjugates of D-EK and immunogens do not provide a means for inducing humoral unresponsiveness to the immunogen. For instance, Liu et al., J. Immun. (1979) 123:2456–2464, report that subsequent studies of those conjugates demonstrate that the conjugates “do not induce unresponsiveness at the level of protein specific B cells.” Similarly, Butterfield et al., J. Allergy Clin. Immun. (1981) 67:272–278, reported that conjugates of ragweed immunogen and D-EK actually stimulated both IgE and IgG responses to the immunogen.
This subsequent work and other data dealing with conjugates of nonimmunogenic polymers and immunogens (Saski et al., Scand. J. Immun. (1982) 16:191–200; Sehon, Prog. Allergy (1982) 32:161–202; Wilkinson et al., J. Immunol. (987) 139:326–331, and Borel et al., J. Immunol. Methods (1990) 126:159–168) appear to indicate that the anergy, if any, obtained with such conjugates is due to suppression by T cells to directly suppress the immune response.
Several other references deal with conjugates of nonimmunogenic polymers and DNA. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,191,668; U.S. Pat. No. 4,650,625; J. Clin. Invest. (1988) 82:1901–1907; and commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/494,118. As a whole, these references indicate that these DNA conjugates may suppress the production of antibodies to this lupus autoimmunogen. It should be noted in this regard that DNA is not immunogenic and does not possess T cell epitopes.
In sum, applicants believe the prior art shows that antibody production to conjugates of nonimmunogenic stable polymers and haptens or DNA, neither of which have T cell epitopes, may provide B cell unresponsiveness. Applicants also believe that conjugates of immunogens do not provide B cell unresponsiveness but may activate T cells to directly suppress the immune response.
The present invention resides in the discovery that the failure of the prior conjugates of nonimmunogenic polymers and immunogens to induce B cell anergy (unresponsiveness) was due to the fact that the immunogens contained both B and T cell epitopes and that if the latter were eliminated, the conjugate would be effective for inducing B cell anergy.
Accordingly, one aspect of the invention is a composition for inducing specific B cell anergy to an immunogen comprising a conjugate of a nonimmunogenic valency platform molecule and an analog of the immunogen that (a) binds specifically to B cells to which the immunogen binds and (b) lacks the T cell epitope(s) of the immunogen.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the above-described conjugates and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or vehicles are another aspect of the invention.
A further aspect of the invention is a method of inducing specific B cell anergy to an immunogen in an individual comprising administering to the individual an effective amount of the above-described conjugate.
Yet another aspect of the invention is a method of treating an individual for an antibody-mediated pathology in which undesired antibodies are produced in response to an immunogen comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of the above-described conjugate.
As used herein the term “B cell anergy” intends unresponsiveness of those B cells requiring T cell help to produce and secrete antibody and includes, without limitation, clonal deletion of immature and/or mature B cells and/or the inability of B cells to produce antibody. “Unresponsiveness” means a therapeutically effective reduction in the humoral response to an immunogen. Quantitatively the reduction (as measured by reduction in antibody production) is at least 50%, preferably at least 75%, and most preferably 100%.
“Antibody” means those antibodies which are T cell dependent.
As used herein the term “immunogen” means a chemical entity that elicits a humoral immune response when injected into an animal. Immunogens have both B cell epitopes and T cell epitopes.
The term “analog” of an immunogen intends a molecule that (a) binds specifically to an antibody to which the immunogen binds specifically and (b) lacks T cell epitopes. Although the analog will normally be a fragment or derivative of the immunogen and thus be of the same chemical class as the immunogen (e.g., the immunogen is a polypeptide and the analog is a polypeptide), chemical similarity is not essential. Accordingly, the analog may be of a different chemical class than the immunogen (e.g., the immunogen is a carbohydrate and the analog is a polypeptide) as long as it has the functional characteristics (a) and (b) above. The analog may be a peptide, carbohydrate, lipid, lipopolysaccharide, nucleic acid or other biochemical entity. Further, the chemical structure of neither the immunogen nor the analog need be defined for the purposes of this invention.
An analog of an immunogen may also comprise a “mimotope.” The term “mimotope” intends a synthetic molecule which competitively inhibits the antibody from binding the immunogen. Because it specifically binds the antibody, the mimotope is considered to mimic the antigenic determinants of the immunogen. Like an analog of an immunogen, a mimotope (a) binds specifically to an antibody to which the immunogen binds specifically and (b) lacks T cell epitopes.
An analog of an immunogen may also comprise an “aptamer.” The term “aptamer” intends a synthetic oligonucleotide which competitively inhibits the antibody from binding the immunogen. Like an analog of an immunogen, an aptamer (a) binds specifically to an antibody to which the immunogen binds specifically and (b) lacks T cell epitopes.
As used herein “valency platform molecule” means a nonimmunogenic molecule containing sites which facilitate the attachment of a discreet number of analogs of immunogens.
“Nonimmunogenic” is used to describe the valency platform molecule and means that the valency platform molecule elicits substantially no immune response when it is administered by itself to an individual.
As used herein “individual” denotes a member of the mammalian species and includes humans, primates, mice and domestic animals such as cattle and sheep, sports animals such as horses, and pets such as dogs and cats.
