Compositions and methods for controlling insect pests

Abstract

Disclosed herein are polynucleotides, compositions, and methods for controlling insect pests, especially flea beetles, such as Phyllotreta spp. and Psylliodes spp., particularly in plants. More specifically, polynucleotides such as double-stranded RNA triggers and methods of use thereof for modifying the expression of genes in flea beetles.

Description

FIELD

Disclosed herein are methods for controlling invertebrate pest infestations, particularly in plants, compositions and polynucleotides useful in such methods, and plants having improved resistance to the invertebrate pests. More specifically, polynucleotides and methods of use thereof for modifying the expression of genes in an insect pest, particularly through RNA interference are disclosed. Pest species of interest include flea beetles, such as Phyllotreta spp. and Psylliodes spp.

BACKGROUND

Commercial crops are often the targets of attack by invertebrate pests such as insects. Compositions for controlling insect infestations in plants have typically been in the form of chemical insecticides. However, there are several disadvantages to using chemical insecticides. For example, chemical insecticides are generally not selective, and applications of chemical insecticides intended to control insect pests in crop plants can exert their effects on non-target insects and other invertebrates as well. Chemical insecticides often persist in the environment and can be slow to degrade, thus potentially accumulating in the food chain. Furthermore the use of persistent chemical insecticides can result in the development of resistance in the target insect species. Thus there has been a long felt need for more environmentally friendly methods for controlling or eradicating insect infestation on or in plants, e. g., methods which are species-selective, environmentally inert, non-persistent, and biodegradable, and that fit well into pest resistance management schemes.

RNA interference (RNAi, RNA-mediated gene suppression) is an approach that shows promise for use in environmentally friendly pest control. In invertebrates, RNAi-based gene suppression was first demonstrated in nematodes (Fire et al., (1998) Nature, 391:806-811; Timmons & Fire (1998) Nature, 395:854). Subsequently, RNAi-based suppression of invertebrate genes using recombinant nucleic acid techniques has been reported in a number of species, including agriculturally or economically important pests from various insect and nematode taxa, such as: root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), see Huang et al. (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103:14302-14306, doi:10.1073/pnas.0604698103); cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), see Mao et al. (2007) Nature Biotechnol., 25:1307-1313, doi:10.1038/nbt1352; Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera LeConte), see Baum et al. (2007) Nature Biotechnol., 25:1322-1326, doi:10.1038/nbt1359; sugar beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii), see Sindhu et al. (2008) J. Exp. Botany, 60:315-324, doi:10.1093/jxb/ern289; mosquito (Aedes aegypti), see Pridgeon et al. (2008) J. Med. Entomol., 45:414-420, doi: full/10.1603/0022-2585%282008%2945%5B414%3ATAADRK %5D2.0.CO %3B2; fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum), pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), and tobacco hornworms (Manduca sexta), see Whyard et al. (2009) Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 39:824-832, doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2009.09.00; diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), see Gong et al. (2011) Pest Manag. Sci., 67: 514-520, doi:10.1002/ps.2086; green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), see Pitino et al. (2011) PLoS ONE, 6:e25709, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025709; brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), see Li et al. (2011) Pest Manag. Sci., 67:852-859, doi:10.1002/ps.2124; and whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), see Upadhyay et al. (2011) J. Biosci., 36:153-161, doi:10.1007/s12038-011-9009-1.

SUMMARY

The present embodiments relate to control of insect species, especially flea beetle species that are economically or agriculturally important pests. The compositions and methods disclosed herein include recombinant polynucleotide molecules, such as recombinant DNA constructs for making transgenic plants resistant to infestation by insect species and polynucleotide agents, such as RNA “triggers”, that are useful for controlling or preventing infestation by that insect species. Several embodiments described herein relate to a polynucleotide-containing composition (e. g., a composition containing a dsRNA trigger for suppressing a target gene) that is topically applied to an insect species or to a plant, plant part, or seed to be protected from infestation by an insect species. Other embodiments relate to methods for selecting preferred insect target genes that are more likely to be effective targets for RNAi-mediated control of an insect species.

Several embodiments relate to a method for controlling an insect infestation of a plant including contacting the insect with a dsRNA including at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% complementarity with a fragment of a target gene of the insect. In some embodiments, the dsRNA includes at least one segment of 21 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of 100% complementarity with a fragment of a target gene of the insect. In some embodiments, the target gene is selected from the group consisting of Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpS21, RpS4, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments, the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In some embodiments, the dsRNA includes an RNA strand with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the dsRNA includes an RNA strand with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724. In various embodiments, the contacting of the insect is by oral delivery, or by non-oral contact, e. g., by absorption through the cuticle, or through a combination of oral and non-oral delivery. In some embodiments, the dsRNA trigger suppresses a target gene in the insect and stunts growth, development or reproduction by the insect, or kills the insect.

Several embodiments relate to a method of causing mortality or stunting in an insect, including providing in the diet of an insect at least one polynucleotide including at least one silencing element, wherein the at least one silencing element is essentially identical or essentially complementary to a fragment of a target gene sequence of the insect, and wherein ingestion of the polynucleotide by the insect results in mortality or stunting in the insect. In some embodiments, the target gene is selected from the group consisting of Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpS21, RpS4, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments, the target gene sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In some embodiments, the silencing element includes an RNA strand with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the silencing element includes an RNA strand with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is provided in the diet of the insect in the form of a plant or bacterial cell containing the polynucleotide, or as a synthetic polynucleotide molecule, or as a fermentation product (e. g., a hairpin form of a dsRNA, produced in a bacterium). In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is a recombinant RNA molecule. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is a double-stranded RNA molecule.

Several embodiments relate to an insecticidal composition including an insecticidally effective amount of a polynucleotide, wherein the polynucleotide includes 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with about 95% to about 100% complementarity with a corresponding portion of a target gene of an insect that infests a plant. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide includes 21 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of 100% complementarity with a corresponding portion of the target gene. In some embodiments, the target gene is selected from the group consisting of Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpS21, RpS4, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide includes 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with about 95% to about 100% complementarity with a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide includes 21 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of 100% complementarity with a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is recombinant RNA. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is molecule is dsRNA. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide includes at least one segment (e. g., an RNA strand or segment of an RNA strand) with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, polynucleotide includes at least one segment (e. g., an RNA strand or segment of an RNA strand) with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the insecticidal composition further includes one or more of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a cationic lipid, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a fungicide, a safener, an insect attractant, and an insect growth regulator. Embodiments of the insecticidal compositions include non-polynucleotide insecticides, e. g., a bacterially produced insecticidal protein.

Several embodiments relate to a method of providing a plant having improved resistance to an insect, including expressing in the plant a recombinant DNA construct, wherein the recombinant DNA construct includes DNA encoding an RNA polynucleotide having a sequence essentially identical or essentially complementary to a fragment of at least one target gene of the insect, and wherein ingestion of the polynucleotide by the insect results in mortality or stunting in the insect. In some embodiments, the target gene is selected from the group consisting of Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpS21, RpS4, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments, the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is single-stranded RNA (ssRNA). In other embodiments, the polynucleotide is double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which may include single-stranded portions, such as a loop in a stem-loop structure. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is RNA (e. g., an RNA strand or segment of an RNA strand) with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is RNA (e. g., an RNA strand or segment of an RNA strand) with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof.

Several embodiments relate to a recombinant DNA construct including a heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA encoding an RNA transcript including a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof. Several embodiments relate to a commercial unit of seed, such as a bag, in which all or substantially all of the seeds include a recombinant DNA construct including a heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA encoding an RNA transcript including a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the RNA transcript is single-stranded RNA (ssRNA). In other embodiments, the RNA transcript is double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which may include single-stranded portions, such as a loop in a stem-loop structure. In some embodiments, the RNA transcript includes RNA (e. g., an RNA strand or segment of an RNA strand) with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the RNA transcript includes RNA (e. g., an RNA strand or segment of an RNA strand) with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof.

In related aspects, provided herein are man-made compositions including a polynucleotide or trigger as described herein, such as dsRNA formulations useful for topical application to a plant or substance in need of protection from an insect infestation; recombinant constructs and vectors useful for making transgenic plant cells and transgenic plants; formulations and coatings useful for treating plants (including plant seeds or propagatable parts such as tubers); plant seeds or propagatable parts such as tubers treated with or containing a polynucleotide as described herein as well as commodity products and foodstuffs produced from such plants; seeds, or propagatable parts (especially commodity products and foodstuffs having a detectable amount of a polynucleotide disclosed herein). Several embodiments relate to polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies that bind a peptide or protein encoded by a sequence or a fragment of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. Several embodiments relate to polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies that bind a peptide or protein encoded by a sequence or a fragment of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or the complement thereof. Such antibodies are made by routine methods as known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

Other aspects and specific embodiments are disclosed in the following detailed description and working Examples.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present embodiments relate to methods and compositions for controlling insect pests, in particular the group of coleopteran insects commonly known as “flea beetles”, of which there are several genera. Disclosed herein are target genes identified as useful for designing polynucleotide agents for preventing or treating flea beetle infestations, especially of commercially important plants. The methods and compositions are especially useful for preventing or treating flea beetle infestations of commercially important Brassica species including species commercially used as oilseed, food, or livestock feed (e. g., canola, rapeseed, turnips, and field mustard or turnip rape). Such Brassica species include B. napus, B. juncea, B. carinata, B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. rupestris, B. septiceps, B. nigra, B. narinosa, B. perviridus, B. tournefortii, and B. fructiculosa. Also disclosed are sequences for suppressing one or more flea beetle target genes. Several embodiments relate to polynucleotide agents, for example, in the form of dsRNA “triggers” that suppress flea beetle target genes. In some embodiments, polynucleotides and recombinant DNA molecules and constructs useful in methods of controlling insect pests, especially flea beetles are provided. Several embodiments relate to insecticidal compositions, as well as to transgenic plants resistant to infestation by insect pests. Several embodiments relate to methods of identifying efficacious polynucleotide agents, for example, double-stranded RNA molecules for controlling insect pests and methods for identifying target genes that are likely to represent essential functions, making these genes preferred targets for RNAi-mediated silencing and control of insect pests.

Several embodiments relate to methods and compositions for inhibiting or controlling flea beetle infestation of a plant by inhibiting in the flea beetle the expression of one or more target gene selected from the group consisting of Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpS21, RpS4, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments, inhibiting the expression of one or more target gene in the flea beetle results in stunting or mortality.

Several embodiments relate to a polynucleotide molecule, such as a dsRNA, which includes one or more segments including 18 or more contiguous nucleotides, for example 21 or more contiguous nucleotides, having 95% to about 100% (e. g., about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) complementarity with a fragment of an insect target gene selected from the group consisting of Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpS21, RpS4, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide, such as dsRNA, includes multiple segments each of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% (e. g., about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) complementarity with a fragment of a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide, such as dsRNA, includes 21 contiguous nucleotides having 100% complementarity with a fragment of a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. For example, the polynucleotide, such as dsRNA, includes segments corresponding to different regions of the target gene, or can include multiple copies of a segment. In other embodiments, the polynucleotide, such as dsRNA, includes multiple segments, each of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% (e. g., about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) complementarity with a fragment of a different target gene; in this way multiple target genes, or multiple insect species, can be suppressed.

Several embodiments relate to a dsRNA molecule, sometimes referred to herein as a “trigger”, which inhibits the expression of one or more insect target genes selected from the group consisting of Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpS21, RpS4, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. Several embodiments relate to a dsRNA having a length greater than that which is typical of naturally occurring regulatory small RNAs (such as endogenously produced siRNAs and mature miRNAs), e. g, the dsRNA is at least about 30 contiguous base-pairs in length. In some embodiments, the dsRNA has a length of between about 50 to about 500 base-pairs. In some embodiments, the dsRNA is at least 50 base pairs in length. In some embodiments, the dsRNA is formed from two separate, essentially complementary strands (e. g., where each strand is separately provided, or where each strand is encoded on a separate DNA molecule, or where the two strands are encoded on separate sections of a DNA and are separately transcribed or made separate, for example, by the action of a recombinase or nuclease), wherein at least one RNA strand includes a sequence of about 95% to about 100% (e. g., about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the dsRNA is blunt-ended, e. g., two separate, equal-length strands of RNA which form the dsRNA through intermolecular hybridisation. In some embodiments, the dsRNA has an overhang at one or both ends (termini), e. g., two separate, unequal-length strands of RNA which form the dsRNA through intermolecular hybridisation; the overhang can be a single nucleotide or 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more nucleotides, and can be located on the 5′ end or on the 3′ end of a strand. In some embodiments, the dsRNA includes at least one stem-loop, e. g., a single RNA molecule that forms a dsRNA with a “hairpin” secondary structure through intramolecular hybridization. In some embodiments, the dsRNA is formed from a single self-hybridizing hairpin transcript, wherein one “arm” of the hairpin includes a sequence of about 95% to about 100% (e. g., about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof. In embodiments, self-hybridizing transcripts which form hairpins (or partial hairpins) include dsRNA molecules that include “spacer” nucleotides or a single-stranded “loop region” between the dsRNA-forming complementary “arms” of sense sequence and anti-sense sequence. In embodiments, such spacers or loops include nucleotides having a sequence unrelated (not complementary or identical to) the target gene corresponding to the double-stranded portion of the hairpin. Examples of spacers or loops include those encoded by SEQ ID NOs:1719-1721. In embodiments, the dsRNA includes multiple stem-loops, with or without spacer nucleotides between each stem-loop. In embodiments, the dsRNA includes a modified stem-loop such as a “stabilized anti-sense” loop or a “stabilized sense” loop; see, e. g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,855,323 and 9,006,414, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein.

The dsRNA can be chemically synthesized (e. g., by in vitro transcription, such as transcription using a T7 polymerase or other polymerase), or can be produced by expression in a microorganism, by expression in a plant cell, or by microbial fermentation. The dsRNA can be chemically modified, e. g., to improve stability, ease of formulation, or efficacy. In some embodiments, the dsRNA molecule is provided in a microbial or plant cell that expresses dsRNA (such as a hairpin form of a dsRNA trigger), or in a microbial fermentation product.

A variety of methods for designing and producing a variety of forms of dsRNA are known in the art and are useful in the compositions and methods disclosed herein. See, for example, the following patents which are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein: (1) U.S. Pat. No. 8,598,332 to Waterhouse et al., which discloses recombinant DNA constructs including DNA encoding sense RNA and anti-sense RNA sequences in a single transcript that forms an artificial “hairpin” RNA structure with a double-stranded RNA stem by base-pairing between the sense and anti-sense nucleotide sequences; embodiments include hairpins with spacer nucleotides between the sense and anti-sense nucleotide sequences; (2) U.S. Pat. No. 8,158,414 to Rommens et al., which discloses recombinant DNA constructs including convergently oriented first and second promoters, which produce, e. g., an RNA duplex that is formed by annealing of two separate RNA transcripts; and (3) U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,855,323 and 9,006,414 to Huang et al., which disclose recombinant DNA constructs including DNA encoding “stabilized anti-sense” transcripts which form a loop of anti-sense-oriented RNA for suppressing one or more target genes; recombinant DNA constructs can be designed to similarly encode “stabilized sense” transcripts which form a loop of sense-oriented RNA for suppressing one or more target genes.

Embodiments of the compositions including polynucleotides such as the dsRNA triggers described herein further contain one or more additional components or adjuvants, e. g., a carrier agent, an encapsulation agent, an emulsifying agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a cationic lipid, a spreading agent, a photoprotective agent, a rainfastness agent, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a non-polynucleotide fungicide, a safener, a bait, an insect attractant, an insect pheromone, and an insect growth regulator. In embodiments, these additional components or adjuvants are edible or digestible if ingested by a flea beetle.

In embodiments, the polynucleotides such as dsRNA triggers disclosed herein are used in combination with a non-nucleotide pesticidal agent such as a small-molecule pesticidal agent or a proteinaceous pesticidal agent, either concurrently or sequentially. Examples of non-nucleotide pesticidal agents include patatins, plant lectins, phytoecdy steroids, and bacterial insecticidal proteins (e. g., insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis, Xenorhabdus sp., Photorhabdus sp., Brevibacillus laterosporus (previously Bacillus laterosporus), Lysinibacillus sphaericus (previously Bacillus sphaericus), Chromobacterium sp., Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillus sp., Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae), a bacterium that produces an insecticidal protein, and an entomicidal bacterial species. In embodiments, the compositions including polynucleotides for flea beetle control such as the dsRNA triggers described herein can further include, or can be used concurrently or sequentially with, conventional pesticides such as Spiromesifen, Spirodiclofen, Spirotetramat, Pyridaben, Tebufenpyrad, Tolfenpyrad, Fenpyroximate, Flufenerim, Pyrimidifen, Fenazaquin, Rotenone, Cyenopyrafen, Hydramethylnon, Acequinocyl, Fluacrypyrim, Aluminium phosphide, Calcium phosphide, Phosphine, Zinc phosphide, Cyanide, Diafenthiuron, Azocyclotin, Cyhexatin, Fenbutatin oxide, Propargite, Tetradifon, Bensultap, Thiocyclam, Thiosultap-sodium, Flonicamid, Etoxazole, Clofentezine, Diflovidazin, Hexythiazox, Chlorfluazuron, Bistrifluron, Diflubenzuron, Flucycloxuron, Flufenoxuron, Hexaflumuron, Lufenuron, Novaluron, Noviflumuron, Teflubenzuron, Triflumuron, Buprofezin, Cyromazine, Hydroprene, Kinoprene, Methoprene, Fenoxycarb, Pyriproxyfen, Pymetrozine, Pyrifluquinazon, Chlorfenapyr, Tralopyril, B.t. (Bacillus thuringiensis) var. aizawai, B.t. var. israelensis, B.t. var. kurstaki, B.t. var. sphaericus, B.t. var. tenebrionensis, Bacillus thuringiensis crop proteins including Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry2Ab, mCry3A, Cry3Ab, Cry3Bb, Cry34/35Ab1, Methyl bromide and other alkyl halides, Chloropicrin, Sulfuryl fluoride, Benclothiaz, Chinomethionat, Cryolite, Methylneodecanamide, Benzoximate, Cymiazole, Fluensulfone, Azadirachtin, Bifenazate, Amidoflumet, Dicofol, Plifenate, Cyflumetofen, Pyridalyl, Beauveria bassiana GHA, Sulfoxaflor, Spinetoram, Spinosad, Spinosad, Emamectin benzoate, Lepimectin, Milbemectin, Abamectin, Methoxyfenozide, Chromafenozide, Halofenozide, Tebufenozide, Amitraz, Chlorantraniliprole, Cyantraniliprole, Flubendiamide, alpha-endosulfan, Chlordane, Endosulfan, Fipronil, Acetoprole, Ethiprole, Pyrafluprole, Pyriprole, Indoxacarb and Metaflumizone, Acrinathrin, Allethrin, Allethrin-cis-trans, Allethrin-trans, beta-Cyfluthrin, beta-Cypermethrin, Bifenthrin, Bioallethrin, Bioallethrin S-cyclopentenyl, Bioresmethrin, Cycloprothrin, Cyfluthrin, Cyhalothrin, Cypermethrin, Cyphenothrin [(1R)-trans-isomers], Dimefluthrin, Empenthrin [(EZ)-(1R)-isomers], Esfenvalerate, Etofenprox, Fenpropathrin, Fenvalerate, Flucythrinate, Flumethrin, Gamma-cyhalothryn, lambda-Cyhalothrin, Meperfluthrin, Metofluthrin, Permethrin, Phenothrin [(1R)-trans-isomer], Prallethrin, Profluthrin, Protrifenbute, Resmethrin, Silafluofen, tau-Fluvalinate, Tefluthrin, Tetramethrin, Tetramethrin [(1R)-isomers], Tetramethylfluthrin, theta-Cypermethrin, Tralomethrin, Transfluthrin, zeta-Cypermethrin, alpha-Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, DDT, and Methoxychlor, Thiodicarb, Alanycarb, Aldicarb, Bendiocarb, Benfuracarb, Butoxycarboxim, Carbaryl, Carbofuran, Carbosulfan, Ethiofencarb, Fenobucarb, Formetanate, Furathiocarb, Isoprocarb, Methiocarb, Methomyl, Metolcarb, Oxamyl, Pirimicarb, Propoxur, Thiofanox, Triazamate, Trimethacarb, XMC, Xylylcarb, Chlorpyrifos, Malathion, Acephate, Azamethiphos, Azinphos-ethyl, Azinphos-methyl, Cadusafos, Chlorethoxyfos, Chlorfenvinphos, Chlormephos, Chlorpyrifos-methyl, Coumaphos, Cyanophos, Demeton-S-methyl, Diazinon, Dichlorvos/DDVP, Dicrotophos, Dimethoate, Dimethylvinphos, Disulfoton, EPN, Ethion, Ethoprophos, Famphur, Fenamiphos, Fenitrothion, Fenthion, Fonofos, Fosthiazate, Imicyafos, Isofenphos-methyl, Mecarbam, Methamidophos, Methidathion, Mevinphos, Monocrotophos, Naled, Omethoate, Oxydemeton-methyl, Parathion, Parathion-methyl, Phenthoate, Phorate, Phosalone, Phosmet, Phosphamidon, Phoxim, Pirimiphos-ethyl, Profenofos, Propaphos, Propetamphos, Prothiofos, Pyraclofos, Pyridaphenthion, Quinalphos, Sulfotep, Tebupirimfos, Temephos, Terbufos, Tetrachlorvinphos, Thiometon, Triazophos, Trichlorfon, Vamidothion Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam, Acetamiprid, Clothianidin, Dinotefuran, Nitenpyram, Nithiozine, Nicotine, Thiacloprid, chlorantraniliprole, and cyantraniliprole. In embodiments, the compositions including polynucleotides for flea beetle control in Brassica species including canola further include, or are used concurrently or sequentially with, foliar sprays including one or more pesticides selected from the group consisting of Deltamethrin, Cypermethrin, Lambda-cyhalothrin, Permethrin, Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Malathion, or seed treatments including one or more pesticides selected from the group consisting of Thiamethoxam, Imidacloprid, and Clothianadin.

In embodiments, the compositions including polynucleotides for flea beetle control such as the dsRNA triggers described herein can further include, or can be used concurrently or sequentially with, conventional fungicides such as bupirimate, dimethirimol, ethirimol, cyprodinil, pyrimethanil, mepanipyrim, fenpiclonil, fludioxonil; phenylamides, benalaxyl, furalaxyl, metalaxyl, R-metalaxyl, ofurace, oxadixyl, benomyl, carbendazim, debacarb, fuberidazole, thiabendazole, chlozolinate, dichlozoline, iprodine, myclozoline, procymidone, vinclozolin, carboxin, fenfuram, flutolanil, mepronil, oxycarboxin, thifluzamide, guazatine, dodine, iminoctadine, azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, metominostrobin, or trifloxystrobin, ferbam, mancozeb, maneb, metiram, propineb, thiram, zineb, ziram, captafol, captan, dichlofluanid, fluoromide, folpet, tolyfluanid, copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride, copper sulfate, cuprous oxide, mancopper, oxine-copper, dinocap, nitrothal-isopropyl, edifenphos, iprobenphos, isoprothiolane, phosdiphen, pyrazopho, toclofos-methyl, acibenzolar-S-methyl, harpin, anilazine, blasticidin-S, chinomethionat, chloroneb, chlorothalonil, cymoxanil, dichione, diclomezine, dicloran, diethofencarb, dimethomorph, dithianon, etridiazole, famoxadone, fenamidone, fentin, fenpyrazamine, ferimzone, fluazinam, flusulfamide, fosetyl-aluminium, hymexazol, kasugamycin, methasulfocarb, pencycuron, phthalide, polyoxins, probenazole, propamocarb, pyroquilon, quinoxyfen, quintozene, sulfur, triazoxide, tricyclazole, validamycin, azaconazole, bitertanol, propiconazole, difenoconazole, diniconazole, cyproconazole, epoxiconazole, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, flutriafol, hexaconazole, imazalil, imibenconazole, ipconazole, tebuconazole, tetraconazole, fenbuconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, perfurazoate, penconazole, bromuconazole, pyrifenox, prochloraz, triadimefon, triadimenol, triflumizol, triticonazole, triforine, ancymidol, fenarimol or nuarimol, dodemorph, fenpropidin, fenpropimorph, spiroxamine, tridemorph, and fenhexamid. In embodiments, the compositions including polynucleotides for flea beetle control in Brassica species including canola further include, or are used concurrently or sequentially with, foliar sprays including one or more fungicides selected from the group consisting of Azoxystrobin, Bacillus subtilis strain QST 2808, Boscalid, Fluxopyroxad, Pyraclostrobin, Metconazole, Prothioconazole, Penthiopyrad, Picoxystrobin, and Thiophanate Methyl, or seed treatments including one or more fungicides selected from the group consisting of Azoxystrobin, Metalaxyl, Trifloxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Sedaxane, Penflufen, Fludioxonil, and Mefenoxam.

In embodiments, the compositions including polynucleotides for flea beetle control such as the dsRNA triggers described herein can further include, or can be used concurrently or sequentially with, conventional herbicides such as glyphosate, auxin-like herbicides such as dicamba, phosphinothricin, glufosinate, 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (Dalapon), acetolactate synthase inhibitors such as sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, triazolopyrimidine, pyrimidyloxybenzoates, and phthalide, bromoxynil, cyclohexanedione (sethoxydim) and aryloxyphenoxypropionate (haloxyfop), sulfonamide herbicides, triazine herbicides, 5-methyltryptophan, aminoethyl cysteine, pyridazinone herbicides such as norflurazon, cyclopropylisoxazole herbicides such as isoxaflutole, protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors, herbicidea containing an aryloxyalkanoate moiety, phenoxy auxins such as 2,4-D and dichlorprop, pyridyloxy auxins such as fluroxypyr and triclopyr, aryloxyphenoxypropionates (AOPP) acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors such as haloxyfop, quizalofop, and diclofop, and 5-substituted phenoxyacetate protoporphyrinogen oxidase IX inhibitors such as pyraflufen and flumiclorac. In embodiments, the compositions including polynucleotides for flea beetle control in Brassica species including canola further include, or are used concurrently or sequentially with, one or more post-emergence herbicides selected from the group consisting of Quizalofop, Sethoxydim, Clethodim, and Clopyralid. In embodiments, the compositions including polynucleotides for flea beetle control in herbicide-resistant Brassica species including herbicide-resistant canola further include, or are used concurrently or sequentially with, one or more herbicides selected from the group consisting of Imazamox, Glyphosate, and Glufosinate.

The compositions and methods disclosed are useful for inhibiting or controlling flea beetle infestation of a plant, such as a Brassica species. In embodiments, the compositions and methods are used to treat a growing plant, such as a field of Brassica plants. Embodiments include compositions including polynucleotides disclosed herein in a composition in the form of a solid, liquid, powder, suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulation, microbeads, carrier particulates, film, matrix, soil drench, or seed treatment composition. In embodiments, such compositions are applied to a surface of the plant in need of protection from or treatment for flea beetle infestations, or applied directly to the flea beetles, or provided in an ingestible form to the flea beetles. In embodiments, a composition including polynucleotides disclosed herein is applied directly to ungerminated seeds (such as ungerminated Brassica species seeds), providing plants germinated from the treated seeds increased resistance to flea beetle infestations; examples of seed treatment methods are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/143,836, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. An embodiment includes a Brassica seed that is treated by directly contacting the seed with a polynucleotide (such as a dsRNA trigger) disclosed herein, followed by germination into a Brassica plant that exhibits increased resistance to flea beetle infestations.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. The terms “to comprise” or “to include” are understood to mean “to include, but not to be limited to”. Generally, the nomenclature used and the manufacturing or laboratory procedures described below are well known and commonly employed in the art. Conventional methods are used for these procedures, such as those provided in the art and various general references. Where a term is provided in the singular, the inventors also contemplate aspects described by the plural of that term. Where there are discrepancies in terms and definitions used in references that are incorporated by reference, the terms used in this application shall have the definitions given. Other technical terms used have their ordinary meaning in the art in which they are used, as exemplified by various art-specific dictionaries, for example, “The American Heritage® Science Dictionary” (Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries, 2011, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston and New York), the “McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms” (6^th edition, 2002, McGraw-Hill, New York), or the “Oxford Dictionary of Biology” (6th edition, 2008, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York). The inventors do not intend to be limited to a mechanism or mode of action. Reference thereto is provided for illustrative purposes only.

Unless otherwise stated, nucleic acid sequences in the text of this specification are given, when read from left to right, in the 5′ to 3′ direction. One of skill in the art would be aware that a given DNA sequence is understood to define a corresponding RNA sequence which is identical to the DNA sequence except for replacement of the thymine (T) nucleotides of the DNA with uracil (U) nucleotides. Thus, providing a specific DNA sequence is understood to define the exact RNA equivalent. A given first polynucleotide sequence, whether DNA or RNA, further defines the sequence of its exact complement (which can be DNA or RNA), i. e., a second polynucleotide that hybridizes perfectly to the first polynucleotide by forming Watson-Crick base-pairs. By “essentially identical” or “essentially complementary” to a target gene or a fragment of a target gene is meant that a polynucleotide strand (or at least one strand of a double-stranded polynucleotide) is designed to hybridize (generally under physiological conditions such as those found in a living plant or animal cell) to a target gene or to a fragment of a target gene or to the transcript of the target gene or the fragment of a target gene; one of skill in the art would understand that such hybridization does not necessarily require 100% sequence identity or complementarity. A first nucleic acid sequence is “operably” connected or “linked” with a second nucleic acid sequence when the first nucleic acid sequence is placed in a functional relationship with the second nucleic acid sequence. For example, a promoter sequence is “operably linked” to DNA if the promoter provides for transcription or expression of the DNA. Generally, operably linked DNA sequences are contiguous.

The term “polynucleotide” commonly refers to a DNA or RNA molecule containing multiple nucleotides and generally refers both to “oligonucleotides” (a polynucleotide molecule of 18-25 nucleotides in length) and longer polynucleotides of 26 or more nucleotides. Polynucleotides also include molecules containing multiple nucleotides including non-canonical nucleotides or chemically modified nucleotides as commonly practiced in the art; see, e. g., chemical modifications disclosed in the technical manual “RNA Interference (RNAi) and DsiRNAs”, 2011 (Integrated DNA Technologies Coralville, Iowa). Generally, polynucleotide as described herein, whether DNA or RNA or both, and whether single- or double-stranded, include at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides (or, in the case of double-stranded polynucleotides, at least 18 contiguous base-pairs) that are essentially identical or complementary to a fragment of equivalent size of the DNA of a target gene or the target gene's RNA transcript. Throughout this disclosure, “at least 18 contiguous” means “from about 18 to about 10,000, including every whole number point in between”. Thus, embodiments include compositions including oligonucleotides having a length of 18-25 nucleotides (18-mers, 19-mers, 20-mers, 21-mers, 22-mers, 23-mers, 24-mers, or 25-mers), or medium-length polynucleotides having a length of 26 or more nucleotides (polynucleotides of 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, or about 300 nucleotides), or long polynucleotides having a length greater than about 300 nucleotides (e. g., polynucleotides of between about 300 to about 400 nucleotides, between about 400 to about 500 nucleotides, between about 500 to about 600 nucleotides, between about 600 to about 700 nucleotides, between about 700 to about 800 nucleotides, between about 800 to about 900 nucleotides, between about 900 to about 1000 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 500 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 600 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 700 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 800 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 900 nucleotides, or about 1000 nucleotides in length, or even greater than about 1000 nucleotides in length, for example up to the entire length of a target gene including coding or non-coding or both coding and non-coding portions of the target gene). Where a polynucleotide is double-stranded, such as the dsRNA triggers described in the working Examples, its length can be similarly described in terms of base pairs. Double-stranded polynucleotides, such as the dsRNA triggers described in the working examples, can further be described in terms of one or more of the single-stranded components.

The polynucleotides described herein can be single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds). “Double-stranded” refers to the base-pairing that occurs between sufficiently complementary, anti-parallel nucleic acid strands to form a double-stranded nucleic acid structure, generally under physiologically relevant conditions. Embodiments include those wherein the polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of sense single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), a double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid, anti-sense ssDNA, or anti-sense ssRNA; a mixture of polynucleotides of any of these types can be used. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is double-stranded RNA of a length greater than that which is typical of naturally occurring regulatory small RNAs (such as endogenously produced siRNAs and mature miRNAs). In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is double-stranded RNA of at least about 30 contiguous base-pairs in length. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is double-stranded RNA with a length of between about 50 to about 500 base-pairs. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide can include components other than standard ribonucleotides, e. g., an embodiment is an RNA that includes terminal deoxyribonucleotides.

Effective polynucleotides of any size can be used, alone or in combination, in the various methods and compositions described herein. In some embodiments, a single polynucleotide trigger is used to make a composition (e. g., a composition for topical application, or a recombinant DNA construct useful for making a transgenic plant). In other embodiments, a mixture or pool of different polynucleotide triggers is used; in such cases the polynucleotide triggers can be for a single target gene or for multiple target genes.

In various embodiments, the polynucleotide described herein includes naturally occurring nucleotides, such as those which occur in DNA and RNA. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is a combination of ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides, for example, synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly of ribonucleotides but with one or more terminal deoxyribonucleotides or one or more terminal dideoxyribonucleotides or synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly of deoxyribonucleotides but with one or more terminal dideoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide includes non-canonical nucleotides such as inosine, thiouridine, or pseudouridine. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide includes chemically modified nucleotides. Examples of chemically modified oligonucleotides or polynucleotides are well known in the art; see, for example, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0171287, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0171176, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152353, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152346, and U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0160082, which are herein incorporated by reference. Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, the naturally occurring phosphodiester backbone of an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide which can be partially or completely modified with phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, or methylphosphonate internucleotide linkage modifications, modified nucleoside bases or modified sugars can be used in oligonucleotide or polynucleotide synthesis, and oligonucleotides or polynucleotides can be labeled with a fluorescent moiety (e. g., fluorescein or rhodamine) or other label (e. g., biotin).

The term “recombinant”, as used to refer to a polynucleotide (such as the recombinant RNA molecules or recombinant DNA constructs described herein), means that the polynucleotide is not a naturally occurring molecule, i. e., that human intervention is required for the polynucleotide to exist. A recombinant polynucleotide is produced using recombinant nucleic acid techniques, or by chemical synthesis, and can include combinations of sequences that do not occur in nature (e. g., combinations of a heterologous promoter and a DNA encoding an RNA to be expressed, or an RNA molecule that includes concatenated segments of a target gene that do not in nature occur adjacent to one another). A recombinant polynucleotide can be biologically produced in a cell (such as a bacterial or plant or animal cell), for example, when that cell is transfected or transformed with a vector encoding the recombinant polynucleotide (e. g., a vector encoding a hairpin form of a dsRNA, produced in a bacterium). A recombinant polynucleotide can include sequences of nucleotides designed in silico using appropriate algorithms.

The polynucleotides or triggers disclosed herein are generally designed to suppress or silence one or more genes (“target genes”). The term “gene” refers to any portion of a nucleic acid that provides for expression of a transcript or encodes a transcript, or that is a hereditable nucleic acid sequence. A “gene” can include, but is not limited to, a promoter region, 5′ untranslated regions, transcript encoding regions that can include intronic regions, 3′ untranslated regions, or combinations of these regions. In embodiments, the target genes can include coding or non-coding sequence or both. In other embodiments, the target gene has a sequence identical to or complementary to a messenger RNA, e. g., in embodiments the target gene is a cDNA.

As used herein, the term “isolated” refers to separating a molecule from other molecules normally associated with it in its native or natural state. The term “isolated” thus may refer to a DNA molecule that has been separated from other DNA molecule(s) which normally are associated with it in its native or natural state. Such a DNA molecule may be present in a recombined state, such as a recombinant DNA molecule. Thus, DNA molecules fused to regulatory or coding sequences with which they are not normally associated, for example as the result of recombinant techniques, are considered isolated, even when integrated as a transgene into the chromosome of a cell or present with other DNA molecules.

By “insecticidally effective” is meant effective in inducing a physiological or behavioural change in an insect (e. g., adult or larval flea beetles) that infests a plant such as, but not limited to, growth stunting, increased mortality, decrease in reproductive capacity or decreased fecundity, decrease in or cessation of feeding behavior or movement, or decrease in or cessation of metamorphosis stage development. In some embodiments, application of an insecticidally effective amount of the polynucleotide, such as a dsRNA molecule, to a plant improves the plant's resistance to infestation by the insect. In some embodiments, application of an insecticidally effective amount of the polynucleotide, such as a dsRNA molecule, to a crop plant improves yield (e. g., increased biomass, increased seed or fruit production, or increased oil, starch, sugar, or protein content) of that crop plant, in comparison to a crop plant not treated with the polynucleotide. While there is no upper limit on the concentrations and dosages of a polynucleotide as described herein that can be useful in the methods and compositions provided herein, lower effective concentrations and dosages will generally be sought for efficiency and economy. Non-limiting embodiments of effective amounts of a polynucleotide include a range from about 10 nanograms per milliliter to about 100 micrograms per milliliter of a polynucleotide in a liquid form sprayed on a plant, or from about 10 milligrams per acre to about 100 grams per acre of polynucleotide applied to a field of plants, or from about 0.001 to about 0.1 microgram per milliliter of polynucleotide in an artificial diet for feeding the insect. Where compositions as described herein are topically applied to a plant, the concentrations can be adjusted in consideration of the volume of spray or treatment applied to plant leaves or other plant part surfaces, such as flower petals, stems, tubers, fruit, anthers, pollen, leaves, roots, or seeds. In one embodiment, a useful treatment for herbaceous plants using 25-mer polynucleotides as described herein is about 1 nanomole (nmol) of polynucleotides per plant, for example, from about 0.05 to 1 nmol polynucleotides per plant. Other embodiments for herbaceous plants include useful ranges of about 0.05 to about 100 nmol, or about 0.1 to about 20 nmol, or about 1 nmol to about 10 nmol of polynucleotides per plant. In certain embodiments, about 40 to about 50 nmol of a single-stranded polynucleotide as described herein are applied. In certain embodiments, about 0.5 nmol to about 2 nmol of a dsRNA as described herein is applied. In certain embodiments, a composition containing about 0.5 to about 2.0 milligrams per milliliter, or about 0.14 milligrams per milliliter of a dsRNA (or a single-stranded 21-mer) as described herein is applied. In certain embodiments, a composition of about 0.5 to about 1.5 milligrams per milliliter of a dsRNA polynucleotide as described herein of about 50 to about 200 or more nucleotides is applied. In certain embodiments, about 1 nmol to about 5 nmol of a dsRNA as described herein is applied to a plant. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide composition as topically applied to the plant contains at least one polynucleotide as described herein at a concentration of about 0.01 to about 10 milligrams per milliliter, or about 0.05 to about 2 milligrams per milliliter, or about 0.1 to about 2 milligrams per milliliter. Very large plants, trees, or vines can require correspondingly larger amounts of polynucleotides. When using long dsRNA molecules that can be processed into multiple oligonucleotides (e. g., multiple triggers encoded by a single recombinant DNA molecule as disclosed herein, lower concentrations can be used. Non-limiting examples of effective polynucleotide treatment regimes include a treatment of between about 0.1 to about 1 nmol of polynucleotide molecule per plant, or between about 1 nmol to about 10 nmol of polynucleotide molecule per plant, or between about 10 nmol to about 100 nmol of polynucleotide molecule per plant.

Methods of Causing Insect Mortality and of Controlling Insect Infestations

Several embodiments relate to a method of causing mortality or stunting in an insect, including providing in the diet of an insect at least one recombinant RNA including at least one silencing element essentially identical or essentially complementary to a fragment of a target gene sequence of the insect, wherein the target gene sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859, and wherein ingestion of the recombinant RNA by the insect results in mortality or stunting in the insect. These methods are useful for controlling insect infestations of a plant, for example for prevention or treatment of a flea beetle infestation of a crop plant, particularly commercially important Brassica species.

In embodiments, the at least one silencing element includes an RNA strand including a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof. In embodiments, the at least one silencing element includes an RNA strand including at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of 100% complementarity with a fragment of the target gene of the insect, wherein the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In embodiments, the at least one silencing element includes an RNA strand including at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides of an RNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof. In embodiments, the at least one silencing element includes an RNA strand including a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof. In embodiments the at least one silencing element includes dsRNA including at least one RNA strand including a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof.

In embodiments, the recombinant RNA is provided in a microbial or plant cell that expresses the recombinant RNA, or in a microbial fermentation product, or is chemically synthesized. In embodiments, the at least one silencing element includes dsRNA. In embodiments, the dsRNA is blunt-ended, or has an overhang at at least one terminus, or includes at least one stem-loop. The dsRNA is provided by convenient techniques commonly used. In embodiments, the dsRNA is chemically synthesized, produced by expression in a microorganism, produced by expression in a plant cell, or produced by microbial fermentation. In embodiments, the dsRNA is made from naturally occurring ribonucleotides; in other embodiments the dsRNA is chemically modified.

In embodiments, the method is useful for causing mortality or stunting in insects that are pests of commercially important crop plants, such as an insect pest of a Brassica species. In embodiments, the insect is a flea beetle. In embodiments, the insect is a species of a genus selected from the group consisting of the genera Alfica, Anthobiodes, Aphthona, Aphthonaltica, Aphthonoides, Apteopeda, Argopistes, Argopus, Arrhenocoela, Batophila, Blepharida, Chaetocnema, Clitea, Crepidodera, Derocrepis, Dibolia, Disonycha, Epitrix, Hermipyxis, Hermaeophaga, Hespera, Hippuriphila, Horaia, Hyphasis, Lipromima, Liprus, Longitarsus, Luperomorpha, Lythraria, Manobia, Mantura, Meishania, Minota, Mniophila, Neicrepidodera, Nonarthra, Novofoudrasia, Ochrosis, Oedionychis, Oglobinia, Omeisphaera, Ophrida, Orestia, Paragopus, Pentamesa, Philopona, Phygasia, Phyllotreta, Podagrica, Podagricomela, Podontia, Pseudodera, Psylliodes, Sangariola, Sinaltica, Sphaeroderma, Systena, Trachyaphthona, Xuthea, and Zipangia. In embodiments, the insect is a species selected from the group consisting of Altica ambiens (alder flea beetle), Altica canadensis (prairie flea beetle), Altica chalybaea (grape flea beetle), Altica prasina (poplar flea beetle), Altica rosae (rose flea beetle), Altica sylvia (blueberry flea beetle), Altica ulmi (elm flea beetle), Chaetocnema pulicaria (corn flea beele), Chaetocnema conofinis (sweet potato flea beetle), Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle), Systena blanda (palestripped fleabeetle), and Systena frontalis (redheaded flea beetle). In embodiments, the insect is a species selected from the group consisting of Phyllotreta armoraciae (horseradish flea beetle), Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle), Phyllotreta pusilla (western black flea beetle), Phyllotreta nemorum (striped turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta robusta (garden flea beetle), Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle), Phyllotreta undulata, Psylliodes chrysocephala, and Psylliodes punctulata (hop flea beetle).