Immunogens that are involved in antibody-mediated pathologies may be external (foreign to the individual) immunogens such as allergens, Rh hemolytic disease (D immunogen), biological drugs, including native biological substances foreign to the individual such as therapeutic proteins, peptides and antibodies, and the like or self-immunogens (autoimmunogens) such as those associated with thyroiditis (thyroglobulin), stroke (cardiolipin), male infertility (α-sperm), myasthenia gravis (acetylcholine receptor) and rheumatic fever (carbohydrate complex).
Analogs to such immunogens may be identified by screening candidate molecules to determine whether they (a) bind specifically to serum antibodies to the immunogen and (b) lack T cell epitopes. Specific binding to serum antibodies may be determined using conventional immunoassays and the presence or absence of T cell epitopes may be determined by conventional T cell activation assays. In this regard an analog which “binds specifically” to serum antibodies to the immunogen exhibits a reasonable affinity thereto. The presence or absence of T cell epitopes may be determined using the tritiated thymidine incorporation assay described in the examples. The presence of T cell eptiopes can also be determined by measuring secretion of T cell-derived lymphokines by methods well known in the art. Analogs that fail to induce statistically significant incorporation of thymidine above background are deemed to lack T cell epitopes. It will be appreciated that the quantitative amount of thymidine incorporation may vary with the immunogen. Typically a stimulation index below about 2–3, more usually about 1–2, is indicative of a lack of T cell epitopes.
A normal first step in identifying useful analogs is to prepare a panel or library of candidates to screen. For instance, in the case of protein or peptide analogs, libraries may be made by synthetic or recombinant techniques such as those described by Geysen et al. in Synthetic Peptides as Antigens; Ciba Symposium (1986) 119:131–149; Devlin et al., Science (1990) 249:404–406; Scott et al., Science (1990) 249:386–390; and Cwirla et al., PNAS USA (1990) 87:6378–6382. In one synthetic technique, peptides of about 5 to 30 amino acids are synthesized in such a manner that each peptide overlaps the next and all linear epitopes are represented. This is accomplished by overlapping both the carboxyl and amino termini by one less residue than that expected for a B cell epitope. For example, if the assumed minimum requirement for a B cell epitope is six amino acids, then each peptide must overlap the neighboring peptides by five amino acids. In this embodiment, each peptide is then screened against antisera produced against the native immunogen, either by immunization of animals or from patients, to identify the presence of B cell epitopes. Those molecules with antibody binding activity are then screened for the presence of T cell epitopes as described in the examples. The molecules lacking T cell epitopes are useful as analogs in the invention.
If the T cell epitope(s) of an immunogen are known or can be identified, random T cell screening of candidate analogs is not necessary. In such instances, the T cell epitope(s) may be altered (e.g., by chemical derivatization, or elimination of one or more components of the epitope) to render them inoperative or be eliminated completely, such as, for instance, in the case of peptides, by synthetic or recombinant procedures.
Mimotopes and aptamers are synthesized by conventional methods and are screened in the same manner as other analogs of immunogens.
The analogs are coupled to a nonimmunogenic valency platform molecule to prepare the conjugates of the invention. Preferred valency platform molecules are biologically stabilized, i.e., they exhibit an in vivo excretion half-life often of hours to days to months to confer therapeutic efficacy, and are preferably composed of a synthetic single chain of defined composition. They will normally have a molecular weight in the range of about 200 to about 200,000, usually about 200 to about 20,000. Examples of valency platform molecules within the present invention are polymers such as PEG, poly-D-lysine, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrollidone, immunoglobulins, and D-EK. Preferred polymers are based on polyethylene glycols (PEGS) having a molecular weight of about 200 to about 8,000. Other preferred polymers are D-EKs having a molecular weight of about 5,000 to about 30,000, and an E:K (D-glutamic acid:D-lysine) mole ratio of approximately 60:40, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/494,118, referenced above.
Conjugation of the analog to the valency platform molecule may be effected in any number of ways, typically involving one or more crosslinking agents and functional groups on the analog and valency platform molecule.
Polypeptide analogs will contain amino acid sidechain groups such as amino, carbonyl, or sulfhydryl groups that will serve as sites for coupling the analog to the carrier. Residues that have such functional groups may be added to the analog if the analog does not already contain same. Such residues may be incorporated by solid phase synthesis techniques or recombinant techniques, both of which are well known in the peptide synthesis arts. In the case of carbohydrate or lipid analogs, functional amino and sulfhydryl groups may be incorporated therein by conventional chemistry. For instance, primary amino groups may be incorporated by reaction with ethylenediamine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride and sulfhydryls may be introduced by reaction of cysteamine dihydrochloride followed by reduction with a standard disulfide reducing agent. In a similar fashion the valency platform molecule may also be derivatized to contain functional groups if it does not already possess appropriate functional groups. With specific reference to conjugating peptide analogs and D-EK or other proteinaceous valency platform molecules, coupling is preferably carried out using a heterobifunctional crosslinker, such as sulfosuccinimidyl(4-iodoacetyl)aminobenzoate, which links the ε amino group on the D-lysine residues of D-EK to a sulfhydryl side chain from an amino terminal cysteine residue on the peptide to be coupled. This method is usually carried out such that an average of 3 to 5 analog molecules are coupled to each D-EK molecule and the average molecular weight of the D-EK prior to coupling is 5,000 to 30,000 daltons.