Embodiments of the method include those in which the recombinant RNA is designed to silence a target gene in a genus- or species-specific manner, for example, wherein (a) the insect is a Phyllotreta species and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-551; (b) the insect is Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle) and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-296; (c) the insect is Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle) and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:297-532; (d) the insect is Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle) and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:533-551; (e) the insect is a Psylliodes species and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:552-859; or (f) the insect is Psylliodes chrysocephala and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:552-859. Embodiments of the method also include those wherein (a) the insect is a Phyllotreta species and the silencing element includes an RNA strand including a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1410 or a fragment thereof; (b) the insect is Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle) and the silencing element includes an RNA strand including a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1155 or a fragment thereof; (c) the insect is Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle) the silencing element includes an RNA strand including a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1156-1391 or a fragment thereof; (d) the insect is Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle) and the silencing element includes an RNA strand including a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1392-1410 or a fragment thereof; (e) the insect is a Psylliodes species and the silencing element includes an RNA strand including a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1411-1718 or a fragment thereof; or (f) the insect is Psylliodes chrysocephala and the silencing element includes an RNA strand including a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1411-1718 or a fragment thereof.

Embodiments of the method include those wherein the at least one recombinant RNA is provided in a composition including the at least one recombinant RNA, wherein the composition is applied to a surface of the insect or to a surface of a seed or plant in need of protection from infestation by the insect. Embodiments of such compositions include those where the composition includes a solid, liquid, powder, suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulation, microbeads, carrier particulates, film, matrix, soil drench, or seed treatment. In many embodiments, the composition is formulated in a form that is ingested by the insect. In embodiments, the composition further includes one or more components selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a fungicide, a safener, a fertilizer, a micronutrient, an insect attractant, and an insect growth regulator. In embodiments, the composition further includes at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdy steroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, a Bacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein, a bacterium that produces an insecticidal protein, an entomicidal bacterial species, Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus), Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillus species, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae.

Several embodiments relate to a method for controlling an insect infestation of a plant including contacting the plant and/or an insect that infests a plant with a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), wherein the dsRNA includes at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% (e. g., about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) complementarity with a fragment of a target gene of the insect selected from the group consisting of Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpS21, RpS4, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments, the dsRNA includes at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% complementarity with a fragment of a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In some embodiments, the dsRNA includes at least one segment of 21 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of 100% complementarity with a fragment of a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In this context “controlling” includes inducement of a physiological or behavioural change in an insect (adult or larvae or nymphs) such as, but not limited to, growth stunting, increased mortality, decrease in reproductive capacity, decrease in or cessation of feeding behavior or movement, or decrease in or cessation of metamorphosis stage development. In some embodiments, the dsRNA includes a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1155 or a fragment thereof, or the complement thereof.

In various embodiments, the insect is a flea beetle, e. g., a species of a genus selected from the group consisting of the genera Altica, Anthobiodes, Aphthona, Aphthonaltica, Aphthonoides, Apteopeda, Argopistes, Argopus, Arrhenocoela, Batophila, Blepharida, Chaetocnema, Clitea, Crepidodera, Derocrepis, Dibolia, Disonycha, Epitrix, Hermipyxis, Hermaeophaga, Hespera, Hippuriphila, Horaia, Hyphasis, Lipromima, Liprus, Longitarsus, Luperomorpha, Lythraria, Manobia, Mantura, Meishania, Minota, Mniophila, Neicrepidodera, Nonarthra, Novofoudrasia, Ochrosis, Oedionychis, Oglobinia, Omeisphaera, Ophrida, Orestia, Paragopus, Pentamesa, Philopona, Phygasia, Phyllotreta, Podagrica, Podagricomela, Podontia, Pseudodera, Psylliodes, Sangariola, Sinaltica, Sphaeroderma, Systena, Trachyaphthona, Xuthea, and Zipangia. In some embodiments, the insect is selected from the group consisting of Altica ambiens (alder flea beetle), Altica canadensis (prairie flea beetle), Altica chalybaea (grape flea beetle), Altica prasina (poplar flea beetle), Altica rosae (rose flea beetle), Altica sylvia (blueberry flea beetle), Altica ulmi (elm flea beetle), Chaetocnema pulicaria (corn flea beele), Chaetocnema conofinis (sweet potato flea beetle), Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle), Systena blanda (palestripped fleabeetle), and Systena frontalis (redheaded flea beetle). In some embodiments, the insect is selected from the group consisting of Phyllotreta armoraciae (horseradish flea beetle), Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle), Phyllotreta pusilla (western black flea beetle), Phyllotreta nemorum (striped turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta robusta (garden flea beetle), Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle), Phyllotreta undulata, Psylliodes chrysocephala, and Psylliodes punctulata (hop flea beetle).

The plant can be any plant that is subject to infestation by an insect that can be controlled by the polynucleotides disclosed herein. Plants of particular interest include commercially important plants, including row crop plants, vegetables, and fruits, and other plants of agricultural or decorative use. Examples of suitable plants are provided under the heading “Plants”. The method is especially useful for controlling an insect infestation of an ornamental plant or a crop plant. Various embodiments of the method include those wherein the plant is a plant in the family Brassicaceae, including a Brassica species selected from the group consisting of B. napus, B. juncea, B. carinata, B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. rupestris, B. septiceps, B. nigra, B. narinosa, B. perviridus, B. tournefortii, and B. fructiculosa. In other embodiments, the plant is selected from the group consisting of Glycine max, Linum usitatissimum, Zea mays, Carthamus tinctorius, Helianthus annuus, Nicotiana tabacum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Betholettia excelsa, Ricinus communis, Cocus nucifera, Coriandrum sativum, Gossypium spp., Arachis hypogaea, Simmondsia chinensis, Solanum tuberosum, Elaeis guineensis, Olea europaea, Oryza sativa, Cucurbita maxim, Hordeum vulgare, and Triticum aestivum.

Methods include those developed for specific flea beetle pests for a given plant, e. g., wherein the plant is a potato plant and the insect is Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle). In some embodiments, specific target genes are identified as targets for RNAi-mediated control in a given insect species. Various embodiments of the method include those wherein (a) the insect is Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle) and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-296; (b) the insect is Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle) and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:297-532; (c) the insect is Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle) and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:533-551; or (d) the insect is Psylliodes chrysocephala and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:552-859.

In some embodiments, specific dsRNA “triggers” are developed for specific target genes in a given insect species. Embodiments of the method include those wherein (a) the insect is Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle) and the dsRNA includes at least one RNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1155 or a fragment thereof; (b) the insect is Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle) and the dsRNA includes at least one RNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1156-1391 or a fragment thereof; (c) the insect is Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle) and the dsRNA includes at least one RNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1392-1410 or a fragment thereof; or (d) the insect is Psylliodes chrysocephala and the dsRNA includes at least one RNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1411-1718 or a fragment thereof.

The method includes contacting an insect, such as a flea beetle, with a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Embodiments include contacting via oral delivery to the insect, or non-oral delivery to the insect, or a combination of oral and non-oral delivery to the insect. Embodiments include contacting insects in the adult stage, or in larval stages, or in the egg stage. In some embodiments, contacting results in mortality (death) or stunting (growth stunting or decrease in or cessation of metamorphosis stage development) of the insect, thereby preventing or treating infestation of the plant by the insect. In some embodiments, contacting results in inducement of a physiological or behavioural change in an insect (adult or larvae or nymphs) that results in a decreased ability of the insect to infest or damage a plant, for example, a decrease in reproductive capacity, or a decrease in or cessation of feeding behavior or movement.

In some embodiments of the method, the contacting includes application of a composition including the dsRNA to a surface of the insect or to a surface of the plant infested by the insect. The composition can include or be in the form of a solid, liquid, powder, suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulation, microbeads, carrier particulates, film, matrix, soil drench, or seed treatment. In some embodiments, the contacting includes providing the dsRNA in a composition that further includes one or more components selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a fungicide, a safener, an insect attractant, and an insect growth regulator. In some embodiments, the contacting includes providing the dsRNA in a composition that further includes at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, a Bacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein, a bacterium that produces an insecticidal protein, an entomicidal bacterial species, Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus), Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillus species, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae.

In some embodiments of the method, the contacting includes providing the dsRNA in a composition that is ingested by the insect, such as in a liquid, emulsion, or powder applied to a plant on which the insect feeds, or in the form of bait. Such compositions can further includes one or more components selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a fungicide, a safener, an insect attractant, and an insect growth regulator. Such compositions can further include at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, a Bacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein, a bacterium that produces an insecticidal protein, an entomicidal bacterial species, Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus), Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillus species, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae. In embodiments, the combination of the dsRNA and the pesticidal agent provides a level of insect control that is greater than the sum of the effects of the dsRNA and the pesticidal agent components if tested separately.

Insecticidal Compositions

Several embodiments relate to an insecticidal composition including an insecticidally effective amount of a polynucleotide, such as a dsRNA molecule, wherein the polynucleotide includes at least 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% (e. g., about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) complementarity with a fragment of an insect target gene selected from the group consisting of Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpS21, RpS4, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments the polynucleotide includes at least 18 or more contiguous nucleotides having about 95% to about 100% complementarity with a fragment of a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In some embodiments the polynucleotide includes 21 contiguous nucleotides having 100% complementarity with a fragment of a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In embodiments, the polynucleotide includes a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof.

In various embodiments of the insecticidal composition, the insect is a flea beetle, e. g., a species of a genus selected from the group consisting of the genera Altica, Anthobiodes, Aphthona, Aphthonaltica, Aphthonoides, Apteopeda, Argopistes, Argopus, Arrhenocoela, Batophila, Blepharida, Chaetocnema, Clitea, Crepidodera, Derocrepis, Dibolia, Disonycha, Epitrix, Hermipyxis, Hermaeophaga, Hespera, Hippuriphila, Horaia, Hyphasis, Lipromima, Liprus, Longitarsus, Luperomorpha, Lythraria, Manobia, Mantura, Meishania, Minota, Mniophila, Neicrepidodera, Nonarthra, Novofoudrasia, Ochrosis, Oedionychis, Oglobinia, Omeisphaera, Ophrida, Orestia, Paragopus, Pentamesa, Philopona, Phygasia, Phyllotreta, Podagrica, Podagricomela, Podontia, Pseudodera, Psylliodes, Sangariola, Sinaltica, Sphaeroderma, Systena, Trachyaphthona, Xuthea, and Zipangia. In some embodiments, the insect is selected from the group consisting of Altica ambiens (alder flea beetle), Altica canadensis (prairie flea beetle), Altica chalybaea (grape flea beetle), Altica prasina (poplar flea beetle), Altica rosae (rose flea beetle), Altica sylvia (blueberry flea beetle), Altica ulmi (elm flea beetle), Chaetocnema pulicaria (corn flea beele), Chaetocnema conofinis (sweet potato flea beetle), Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle), Systena blanda (palestripped fleabeetle), and Systena frontalis (redheaded flea beetle). In some embodiments, the insect is selected from the group consisting of Phyllotreta armoraciae (horseradish flea beetle), Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle), Phyllotreta pusilla (western black flea beetle), Phyllotreta nemorum (striped turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta robusta (garden flea beetle), Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle), Phyllotreta undulata, Psylliodes chrysocephala, and Psylliodes punctulata (hop flea beetle).

The insecticidal composition is useful for treating a plant or area in the vicinity of a plant to provide protection or treatment from insects, especially flea beetles. A related aspect is a plant treated with an insecticidal composition as described herein, or a seed of the treated plant, wherein the plant exhibits improved resistance to the insect (e. g., improved resistance to flea beetles). In some embodiments, the plant exhibiting improved resistance to the insect is characterized by improved yield, when compared to a plant not treated with the insecticidal composition. In an embodiment, yield (oilseed biomass or oil content) in canola or oilseed rape plants is improved by application of an insecticidally effective amount of a polynucleotide, such as a dsRNA molecule, targetting one or more genes identified from Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle); in particular embodiments, the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:297-532. The plant can be any plant that is subject to infestation by an insect that can be controlled by the insecticidal composition. Plants of particular interest include commercially important plants, including row crop plants, vegetables, and fruits, and other plants of agricultural or decorative use. Examples of suitable plants are provided under the heading “Plants”. The method is especially useful for controlling an insect infestation of an ornamental plant or a crop plant. Various embodiments include those wherein the plant is a plant in the family Brassicaceae, including a Brassica species selected from the group consisting of B. napus, B. juncea, B. carinata, B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. rupestris, B. septiceps, B. nigra, B. narinosa, B. perviridus, B. tournefortii, and B. fructiculosa. In other embodiments, the plant is selected from the group consisting of Glycine max, Linum usitatissimum, Zea mays, Carthamus tinctorius, Helianthus annuus, Nicotiana tabacum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Betholettia excelsa, Ricinus communis, Cocus nucifera, Coriandrum sativum, Gossypium spp., Arachis hypogaea, Simmondsia chinensis, Solanum tuberosum, Elaeis guineensis, Olea europaea, Oryza sativa, Cucurbita maxim, Hordeum vulgare, and Triticum aestivum.

In some embodiments, the insecticidal composition is developed for specific flea beetle pests for a given plant, e. g., where the plant is a potato plant and the insect is Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle). In some embodiments, the insecticidal composition is developed for specific target genes in a given insect species. Specific embodiments of the insecticidal composition include those wherein (a) the insect is Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle) and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-296; (b) the insect is Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle) and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:297-532; (c) the insect is Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle) and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:533-551; or (d) the insect is Psylliodes chrysocephala and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:552-859.

In some embodiments the dsRNA molecule of use in this method is provided as an isolated dsRNA molecule (not part of an expression construct, e. g., lacking additional elements such as a promoter or terminator sequences). Such dsRNA molecules can be relatively short, such as single- or double-stranded RNA molecules of between about 18 to about 300 or between about 50 to about 500 nucleotides (for single-stranded polynucleotides) or between about 18 to about 300 or between about 50 to about 500 base-pairs (for double-stranded polynucleotides). In embodiments the polynucleotide is a dsRNA including a segment including a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof.

In some embodiments, the insecticidal composition is in a form selected from the group consisting of a solid, liquid, powder, suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulation, microbeads, carrier particulates, film, matrix, soil drench, insect diet or insect bait, and seed treatment. In some embodiments, the insecticidal composition is provided in a form that is ingested by the insect, such as in a liquid, emulsion, or powder applied to a plant on which the insect feeds, or in the form of bait. The insecticidal compositions can further include one or more components selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a fungicide, a safener, an insect attractant, and an insect growth regulator. The insecticidal compositions can further include at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, a Bacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein, a bacterium that produces an insecticidal protein, an entomicidal bacterial species, Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus), Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillus species, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae. In some embodiments, the combination of the recombinant RNA molecule and the pesticidal agent provides a level of insect control that is greater than the sum of the effects of the recombinant RNA molecule and the pesticidal agent components if tested separately.

Embodiments of the compositions optionally include the appropriate stickers and wetters required for efficient foliar coverage as well as UV protectants to protect polynucleotides such as dsRNAs from UV damage. Such additives are commonly used in the bioinsecticide industry and are known to those skilled in the art. Compositions for soil application can include granular formulations that serve as bait for insect larvae. Embodiments include a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a fungicide, a safener, an insect attractant, and an insect growth regulator.

Embodiments of compositions may include a “transfer agent”, an agent that, when combined with a composition including a polynucleotide as disclosed herein that is topically applied to the surface of an organism, enables the polynucleotide to enter the cells of that organism. Such transfer agents can be incorporated as part of the composition including a polynucleotide as disclosed herein, or can be applied prior to, contemporaneously with, or following application of the composition including a polynucleotide as described herein. In some embodiments, a transfer agent is an agent that improves the uptake of a polynucleotide by an insect. In some embodiments, a transfer agent is an agent that conditions the surface of plant tissue, e. g., seeds, leaves, stems, roots, flowers, or fruits, to permeation by a polynucleotide into plant cells. In some embodiments, the transfer agent enables a pathway for a polynucleotide through cuticle wax barriers, stomata, and/or cell wall or membrane barriers into plant cells.

Suitable transfer agents include agents that increase permeability of the exterior of the organism or that increase permeability of cells of the organism to polynucleotides. Suitable transfer agents include a chemical agent, or a physical agent, or combinations thereof. Chemical agents for conditioning or transfer include (a) surfactants, (b) an organic solvent or an aqueous solution or aqueous mixtures of organic solvents, (c) oxidizing agents, (d) acids, (e) bases, (f) oils, (g) enzymes, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, application of a polynucleotide and a transfer agent optionally includes an incubation step, a neutralization step (e. g., to neutralize an acid, base, or oxidizing agent, or to inactivate an enzyme), a rinsing step, or combinations thereof. Suitable transfer agents can be in the form of an emulsion, a reverse emulsion, a liposome, or other micellar-like composition, or can cause the polynucleotide composition to take the form of an emulsion, a reverse emulsion, a liposome, or other micellar-like composition. Embodiments of transfer agents include counter-ions or other molecules that are known to associate with nucleic acid molecules, e. g., cationic lipids, inorganic ammonium ions, alkyl ammonium ions, lithium ions, polyamines such as spermine, spermidine, or putrescine, and other cations. Embodiments of transfer agents include organic solvents such as DMSO, DMF, pyridine, N-pyrrolidine, hexamethylphosphoramide, acetonitrile, dioxane, polypropylene glycol, or other solvents miscible with water or that dissolve phosphonucleotides in non-aqueous systems (such as is used in synthetic reactions). Embodiments of transfer agents include naturally derived or synthetic oils with or without surfactants or emulsifiers, e. g., plant-sourced oils, crop oils (such as those listed in the 9^th Compendium of Herbicide Adjuvants, publicly available on-line at herbicide.adjuvants.com), paraffinic oils, polyol fatty acid esters, or oils with short-chain molecules modified with amides or polyamines such as polyethyleneimine or N-pyrrolidine.

Embodiments of transfer agents include organosilicone preparations. For example, a suitable transfer agent is an organosilicone preparation that is commercially available as SILWET L-77® brand surfactant having CAS Number 27306-78-1 and EPA Number: CAL.REG.NO. 5905-50073-AA, and currently available from Momentive Performance Materials, Albany, N.Y. In embodiments where a SILWET L-77® brand surfactant organosilicone preparation is used as transfer agent in the form of a spray treatment (applied prior to, contemporaneously with, or following application of the composition including a polynucleotide as disclosed herein) of plant leaves or other plant surfaces, freshly made concentrations in the range of about 0.015 to about 2 percent by weight (wt percent) (e. g., about 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035, 0.04, 0.045, 0.05, 0.055, 0.06, 0.065, 0.07, 0.075, 0.08, 0.085, 0.09, 0.095, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 wt percent) are efficacious in preparing a leaf or other plant surface for transfer of a polynucleotide as disclosed herein into plant cells from a topical application on the surface. One embodiment includes a composition that includes a polynucleotide and a transfer agent including an organosilicone preparation such as Silwet L-77 in the range of about 0.015 to about 2 percent by weight (wt percent) (e. g., about 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035, 0.04, 0.045, 0.05, 0.055, 0.06, 0.065, 0.07, 0.075, 0.08, 0.085, 0.09, 0.095, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 wt percent). One embodiment includes a composition that includes a polynucleotide and a transfer agent including SILWET L-77® brand surfactant in the range of about 0.3 to about 1 percent by weight (wt percent) or about 0.5 to about 1%, by weight (wt percent).

Organosilicone compounds useful as transfer agents for use in compositions and methods disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, compounds that include: (a) a trisiloxane head group that is covalently linked to, (b) an alkyl linker including, but not limited to, an n-propyl linker, that is covalently linked to, (c) a polyglycol chain, that is covalently linked to, (d) a terminal group. Trisiloxane head groups of such organosilicone compounds include, but are not limited to, heptamethyltrisiloxane. Alkyl linkers can include, but are not limited to, an n-propyl linker. Polyglycol chains include, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol or polypropylene glycol. Polyglycol chains can include a mixture that provides an average chain length “n” of about “7.5”. In certain embodiments, the average chain length “n” can vary from about 5 to about 14. Terminal groups can include, but are not limited to, alkyl groups such as a methyl group. Organosilicone compounds useful as transfer agents for use in compositions and methods disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, trisiloxane ethoxylate surfactants or polyalkylene oxide modified heptamethyl trisiloxane. An example of a transfer agent for use in compositions and methods disclosed herein is Compound I:

Organosilicone compounds useful as transfer agents for use in compositions and methods disclosed herein are used, e. g., as freshly made concentrations in the range of about 0.015 to about 2 percent by weight (wt percent) (e. g., about 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035, 0.04, 0.045, 0.05, 0.055, 0.06, 0.065, 0.07, 0.075, 0.08, 0.085, 0.09, 0.095, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 wt percent).

Embodiments of transfer agents include one or more salts such as ammonium chloride, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, and ammonium sulfate, provided in or used with a composition including a polynucleotide disclosed herein. In some embodiments, ammonium chloride, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, and/or ammonium sulfate are used at a concentration of about 0.5% to about 5% (w/v), or about 1% to about 3% (w/v), or about 2% (w/v). In certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide includes an ammonium salt at a concentration greater or equal to 300 millimolar. In certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide includes an organosilicone transfer agent in a concentration of about 0.015 to about 2 percent by weight (wt percent) as well as ammonium sulfate at concentrations from about 80 to about 1200 millimolar or about 150 millimolar to about 600 millimolar.

Embodiments of transfer agents include a phosphate salt. Phosphate salts useful in a composition including a polynucleotide include, but are not limited to, calcium, magnesium, potassium, or sodium phosphate salts. In certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide includes a phosphate salt at a concentration of at least about 5 millimolar, at least about 10 millimolar, or at least about 20 millimolar. In certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide includes a phosphate salt in a range of about 1 millimolar to about 25 millimolar or in a range of about 5 millimolar to about 25 millimolar. In certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide includes sodium phosphate at a concentration of at least about 5 millimolar, at least about 10 millimolar, or at least about 20 millimolar. In certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide includes sodium phosphate at a concentration of about 5 millimolar, about 10 millimolar, or about 20 millimolar. In certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide includes a sodium phosphate salt in a range of about 1 millimolar to about 25 millimolar or in a range of about 5 millimolar to about 25 millimolar. In certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide includes a sodium phosphate salt in a range of about 10 millimolar to about 160 millimolar or in a range of about 20 millimolar to about 40 millimolar. In certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide includes a sodium phosphate buffer at a pH of about 6.8.

Embodiments of transfer agents include surfactants and/or effective molecules contained therein. Surfactants and/or effective molecules contained therein include, but are not limited to, sodium or lithium salts of fatty acids (such as tallow or tallowamines or phospholipids) and organosilicone surfactants. In certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide is formulated with counter-ions or other molecules that are known to associate with nucleic acid molecules. Non-limiting examples include, tetraalkyl ammonium ions, trialkyl ammonium ions, sulfonium ions, lithium ions, and polyamines such as spermine, spermidine, or putrescine. In certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide is formulated with a non-polynucleotide herbicide e. g., glyphosate, auxin-like benzoic acid herbicides including dicamba, chloramben, and TBA, glufosinate, auxin-like herbicides including phenoxy carboxylic acid herbicide, pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide, quinoline carboxylic acid herbicide, pyrimidine carboxylic acid herbicide, and benazolin-ethyl herbicide, sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, bromoxynil, delapon, cyclohezanedione, protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors, and 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate-dioxygenase inhibiting herbicides. In certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide is formulated with a non-polynucleotide pesticide, e. g., a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein.

Methods of Providing Plants with Improved Insect Resistance

Several embodiments relate to a method of providing a plant having improved resistance to an insect, including expressing in the plant a recombinant DNA construct, wherein the recombinant DNA construct includes DNA encoding an RNA having a sequence essentially identical or essentially complementary to a fragment of at least one insect target gene selected from the group consisting of Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpS21, RpS4, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments, the DNA construct includes DNA encoding an RNA including a sequence essentially identical or essentially complementary to a fragment of a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. Several embodiments relate to a plant produced by such method. In some embodiments, the DNA construct includes DNA encoding an RNA having about 95% to about 100% (e. g., about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof.

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct further includes a heterologous promoter operably linked to the DNA encoding an RNA, wherein the heterologous promoter is functional in a plant cell. “Heterologous” refers to nucleic acid sequences that are not usually operably linked in a native or naturally occurring genome; by “heterologous promoter” is meant that the promoter is not natively operably linked with the DNA encoding an RNA. Promoters functional in a plant cell include those listed under the heading “Promoters”.

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct is expressed in the plant by means of transgenic expression or transient expression. In some embodiments, the method further includes expression in the plant of at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, a Bacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein, a bacterium that produces an insecticidal protein, an entomicidal bacterial species, Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus), Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillus species, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae. The pesticidal agent can be expressed from the same recombinant DNA construct that includes the DNA encoding an RNA, or from a different recombinant DNA construct.

A related aspect is a plant having improved resistance to an insect (e. g., improved resistance to flea beetles), or the seed of such a plant, wherein the plant is provided by the method including expressing in the plant a recombinant DNA construct, wherein the recombinant DNA construct includes DNA encoding an RNA having a sequence essentially identical or essentially complementary to a fragment of at least one target gene of the insect, wherein the target gene is selected from the group consisting of Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpS21, RpS4, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct includes DNA encoding an RNA including a sequence essentially identical or essentially complementary to a fragment of a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In some embodiments, the plant exhibiting improved resistance to the insect is characterized by improved yield, when compared to a plant not expressing the recombinant DNA construct. In an embodiment, yield (oilseed biomass or oil content) in canola or oilseed rape plants is improved by expressing in the canola or oilseed rape plants a polynucleotide, such as a dsRNA molecule, targetting one or more genes of Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle), e. g., wherein the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:297-532. Several embodiments relate to fruit, seed, or propagatable parts of the plant provided by this method and exhibiting improved resistance to the insect. The plant can be any plant that is subject to infestation by an insect that can be controlled by expressing in the plant the recombinant DNA construct according to this method. Plants of particular interest include commercially important plants, including row crop plants, vegetables, and fruits, and other plants of agricultural or decorative use. Examples of suitable plants are provided under the heading “Plants”. The method is especially useful for providing an ornamental plant or a crop plant with improved resistance to flea beetles. Various embodiments of the method include those wherein the plant is a plant in the family Brassicaceae, including a Brassica species selected from the group consisting of B. napus, B. juncea, B. carinata, B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. rupestris, B. septiceps, B. nigra, B. narinosa, B. perviridus, B. tournefortii, and B. fructiculosa. In other embodiments, the plant is selected from the group consisting of Glycine max, Linum usitatissimum, Zea mays, Carthamus tinctorius, Helianthus annuus, Nicotiana tabacum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Betholettia excelsa, Ricinus communis, Cocus nucifera, Coriandrum sativum, Gossypium spp., Arachis hypogaea, Simmondsia chinensis, Solanum tuberosum, Elaeis guineensis, Olea europaea, Oryza sativa, Cucurbita maxim, Hordeum vulgare, and Triticum aestivum. In an embodiment, the method provides a potato plant with improved resistance to Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle).

Embodiments of the method provide a plant having improved resistance to one or more flea beetle species, e. g., a species of a genus selected from the group consisting of the genera Altica, Anthobiodes, Aphthona, Aphthonaltica, Aphthonoides, Apteopeda, Argopistes, Argopus, Arrhenocoela, Batophila, Blepharida, Chaetocnema, Clitea, Crepidodera, Derocrepis, Dibolia, Disonycha, Epitrix, Hermipyxis, Hermaeophaga, Hespera, Hippuriphila, Horaia, Hyphasis, Lipromima, Liprus, Longitarsus, Luperomorpha, Lythraria, Manobia, Mantura, Meishania, Minota, Mniophila, Neicrepidodera, Nonarthra, Novofoudrasia, Ochrosis, Oedionychis, Oglobinia, Omeisphaera, Ophrida, Orestia, Paragopus, Pentamesa, Philopona, Phygasia, Phyllotreta, Podagrica, Podagricomela, Podontia, Pseudodera, Psylliodes, Sangariola, Sinaltica, Sphaeroderma, Systena, Trachyaphthona, Xuthea, and Zipangia. In embodiments, the insect is selected from the group consisting of Altica ambiens (alder flea beetle), Altica canadensis (prairie flea beetle), Altica chalybaea (grape flea beetle), Altica prasina (poplar flea beetle), Altica rosae (rose flea beetle), Altica sylvia (blueberry flea beetle), Altica ulmi (elm flea beetle), Chaetocnema pulicaria (corn flea beele), Chaetocnema conofinis (sweet potato flea beetle), Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle), Systena blanda (palestripped fleabeetle), and Systena frontalis (redheaded flea beetle). In embodiments, the method provides a plant having improved resistance to an insect selected from the group consisting of Phyllotreta armoraciae (horseradish flea beetle), Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle), Phyllotreta pusilla (western black flea beetle), Phyllotreta nemorum (striped turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta robusta (garden flea beetle), Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle), Phyllotreta undulata, Psylliodes chrysocephala, and Psylliodes punctulata (hop flea beetle).

In some embodiments, the method is developed for specific target genes in a given insect species. In some embodiments, a plant having improved resistance to Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle), wherein the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-296, is provided. In some embodiments, a plant having improved resistance to Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle), wherein the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:297-532, is provided. In some embodiments, a plant having improved resistance to Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle), wherein the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:533-551, is provided. In some embodiments, a plant having improved resistance to Psylliodes chrysocephala, wherein the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:552-859, is provided. In some embodiments, a plant having improved resistance to Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle) that expresses from a recombinant DNA construct a dsRNA strand including a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1155 or a fragment thereof is provided. In some embodiments, a plant having improved resistance to Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle) that expresses from a recombinant DNA construct a dsRNA including a strand including a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1156-1391 or a fragment thereof is provided. In some embodiments, a plant having improved resistance to Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle) that expresses from a recombinant DNA construct a dsRNA including a strand including a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1392-1410 or a fragment thereof is provided. In some embodiments, a plant having improved resistance to Psylliodes chrysocephala that expresses from a recombinant DNA construct a dsRNA including a strand including a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1411-1718 or a fragment thereof is provided.

Recombinant DNA Constructs Encoding RNA for Insect Control

Several embodiments relate to a recombinant DNA construct including a heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA encoding an RNA transcript including a sequence of about 95% to about 100% (e. g., about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof.

In some embodiments of the recombinant DNA construct, the RNA transcript includes at least one RNA strand including a sequence of about 95% to about 100% (e. g., about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the RNA transcript forms dsRNA. In some embodiments, the RNA transcript is a dsRNA including an RNA strand including at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides of an RNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the RNA transcript is a dsRNA including an RNA strand including at least one segment of 21 contiguous nucleotides of an RNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the RNA transcript is a dsRNA including at least one RNA strand including a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the RNA transcript is a dsRNA including an RNA strand including a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof.

In some embodiments of the recombinant DNA construct, the heterologous promoter is functional for expression of the RNA transcript in a bacterium. In some embodiments where the recombinant DNA construct is to be expressed in a bacterium, the bacterium is selected from the group consisting of Escherichia coli, Bacillus species, Pseudomonas species, Xenorhabdus species, or Photorhabdus species. In other embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct includes a heterologous promoter that is functional in a plant cell.

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct is contained in a recombinant vector, such as a recombinant plant virus vector or a recombinant baculovirus vector. In embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct is integrated into a plant chromosome or plastid, e. g., by stable transformation.

Related aspects include a transgenic plant cell including in its genome the recombinant DNA construct, and a transgenic plant including such a transgenic plant cell. Transgenic plant cells and plants are made by methods known in the art, such as those described under the heading “Making and Using Transgenic Plant Cells and Transgenic Plants”. Further aspects include a commodity product produced from such a transgenic plant, and transgenic progeny seed or propagatable plant part of the transgenic plant.

Related Information and Techniques

Plants

The methods and compositions described herein for treating and protecting plants from insect infestations are useful across a broad range of plants. Suitable plants in which the methods and compositions disclosed herein can be used include, but are not limited to, cereals and forage grasses (rice, maize, wheat, barley, oat, sorghum, pearl millet, finger millet, cool-season forage grasses, and bahiagrass), oilseed crops (soybean, oilseed brassicas including canola and oilseed rape, sunflower, peanut, flax, sesame, and safflower), legume grains and forages (common bean, cowpea, pea, fava bean, lentil, tepary bean, Asiatic beans, pigeonpea, vetch, chickpea, lupine, alfalfa, and clovers), temperate fruits and nuts (apple, pear, peach, plums, berry crops, cherries, grapes, olive, almond, and Persian walnut), tropical and subtropical fruits and nuts (citrus including limes, oranges, and grapefruit; banana and plantain, pineapple, papaya, mango, avocado, kiwifruit, passionfruit, and persimmon), vegetable crops (solanaceous plants including tomato, eggplant, and peppers; vegetable brassicas; radish, carrot, cucurbits, alliums, asparagus, and leafy vegetables), sugar, tuber, and fiber crops (sugarcane, sugar beet, stevia, potato, sweet potato, cassava, and cotton), plantation crops, ornamentals, and turf grasses (tobacco, coffee, cocoa, tea, rubber tree, medicinal plants, ornamentals, and turf grasses), and forest tree species. Specific plant species of interest are plants in the family Brassicaceae, including the Brassica species B. napus, B. juncea, B. carinata, B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. rupestris, B. septiceps, B. nigra, B. narinosa, B. perviridus, B. tournefortii, and B. fructiculosa. Additional plant species of interest are Glycine max, Linum usitatissimum, Zea mays, Carthamus tinctorius, Helianthus annuus, Nicotiana tabacum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Betholettia excelsa, Ricinus communis, Cocos nucifera, Coriandrum sativum, Gossypium spp., Arachis hypogaea, Simmondsia chinensis, Solanum tuberosum, Elaeis guineensis, Olea europaea, Oryza sativa, Cucurbita maxim, Hordeum vulgare, and Triticum aestivum.

Additional Construct Elements

Embodiments of the polynucleotides and nucleic acid molecules disclosed herein can include additional elements, such as promoters, small RNA recognition sites, aptamers or ribozymes, additional and additional expression cassettes for expressing coding sequences (e. g., to express a transgene such as an insecticidal protein or selectable marker) or non-coding sequences (e. g., to express additional suppression elements). For example, an aspect provides a recombinant DNA construct including a heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA encoding an RNA transcript including a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof. In another embodiment, a recombinant DNA construct including a promoter operably linked to DNA encoding: (a) an RNA transcript including a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 or a fragment thereof, and (b) an aptamer, is stably integrated into the plant's genome from where RNA transcripts including the RNA aptamer and the RNA silencing element are expressed in cells of the plant; the aptamer serves to guide the RNA silencing element to a desired location in the cell. In another embodiment, inclusion of one or more recognition sites for binding and cleavage by a small RNA (e. g., by a miRNA or an siRNA that is expressed only in a particular cell or tissue) allows for more precise expression patterns in a plant, wherein the expression of the recombinant DNA construct is suppressed where the small RNA is expressed. Such additional elements are described below.

Promoters

Promoters of use in the compositions and methods disclosed herein are functional in the cell in which the construct is intended to be transcribed. Generally these promoters are heterologous promoters, as used in recombinant constructs, i. e., they are not in nature found to be operably linked to the other nucleic elements used in the constructs. In various embodiments, the promoter is selected from the group consisting of a constitutive promoter, a spatially specific promoter, a temporally specific promoter, a developmentally specific promoter, and an inducible promoter. In many embodiments the promoter is a promoter functional in a plant, for example, a pol II promoter, a pol III promoter, a pol IV promoter, or a pol V promoter.

Non-constitutive promoters suitable for use with the recombinant DNA constructs disclosed herein include spatially specific promoters, temporally specific promoters, and inducible promoters. Spatially specific promoters can include organelle-, cell-, tissue-, or organ-specific promoters (e. g., a plastid-specific, a root-specific, a pollen-specific, or a seed-specific promoter for expression in plastids, roots, pollen, or seeds, respectively). In many cases a seed-specific, embryo-specific, aleurone-specific, or endosperm-specific promoter is especially useful. Temporally specific promoters can include promoters that tend to promote expression during certain developmental stages in a plant's growth cycle, or during different times of day or night, or at different seasons in a year. Inducible promoters include promoters induced by chemicals or by environmental conditions such as, but not limited to, biotic or abiotic stress (e. g., water deficit or drought, heat, cold, high or low nutrient or salt levels, high or low light levels, or pest or pathogen infection). MicroRNA promoters are useful, especially those having a temporally specific, spatially specific, or inducible expression pattern; examples of miRNA promoters, as well as methods for identifying miRNA promoters having specific expression patterns, are provided in U. S. Patent Application Publications 2006/0200878, 2007/0199095, and 2007/0300329, which are specifically incorporated herein by reference. An expression-specific promoter can also include promoters that are generally constitutively expressed but at differing degrees or “strengths” of expression, including promoters commonly regarded as “strong promoters” or as “weak promoters”.

Promoters of particular interest include the following examples: an opaline synthase promoter isolated from T-DNA of Agrobacterium; a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter; enhanced promoter elements or chimeric promoter elements such as an enhanced cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter linked to an enhancer element (an intron from heat shock protein 70 of Zea mays); root specific promoters such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,837,848; 6,437,217 and 6,426,446; a maize L3 oleosin promoter disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,433,252; a promoter for a plant nuclear gene encoding a plastid-localized aldolase disclosed in U. S. Patent Application Publication 2004/0216189; cold-inducible promoters disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,084,089; salt-inducible promoters disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,140,078; light-inducible promoters disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,294,714; pathogen-inducible promoters disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,252,138; and water deficit-inducible promoters disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2004/0123347 A1. All of the above-described patents and patent publications disclosing promoters and their use, especially in recombinant DNA constructs functional in plants are incorporated herein by reference.

Plant vascular- or phloem-specific promoters of interest include a rolC or rolA promoter of Agrobacterium rhizogenes, a promoter of a Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA gene 5, the rice sucrose synthase RSs 1 gene promoter, a Commelina yellow mottle badnavirus promoter, a coconut foliar decay virus promoter, a rice tungro bacilliform virus promoter, the promoter of a pea glutamine synthase GS3A gene, a invCD 111 and invCD 141 promoters of a potato invertase genes, a promoter isolated from Arabidopsis shown to have phloem-specific expression in tobacco by Kertbundit et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA., 88:5212-5216, a VAHOX1 promoter region, a pea cell wall invertase gene promoter, an acid invertase gene promoter from carrot, a promoter of a sulfate transporter gene Sultr1;3, a promoter of a plant sucrose synthase gene, and a promoter of a plant sucrose transporter gene.

Promoters suitable for use with a recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotide disclosed herein include polymerase II (“pol II”) promoters and polymerase III (“pol III”) promoters. RNA polymerase II transcribes structural or catalytic RNAs that are usually shorter than 400 nucleotides in length, and recognizes a simple run of T residues as a termination signal; it has been used to transcribe siRNA duplexes (see, e. g., Lu et al. (2004) Nucleic Acids Res., 32:e171). Pol II promoters are therefore preferred in certain embodiments where a short RNA transcript is to be produced from a recombinant DNA construct. In one embodiment, the recombinant DNA construct includes a pol II promoter to express an RNA transcript flanked by self-cleaving ribozyme sequences (e. g., self-cleaving hammerhead ribozymes), resulting in a processed RNA, such as a single-stranded RNA that binds to the transcript of the flea beetle target gene, with defined 5′ and 3′ ends, free of potentially interfering flanking sequences. An alternative approach uses pol III promoters to generate transcripts with relatively defined 5′ and 3′ ends, i. e., to transcribe an RNA with minimal 5′ and 3′ flanking sequences. In some embodiments, Pol III promoters (e. g., U6 or H1 promoters) are preferred for adding a short AT-rich transcription termination site that results in 2 base-pair overhangs (UU) in the transcribed RNA; this is useful, e. g., for expression of siRNA-type constructs. Use of pol III promoters for driving expression of siRNA constructs has been reported; see van de Wetering et al. (2003) EMBO Rep., 4: 609-615, and Tuschl (2002) Nature Biotechnol., 20: 446-448. Baculovirus promoters such as baculovirus polyhedrin and p10 promoters are known in the art and commercially available; see, e. g., Invitrogen's “Guide to Baculovirus Expression Vector Systems (BEVS) and Insect Cell Culture Techniques”, 2002 (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) and F. J. Haines et al. “Baculovirus Expression Vectors”, undated (Oxford Expression Technologies, Oxford, UK).

The promoter element can include nucleic acid sequences that are not naturally occurring promoters or promoter elements or homologues thereof but that can regulate expression of a gene. Examples of such “gene independent” regulatory sequences include naturally occurring or artificially designed RNA sequences that include a ligand-binding region or aptamer (see “Aptamers”, below) and a regulatory region (which can be cis-acting). See, for example, Isaacs et al. (2004) Nat. Biotechnol., 22:841-847, Bayer and Smolke (2005) Nature Biotechnol., 23:337-343, Mandal and Breaker (2004) Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 5:451-463, Davidson and Ellington (2005) Trends Biotechnol., 23:109-112, Winkler et al. (2002) Nature, 419:952-956, Sudarsan et al. (2003) RNA, 9:644-647, and Mandal and Breaker (2004) Nature Struct. Mol. Biol., 11:29-35. Such “riboregulators” could be selected or designed for specific spatial or temporal specificity, for example, to regulate translation of DNA that encodes a silencing element for suppressing a target gene only in the presence (or absence) of a given concentration of the appropriate ligand. One example is a riboregulator that is responsive to an endogenous ligand (e. g., jasmonic acid or salicylic acid) produced by the plant when under stress (e. g., abiotic stress such as water, temperature, or nutrient stress, or biotic stress such as attach by pests or pathogens); under stress, the level of endogenous ligand increases to a level sufficient for the riboregulator to begin transcription of the DNA that encodes a silencing element for suppressing a target gene.

Recombinase Sites

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotide includes DNA encoding one or more site-specific recombinase recognition sites. In one embodiment, the recombinant DNA construct includes at least a pair of loxP sites, wherein site-specific recombination of DNA between the loxP sites is mediated by a Cre recombinase. The position and relative orientation of the loxP sites is selected to achieve the desired recombination; for example, when the loxP sites are in the same orientation, the DNA between the loxP sites is excised in circular form. In another embodiment, the recombinant DNA construct includes DNA encoding one loxP site; in the presence of Cre recombinase and another DNA with a loxP site, the two DNAs are recombined.