The conjugates will normally be formulated for administration by injection (e.g., intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, etc.). Accordingly, they will typically be combined with pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles such as saline, Ringer's solution, dextrose solution, and the like. The conjugate will normally constitute about 0.01% to 10% by weight of the formulation. The conjugate is administered to an individual in a “therapeutically effective amount”, i.e., an amount sufficient to produce B cell anergy to the involved immunogen and effect prophylaxis, improvement or elimination of the antibody-mediated condition being addressed. The particular dosage regimen, i.e., dose, timing and repetition, will depend on the particular individual and that individual's medical history. Normally, a dose of about 10 μg to 1 mg conjugate/kg body weight will be given, daily for three consecutive days. Other appropriate dosing schedules would be 3 doses per week, or one dose per week, or one dose every two to four weeks, or one dose on a monthly or less frequent schedule depending on the individual or the disease state. Repetitive administrations, normally timed according to B cell turnover rates, may be required to achieve and/or maintain a state of humoral anergy. Such repetitive administrations will typically involve treatments of up to 1 mg/kg of body weight every 30 to 60 days, or sooner, if an increase in antibody titer is detected. Alternatively, sustained continuous release formulations of the conjugates may be indicated for some pathologies. Various formulations and devices for achieving sustained release are known in the art.
Anti-T helper cell treatments may be administered together with the conjugates. Such treatments usually employ agents that suppress T cells such as steroids or cyclosporin.
The following examples are intended to further illustrate the invention and its uniqueness. These examples are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any manner.
Preparation of Peptides and D-EK/Peptide Conjugates:
The α-subunit of the acetylcholine receptor of Torpedo californicus is described by Stroud, R. M., and Finer-Moore, J., Ann. Rev. Cell Biol. (1985) 1:317:351, and Sumikawa, K., et al., Nucl. Acids Res. (1982) 10:5809–22. The peptide defined by residues 47–127 of that α-subunit is called the major immunogenic region (MIR).
Two peptides, L-42 and L-53, corresponding to residues 61–77 and 112–127 of that α-subunit, were synthesized using conventional solid-phase methods and purified to homogeneity by HPLC. An amino terminal cysteine was added to each sequence for the purpose of attachment of the peptide to D-EK via a thio ether linkage.
Each peptide (40 mg) was dissolved in 0.1 M sodium borate buffer, pH 9.0. The solution was reacted with citraconic anhydride (400 μL) at room temperature; the pH was maintained above 7.0 by addition of 1 M NaOH. The solution was then made 20 mM in dithiothreitol and was warmed at 37° C. for 20 minutes to reduce the peptide. The mixture was quickly desalted over G-10 Sephadex columns which were equilibrated with 0.1M sodium borate, pH 7.0.
D-EK (200 mg, weight average molecular weight≃10,000–30,000) was dissolved in 2.0 mL of 0.1M sodium borate. Sulfosuccinimidyl (4-iodoacetyl) aminobenzoate (SSIAB, 10 mg, Pierce Chemical) was added to the mixture and the mixture was reacted for 90 minutes at room temperature in the dark. The mixture was then desalted over a 10 mL G-25 column, equilibrated with 0.1M sodium borate, pH 7.0.
The desalted SSIAB-D-EK was mixed with the reduced and desalted peptide and reacted overnight. The resulting conjugate was placed in dialysis tubing with a 14 Kd cutoff and was dialyzed against 5% acetic acid to remove citraconyl groups. The dialysis buffer was changed to phosphate-buffered saline and the dialysis continued.
Detection of B Cell Epitopes:
CAF1 mice were obtained and housed at the La Jolla Pharmaceutical animal facility according to National Institutes of Health guidelines. CAF1 mice were immunized (day 0) intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 50 μg of recombinant torpedo MIR absorbed onto alum plus B. pertussis vaccine (B. pertussis vaccine obtained from Michigan Department of Public Health, Lansing, Mich.) (Iverson, G. M., (1986) Handbook of Experimental Immunology, Vol. 2, p. 67, D. M. Weir ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Palo Alto, Calif.). The mice received a booster injection of the same protein in saline, i.p., on day 21 and were bled from the tail vein on day 28. Sera from these mice (anti-MIR sera) were used to screen peptides L-42 and L-53 for the presence of B cell epitopes, as follows. The sera were added to the wells of microtitration plates which were coated with 10 μg/mL of the indicated peptide conjugates. The plates were incubated at 37° C. for one hour, washed 3 times, 100 μl of alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-mouse antibody was added, incubated at 37° C. for one hour, washed 3 times, and 100 μl of developer (substrate) was added to each well. The plates were incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes and the amount of color in each well was determined in a Titertek® Multiskan microplate reader. Results are illustrated graphically in
Detection of T Cell Epitopes:
T cell activation was assayed by the general procedure of Bradley, M. L., (1980) in Mishell and Shigii, eds., Selected Methods in Cellular Immunology (W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, Calif.), p. 164. CAF1 mice were obtained and housed at the La Jolla Pharmaceutical animal facility according to National Institutes of Health guidelines. CAF1 mice were immunized in the footpad with 50 μg MIR in Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) on day 0. On day 7 the popliteal lymph nodes were removed and placed in culture in microtiter plates using 5×105 cells per well. The peptides or peptide-DEK conjugate were added to the cultures, and on day 4, 1 μCi of tritiated thymidine was added to each well to measure proliferation of T cells. The cultures were harvested on day 5 with a Skatron® cell harvester. The amount of incorporated 3H-thymidine was determined in a Beckman L6800® liquid scintillation counter. The stimulation index was calculated by dividing the CPM incorporated with peptide by the CPM incorporated from cultures without any peptide. A stimulation index>2–3 was indicative of the presence of a T cell epitope on the peptide added to the well. As shown in
Induction of B Cell Anergy to L-53 by L-53-D-EK Conjugate:
CAF1 mice were obtained and housed at the La Jolla Pharmaceutical animal facility according to National Institutes of Health guidelines. CAF1 mice were immunized with 50 μg of MIR, i.p., absorbed onto alum plus B. pertussis vaccine on day 0. On days 21, 22 and 23 the mice (6 mice per group) received 10 or 100 μg of either L-42-D-EK conjugate or L-53-D-EK conjugate. One group received only saline. On day 28 all mice received a booster injection of MIR in saline and on day 35 all mice were bled and assayed for the presence of antibodies to L-42 and L-53 in their sera, using an ELISA assay as described above with respect to
This example is further evidence that conjugates of immunogens and D-EK do not induce B cell anergy.