Aptamers

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotide includes DNA that is processed to an RNA aptamer, that is, an RNA that binds to a ligand through binding mechanism that is not primarily based on Watson-Crick base-pairing (in contrast, for example, to the base-pairing that occurs between complementary, anti-parallel nucleic acid strands to form a double-stranded nucleic acid structure). See, for example, Ellington and Szostak (1990) Nature, 346:818-822. Examples of aptamers can be found, for example, in the public Aptamer Database, available on line at aptamer.icmb.utexas.edu (Lee et al. (2004) Nucleic Acids Res., 32(1):D95-100). Aptamers can, however, be monovalent (binding a single ligand) or multivalent (binding more than one individual ligand, e. g., binding one unit of two or more different ligands).

Ligands include any molecule (or part of a molecule) that can be recognized and be bound by a nucleic acid secondary structure by a mechanism not primarily based on Watson-Crick base pairing. In this way, the recognition and binding of ligand and aptamer is analogous to that of antigen and antibody, or of biological effector and receptor. Ligands can include single molecules (or part of a molecule), or a combination of two or more molecules (or parts of a molecule), and can include one or more macromolecular complexes (e. g., polymers, lipid bilayers, liposomes, cellular membranes or other cellular structures, or cell surfaces). Examples of specific ligands include vitamins such as coenzyme B₁₂ and thiamine pyrophosphate, flavin mononucleotide, guanine, adenosine, S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, coenzyme A, lysine, tyrosine, dopamine, glucosamine-6-phosphate, caffeine, theophylline, antibiotics such as chloramphenicol and neomycin, herbicides such as glyphosate and dicamba, proteins including viral or phage coat proteins and invertebrate epidermal or digestive tract surface proteins, and RNAs including viral RNA, transfer-RNAs (t-RNAs), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and RNA polymerases such as RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP). One class of RNA aptamers are “thermoswitches” that do not bind a ligand but are thermally responsive, that is to say, the aptamer's conformation is determined by temperature; see, for example, Box 3 in Mandal and Breaker (2004) Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 5:451-463.

Transgene Transcription Units

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotide disclosed herein includes a transgene transcription unit. A transgene transcription unit includes DNA sequence encoding a gene of interest, e. g., a natural protein or a heterologous protein. A gene of interest can be any coding or non-coding sequence from any species (including, but not limited to, non-eukaryotes such as bacteria, and viruses; fungi, protists, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. Particular genes of interest are genes encoding one or more proteins conferring resistance to an herbicide and genes encoding at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, a Bacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein, and an insecticidal protein produced by any of Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus), Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillus species, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae. The transgene transcription unit can further include 5′ or 3′ sequence or both as required for transcription of the transgene.

Introns

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotide includes DNA encoding a spliceable intron. By “intron” is generally meant a segment of DNA (or the RNA transcribed from such a segment) that is located between exons (protein-encoding segments of the DNA or corresponding transcribed RNA), wherein, during maturation of the messenger RNA, the intron present is enzymatically “spliced out” or removed from the RNA strand by a cleavage/ligation process that occurs in the nucleus in eukaryotes. The term “intron” is also applied to non-coding DNA sequences that are transcribed to RNA segments that can be spliced out of a maturing RNA transcript, but are not introns found between protein-coding exons. One example of these are spliceable sequences that that have the ability to enhance expression in plants (in some cases, especially in monocots) of a downstream coding sequence; these spliceable sequences are naturally located in the 5′ untranslated region of some plant genes, as well as in some viral genes (e. g., the tobacco mosaic virus 5′ leader sequence or “omega” leader described as enhancing expression in plant genes by Gallie and Walbot (1992) Nucleic Acids Res., 20:4631-4638). These spliceable sequences or “expression-enhancing introns” can be artificially inserted in the 5′ untranslated region of a plant gene between the promoter but before any protein-coding exons. Examples of such expression-enhancing introns include, but are not limited to, a maize alcohol dehydrogenase (Zm-Adh1), a maize Bronze-1 expression-enhancing intron, a rice actin 1 (Os-Act1) intron, a Shrunken-1 (Sh-1) intron, a maize sucrose synthase intron, a heat shock protein 18 (hsp18) intron, and an 82 kilodalton heat shock protein (hsp82) intron. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,593,874 and 5,859,347, specifically incorporated by reference herein, describe methods of improving recombinant DNA constructs for use in plants by inclusion of an expression-enhancing intron derived from the 70 kilodalton maize heat shock protein (hsp70) in the non-translated leader positioned 3′ from the gene promoter and 5′ from the first protein-coding exon.

Ribozymes

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotide includes DNA encoding one or more ribozymes. Ribozymes of particular interest include a self-cleaving ribozyme, a hammerhead ribozyme, or a hairpin ribozyme. In one embodiment, the recombinant DNA construct includes DNA encoding one or more ribozymes that serve to cleave the transcribed RNA to provide defined segments of RNA, such as separate sense or anti-sense single-stranded RNA segments (which in embodiments hybridise to form dsRNA), or an RNA segment having self-complementary nucleotide sequences that form at least partially dsRNA (e. g., in a stem-loop structure) for suppressing a flea beetle target gene.

Gene Suppression Elements

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotide includes DNA encoding additional gene suppression element for suppressing a target gene other than a flea beetle target gene. The target gene to be suppressed can include coding or non-coding sequence or both.

Suitable gene suppression elements are described in detail in U. S. Patent Application Publication 2006/0200878, which disclosure is specifically incorporated herein by reference, and include one or more of:

• • (a) DNA that includes at least one anti-sense DNA segment that is anti-sense to at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed;
  • (b) DNA that includes multiple copies of at least one anti-sense DNA segment that is anti-sense to at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed;
  • (c) DNA that includes at least one sense DNA segment that is at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed;
  • (d) DNA that includes multiple copies of at least one sense DNA segment that is at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed;
  • (e) DNA that transcribes to RNA for suppressing the gene to be suppressed by forming double-stranded RNA and includes at least one anti-sense DNA segment that is anti-sense to at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed and at least one sense DNA segment that is at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed;
  • (f) DNA that transcribes to RNA for suppressing the gene to be suppressed by forming a single double-stranded RNA and includes multiple serial anti-sense DNA segments that are anti-sense to at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed and multiple serial sense DNA segments that are at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed;
  • (g) DNA that transcribes to RNA for suppressing the gene to be suppressed by forming multiple double strands of RNA and includes multiple anti-sense DNA segments that are anti-sense to at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed and multiple sense DNA segments that are at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed, and wherein the multiple anti-sense DNA segments and the multiple sense DNA segments are arranged in a series of inverted repeats;
  • (h) DNA that includes nucleotides derived from a plant miRNA;
  • (i) DNA that includes nucleotides of a siRNA;
  • (j) DNA that transcribes to an RNA aptamer capable of binding to a ligand; and
  • (k) DNA that transcribes to an RNA aptamer capable of binding to a ligand, and DNA that transcribes to regulatory RNA capable of regulating expression of the gene to be suppressed, wherein the regulation is dependent on the conformation of the regulatory RNA, and the conformation of the regulatory RNA is allosterically affected by the binding state of the RNA aptamer.

In some embodiments, an intron is used to deliver a gene suppression element in the absence of any protein-coding exons (coding sequence). In one example, an intron, such as an expression-enhancing intron (preferred in certain embodiments), is interrupted by embedding within the intron a gene suppression element, wherein, upon transcription, the gene suppression element is excised from the intron. Thus, protein-coding exons are not required to provide the gene suppressing function of the recombinant DNA constructs disclosed herein.

Transcription Regulatory Elements

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotide includes DNA encoding a transcription regulatory element. Transcription regulatory elements include elements that regulate the expression level of the recombinant DNA construct (relative to its expression in the absence of such regulatory elements). Examples of suitable transcription regulatory elements include riboswitches (cis- or trans-acting), transcript stabilizing sequences, and miRNA recognition sites, as described in detail in U. S. Patent Application Publication 2006/0200878, specifically incorporated herein by reference.

Transgenic Plant Cells and Transgenic Plants

The recombinant DNA constructs disclosed herein can be stacked with other recombinant DNA for imparting additional traits (e. g., in the case of transformed plants, traits including herbicide resistance, pest resistance, cold germination tolerance, water deficit tolerance, and the like) for example, by expressing or suppressing other genes. Constructs for coordinated decrease and increase of gene expression are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2004/0126845 A1, specifically incorporated by reference.

In certain transgenic plant cells and transgenic plants, it is sometimes desirable to concurrently express a gene of interest while also modulating expression of a flea beetle target gene. Thus, in some embodiments, the transgenic plant contains recombinant DNA further including a gene expression element for expressing at least one gene of interest, and transcription of the recombinant DNA construct for flea beetle control is preferably effected with concurrent transcription of the gene expression element. In embodiments, the transgenic plant expresses DNA encoding a recombinant RNA transcript as disclosed herein for suppression of a flea beetle target gene, and also expresses DNA encoding a non-nucleotide pesticidal agent such as a small-molecule pesticidal agent or a proteinaceous pesticidal agent; such DNAs can be stacked in a single recombinant construct or expression cassette, or alternatively can be expressed from discrete recombinant constructs or expression cassettes. Examples of non-nucleotide pesticidal agents include patatins, plant lectins, phytoecdysteroids, and bacterial insecticidal proteins (e. g., insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis, Xenorhabdus sp., Photorhabdus sp., Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus), Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Chromobacterium sp., Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillus sp., Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae). In embodiments, the transgenic plant expresses DNA encoding a recombinant RNA transcript as disclosed herein for suppression of a flea beetle target gene, and also expresses DNA encoding one or more proteins conferring tolerance to an herbicide. Examples of proteins conferring tolerance to an herbicide include 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthases (EPSPS; see, e. g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,627,061, 5,633,435 RE39247, 6,040,497, and 5,094,945, and PCT International Application Publications WO04074443 and WO04009761), glyphosate oxidoreductase (GOX; U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,175), glyphosate decarboxylase (PCT International Application Publication WO05003362, U.S. Pat. No. 7,405,347, and U. S. Patent Application Publication 2004/0177399), glyphosate-N-acetyl transferase (GAT; U.S. Pat. No. 7,714,188) conferring tolerance to glyphosate; dicamba monooxygenase conferring tolerance to auxin-like herbicides such as dicamba (U.S. Pat. No. 7,105,724); phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (pat or bar) conferring tolerance to phosphinothricin or glufosinate (U.S. Pat. No. 5,646,024); 2,2-dichloropropionic acid dehalogenase conferring tolerance to 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (Dalapon) (PCT International Application Publication WO9927116); acetohydroxyacid synthase or acetolactate synthase conferring tolerance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors such as sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, triazolopyrimidine, pyrimidyloxybenzoates and phthalide (U.S. Pat. No. 6,225,105); haloarylnitrilase (Bxn) for conferring tolerance to bromoxynil (U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648); modified acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase for conferring tolerance to cyclohexanedione (sethoxydim) and aryloxyphenoxypropionate (haloxyfop) (U.S. Pat. No. 6,414,222); dihydropteroate synthase (sul I) for conferring tolerance to sulfonamide herbicides (U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,046); 32 kDa photosystem II polypeptide (psbA) for conferring tolerance to triazine herbicides (Hirschberg et al., 1983, Science, 222:1346-1349); anthranilate synthase for conferring tolerance to 5-methyltryptophan (U.S. Pat. No. 4,581,847); dihydrodipicolinic acid synthase (dap A) for conferring to tolerance to aminoethyl cysteine (PCT International Application Publication WO8911789); phytoene desaturase (crtl) for conferring tolerance to pyridazinone herbicides such as norflurazon (Japan Patent JP06343473); hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, a 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid oxidase and a 4-hydroxyphenylacetic 1-hydrolase (U.S. Pat. No. 7,304,209) for conferring tolerance to cyclopropylisoxazole herbicides such as isoxaflutole (U.S. Pat. No. 6,268,549); modified protoporphyrinogen oxidase I (protox) for conferring tolerance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors (U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,602); aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase (AAD-1) for conferring tolerance to an herbicide containing an aryloxyalkanoate moiety (WO05107437); a serine hydroxymethyltransferase (US Patent Application Publication 2008/0155716), a glufosinate-tolerant glutamine synthase (US Patent Application Publication 2009/0018016). Examples of such herbicides include phenoxy auxins (such as 2,4-D and dichlorprop), pyridyloxy auxins (such as fluroxypyr and triclopyr), aryloxyphenoxypropionates (AOPP) acetylcoenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors (such as haloxyfop, quizalofop, and diclofop), and 5-substituted phenoxyacetate protoporphyrinogen oxidase IX inhibitors (such as pyraflufen and flumiclorac). The nucleotide sequences of the nucleic acids encoding herbicide-tolerance proteins and the sequences of the herbicide-tolerance proteins, as disclosed in the U. S. patent and patent application publications cited in this paragraph are incorporated herein by reference.

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA constructs disclosed herein can be transcribed in any plant cell or tissue or in a whole plant of any developmental stage. Transgenic plants can be derived from any monocot or dicot plant, such as, but not limited to, plants of commercial or agricultural interest, such as crop plants (especially crop plants used for human food or animal feed), wood- or pulp-producing trees, vegetable plants, fruit plants, and ornamental plants. Examples of plants of interest include grain crop plants (such as wheat, oat, barley, maize, rye, triticale, rice, millet, sorghum, quinoa, amaranth, and buckwheat); forage crop plants (such as forage grasses and forage dicots including alfalfa, vetch, clover, and the like); oilseed crop plants (such as cotton, safflower, sunflower, soybean, canola, rapeseed, flax, peanuts, and oil palm); tree nuts (such as walnut, cashew, hazelnut, pecan, almond, and the like); sugarcane, coconut, date palm, olive, sugarbeet, tea, and coffee; wood- or pulp-producing trees; vegetable crop plants such as legumes (for example, beans, peas, lentils, alfalfa, peanut), lettuce, asparagus, artichoke, celery, carrot, radish, the brassicas (for example, cabbages, kales, mustards, and other leafy brassicas, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, turnip, kohlrabi), edible cucurbits (for example, cucumbers, melons, summer squashes, winter squashes), edible alliums (for example, onions, garlic, leeks, shallots, chives), edible members of the Solanaceae (for example, tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes, peppers, groundcherries), and edible members of the Chenopodiaceae (for example, beet, chard, spinach, quinoa, amaranth); fruit crop plants such as apple, pear, citrus fruits (for example, orange, lime, lemon, grapefruit, and others), stone fruits (for example, apricot, peach, plum, nectarine), banana, pineapple, grape, kiwifruit, papaya, avocado, and berries; plants grown for biomass or biofuel (for example, Miscanthus grasses, switchgrass, jatropha, oil palm, eukaryotic microalgae such as Botryococcus braunii, Chlorella spp., and Dunaliella spp., and eukaryotic macroalgae such as Gracilaria spp., and Sargassum spp.); and ornamental plants including ornamental flowering plants, ornamental trees and shrubs, ornamental groundcovers, and ornamental grasses. Specific plant species of interest in which a recombinant DNA construct is transcribed to provide resistance to flea beetles are plants in the family Brassicaceae, including the Brassica species B. napus, B. juncea, B. carinata, B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. rupestris, B. septiceps, B. nigra, B. narinosa, B. perviridus, B. tournefortii, and B. fructiculosa. Additional plant species of interest in which a recombinant DNA construct is transcribed to provide resistance to flea beetles are Glycine max, Linum usitatissimum, Zea mays, Carthamus tinctorius, Helianthus annuus, Nicotiana tabacum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Betholettia excelsa, Ricinus communis, Cocos nucifera, Coriandrum sativum, Gossypium spp., Arachis hypogaea, Simmondsia chinensis, Solanum tuberosum, Elaeis guineensis, Olea europaea, Oryza sativa, Cucurbita maxim, Hordeum vulgare, and Triticum aestivum.

Also disclosed herein are commodity products produced from a transgenic plant cell, plant, or seed expressing a recombinant DNA construct imparting improved resistance to flea beetles as disclosed herein, including, but not limited to, harvested leaves, roots, shoots, tubers, stems, fruits, seeds, or other parts of a plant, meals, oils, extracts, fermentation or digestion products, crushed or whole grains or seeds of a plant, or any food or non-food product including such commodity products produced from a transgenic plant cell, plant, or seed as disclosed herein. The detection of one or more of nucleic acid sequences of the recombinant DNA constructs for flea beetle control as disclosed herein in one or more commodity or commodity products contemplated herein is de facto evidence that the commodity or commodity product contains or is derived from a transgenic plant cell, plant, or seed expressing such a recombinant DNA construct.

Generally a transgenic plant having in its genome a recombinant DNA construct as disclosed herein exhibits increased resistance to an insect infestation, specifically increased resistance to a flea beetle infestation. In various embodiments, for example, where the transgenic plant expresses a recombinant DNA construct for flea beetle control that is stacked with other recombinant DNA for imparting additional traits, the transgenic plant has at least one additional altered trait, relative to a plant lacking the recombinant DNA construct, selected from the group of traits consisting of: (a) improved abiotic stress tolerance;

• • (b) improved biotic stress tolerance;
  • (c) modified primary metabolite composition;
  • (d) modified secondary metabolite composition;
  • (e) modified trace element, carotenoid, or vitamin composition;
  • (f) improved yield;
  • (g) improved ability to use nitrogen, phosphate, or other nutrients;
  • (h) modified agronomic characteristics;
  • (i) modified growth or reproductive characteristics; and
  • (j) improved harvest, storage, or processing quality.

In some embodiments, the transgenic plant is characterized by: improved tolerance of abiotic stress (e. g., tolerance of water deficit or drought, heat, cold, non-optimal nutrient or salt levels, non-optimal light levels) or of biotic stress (e. g., crowding, allelopathy, or wounding); by a modified primary metabolite (e. g., fatty acid, oil, amino acid, protein, sugar, or carbohydrate) composition; a modified secondary metabolite (e. g., alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, and secondary metabolites of mixed biosynthetic origin) composition; a modified trace element (e. g., iron, zinc), carotenoid (e. g., beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, or other carotenoids and xanthophylls), or vitamin (e. g., tocopherols) composition; improved yield (e. g., improved yield under non-stress conditions or improved yield under biotic or abiotic stress); improved ability to use nitrogen, phosphate, or other nutrients; modified agronomic characteristics (e. g., delayed ripening; delayed senescence; earlier or later maturity; improved shade tolerance; improved resistance to root or stalk lodging; improved resistance to “green snap” of stems; modified photoperiod response); modified growth or reproductive characteristics (e. g., intentional dwarfing; intentional male sterility, useful, e. g., in improved hybridization procedures; improved vegetative growth rate; improved germination; improved male or female fertility); improved harvest, storage, or processing quality (e. g., improved resistance to pests during storage, improved resistance to breakage, improved appeal to consumers); or any combination of these traits.

In another embodiment, transgenic seed, or seed produced by the transgenic plant, has modified primary metabolite (e. g., fatty acid, oil, amino acid, protein, sugar, or carbohydrate) composition, a modified secondary metabolite composition, a modified trace element, carotenoid, or vitamin composition, an improved harvest, storage, or processing quality, or a combination of these. In another embodiment, it can be desirable to change levels of native components of the transgenic plant or seed of a transgenic plant, for example, to decrease levels of an allergenic protein or glycoprotein or of a toxic metabolite.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

This example illustrates non-limiting embodiments of coding DNA sequences useful as target genes for controlling insect species and for making compositions for controlling insects and insect-resistant transgenic plants, and identifies dsRNA trigger sequences useful for controlling insect species. More specifically, embodiments of target genes identified by name (annotation) and sequence identifier (SEQ ID NO.) for controlling flea beetles are provided in SEQ ID NOs:1-859, and embodiments of dsRNA trigger sequences ranging in size from 135 to 352 base pairs and designed to suppress these target genes are provided in SEQ ID NOs.:860-1718.