Synthesis of Ovalbumin-D-EK Conjugate:
Chicken egg ovalbumin (ova; 50 mg) was dissolved in 5 mL of 0.1M sodium borate buffer, pH 9.0, containing 10 mM EDTA. After the addition of 3.0 mg of 2-iminothiolane (Traut's reagent), the mixture was reacted for 2.5 hours at room temperature. D-EK (54 mg), dissolved in 0.5 M sodium borate, pH 9.0, at a concentration of 100 mg/mL, was reacted with SSIAB (18 mg; Pierce Chemical) for 2.5 hours in the dark, at room temperature. The two reaction mixtures described above were desalted separately on G-25 columns (Pharmacia; 10 mL column volume, equilibrated with 0.1 M sodium borate, pH 9.0) and the excluded fractions were combined and reacted for 16 hours at 4° C., in the dark. The reaction product was fractionated by gel filtration over Sephacryl S-200 (490 mL, Pharmacia) columns, equilibrated with 0.2 M ammonium bicarbonate. Fractions containing conjugate, as assessed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE), were pooled and dried under vacuum. The dried material was reacted with 0.8 mL of citraconic anhydride, maintaining the pH between 7 and 9 by the addition of 1M NaOH, in order to efficiently separate conjugated ovalbumin from unreacted protein. The citraconylated conjugate was rechromatographed over S-200, and fractions containing high molecular weight material (>80,000 daltons), as assessed SDS-PAGE, were used for biological studies.
Chicken Ovalbumin, when Conjugated to D-EK, does not Induce B Cell Anergy in Mice Immunized to Chicken Ovalbumin:
CAF1 mice were obtained and housed at the La Jolla Pharmaceutical animal facility according to National Institutes of Health guidelines. Female CAF1 mice were primed with ova (100 μg/mouse, i.p.) precipitated on alum, with B. pertussis vaccine added as an adjuvant. Sixteen weeks later, the mice were divided into two groups of six mice each. One group (control) was treated with saline, and the second group was injected with a conjugate of ova and D-EK (ova-D-EK; 200 μg/mouse/day, i.p.). The mice were dosed on three successive days. One week after the first dose, the mice in both groups were boosted, i.p., with ova in saline (100 μg/mouse). One week later, the mice were bled from a tail vein. The plasma was harvested and assayed for the amount of anti-ova antibodies by an ELISA assay. As shown in Table 1, the ova-D-EK conjugate did not suppress the anti-ova response.
1The amount of anti-ova antibody was determined in an ELISA, measured against a standard pool of sera obtained from CAF1 mice immunized and boosted with ova. The values shown are the mean and standard deviation for the six mice in each group.
This example is still further evidence that conjugates of immunogens and D-EK do not induce B cell anergy.
Synthesis of MIR-D-EK Conjugate:
MIR was modified on its carboxyl-terminus to include a sequence of 8-amino acids (Arg-Ser-Lys-Ser-Lys-Ser-Lys-Cys (SEQ. ID NO.: 1)). The amino-terminus was extended by one amino acid, proline. Purified modified MIR (250 mg) was reduced with 100 mM dithiothreitol and was desalted over Sephadex G-25 (Pharmacia), equilibrated with 0.1 M sodium borate buffer, pH 9.0, containing 10 mM EDTA. D-EK (400 mg) was reacted with SSIAB (29 mg) as in the previous examples. The product was desalted over G-25. The excluded volumes from the modified MIR and D-EK G-25 column runs were combined and reacted at 4° C. for 16 hours, in the dark. Excess SSIAB groups were quenched with 2-mercaptoethanol, and the reaction mixture was concentrated to 20 mL over a PM-10 membrane (Amicon Corporation). The mixture was treated with 1.0 mL of citraconic anhydride and chromatographed over S-300 (Pharmacia; 1.8 L), equilibrated with 5% ammonium hydroxide. Fractions containing two or more modified MIR groups per D-EK, as assessed by SDS-PAGE, were pooled and used for biological studies.
MIR-D-EK Conjugate Contains T cell Epitopes Recognized by Rats Immunized with MIR from the Same Species:
T cell activation was assayed by the general procedure of Bradley, supra. Female Lewis rats were immunized in the footpad with MIR (50 μg) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) on day 0. On day 7, the popliteal lymph nodes were removed and placed in culture in microtiter plates using 5·105 cells per well. MIR-D-EK was added, and, after four days of culture, the wells were pulsed with tritiated thymidine (1-μCi) to measure proliferation of T cells. The cultures were collected after 5 days of culture with a Skatron™ cell harvester. The amount of incorporated 3H-thymidine was determined by scintillation spectrometry. The stimulation index was calculated by dividing the counts incorporated in the absence of the conjugate. A stimulation index of greater than 2–3 was considered indicative of the presence of a T cell epitope on the added conjugate. The stimulation index was 4 or greater at all concentrations of MIR-D-EK tested (10 μg/mL to 400 mg/mL), proving that T cells from MIR-immunized rats recognize T cell epitopes on the MIR-D-EK conjugate in this assay.
MIR-D-EK does not Induce B Cell Anergy in Rats Immunized with MIR:
Female Lewis rats were primed with MIR (100 μg/rat) in CFA. Six months later, the rats were divided into three groups of three rats each. One group was treated with saline (control) and the other two groups were treated with MIR-D-EK (100 μg/rat, i.p.) on three successive days. After one week, the rats in the control group and one group that had been treated with MIR-D-EK were boosted with recombinant MIR (1000 μg/rat, i.p.) in saline. One week later, all three groups of rats were bled from the tail vein. The plasma was harvested and assayed for the amount of anti-MIR antibodies by an ELISA assay. Table 2 below reports the data from those assays.
1The concentration of anti-MIR antibodies was determined in an ELISA measured against a standard pool of rat anti-MIR sera. The values shown are the mean and standard deviation of the three rats in each group. P values were determined by a Student t test. Group 2 is not significantly different from Group 1. Group 3 (the non-boosted group) is significantly higher than Group 1.
As shown in Table 2, the data on Group 1 animals (saline control) indicate that MIR itself is an immunogen. The data for the Group 2 and 3 animals indicate that the MIR-D-EK conjugate did not suppress the anti-MIR response. In fact, MIR-D-EK boosted the anti-MIR response in Group 3.
These tests, taken together with the results of Example 1 show that the moiety conjugated to D-EK will cause anergy in B cells recognizing that moiety if the moiety either does not contain a T cell epitope or is not recognized by T cells.
Synthesis of L42 Peptide-KLH Conjugate:
Reduced L-42 (see Example 1) was conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) using thioether chemistry similar to that described above with respect to D-EK.
L-42 does not Activate T Cells in Mice Immunized with L-42-KLH:
Activation of T cells by peptides was measured by the general procedure of Bradley, supra. Female CAF1 mice were immunized in the footpad with L-42 peptide conjugated KLH (L-42-KLH; 50 μg) in CFA on day 0. On day 7, the popliteal lymph nodes were removed and placed in culture in microtiter plates, at a cell density of 5·105 cells/well. Peptides were added, and, after four days of culture, the wells were pulsed with 1 μCi of tritiated thymidine to measure proliferation of T cells. The cultures were collected after 5 days of culture with a Skatron™ cell harvester. The amount of incorporated 3H-thymidine was determined by scintillation spectrometry. The stimulation index was calculated by dividing the counts incorporated in the absence of peptide. An index of greater than 2–3 is indicative of the presence of a T cell epitope on the added peptide.
The data in
L-42-D-EK conjugate induces a B cell anergy in mice immunized to L-42-KLH:
CAF1 mice were primed with 100 μg/mouse of L-42-KLH on alum plus B. pertussis vaccine as an adjuvant. Three weeks later, the mice were divided into groups of six mice each. One group was treated by i.p. injections on three successive days with saline (control); the other groups were similarly treated with various doses of L-42-D-EK (i.p.). Five days later, all mice were boosted with L-42-KLH (50 μg/mouse), and, after a wait of one week, they were bled from the tail vein. The plasma was harvested and assayed for the amount of anti-L-42 and anti-KLH antibodies by ELISA assays. Data are expressed as a percent of a standard serum. An asterisk indicates that a data point was significantly different from the control as determined by a Student t test.
The data in
The melittin molecule, composed of 26 amino acids, is one of the major components of bee venom. One third of the bee venom sensitive individuals have melittin specific antibodies. Melittin is highly immunogenic in some mouse strains (Balb/c, CAF1). The majority (>80%) of melittin-specific antibodies in the responder mouse strains bind a B cell epitope which is the C-terminal heptapeptide of melittin.
Melittin
Melittin peptides were synthesized using standard Fmoc chemistry techniques on a glycine resin (Advanced ChemTech #SG5130 or equivalent (Advanced ChemTech, 2500 Seventh Street Road, Louisville, Ky.) using 2.3 M excess amino acid derivatives for each coupling step. Completion of the coupling was monitored with bromphenol blue and confirmed with ninhydrin.
Melittin Peptides Used in Conjugations
Melittin Peptide #5.
A cysteine was added as required for coupling certain peptides via a thioether bond to the valency platform molecule. Peptides were purified by reversed phase HPLC following synthesis and lyophilized to dryness. The appropriate amount of peptide was then weighed out for each conjugation.