TABLE 1
Target	Trigger	Target	Trigger	Target	Trigger	Target	Trigger
Gene	SEQ	Gene	SEQ	Gene	SEQ	Gene	SEQ
SEQ ID	ID	SEQ ID	ID	SEQ ID	ID	SEQ ID	ID
NO.	NO.*	NO.	NO.*	NO.	NO.*	NO.	NO.*
1	860	216	1075	431	1290	646	1505
2	861	217	1076	432	1291	647	1506
3	862	218	1077	433	1292	648	1507
4	863	219	1078	434	1293	649	1508
5	864	220	1079	435	1294	650	1509
6	865	221	1080	436	1295	651	1510
7	866	222	1081	437	1296	652	1511
8	867	223	1082	438	1297	653	1512
9	868	224	1083	439	1298	654	1513
10	869	225	1084	440	1299	655	1514
11	870	226	1085	441	1300	656	1515
12	871	227	1086	442	1301	657	1516
13	872	228	1087	443	1302	658	1517
14	873	229	1088	444	1303	659	1518
15	874	230	1089	445	1304	660	1519
16	875	231	1090	446	1305	661	1520
17	876	232	1091	447	1306	662	1521
18	877	233	1092	448	1307	663	1522
19	878	234	1093	449	1308	664	1523
20	879	235	1094	450	1309	665	1524
21	880	236	1095	451	1310	666	1525
22	881	237	1096	452	1311	667	1526
23	882	238	1097	453	1312	668	1527
24	883	239	1098	454	1313	669	1528
25	884	240	1099	455	1314	670	1529
26	885	241	1100	456	1315	671	1530
27	886	242	1101	457	1316	672	1531
28	887	243	1102	458	1317	673	1532
29	888	244	1103	459	1318	674	1533
30	889	245	1104	460	1319	675	1534
31	890	246	1105	461	1320	676	1535
32	891	247	1106	462	1321	677	1536
33	892	248	1107	463	1322	678	1537
34	893	249	1108	464	1323	679	1538
35	894	250	1109	465	1324	680	1539
36	895	251	1110	466	1325	681	1540
37	896	252	1111	467	1326	682	1541
38	897	253	1112	468	1327	683	1542
39	898	254	1113	469	1328	684	1543
40	899	255	1114	470	1329	685	1544
41	900	256	1115	471	1330	686	1545
42	901	257	1116	472	1331	687	1546
43	902	258	1117	473	1332	688	1547
44	903	259	1118	474	1333	689	1548
45	904	260	1119	475	1334	690	1549
46	905	261	1120	476	1335	691	1550
47	906	262	1121	477	1336	692	1551
48	907	263	1122	478	1337	693	1552
49	908	264	1123	479	1338	694	1553
50	909	265	1124	480	1339	695	1554
51	910	266	1125	481	1340	696	1555
52	911	267	1126	482	1341	697	1556
53	912	268	1127	483	1342	698	1557
54	913	269	1128	484	1343	699	1558
55	914	270	1129	485	1344	700	1559
56	915	271	1130	486	1345	701	1560
57	916	272	1131	487	1346	702	1561
58	917	273	1132	488	1347	703	1562
59	918	274	1133	489	1348	704	1563
60	919	275	1134	490	1349	705	1564
61	920	276	1135	491	1350	706	1565
62	921	277	1136	492	1351	707	1566
63	922	278	1137	493	1352	708	1567
64	923	279	1138	494	1353	709	1568
65	924	280	1139	495	1354	710	1569
66	925	281	1140	496	1355	711	1570
67	926	282	1141	497	1356	712	1571
68	927	283	1142	498	1357	713	1572
69	928	284	1143	499	1358	714	1573
70	929	285	1144	500	1359	715	1574
71	930	286	1145	501	1360	716	1575
72	931	287	1146	502	1361	717	1576
73	932	288	1147	503	1362	718	1577
74	933	289	1148	504	1363	719	1578
75	934	290	1149	505	1364	720	1579
76	935	291	1150	506	1365	721	1580
77	936	292	1151	507	1366	722	1581
78	937	293	1152	508	1367	723	1582
79	938	294	1153	509	1368	724	1583
80	939	295	1154	510	1369	725	1584
81	940	296	1155	511	1370	726	1585
82	941	297	1156	512	1371	727	1586
83	942	298	1157	513	1372	728	1587
84	943	299	1158	514	1373	729	1588
85	944	300	1159	515	1374	730	1589
86	945	301	1160	516	1375	731	1590
87	946	302	1161	517	1376	732	1591
88	947	303	1162	518	1377	733	1592
89	948	304	1163	519	1378	734	1593
90	949	305	1164	520	1379	735	1594
91	950	306	1165	521	1380	736	1595
92	951	307	1166	522	1381	737	1596
93	952	308	1167	523	1382	738	1597
94	953	309	1168	524	1383	739	1598
95	954	310	1169	525	1384	740	1599
96	955	311	1170	526	1385	741	1600
97	956	312	1171	527	1386	742	1601
98	957	313	1172	528	1387	743	1602
99	958	314	1173	529	1388	744	1603
100	959	315	1174	530	1389	745	1604
101	960	316	1175	531	1390	746	1605
102	961	317	1176	532	1391	747	1606
103	962	318	1177	533	1392	748	1607
104	963	319	1178	534	1393	749	1608
105	964	320	1179	535	1394	750	1609
106	965	321	1180	536	1395	751	1610
107	966	322	1181	537	1396	752	1611
108	967	323	1182	538	1397	753	1612
109	968	324	1183	539	1398	754	1613
110	969	325	1184	540	1399	755	1614
111	970	326	1185	541	1400	756	1615
112	971	327	1186	542	1401	757	1616
113	972	328	1187	543	1402	758	1617
114	973	329	1188	544	1403	759	1618
115	974	330	1189	545	1404	760	1619
116	975	331	1190	546	1405	761	1620
117	976	332	1191	547	1406	762	1621
118	977	333	1192	548	1407	763	1622
119	978	334	1193	549	1408	764	1623
120	979	335	1194	550	1409	765	1624
121	980	336	1195	551	1410	766	1625
122	981	337	1196	552	1411	767	1626
123	982	338	1197	553	1412	768	1627
124	983	339	1198	554	1413	769	1628
125	984	340	1199	555	1414	770	1629
126	985	341	1200	556	1415	771	1630
127	986	342	1201	557	1416	772	1631
128	987	343	1202	558	1417	773	1632
129	988	344	1203	559	1418	774	1633
130	989	345	1204	560	1419	775	1634
131	990	346	1205	561	1420	776	1635
132	991	347	1206	562	1421	777	1636
133	992	348	1207	563	1422	778	1637
134	993	349	1208	564	1423	779	1638
135	994	350	1209	565	1424	780	1639
136	995	351	1210	566	1425	781	1640
137	996	352	1211	567	1426	782	1641
138	997	353	1212	568	1427	783	1642
139	998	354	1213	569	1428	784	1643
140	999	355	1214	570	1429	785	1644
141	1000	356	1215	571	1430	786	1645
142	1001	357	1216	572	1431	787	1646
143	1002	358	1217	573	1432	788	1647
144	1003	359	1218	574	1433	789	1648
145	1004	360	1219	575	1434	790	1649
146	1005	361	1220	576	1435	791	1650
147	1006	362	1221	577	1436	792	1651
148	1007	363	1222	578	1437	793	1652
149	1008	364	1223	579	1438	794	1653
150	1009	365	1224	580	1439	795	1654
151	1010	366	1225	581	1440	796	1655
152	1011	367	1226	582	1441	797	1656
153	1012	368	1227	583	1442	798	1657
154	1013	369	1228	584	1443	799	1658
155	1014	370	1229	585	1444	800	1659
156	1015	371	1230	586	1445	801	1660
157	1016	372	1231	587	1446	802	1661
158	1017	373	1232	588	1447	803	1662
159	1018	374	1233	589	1448	804	1663
160	1019	375	1234	590	1449	805	1664
161	1020	376	1235	591	1450	806	1665
162	1021	377	1236	592	1451	807	1666
163	1022	378	1237	593	1452	808	1667
164	1023	379	1238	594	1453	809	1668
165	1024	380	1239	595	1454	810	1669
166	1025	381	1240	596	1455	811	1670
167	1026	382	1241	597	1456	812	1671
168	1027	383	1242	598	1457	813	1672
169	1028	384	1243	599	1458	814	1673
170	1029	385	1244	600	1459	815	1674
171	1030	386	1245	601	1460	816	1675
172	1031	387	1246	602	1461	817	1676
173	1032	388	1247	603	1462	818	1677
174	1033	389	1248	604	1463	819	1678
175	1034	390	1249	605	1464	820	1679
176	1035	391	1250	606	1465	821	1680
177	1036	392	1251	607	1466	822	1681
178	1037	393	1252	608	1467	823	1682
179	1038	394	1253	609	1468	824	1683
180	1039	395	1254	610	1469	825	1684
181	1040	396	1255	611	1470	826	1685
182	1041	397	1256	612	1471	827	1686
183	1042	398	1257	613	1472	828	1687
184	1043	399	1258	614	1473	829	1688
185	1044	400	1259	615	1474	830	1689
186	1045	401	1260	616	1475	831	1690
187	1046	402	1261	617	1476	832	1691
188	1047	403	1262	618	1477	833	1692
189	1048	404	1263	619	1478	834	1693
190	1049	405	1264	620	1479	835	1694
191	1050	406	1265	621	1480	836	1695
192	1051	407	1266	622	1481	837	1696
193	1052	408	1267	623	1482	838	1697
194	1053	409	1268	624	1483	839	1698
195	1054	410	1269	625	1484	840	1699
196	1055	411	1270	626	1485	841	1700
197	1056	412	1271	627	1486	842	1701
198	1057	413	1272	628	1487	843	1702
199	1058	414	1273	629	1488	844	1703
200	1059	415	1274	630	1489	845	1704
201	1060	416	1275	631	1490	846	1705
202	1061	417	1276	632	1491	847	1706
203	1062	418	1277	633	1492	848	1707
204	1063	419	1278	634	1493	849	1708
205	1064	420	1279	635	1494	850	1709
206	1065	421	1280	636	1495	851	1710
207	1066	422	1281	637	1496	852	1711
208	1067	423	1282	638	1497	853	1712
209	1068	424	1283	639	1498	854	1713
210	1069	425	1284	640	1499	855	1714
211	1070	426	1285	641	1500	856	1715
212	1071	427	1286	642	1501	857	1716
213	1072	428	1287	643	1502	858	1717
214	1073	429	1288	644	1503	859	1718
215	1074	430	1289	645	1504
*Trigger sequences are provided for the anti-sense strand of the dsRNA trigger in 5′ to 3′ direction.
** T44966 and T44967 are positive controls based on a Phyllotretastriolata arginine kinase mRNA disclosed in Zhao et al. (2008), Eur. J. Entomol., 5:815.

The embodiments of dsRNA trigger sequences provided in Table 1 are generally useful for RNA-mediated suppression of the corresponding target gene identified in Table 1. These dsRNA triggers are useful for controlling insects, especially flea beetles, including the source species from which the target genes in Table 1 were identified. RNA-mediated suppression of one or more of the target genes provided in Table 1, or use of one or more of the dsRNA triggers provided in Table 1, is useful for causing mortality or stunting, or otherwise controlling, target insect species in the following genera: Altica, Anthobiodes, Aphthona, Aphthonaltica, Aphthonoides, Apteopeda, Argopistes, Argopus, Arrhenocoela, Batophila, Blepharida, Chaetocnema, Clitea, Crepidodera, Derocrepis, Dibolia, Disonycha, Epitrix, Hermipyxis, Hermaeophaga, Hespera, Hippuriphila, Horaia, Hyphasis, Lipromima, Liprus, Longitarsus, Luperomorpha, Lythraria, Manobia, Mantura, Meishania, Minota, Mniophila, Neicrepidodera, Nonarthra, Novofoudrasia, Ochrosis, Oedionychis, Oglobinia, Omeisphaera, Ophrida, Orestia, Paragopus, Pentamesa, Philopona, Phygasia, Phyllotreta, Podagrica, Podagricomela, Podontia, Pseudodera, Psylliodes, Sangariola, Sinaltica, Sphaeroderma, Systena, Trachyaphthona, Xuthea, and Zipangia. In embodiments, compositions including a dsRNA trigger for suppression of one or more of the target genes provided in Table 1 (e. g., a composition including an effective amount of one or more of the dsRNA triggers provided in Table 1) are useful for controlling at least one of Altica ambiens (alder flea beetle), Altica canadensis (prairie flea beetle), Altica chalybaea (grape flea beetle), Altica prasina (poplar flea beetle), Altica rosae (rose flea beetle), Altica sylvia (blueberry flea beetle), Altica ulmi (elm flea beetle), Chaetocnema pulicaria (corn flea beele), Chaetocnema conofinis (sweet potato flea beetle), Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle), Systena blanda (palestripped fleabeetle), and Systena frontalis (redheaded flea beetle), thus preventing or treating plant infestation by these species. For example, a composition including an effective amount of one or more of the dsRNA triggers provided in Table 1 is useful for preventing or treating infestation of potato plants by Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle).

In embodiments, RNA-mediated suppression of one or more of the target genes provided in Table 1, or use of one or more of the dsRNA triggers provided in Table 1, is useful for causing mortality or stunting in flea beetle species in the genera Phyllotreta and Psylliodes, thus preventing or treating plant infestation by these species. In specific embodiments, RNA-mediated suppression of one or more of the target genes provided in Table 1, or use of one or more of the dsRNA triggers provided in Table 1, is useful for causing mortality or stunting in at least one flea beetle species selected from the group consisting of Phyllotreta armoraciae (horseradish flea beetle), Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle), Phyllotreta pusilla (western black flea beetle), Phyllotreta nemorum (striped turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta robusta (garden flea beetle), Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle), Phyllotreta undulata, Psylliodes chrysocephala, and Psylliodes punctulata (hop flea beetle). In embodiments, RNA-mediated suppression of one or more of the target genes having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-296 is used to cause mortality or stunting in Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle) adults or larvae, for example, by contacting Phyllotreta atra adults, larvae, or eggs with an effective amount of a dsRNA trigger including a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1155. In embodiments, RNA-mediated suppression of one or more of the target genes having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:297-532 is used to cause mortality or stunting in Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle) adults or larvae, for example, by contacting Phyllotreta cruciferae adults, larvae, or eggs with an effective amount of a dsRNA trigger including a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1156-1391. In embodiments, RNA-mediated suppression of one or more of the target genes having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:533-551 is used to cause mortality or stunting in Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle) adults or larvae, for example, by contacting Phyllotreta striolata adults, larvae, or eggs with an effective amount of a dsRNA trigger including a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1392-1410. In embodiments, RNA-mediated suppression of one or more of the target genes having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:552-859 is used to cause mortality or stunting in Psylliodes chrysocephala adults or larvae, for example, by contacting Psylliodes chrysocephala adults, larvae, or eggs with an effective amount of a dsRNA trigger including a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1411-1718.

Plants which can be protected by such infestation by transgenic expression or topical application of one or more of the dsRNA triggers provided in Table 1 include any plant species or variety that is subject to infestation by flea beetles, especially plants of economic importance, including ornamental plants and crop plants. Embodiments of such plants include plants in the family Brassicaceae (mustard family), such as a plant in the genus Brassica including, for example, one of the following: B. napus (rapeseed, including cultivars such as canola and rutabaga), B. juncea (Indian mustard), B. carinata (Abyssinian mustard), B. rapa (turnip), B. oleracea (wild cabbage, including domesticated cultivars such as, kale, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, etc.) B. rupestris (brown mustard), B. septiceps (seventop mustard), B. nigra (black mustard), B. narinosa (broadbeaked mustard), B. perviridus (mustard spinach), B. tournefortii (asian mustard), and B. fructiculosa (Mediterranean cabbage). In additional embodiments, the target plants may include, but not limited to, one of the following: Glycine max (soybean), Linum usitatissimum (linseed/flax), Zea mays (maize), Carthamus tinctorius (safflower), Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), Arabidopsis thaliana, Betholettia excelsa (Brazil nut), Ricinus communis (castor bean), Cocos nucifera (coconut), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Gossypium spp. (cotton), Arachis hypogaea (groundnut or peanut), Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba), Solanum tuberosum (potato) Elaeis guineensis (oil palm), Olea europaea (olive), Oryza sativa (rice), Cucurbita maxima (squash), Hordeum vulgare (barley), and Triticum aestivum (wheat).

An aspect includes compositions including an effective amount of one or more of the dsRNA triggers provided in Table 1 for topical treatment of a plant to be treated for, or be protected from, flea beetle infestation. Another aspect includes a recombinant DNA construct encoding at least one strand of at least one the dsRNA triggers provided in Table 1 for transgenic expression in a plant that has improved resistance to flea beetle infestation, in comparison to a plant not expressing such a construct.

Example 2

This example illustrates non-limiting embodiments of testing the efficacy of dsRNA trigger sequences and validating the triggers' utility for suppressing coding DNA sequences useful as target genes for controlling insect species. More specifically this example illustrates a method including contacting an insect, such as a flea beetle adult or larva, with one or more dsRNA triggers designed to cause stunting or mortality in the insect. Other embodiments include methods where the dsRNA trigger is delivered to the insect by oral delivery (e. g., on or in a food material ingested by the insect), or through non-oral delivery (e. g., delivery through the insect's cuticle, or delivery by contacting an egg of the insect).

In one embodiment, a feeding assay is used to determine efficacy of a dsRNA trigger in causing stunting or mortality in insects, such as flea beetles. To test the efficacy of the dsRNA triggers to kill or stunt flea beetles, a single discriminating dose (for example, 100 nanograms/milliliter) is used to identify dsRNA triggers with measurable ability to kill or stunt flea beetles at that dose. A negative control dsRNA trigger, such as a dsRNA targetting green fluorescent protein (GFP), is also included in the assay. Each dsRNA trigger is coated evenly onto 1.0 centimeter diameter canola leaf discs and placed in multiwell trays, with 2 male and 2 female adult flea beetles or 4 flea beetle larvae per well. Every 24 hours for a set period (e. g., 2 weeks), new, freshly-coated leaves are provided. Stunting and mortality are scored periodically (e. g., daily, or every 2 or 3 days).

The dsRNA triggers that show efficacy in this single-dose assay are tested further. Using a similar protocol, varying doses of dsRNA triggers are tested, as described above, to determine the LC50 dose for each of the active dsRNAs. Bioassays include 12-24 insects per dose, performed in triplicate. Stunting and mortality is assessed over a 2 week period, scored on every third day.

The dsRNA trigger sequences that are confirmed to be effective in suppressing a target gene in a sequence-specific manner are useful for identifying efficacious RNA delivery agents and formulations. The insecticidal activity of formulations containing the dsRNA triggers can be optimized by various techniques, such as modifying the chemical entities in the formulation or modifying the ratio of the chemical components in the formulation. Non-limiting examples of delivery agents and formulations are provided in Example 5.

Example 3

This example illustrates non-limiting embodiments of methods for validating dsRNA trigger efficacy for suppressing or silencing a target gene in an insect cell or causing stunting or mortality in an insect. More specifically this example illustrates methods for testing dsRNA triggers for efficacy in preventing or treating flea beetle infestations in whole plants.

Polynucleotides (such as the dsRNA trigger sequences described in Examples 1 and 2) that have been confirmed to be effective in suppressing a target gene in a sequence-specific manner are further evaluated in whole plant assays. In one method, the polynucleotides (e. g., dsRNA triggers) are applied directly to the insect surface (e. g. by spraying or dusting). In another method, the polynucleotides are provided to the insect in an insect diet (e. g., in a bacterial or plant cell expressing a dsRNA trigger such as a hairpin form of a dsRNA trigger, or in an artificial bait containing RNA). Stunting and mortality are scored periodically, as described in Example 2.

In various methods that are also appropriate for large-scale application (e. g., to fields of crop plants), the polynucleotide is applied in a foliar application through aerial or terrestrial spraying or dusting or chemigation on the leaf surface to control early season damage from the adult stage of the life cycle, or applied as a seed treatment to control larval or adult stages of the insect life cycle, or applied as a soil in-furrow or drench application to control larval or adult stages of the insect life cycle. An example of a foliar testing regime includes treating the plant immediately after emergence from the ground and evaluating foliar damage caused by adult flea beetles 1-2 weeks after plant emergence. For in-furrow or seed treatment similar timing for damage evaluation is followed.

Example 4

The polynucleotides are generally designed to modulate expression by inducing regulation or suppression of an insect target gene and are designed to have a nucleotide sequence essentially identical or essentially complementary to the nucleotide sequence an insect target gene or cDNA (e. g., SEQ ID NOs:1-859) or to the sequence of RNA transcribed from an insect target gene, which can be coding sequence or non-coding sequence. These effective polynucleotide molecules that modulate expression are referred to herein as a “trigger”, or “triggers”. This example describes non-limiting techniques useful in the design and selection of polynucleotides as “triggers” to modulate expression of an insect target gene.

Selection of Polynucleotide Triggers by “Tiling”

Polynucleotides of use in the compositions and methods disclosed herein need not be of the full length of a target gene, and in many embodiments are of much shorter length in comparison to the target gene. An example of a technique that is useful for selecting effective triggers is “tiling”, or evaluation of polynucleotides corresponding to adjacent or partially overlapping segments of a target gene.

Effective polynucleotide “triggers” can be identified by “tiling” gene targets in selected length fragments, e. g., fragments of 200-300 nucleotides in length, with partially overlapping regions, e. g., of about 25 nucleotides, along the length of the target gene. To suppress a single gene, trigger sequences are designed to correspond to (have a nucleotide identity or complementarity with) regions that are unique to the target gene; the selected region of the target gene can include coding sequence or non-coding sequence (e. g., promoter regions, 3′ untranslated regions, introns and the like) or a combination of both.

Where it is of interest to design a target effective in suppressing multiple target genes, the multiple target gene sequences are aligned and polynucleotide triggers designed to correspond to regions with high sequence homology in common among the multiple targets. Conversely, where it is of interest to design a target effective in selectively suppressing one among multiple target sequences, the multiple target gene sequences are aligned and polynucleotide triggers designed to correspond to regions with no or low sequence homology in common among the multiple targets.

In a non-limiting example, anti-sense single-stranded RNA triggers are designed for each of the target genes listed in Table 1 as follows. Multiple anti-sense single-stranded RNA triggers, each of 200-300 nucleotides in length and with a sequence corresponding to (e. g., for anti-sense triggers, complementary to) a fragment of a target gene having a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:1-859 are designed so that each trigger's sequence overlaps about 25 nucleotides of the next adjacent trigger's sequence, in such a way that the multiple triggers in combination cover the full length of the target gene. (Sense triggers are designed in an analogous fashion, where the trigger sequence is identical to a fragment of the target gene. Similarly, double-stranded triggers can be designed by providing pairs of sense and anti-sense triggers, each pair of triggers overlapping the next adjacent pair of triggers.)

The polynucleotide triggers are tested by any convenient means for efficacy in silencing the insect target gene. Examples of a suitable test include the bioassays described herein in the working Examples. Another test involves the topical application of the polynucleotide triggers either directly to individual insects or to the surface of a plant to be protected from an insect infestation. One desired result of treatment with a polynucleotide as disclosed herein is prevention or control of an insect infestation, e. g., by inducing in an insect a physiological or behavioural change such as, but not limited to, growth stunting, increased mortality, decrease in reproductive capacity, decrease in or cessation of feeding behavior or movement, or decrease in or cessation of metamorphosis stage development. Another desired result of treatment with a polynucleotide as disclosed herein is provision of a plant that exhibits improved resistance to an insect infestation.

The tiling procedure can be repeated, if desired. A polynucleotide trigger found to provide desired activity can itself be subjected to a tiling procedure. For example, multiple overlapping anti-sense single-stranded RNA triggers are designed, each of 50-60 nucleotides in length and with a sequence corresponding to (e. g., for anti-sense triggers, complementary to) the fragment of a target gene having a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:1-859 for which a single polynucleotide trigger of 300 nucleotides was found to be effective. Additional rounds of tiling analysis can be carried out, where triggers as short as 18, 19, 20, or 21 nucleotides are tested.

Effective polynucleotide triggers of any size can be used, alone or in combination, in the various methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a single polynucleotide trigger is used to make a composition (e. g., a composition for topical application, or a recombinant DNA construct useful for making a transgenic plant). In other embodiments, a mixture or pool of different polynucleotide triggers is used; in such cases the polynucleotide triggers can be for a single target gene or for multiple target genes. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide trigger is designed to target different regions of the target gene, e. g., a trigger can include multiple segments that correspond to different exon regions of the target gene, and “spacer” nucleotides which do not correspond to a target gene can optionally be used in between or adjacent to the segments.

Thermodynamic Considerations in Selecting Polynucleotide Triggers

Polynucleotide triggers can be designed or their sequence optimised using thermodynamic considerations. For example, polynucleotide triggers can be selected based on the thermodynamics controlling hybridization between one nucleic acid strand (e. g., a polynucleotide trigger or an individual siRNA) and another (e. g., a target gene transcript)

Methods and algorithms to predict nucleotide sequences that are likely to be effective at RNAi-mediated silencing of a target gene are known in the art. Non-limiting examples of such methods and algorithms include “i-score”, described by Ichihara et al. (2007) Nucleic Acids Res., 35(18): 123e; “Oligowalk”, publicly available at rna.urmc.rochester.edu/servers/oligowalk and described by Lu et al. (2008) Nucleic Acids Res., 36:W104-108; and “Reynolds score”, described by Khovorova et al. (2004) Nature Biotechnol., 22:326-330.

Permitted Mismatches

By “essentially identical” or “essentially complementary” is meant that the trigger polynucleotide (or at least one strand of a double-stranded polynucleotide) has sufficient identity or complementarity to the target gene or to the RNA transcribed from a target gene (e. g., the transcript) to suppress expression of a target gene (e. g., to effect a reduction in levels or activity of the target gene transcript and/or encoded protein). Polynucleotides need not have 100 percent identity or complementarity to a target gene or to the RNA transcribed from a target gene to suppress expression of the target gene (e. g., to effect a reduction in levels or activity of the target gene transcript or encoded protein, or to provide control of an insect species). In some embodiments, the polynucleotide or a portion thereof is designed to be essentially identical to, or essentially complementary to, a sequence of at least 18 or 19 contiguous nucleotides in either the target gene or the RNA transcribed from the target gene. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide or a portion thereof is designed to be exactly identical to, or exactly complementary to, a sequence of 21 contiguous nucleotides in either the target gene or the RNA transcribed from the target gene. In certain embodiments, an “essentially identical” polynucleotide has 100 percent sequence identity or at least about 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 percent sequence identity when compared to the sequence of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides in either the endogenous target gene or to an RNA transcribed from the target gene. In certain embodiments, an “essentially complementary” polynucleotide has 100 percent sequence complementarity or at least about 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 percent sequence complementarity when compared to the sequence of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides in either the target gene or RNA transcribed from the target gene.

Polynucleotides containing mismatches to the target gene or transcript can be used in certain embodiments of the compositions and methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide includes at least 18 or at least 19 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to a segment of equivalent length in the target gene or target gene's transcript. In certain embodiments, a polynucleotide of 19 contiguous nucleotides that is essentially identical or essentially complementary to a segment of equivalent length in the target gene or target gene's transcript can have 1 or 2 mismatches to the target gene or transcript (i. e., 1 or 2 mismatches between the polynucleotide's 19 contiguous nucleotides and the segment of equivalent length in the target gene or target gene's transcript). In certain embodiments, a polynucleotide of 20 or more nucleotides that contains a contiguous 19 nucleotide span of identity or complementarity to a segment of equivalent length in the target gene or target gene's transcript can have 1 or 2 mismatches to the target gene or transcript. In certain embodiments, a polynucleotide of 21 continuous nucleotides that is essentially identical or essentially complementary to a segment of equivalent length in the target gene or target gene's transcript can have 1, 2, or 3 mismatches to the target gene or transcript. In certain embodiments, a polynucleotide of 22 or more nucleotides that contains a contiguous 21 nucleotide span of identity or complementarity to a segment of equivalent length in the target gene or target gene's transcript can have 1, 2, or 3 mismatches to the target gene or transcript.

In designing polynucleotides with mismatches to an endogenous target gene or to an RNA transcribed from the target gene, mismatches of certain types and at certain positions that are more likely to be tolerated can be used. In certain exemplary embodiments, mismatches formed between adenine and cytosine or guanosine and uracil residues are used as described by Du et al. (2005) Nucleic Acids Res., 33:1671-1677. In some embodiments, mismatches in 19 base-pair overlap regions are located at the low tolerance positions 5, 7, 8 or 11 (from the 5′ end of a 19-nucleotide target), at medium tolerance positions 3, 4, and 12-17(from the 5′ end of a 19-nucleotide target), and/or at the high tolerance positions at either end of the region of complementarity, e. g., positions 1, 2, 18, and 19 (from the 5′ end of a 19-nucleotide target) as described by Du et al. (2005) Nucleic Acids Res., 33:1671-1677. Tolerated mismatches can be empirically determined in routine assays such as those described herein in the working Examples.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotides include additional nucleotides for reasons of stability or for convenience in cloning or synthesis. In one embodiment, the polynucleotide is a dsRNA including an RNA strand with a segment of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 and further including an additional 5′ G or an additional 3′ C or both, adjacent to the segment. In another embodiment, the polynucleotide is a double-stranded RNA including additional nucleotides to form an overhang, for example, a dsRNA including 2 deoxyribonucleotides to form a 3′ overhang.

Embedding Active Triggers in Neutral Sequence

In an embodiment, a bioactive trigger (i. e., a polynucleotide with a sequence corresponding to the target gene and which is responsible for an observed suppression of the target gene) is embedded in “neutral” sequence, e. g., inserted into additional nucleotides that have no sequence identity or complementarity to the target gene. Neutral sequence can be desirable, e. g., to increase the overall length of a polynucleotide. For example, it can be desirable for a polynucleotide to be of a particular size for reasons of stability, cost-effectiveness in manufacturing, or biological activity.

It has been reported that in another coleopteran species, Diabrotica virgifera, dsRNAs greater than or equal to approximately 60 base-pairs (bp) are required for biological activity in artificial diet bioassays; see Bolognesi et al. (2012) PLoS ONE 7(10): e47534. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047534. Thus, in one embodiment, a 21-base-pair dsRNA trigger corresponding to a target gene in Table 1 and found to provide control of an insect infestation is embedded in neutral sequence of an additional 39 base pairs, thus forming a polynucleotide of about 60 base pairs. In another embodiment, a single 21-base-pair trigger is found to be efficacious when embedded in larger sections of neutral sequence, e. g., where the total polynucleotide length is from about 60 to about 300 base pairs. In another embodiment, at least one segment of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 is embedded in larger sections of neutral sequence to provide an efficacious trigger. In another embodiment, segments from multiple sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724 are embedded in larger sections of neutral sequence to provide an efficacious trigger.

It is anticipated that the combination of certain recombinant RNAs disclosed herein (e. g., the dsRNA triggers including a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1724, or active fragments of these triggers) with one or more non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents will result in a synergetic improvement in prevention or control of insect infestations, when compared to the effect obtained with the recombinant RNA alone or the non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent alone. Routine insect bioassays such as the bioassays described herein in the working Examples are useful for defining dose-responses for larval mortality or growth inhibition using combinations of the polynucleotides disclosed herein and one or more non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents (e. g., a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein). One of skill in the art can test combinations of polynucleotides and non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents in routine bioassays to identify combinations of bioactives that are synergistic and desirable for use in protecting plants from insect infestations.

Example 5

This example illustrates non-limiting embodiments of methods of testing the efficacy of dsRNA triggers in flea beetles. More specifically this example illustrates a method including oral delivery of dsRNAs to flea beetles, resulting in stunting or mortality in the flea beetles.

P. cruciferae were collected from a canola field where no pesticides had been applied in the previous 3 months. Three dsRNAs (SEQ ID NOs:1169, 1193, and 1392) targeting Phyllotreta genes and one negative control dsRNA targeting GFP were tested on groups of 30 P. cruciferae. The dsRNAs were resuspended in water and applied to 6 millimeter leaf discs (55±6 milligrams each) at a discriminating dose of 50 nanograms dsRNA/milligram leaf tissue, which were fed to groups of 5 flea beetles. Leaf discs with freshly applied dsRNA were replaced every other day, and the number of surviving individuals was recorded over a 2-week period. A low non-specific mortality rate was observed in the negative-control insect groups (3 out of 30 insects dying over 2 weeks, or 10% non-specific mortality). Mortality was observed beginning at day 4 and continuing through the 2 week period. Specific mortality was observed for all dsRNA treatments (Table 2). Correcting for non-specific mortality (subtracting non-specific mortality rate of 3 insects per group for corrected N=27), the percent mortality observed at the end of the 2-week period was 85% (SEQ ID NO:1169), 0.70% (SEQ ID NO:1193), and 0.63% (SEQ ID NO:1392). These results demonstrated the efficacy of the dsRNA triggers in causing mortality in flea beetles when provided in the flea beetles' diet.

TABLE 2
Cumulative number of dead P. cruciferae (N = 30)
	Negative	SEQ ID NO:	SEQ ID NO:	SEQ ID NO:
Day	control	1169	1193	1392
0	0	0	0	0
2	1	2	1	1
4	2	6	2	2
6	2	9	3	3
8	2	13	8	9
10	3	18	16	15
12	3	23	19	18
14	3	26	22	20

In a second series of experiments carried out in a similar manner, several dsRNA triggers were tested at a discriminating dose of 50 nanograms dsRNA/milligram leaf tissue on P. cruciferae; two lower doses (15 nanograms dsRNA/milligram leaf tissue and 2 nanograms dsRNA/milligram leaf tissue) were also tested. Ten beetles were tested at each dose. The negative control (five replicates) used was a dsRNA trigger targetting the bacterial gene uidA encoding beta-glucuronidase (NCBI accession number NC_000913.3). Leaf discs with freshly applied dsRNA were replaced every other day, and mortality was recorded over a 12 day period. The overall mortality rate for the negative controls was ˜4% (likely due to handling injuries) over the 12-day observation period. The observed cumulative mortality (N=10) following 12 days exposure to the dsRNAs are provided in Table 3; the negative control mortality values are given as an average (N=5). Eight of the dsRNA triggers (indicated by a mortality rating of +++) caused 90-100% mortality at the highest dose and were still highly effective (80% or higher mortality) at the lowest dose tested. Some dsRNA triggers (indicated by a mortality rating of ++) induced mortality in a proportion of the insects at the highest dose, but were less effective at lower doses (<20% mortality).

	TABLE 3
	cumulative mortality (N = 10)	Mortality
Trigger SEQ ID NO:	50 ng/mg	15 ng/mg	2 ng/mg	Rating*
870	3	1	0	−
876	3	1	0	−
1156	2	0	0	−
1157	10	3	0	−
1158	2	0	0	−
1159	5	2	0	−
1160	2	0	0	−
1161	10	3	1	−
1163	4	4	2	−
1164	10	8	4	++
1165	8	7	5	++
1166	5	2	2	−
1167	6	2	0	−
1168	8	5	0	−
1169	10	10	8	+++
1170	9	5	3	−
1171	10	10	6	++
1392	3	2	0	−
1393	6	1	0	−
1186	9	7	5	−
1394	9	9	5	−
1187	9	9	8	+++
1193	10	10	9	+++
1210	6	3	1	−
1219	8	3	2	−
1224	10	9	8	+++
1234	10	7	6	++
1243	5	2	0	−
1258	9	4	2	−
1396	9	6	5	++
1397	6	3	0	−
1398	8	7	7	++
1399	10	10	8	+++
1400	2	1	1	−
1403	9	6	6	−
1404	10	7	4	−
1405	6	6	2	−
1406	9	9	7	+++
1407	10	9	8	+++
1408	9	9	9	+++
negative control (GFP)	0.6	0.6	0.4	−
negative control (beta-	0.4	0.6	0.2	−
glucuronidase)
negative control (water	0.2	0.4	0.6	−
only)
*+++ rating indicates high (>80%) mortalities for all three doses; ++ rating indicates high mortalities for the highest dose, and within 40 to 70% mortality with the lower two doses.

Other techniques for delivering these or similar dsRNA triggers are contemplated and include applying the dsRNA triggers directly to the insect surface (e. g. by spraying or dusting), or providing the dsRNA triggers to the insect in a diet or bait (e. g., in a bacterial or plant cell expressing a dsRNA trigger such as a hairpin form of a dsRNA trigger, or in an artificial bait containing the dsRNA). In an embodiment, a hairpin version of the Phyllotreta trigger with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 1169 is designed; this hairpin version is encoded by the DNA sequence SEQ ID NO:1722, which contains, in 5′ to 3′ order, anti-sense sequence (nucleotide positions 1-267), loop sequence (nucleotide positions 268-373) which does not contain matches to Phyllotreta sequences, and sense sequence (nucleotide positions 374-640). This DNA sequence is expressed as a single-stranded RNA transcript, wherein the anti-sense and sense regions anneal to form the double-stranded “stem” region of the hairpin. The construct is expressed in a bacterium, such as E. coli; the resulting dsRNA hairpin produced in the bacterium is provided to flea beetles as a crude or purified fermentation product, or in the form of the bacterial cells. Similar constructs are designed encoding dsRNAs having modified stem-loops, such as “stabilized anti-sense” or “stabilized sense” versions, which contain stabilized loops formed by an extended anti-sense or sense sequence, respectively, of trigger sequence corresponding to the intended target gene.

Example 6

This example discloses embodiments related to polynucleotide molecules having a nucleotide sequence containing specific modifications such as nucleotide substitutions. Embodiments of such modifications include modified dsRNA triggers that provide improved sequence discrimination between the intended target gene of the insect pest of interest, and genetic sequences of other, non-target species.

Selected dsRNA triggers identified in Table 1 were screened for unintended sequence matches to a sequence of at least 19 contiguous nucleotides identified in a non-target gene or a non-target organism (NTO, e. g., Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens and B. terrestris; Coleomegilla spp.; Danaus plexippus; Homo sapiens; Megachile rotundata; Mus musculus; and Brassica rapa). Nucleotide changes are made in an original trigger sequence to eliminate undesirable sequence matches to a non-target gene or non-target organism. Examples of such modified trigger sequences are provided by SEQ ID NO:1723, which corresponds to SEQ ID NO:1393 (which targets the same flea beetle gene as does the trigger SEQ ID NO:1392), and SEQ ID NO:1724, which corresponds to SEQ ID NO:1169. These modified trigger sequences provide improved discrimination between the intended target species and non-target organisms.

Example 7

This example discloses embodiments related to polynucleotide molecules having a nucleotide sequence for silencing a target gene in more than one species. Embodiments include dsRNA sequences of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides identified as having 100% complementarity or identity to more than one species-specific target gene.

Table 4 provides a list of sequences, each at least 21 contiguous nucleotides in length and identified by the sequence's coordinates in a dsRNA trigger for one flea beetle species, wherein the identical sequence is also found in a dsRNA trigger for a different flea beetle species. These sequences are useful as triggers in the multiple species in which the sequence co-occurs. For example, the trigger having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1186 (targetting a Phyllotreta cruciferae COPI alpha target gene, SEQ ID NO:327) contains five sequences of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides at positions 1-71, 88-116, 136-209, 238-266, and 274-296, all of which match a sequence in the triggers having the sequences of SEQ ID NOs:882 and 888 (targetting a Phyllotreta atra COPI alpha target genes, SEQ ID NOs:23 and 29, respectively); these five sequences are therefore useful in targeting a gene in the two Phyllotreta species.