Reduction of Preformed Disulfide Bonds:
Tributylphosphine Method
All buffers were sparged with helium. The peptide was dissolved in a minimal volume (approximately 10 to 20 mg/mL) of 0.05 M NaHCO3 (pH 8.25). A 1 mL solution of 0.7 M tributylphosphine (TBP; MW=202.32 g/mole; d−0.812 g/mL) was prepared by adding 174 μL of TBP to 826 μL of isopropanol (iPrOH). Then, 1:1 equivalents of TBP were added to the peptide solution prepared as described above, mixed well, and allowed to react for 30 minutes to 1 hour with occasional mixing to keep TBP dissolved and/or dispersed in the solution. Complete reduction was confirmed by HPLC.
Preparation of Valency Platform Molecules #3 or #5:
Compound 1—[3,5-Bis-(iodoacetamido)benzoic acid]:
2.93 g (8.28 mmol, 2.2 eq) of iodoacetic anhydride was added to a stirred suspension of 572 mg (3.76 mmol) of 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid in 19 mL of dioxane at room temperature under N2 atmosphere. The mixture was stirred, covered with foil for 20 hours and partitioned between 50 mL of EtOAc and 50 mL of 1 N HCl solution. The EtOAc layer was washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated on a rotary evaporator to give 3.3 g of tan solid. The material was purified by silica gel chromatography (94/5/1 CH2Cl2/MeOH/HOAc) to yield 992 mg (54%) of compound 1 as a white solid: NMR (DMSO) 3.84 (s, 4H), 7.91 (s, 2H), 8.14 (s, 1H), 10.56 (s, 2H).
Compound 2—[3,5-Bis-(iodoacetamido)benzoyl chloride]:
117 μL (1.6 mmol, 190 mg) of SOCl2 was added to a solution of 390 mg (0.8 mmol) of 1 in 34 mL of THF. The mixture was refluxed under N2 atmosphere until all solids had dissolved (approximately 30 minutes) to give a clear red-brown solution. The mixture was concentrated on the rotary evaporator and placed under vacuum to provide crude compound 2 as a foamy solid which was used directly in the next step.
Compound 3—[N,N′-Bis-(3,5-bis-(iodoacetamido)benzoyl) derivative of α,ω-bis-(N-2-aminoethylcarbamoyl)polyethyleneglycol]:
570 mg of α,ω-bis-(N-2-aminoethylcarbamoyl)polyethyleneglycol (0.16 mmol, 3350 g/mol, Sigma) was placed in a tared flask. Toluene (20 mL) was added and water was removed by azeotropic distillation. The residue was dried under vacuum to give 549 mg of solid and dissolved in 4 mL THF with 89 μL (0.64 mmol) of diisopropylethylamine. The crude acid chloride was dissolved in 4 mL anhydrous THF and added to the mixture over 30 seconds under N2. The mixture was stirred for 16 hours at room temperature and partitioned between 25 mL of 0.1 N HCl and 25 mL of CH2Cl2. The aqueous layer was again extracted with CH2Cl2 and the organic layers were combined, washed with 25 mL of H2O, followed by 50 mL of at NaHCO3 solution. The organic layers were dried with Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated to give 784 mg of orange oil. Silica gel chromatography (9/1 CH2Cl2/MeOH) yielded 190 mg of colorless oil which was crystallized from hot EtOH/Et2O, collected on sintered glass filter under N2 pressure, and dried under vacuum to provide 177 mg of compound 3 as a white solid: NMR (CDCl3 3.40 (bd m, 8H), 3.59 (bd s, (CH2CH2O)n, integral too large to integrate in relation to other integrals), 3.80 (bd m, 4H), 3.91 (s, 8H), 7.49 (brd m, 2H), 7.77 (bd m, 2H), 7.82 (bd s, 4H), 8.27 (bd s, 2H), 8.90 (bd m, 4H): iodoacetyl determination (European Journal of Biochemistry (1984) 140:63–71): Calculated, 0.92 mmol/g; Found, 0.96 mmol/g.
Compound 4—[4(iodoacetamido)benzoic acid:
This compound was prepared as described by Weltman, J. K., 1983 Biotechniques 1:148–152. Briefly, 708 mg (2.0 mmol) of iodoacetic anhydride was added to a solution of 137 mg (1.0 mmol) of para-aminobenzoic acid in 10 mL of dioxane. The mixture was stirred in the dark for 18 hours and partitioned between 25 mL of H2O and 25 mL of EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with saturated NaCl solution, dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated to yield 797 mg of a peach colored solid. Recrystallization from hexanes/EtOAc yielded 221 mg (72%) of 4-(iodoacetamido)benzoic acid as a white solid: mp 220–230°; 1H NMR (DMSO) d 3.86 (s, 2H), 7.68 (d, 2H), 7.91 (d, 2H), 10.60 (s, 1H).
Compound 5—[4-(iodoacetamido)benzoyl derivative of α,ω-bis-(N-2-aminoethylcarbamolyl)polyethyleneglycol:
188 mg (0.909 mmol) of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide was added to a solution of 185 mg (0.606 mmol) of 4-(iodoacetamido)benzoic acid and 406 mg (0.121 mmol) of α,ω-bis-(N-2-aminoethylcarbamoyl)polyethyleneglycol (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo., dried by azeotropic distillation with toluene) in 2 mL of THF. The mixture was stirred for 2 hours and then six drops of acetic acid were added. 10 mL of CH2Cl2 was added and the mixture was kept in a freezer for 30 minutes. The mixture was filtered to remove solids and the filtrate was concentrated to a viscous residue. Purification by silica gel chromatography (gradient 99/1 to 96/4 CH2Cl2/MeOH) provided a solid which was triturated with MeOH to give 292 mg of a cream colored solid: 1H (CDCl3) 3.48 (m, 8H), 3.63 (bd s, (CH2CH2O)n, integral too large to integrate), 3.98 (s, 4H), 4.18 (bd m, 4H), 5.91 (bd m, 2H), 7.48 (bd m, 2H), 7.76 (d, 4H), 7.88 (d, 4H), 9.38 (bd m, 2H): iodoacetyl determination (European Journal of Biochemistry 1984, 140, 63–71): Calculated, 0.46 mmol/g; Found, 0.37 mmol/g.
Conjugation of Peptides to Valency Platform Molecule #3 or #5:
All buffers were sparged with helium. The polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivative #3 or #5 was dissolved in a minimal volume (approximately 20 mg/mL) of 0.05 M NaHCO3 (pH 8.25). Approximately 3 equivalents of peptide were used per iodacetyl group on the PEG derivative. For para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)-PEG, containing 2 iodacetyl groups (MW=approximately 4100 g/mole), 6 equivalents of peptide were used for each equivalent of PABA-PEG. For diaminobenzoic acid (DABA)-PEG, containing 4 iodoacetyl groups (MW=approximately 4300 g/mole), 12 equivalents of peptide were used for each equivalent of DABA-PEG. The PEG solution was added to the reduced peptide solution and allowed to react for at least one hour in the dark. The peptide conjugate was purified by preparative HPLC. Before pooling and lyophilization, fractions were checked by electrophoresis using a 15% tricine gel. A description of the compositions of the five peptide conjugates is given in Table 3 and the structures are shown in
1Stimulation of uptake of [3H] thymidine by cultured T cell from melittin-immunized mice; nd = not determined; pep = peptide tested; conj = peptide-PEG conjugate tested.
24 copies of a branched peptide, containing two identical branches each; each branch comprising a B cell epitope
Murine Lymph Node Proliferation Assays.
Food and water was provided ad libitum. Balb/c mice were immunized in each hind footpad with 50 μg of melittin molecule in CFA. Popliteal lymph nodes were harvested aseptically seven days later. Lymph nodes were gently dissociated by teasing the cells through a 50 mesh sieve screen. The single cell suspension was washed in RPMI-1640 (Irvine Scientific, Irvine Calif.) containing glutamine, penicillin and streptomycin. 5×105 cells in RPMI medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FCS) in quadruplicate wells of round bottom 96-well Corning microtitration plates were cultured with melittin or a melittin peptide at 10, 1.0 or 0.1 μg/mL. Cells in the positive control wells were cultured with murine interleukin 2 (IL-2) at 100 or 50 U/mL, PHA (phytohemagglutinin) at 1 μg/mL. The negative control wells contained lymph node cells in RPM-1640 and 10% FCS. The cells were cultured for 4 days in a 37° C. incubator with 5% CO2. Each well was pulsed with 1 μCi of [3H]thymidine (ICN Biochemicals, Costa Mesa, Calif.) for an additional 18 hours. Cells were harvested onto a glass fiber filter mat using a semiautomatic cell harvester (Scatron, Sterling, Va.). Incorporation of [3H]thymidine was determined by liquid scintillation. The results were expressed as average counts per minute.
In vivo Protocols
Balb/c mice were primed intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 4 μg of melittin in CFA. One month later the potential tolerogen or formulation buffer was administered i.p. Three days later all mice received an i.p. injection of 4 μg of melittin in Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (ICF) (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.). 100 to 200 μL of blood was collected from the retro-orbital venous plexus 10 days later. Serum samples were assayed for anti-peptide, or anti-melittin, IgG antibodies.
Assay for IgG Anti-Melittin or Anti-Melittin Antibodies
An individual mouse's serum sample was assessed serially for the presence of anti-melittin antibodies by ELISA. Falcon Probind 96-well microtitration plates were precoated with 10 μg/mL melittin or melittin peptide in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.2, overnight at 4°. The plates were washed twice with a wash solution containing PBS, 0.02% Tween-20, and 1% gelatin (Norland Products Inc., New Brunswick, N.J.). Plates were blocked with 200 μL PBS containing 5% gelatin for 1 hour at 37°. Serum samples were prepared in a diluent of PBS containing 5% gelatin. Samples were tested at dilutions of 1:100 to 1:1000. After 1 hour of incubation at 37° C., the plates were washed four times. ExtraAvidin peroxidase (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.) was diluted 1:1000 in PBS containing 5% gelatin. The plates were incubated 30 minutes at 37° C. and then washed five times. Wells were developed with OPD (ortho phenylene diamine dihydrochloride, Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.) according to the manufacturer's directions, in the dark for 15–30 minutes, and the reaction was stopped with 3 M HCl. The optical density (OD) was determined at 450 nm on a microplate reader (Bio-tek Instruments, Winooski, Vt.).
Antibody Forming Cell Assay
Cellulose microtitration plates (Millipore Co., Bedford, Mass.) were prepared as indicated above for the IgG antibody (ELISA) assay. However, at the point in the assay where the serum samples were added to the wells, splenic cells (5×105/well) were added instead of serum, and incubated overnight. The remainder of the ELISA assay was performed as indicated above.
T Cell Epitopes
T Cells from mice primed with melittin showed T cell proliferation in response to the whole melittin molecule and to C-terminal melittin peptides 3, 4, and 5 (
Female C57BL/6 mice, ages 5 to 8 weeks were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me. Animals were maintained and treated accordingly to National Institutes of Health guidelines.
Immunization Protocol
Mice were primed by an i.p. injection containing 5 μg of melittin precipitated on alum and 2×109 B. pertussis as an adjuvant. The mice were boosted with 5 μg of melittin, i.p., in PBS.
pfc Assay
Sheep Red Blood Cells (SRBC) (Colorado Serum Co., Denver, Colo.) were conjugated with melittin-peptide 2 using carbodiimide. Fresh SRBC (less than 2 weeks old) were washed four times with cold saline and one time with mannitol (0.35 M mannitol, 0.01 M NaCl). The SRBC were suspended in mannitol to a concentration of 10% (v/v). 100 μL of mannitol containing 30 μg of melittin peptide #3 were added to 1 mL aliquots of 10% SRBC which were then incubated on ice for 10 minutes. 100 μL of a 100 mg/mL solution of 1-ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide HCl (EDCI) was then added and incubated on ice for 30 minutes. The SRBC were washed twice with Balanced Salt Solution (BSS) (Irvine Scientific Co, Irvine, Calif.) and resuspended to 10% (v/v). Lyophilized guinea pig complement (GIBCO, New York, N.Y.) was reconstituted with BSS and then diluted 1:3 with BSS. One mL of the diluted guinea pig complement was added to 3 mL of conjugated SRBC. Rabbit anti-mouse IgG was added to give a final dilution of 1:100 of the rabbit antiserum. This concentration was predetermined to inhibit all IgM pfc while enhancing the maximum number of IgG pfc. An equal volume of this complement/anti-mouse IgG/SRBC suspension was mixed with a cell suspension of mouse spleen cells taken from a single mouse. 50 μL of each mixture was transferred to the chambers of a Cunningham slide (three chambers per slide). The edges were then sealed with paraffin and incubated at 37° C. for one hour. The number of plaques per chamber was counted with the aid of a dissecting microscope. Each spleen suspension was also assayed using non-conjugated SRBC as a control. The number of viable cells, in each spleen cell suspension, was determined. The number of pfc per 106 spleen cells was determined for each chamber and the mean of the triplicates calculated. The number of pfc for non-conjugated SRBC was subtracted from the number of pfc for conjugated-SRBC to determine the number of peptide-specific pfc.
Determining The Optimal Time to Measure pfc
Mice were primed with melittin. Groups (3 mice per group) of primed mice were boosted with melittin on days 2, 4, 6, and 8. On day 10 the mice were sacrificed and their spleens harvested. Cell suspensions were prepared and assayed for the number of peptide specific pfc determined. The optimal number of pfc was obtained 6 days after boosting with melittin.
The Orientation of the Peptide on The PEG Conjugate does not Affect the Conjugate's Ability to Induce Tolerance
Two different tolerogens were constructed to determine if the orientation of the peptide on the PEG conjugate affects its ability to induce tolerance. Peptide #7 (equivalent to peptide #2 plus C-terminal penultimate insertion of Lys-Cys) was covalently bound to valency platform molecule 3 through its C-terminal end to make melittin Conjugate 3. Groups (3/group) of mice primed with melittin were treated, i.p., with conjugates or with saline. Five days later all of the mice, including the non-treated control group, were boosted with 5 μp of melittin. Six days later the mice were sacrificed, their spleens were harvested and the number of peptide specific pfc determined. As illustrated in Table 4, both orientations were effective in reducing the number of peptide-specific pfc/106 spleen cells in mice primed and boosted with the parent protein melittin.
The Number of Peptides per PEG Conjugate Affects the Conjugate's Ability to Induce Tolerance
Three different conjugates, each with a different number of peptides per PEG conjugate, were constructed to determine if the ratio of peptides to PEG molecule was important. Conjugate 1 had only two peptides per PEG conjugate. Another had four peptides per PEG conjugate (Conjugate 2). The third had four, branched peptides (8 B cell epitopes) per PEG conjugate (Conjugate 5). Groups (3/group) of mice primed with melittin were treated, i.p., with the different conjugates or with saline. Five days later all of the mice, including the non-treated control group, were boosted with 5 μg of melittin. Six days later, the mice were sacrificed, their spleens were harvested and the number of peptide-specific pfc determined. As shown in Table 5, Conjugate 1, containing two peptides per PEG molecule, was ineffective in reducing the number of peptide-specific pfc/106 spleen cells in mice primed and boosted with the parent protein melittin. The results show that both melittin conjugates 2 and 5 were effective as tolerogens; however, conjugate 5 which contained 8 epitopes (4 branched peptides) was effective at a lower dose than conjugate 2, which contained four unbranched peptides per valency platform molecule.
Modifications of the above-described modes for carrying out the invention that are obvious to those of ordinary skill in the fields of immunology, chemistry, medicine and related arts are intended to be within the scope of the following claims.
This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 09/563,167, filed May 2, 2000, now abandoned which is a continuation of Ser. No. 08/118,055, filed Sep. 8, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,060,056, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 07/652,648, filed Feb. 8, 1991, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,454, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Child | 10081076 | US | |
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| Child | 09563167 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 07652648 | Feb 1991 | US |
| Child | 08118055 | US |