TABLE 4
QUERY Trigger		QUERY Trigger
SEQ			SUBJECT Trigger	SEQ			SUBJECT Trigger
ID NO:	start	end	SEQ ID NO:	ID NO:	start	end	Trigger SEQ ID NO:
1186	1	71	882, 888	1333	329	351	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1186	88	116	882, 888	1334	42	98	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1186	136	209	882, 888	1334	109	185	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1186	238	266	882, 888	1334	187	254	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1186	274	296	882, 888	1334	271	302	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1191	51	96	900-908, 910	1335	2	47	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1191	137	177	900-908, 910	1335	49	116	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1191	179	216	900-908, 910	1335	133	164	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1191	218	255	900-908, 910	1335	229	251	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1191	257	342	900-908, 910	1336	34	90	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1192	2	25	900-908, 910	1336	101	177	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1192	66	106	900-908, 910	1336	179	246	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1192	108	145	900-908, 910	1336	263	294	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1192	147	184	900-908, 910	1338	40	96	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1192	186	271	900-908, 910	1338	107	183	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1192	273	298	900-908, 910	1338	185	252	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1192	300	330	900-908, 910	1338	269	300	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1191	58	96	900-908, 910	1328	35	59	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1192	300	336	900-908, 910	1331	60	84	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1191	44	96	900-908, 910	1332	1	26	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1191	179	200	900-908, 910	1333	36	60	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1192	108	129	900-908, 910	1334	74	98	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1191	218	242	900-908, 910	1336	66	90	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1192	147	171	900-908, 910	1338	72	96	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1191	257	277	900-908, 910	1331	1	26	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1192	186	206	900-908, 910	1334	2	40	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1191	257	334	900-908, 910	1336	2	32	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1192	186	263	900-908, 910	1338	2	38	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1191	257	320	900-908, 910	1328	36	59	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1192	186	249	900-908, 910	1331	61	84	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1193	15	101	911, 915, 916, 919	1332	3	26	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1194	6	92	911, 915, 916, 919	1333	37	60	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1195	2	107	911, 915, 916, 919	1334	75	98	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1195	121	207	911, 915, 916, 919	1336	67	90	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1196	2	122	911, 915, 916, 919	1338	73	96	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1196	136	222	911, 915, 916, 919	1329	172	191	1039-1043 1045
1197	2	20	911, 915, 916, 919	1329	265	296	1039-1043 1045
1197	22	42	911, 915, 916, 919	1329	298	317	1039-1043 1045
1197	44	180	911, 915, 916, 919	1329	319	343	1039-1043 1045
1197	194	280	911, 915, 916, 919	1330	181	200	1039-1043 1045
1198	18	38	911, 915, 916, 919	1330	274	305	1039-1043 1045
1198	40	176	911, 915, 916, 919	1330	307	326	1039-1043 1045
1198	190	276	911, 915, 916, 919	1330	328	352	1039-1043 1045
1199	5	25	911, 915, 916, 919	1335	283	302	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1199	27	163	911, 915, 916, 919	1337	1	19	1043, 1045
1199	177	263	911, 915, 916, 919	1337	93	124	1043, 1045
1200	16	152	911, 915, 916, 919	1337	126	145	1043, 1045
1200	166	252	911, 915, 916, 919	1337	147	171	1043, 1045
1201	19	105	911, 915, 916, 919	1329	319	352	1039-1043 1045
1202	2	119	911, 915, 916, 919	1337	147	180	1043, 1045
1202	133	219	911, 915, 916, 919	1386	2	38	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1203	14	100	911, 915, 916, 919	1386	40	59	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1193	123	189	911, 915, 916, 919	1386	70	95	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1194	114	180	911, 915, 916, 919	1386	103	161	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1195	229	295	911, 915, 916, 919	1386	196	262	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1196	244	310	911, 915, 916, 919	1388	2	51	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1197	302	350	911, 915, 916, 919	1388	53	72	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1198	298	350	911, 915, 916, 919	1388	83	108	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1199	285	352	911, 915, 916, 919	1388	116	174	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1200	274	340	911, 915, 916, 919	1388	209	275	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1201	127	193	911, 915, 916, 919	1390	88	119	1054-1057, 1060, 1492,
							1496-1498
1202	241	307	911, 915, 916, 919	1390	145	194	1054-1057, 1060, 1492,
							1496-1498
1203	122	188	911, 915, 916, 919	1390	196	215	1054-1057, 1060, 1492,
							1496-1498
1193	123	196	911, 915, 916, 919	1390	226	251	1054-1057, 1060, 1492,
							1496-1498
1193	198	230	911, 915, 916, 919	1390	259	317	1054-1057, 1060, 1492,
							1496-1498
1194	114	187	911, 915, 916, 919	1391	19	50	1054-1057, 1060, 1492,
							1496-1498
1194	189	221	911, 915, 916, 919	1391	76	125	1054-1057, 1060, 1492,
							1496-1498
1195	229	302	911, 915, 916, 919	1391	127	146	1054-1057, 1060, 1492,
							1496-1498
1195	304	336	911, 915, 916, 919	1391	157	182	1054-1057, 1060, 1492,
							1496-1498
1196	1	122	911, 915, 916, 919	1391	190	248	1054-1057, 1060, 1492,
							1496-1498
1196	244	317	911, 915, 916, 919	1391	283	349	1054-1057, 1060, 1492,
							1496-1498
1196	319	351	911, 915, 916, 919	1384	20	39	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1197	60	180	911, 915, 916, 919	1384	62	84	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1198	56	176	911, 915, 916, 919	1384	134	204	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1199	43	163	911, 915, 916, 919	1384	206	249	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1199	285	351	911, 915, 916, 919	1384	251	270	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1200	32	152	911, 915, 916, 919	1384	284	305	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1200	274	347	911, 915, 916, 919	1385	21	40	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1201	127	200	911, 915, 916, 919	1385	63	85	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1201	202	234	911, 915, 916, 919	1385	135	205	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1202	241	314	911, 915, 916, 919	1385	207	250	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1202	316	348	911, 915, 916, 919	1385	252	271	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1203	122	195	911, 915, 916, 919	1385	285	306	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1203	197	229	911, 915, 916, 919	1387	2	21	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500, 1057
1204	6	25	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1387	23	42	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500, 1057
1204	27	49	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1387	56	77	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500, 1057
1204	51	118	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1389	1	55	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1204	186	214	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1389	57	100	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1204	219	268	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1389	102	121	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1204	270	295	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1389	135	156	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1204	306	351	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1386	196	255	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1205	180	199	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1388	209	268	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1205	201	223	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1391	283	342	1054-1057, 1060, 1492,
							1496-1498
1205	225	292	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1387	257	321	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500, 1057
1206	10	29	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1387	332	351	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500, 1057
1206	31	53	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1390	25	56	1054-1057, 1060, 1492,
							1496-1498
1206	55	122	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1384	284	321	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1206	190	218	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1385	285	322	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1206	223	272	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1387	56	93	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500, 1057
1206	274	299	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1389	135	172	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1206	310	351	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1386	196	332	1054-1057,1060, 1496, 1498
1207	11	33	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1388	209	345	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1207	35	102	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1391	283	352	1054-1057, 1060, 1492,
							1496-1498
1207	170	198	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1384	323	348	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1207	203	252	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1385	324	349	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1207	254	279	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1387	95	120	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500, 1057
1207	290	335	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1387	128	153	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500, 1057
1208	18	40	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1387	161	186	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500, 1057
1208	42	109	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1387	191	210	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500, 1057
1208	177	205	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1389	174	199	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1208	210	259	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1389	207	232	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1208	261	286	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1389	240	265	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1208	297	342	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1389	270	289	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061- 063,
							1500
1209	101	120	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1283	177	208	1064-1070
1209	122	144	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1284	130	161	1064-1070
1209	146	213	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1284	301	351	1064-1070
1209	281	309	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1286	210	241	1064-1070
1209	314	351	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1287	126	157	1064-1070
1205	2	91	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1287	297	351	1064-1070
1205	114	142	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1288	326	351	1064-1070, 1071
1205	144	178	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1289	41	72	1064-1070
1209	35	63	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1289	212	288	1064-1070
1209	65	99	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1289	320	351	1064-1070
1204	306	347	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1290	178	209	1064-1070
1207	290	331	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1291	228	259	1064-1070, 1071
1208	297	338	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1292	43	74	1064-1070
1207	290	352	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1292	214	290	1064-1070
1208	297	351	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1292	322	351	1064-1070
1205	18	91	920, 921, 922, 923, 924	1293	330	351	1064-1070, 1071
1224	1	43	947-949, 951-956	1377	37	68	1064-1070
1224	57	95	947-949, 951-956	1377	208	284	1064-1070
1224	97	145	947-949, 951-956	1377	316	348	1064-1070
1224	147	175	947-949, 951-956	1289	212	274	1064-1070
1224	177	208	947-949, 951-956	1292	214	276	1064-1070
1224	210	262	947-949, 951-956	1377	208	270	1064-1070
1224	285	350	947-949, 951-956	1285	123	148	1067, 1069, 1071
1225	150	192	947, 949, 951-956	1288	107	132	1064-1070, 1071
1225	206	244	947, 949, 951-956	1291	9	34	1064-1070, 1071
1225	246	294	947, 949, 951-956	1293	111	136	1064-1070, 1071
1225	296	324	947, 949, 951-956	1287	297	347	1064-1070
1225	326	351	947, 949, 951-956	1289	212	262	1064-1070
1226	258	300	947, 949, 951-955	1292	214	264	1064-1070
1226	314	351	947, 949, 951-955	1377	208	258	1064-1070
1227	253	295	947, 949, 951-955	1287	297	352	1064-1070
1227	309	347	947, 949, 951-955	1289	212	266	1064-1070
1228	206	248	947, 949, 951-956	1292	214	268	1064-1070
1228	262	300	947, 949, 951-956	1377	208	262	1064-1070
1228	302	350	947, 949, 951-956	1285	18	61	1067, 1069, 1071
1229	171	213	947, 949, 951-956	1288	2	45	1064-1070, 1071
1229	227	265	947, 949, 951-956	1293	6	49	1064-1070, 1071
1229	267	315	947, 949, 951- 956	1357	1	40	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1229	317	345	947, 949, 951-956	1357	63	85	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1230	252	294	947, 949, 951-955	1357	102	157	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1230	308	346	947, 949, 951-955	1357	159	189	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1231	191	233	947, 949, 951-956	1357	191	322	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1231	247	285	947, 949, 951-956	1358	25	47	1079- 1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1231	287	335	947, 949, 951-956	1358	64	119	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1232	196	238	947, 949, 951-956	1358	121	151	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1232	252	290	947, 949, 951-956	1358	153	284	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1232	292	340	947, 949, 951-956	1359	31	53	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1233	209	251	947, 949, 951-956	1359	70	125	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1233	265	303	947, 949, 951-956	1359	127	157	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1233	305	351	947, 949, 951-956	1359	159	290	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1224	177	202	947-949, 951-956	1360	38	60	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1225	1	72	947, 949, 951-956	1360	77	132	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1225	74	135	947, 949, 951-956	1360	134	164	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1225	137	192	947, 949, 951-956	1360	166	297	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1226	110	180	947, 949, 951-955	1361	1	41	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1226	182	243	947, 949, 951-955	1361	64	86	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1226	245	300	947, 949, 951-955	1361	103	158	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1227	105	175	947, 949, 951-955	1361	160	190	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1227	177	238	947, 949, 951-955	1361	192	323	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1227	240	295	947, 949, 951-955	1362	31	53	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1228	58	128	947, 949, 951-956	1362	70	125	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1228	130	191	947, 949, 951-956	1362	127	157	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1228	193	248	947, 949, 951-956	1362	159	290	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1229	23	93	947, 949, 951-956	1363	33	55	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1229	95	156	947, 949, 951-956	1363	72	127	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1229	158	213	947, 949, 951-956	1363	129	159	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1230	104	174	947, 949, 951-955	1363	161	292	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1230	176	237	947, 949, 951-955	1364	4	59	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1230	239	294	947, 949, 951-955	1364	61	91	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1231	43	113	947, 949, 951-956	1364	93	224	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1231	115	176	947, 949, 951-956	1365	35	57	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1231	178	233	947, 949, 951-956	1365	74	129	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1232	48	118	947, 949, 951-956	1365	131	161	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1232	120	181	947, 949, 951-956	1365	163	294	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1232	183	238	947, 949, 951-956	1366	2	26	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1233	61	131	947, 949, 951-956	1366	28	58	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1233	133	194	947, 949, 951-956	1366	60	191	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1233	196	251	947, 949, 951-956	1367	2	116	1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1152,
							1153, 1154
1224	227	262	947-949, 951-956	1358	322	345	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1224	57	94	947-949, 951-956	1359	328	350	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1225	2	72	947, 949, 951-956	1362	328	351	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1225	206	243	947, 949, 951-956	1363	330	352	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1226	1	96	947, 949, 951-955	1364	262	285	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1226	98	180	947, 949, 951-955	1365	332	351	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1227	2	91	947, 949, 951-955	1366	229	252	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1227	93	175	947, 949, 951-955	1367	154	177	1079-1082, 1152-1154
1227	309	346	947, 949, 951-955	1358	322	344	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1228	2	44	947, 949, 951-956	1362	328	350	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1228	46	128	947, 949, 951-956	1364	262	284	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1228	262	299	947, 949, 951-956	1366	229	251	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1229	11	93	947, 949, 951-956	1367	154	176	1079-1082, 1152-1154
1229	227	264	947, 949, 951-956	1368	126	145	1083, 1087
1230	2	90	947, 949, 951-955	1368	153	177	1083, 1087
1230	92	174	947, 949, 951-955	1368	186	208	1083, 1087
1230	308	345	947, 949, 951-955	1368	224	253	1083, 1087
1231	2	29	947, 949, 951-956	1369	161	180	1083, 1084, 1089
1231	31	113	947, 949, 951-956	1370	124	143	1083, 1087
1231	247	284	947, 949, 951-956	1370	151	175	1083, 1087
1232	2	34	947, 949, 951-956	1370	184	206	1083, 1087
1232	36	118	947, 949, 951-956	1370	222	251	1083, 1087
1232	252	289	947, 949, 951-956	1369	278	303	1083, 1084, 1089
1233	2	47	947, 949, 951-956	1369	182	201	1083, 1084, 1089
1233	49	131	947, 949, 951-956	1371	1	71	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1233	265	302	947, 949, 951-956	1371	82	122	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1226	7	96	947, 949, 951-955	1371	124	180	1093-1095, 1098, 110 -1103
1227	1	91	947, 949, 951-955	1371	182	244	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1226	8	96	947, 949, 951-955	1372	16	56	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1227	3	91	947, 949, 951-955	1372	58	114	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1230	1	90	947, 949, 951-955	1372	116	178	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1226	54	96	947, 949, 951-955	1373	2	61	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1227	49	91	947, 949, 951-955	1373	72	112	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1228	1	44	947, 949, 951-956	1373	114	170	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1230	48	90	947, 949, 951-955	1373	172	234	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1233	5	47	947, 949, 951-956	1374	1	68	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1224	125	145	947-949, 951-956	1374	79	119	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1225	274	294	947, 949, 951-956	1374	121	177	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1228	330	350	947, 949, 951-956	1374	179	241	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1229	295	315	947, 949, 951-956	1375	2	41	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1231	315	335	947, 949, 951-956	1375	52	92	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1232	320	340	947, 949, 951-956	1375	94	150	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1233	333	351	947, 949, 951-956	1375	152	214	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1234	50	135	960, 964	1376	7	47	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1234	149	168	960, 964	1376	49	105	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1234	170	350	960, 964	1376	107	169	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1235	175	260	960, 963, 964	1371	124	148	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1235	274	293	960, 963, 964	1372	58	82	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1235	295	351	960, 963, 964	1373	114	138	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1236	190	275	960, 963, 964	1374	121	145	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1236	289	308	960, 963, 964	1375	94	118	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1236	310	351	960, 963, 964	1376	49	73	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1237	269	350	960, 963, 964	1371	182	276	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1238	51	136	960, 964	1371	278	333	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1238	150	169	960, 964	1372	116	210	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1238	171	350	960, 964	1372	212	267	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1239	50	135	960, 964	1372	269	309	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1239	149	168	960, 964	1372	311	352	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1239	170	351	960, 964	1373	172	266	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1240	103	188	960, 963, 964	1373	268	323	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1240	202	221	960, 963, 964	1373	325	351	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1240	223	351	960, 963, 964	1374	179	273	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1241	269	351	960, 963, 964	1374	275	330	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1242	87	172	960, 963, 964	1374	332	351	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1242	186	205	960, 963, 964	1375	152	246	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1242	207	351	960, 963, 964	1375	248	303	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1235	2	23	960, 963, 964	1375	305	345	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1235	25	114	960, 963, 964	1376	107	201	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1236	2	38	960, 963, 964	1376	203	258	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1236	40	129	960, 963, 964	1376	260	300	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1237	2	39	960, 963, 964	1376	302	342	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1237	41	117	960, 963, 964	1371	278	303	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1237	119	208	960, 963, 964	1372	212	237	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1240	2	42	960, 963, 964	1373	268	293	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1241	2	39	960, 963, 964	1374	275	300	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1241	41	117	960, 963, 964	1375	248	273	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1241	119	208	960, 963, 964	1376	203	228	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1242	2	26	960, 963, 964	1371	124	155	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1234	38	135	960, 964	1372	58	89	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1234	170	211	960, 964	1373	114	145	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1235	25	136	960, 963, 964	1374	121	152	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1235	163	260	960, 963, 964	1375	94	125	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1235	295	336	960, 963, 964	1376	49	80	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1236	1	38	960, 963, 964	1371	182	241	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1236	40	151	960, 963, 964	1372	116	175	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1236	178	275	960, 963, 964	1373	172	231	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1237	81	117	960, 963, 964	1374	179	238	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1237	119	230	960, 963, 964	1375	152	211	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1237	257	350	960, 963, 964	1376	107	166	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1238	39	136	960, 964	1371	278	325	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1238	171	212	960, 964	1372	212	259	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1239	38	135	960, 964	1373	268	315	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1239	170	211	960, 964	1374	275	322	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1240	2	64	960, 963, 964	1375	248	295	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1240	91	188	960, 963, 964	1376	203	250	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1240	223	264	960, 963, 964	1309	1	69	1114, 1115
1241	81	117	960, 963, 964	1309	71	96	1114, 1115
1241	119	230	960, 963, 964	1309	98	144	1114, 1115
1241	257	351	960, 963, 964	1309	152	195	1114, 1115
1242	2	48	960, 963, 964	1309	197	237	1114, 1115
1242	75	172	960, 963, 964	1309	254	352	1114, 1115
1242	207	248	960, 963, 964	1310	25	92	1114, 1115
1243	118	158	965, 966, 968, 969	1310	94	119	1114, 1115
1243	283	304	965, 966, 968, 969	1310	121	167	1114, 1115
1243	310	348	965, 966, 968, 969	1310	175	218	1114, 1115
1244	165	205	965, 966, 968, 969	1310	220	260	1114, 1115
1244	330	351	965, 966, 968, 969	1310	277	351	1114, 1115
1246	205	245	965, 966, 967, 968, 969	1311	7	74	1114, 1115
1247	206	246	965, 966, 967, 968, 969	1311	76	101	1114, 1115
1248	163	203	965, 966, 968, 969	1311	103	149	1114, 1115
1248	328	349	965, 966, 968, 969	1311	157	200	1114, 1115
1245	1	20	967	1311	202	242	1114, 1115
1245	22	42	967	1311	259	351	1114, 1115
1245	104	135	967	1312	9	76	1114, 1115
1245	137	155	967	1312	78	103	1114, 1115
1245	187	209	967	1312	105	151	1114, 1115
1246	36	58	965, 966, 967, 968, 969	1312	159	202	1114, 1115
1247	37	59	965, 966, 967, 968, 969	1312	204	244	1114, 1115
1244	330	352	965, 966, 968, 969	1312	261	352	1114, 1115
1249	2	20	970, 973, 974, 978, 979	1309	2	69	1114, 1115
1250	5	84	969-971, 973-979	1309	254	327	1114, 1115
1250	86	270	969-971, 973-979	1310	22	92	1114, 1115
1250	278	306	969-971, 973-979	1310	277	350	1114, 1115
1250	326	351	969-971, 973-979	1311	4	74	1114, 1115
1251	2	52	969-971, 973-979	1311	259	332	1114, 1115
1251	54	238	969-971, 973-979	1312	6	76	1114, 1115
1251	246	274	969-971, 973-979	1312	261	334	1114, 1115
1251	294	322	969-971, 973-979	1315	56	87	1117, 1119-1125
1253	115	194	969-971, 973-979	1315	91	114	1117, 1119-1125
1253	196	351	969-971, 973-979	1315	116	144	1117, 1119-1125
1254	3	31	970, 971, 973, 974,	1315	146	171	1117, 1119-1125
			977-979
1254	51	79	970, 971, 973, 974,	1315	185	225	1117, 1119-1125
			977-979
1255	282	352	1629	1315	275	294	970, 971, 973-978, 1626,
							1117, 1119-1125
1256	1	53	970, 971, 973-978	1315	317	342	1117, 1119-1125
1256	55	239	970, 971, 973-978	1316	22	45	1117, 1119-1125
1256	247	275	970, 971, 973-978	1316	47	75	1117, 1119-1125
1256	295	323	970, 971, 973-978	1316	77	102	1117, 1119-1125
1257	6	85	970, 971, 973-978	1316	116	156	1117, 1119-1125
1257	87	271	970, 971, 973-978	1316	206	225	1117, 1119-1125
1257	279	307	970, 971, 973-978	1316	248	273	1117, 1119-1125
1257	327	351	970, 971, 973-978	1316	275	317	1117, 1119-1125
1250	1	84	969-971, 973-979	1318	144	175	1117, 1119-1125
1250	326	352	969-971, 973-979	1318	179	202	1117, 1119-1125
1251	294	319	969-971, 973-979	1318	204	232	1117, 1119-1125
1253	112	194	969-971, 973-979	1318	234	259	1117, 1119-1125
1254	51	76	970, 971, 973, 974,	1318	273	313	1117, 1119-1125
			977-979
1255	279	352	1629	1319	2	20	970, 971, 973-978, 1626,
							1117, 1119-1125
1256	295	320	970, 971, 973-978	1319	24	47	1117, 1119-1125
1257	3	85	970, 971, 973-978	1319	49	77	1117, 1119-1125
1252	31	89	972	1319	79	104	1117, 1119-1125
1252	91	236	972	1319	118	158	1117, 1119-1125
1252	238	266	972	1319	208	227	1117, 1119-1125
1252	277	337	972	1319	250	275	1117, 1119-1125
1249	2	23	970, 973, 974, 978, 979	1319	277	319	1117, 1119-1125
1249	25	44	970, 973, 974, 978, 979	1313	17	81	1118, 1125
1250	34	84	969-971, 973-979	1313	92	117	1118, 1125
1251	1	52	969-971, 973-979	1313	137	204	1118, 1125
1251	294	325	969-971, 973-979	1313	215	240	1118, 1125
1251	327	346	969-971, 973-979	1313	242	291	1118, 1125
1253	144	194	969-971, 973-979	1313	293	329	1118, 1125
1254	51	82	970, 971, 973, 974,	1314	22	89	1118-1125
			977-979
1254	84	103	970, 971, 973, 974,	1314	100	125	1118-1125
			977-979
1255	311	352	1629	1314	127	176	970, 971, 973-978, 1626,
							1118-1125
1256	3	53	970, 971, 973-978	1314	178	214	1118-1125
1256	295	326	970, 971, 973-978	1317	25	92	1118, 1120-1122, 1124, 1125
1256	328	347	970, 971, 973-978	1317	103	128	1118, 1120-1122, 1124, 1125
1257	35	85	970, 971, 973-978	1317	130	179	1118, 1120-1122, 1124, 1125
1250	47	84	969-971, 973-979	1317	181	217	1118, 1120-1122, 1124, 1125
1251	15	52	969-971, 973-979	1314	332	351	1118-1125
1253	157	194	969-971, 973-979	1315	27	51	1117, 1119-1125
1255	324	352	1629	1316	275	306	970, 971, 973-978, 1626,
							1117, 1119-1125
1256	16	53	970, 971, 973-978	1318	115	139	1117, 1119-1125
1257	48	85	970, 971, 973-978	1319	277	308	1117, 1119-1125
1250	2	84	969-971, 973-979	1314	330	351	1118-1125
1250	86	241	969-971, 973-979	1315	25	51	1117, 1119-1125
1251	54	209	969-971, 973-979	1316	275	303	1117, 1119-1125
1253	1	68	969-971, 973-979	1317	333	351	1118, 1120-1122, 1124, 1125
1253	91	194	969-971, 973-979	1318	113	139	1117, 1119-1125
1253	196	352	969-971, 973-979	1319	277	305	1117, 1119-1125
1255	169	235	1629	1314	262	293	970, 971, 973-978, 1626,
							1118-1125
1255	258	352	1629	1314	295	314	970, 971, 973-978, 1626,
							1118-1125
1256	55	210	970, 971, 973-978	1314	316	351	1118-1125
1257	1	85	970, 971, 973-978	1315	11	51	1117, 1119-1125
1257	87	242	970, 971, 973-978	1317	265	296	1118, 1120-1122, 1124, 1125
1250	86	110	969-971, 973-979	1317	298	317	1118, 1120-1122, 1124, 1125
1251	54	78	969-971, 973-979	1317	319	351	1118, 1120-1122, 1124, 1125
1253	2	68	969-971, 973-979	1318	45	76	1117, 1119-1125
1253	196	220	969-971, 973-979	1318	78	97	1117, 1119-1125
1255	39	130	1629	1318	99	139	970, 971, 973-978, 1626,
							1117, 1119-1125
1255	132	235	1629	1316	275	324	970, 971, 973-978, 1626,
							1117, 1119-1125
1256	55	79	970, 971, 973-978	1319	277	326	1117, 1119-1125
1257	87	111	970, 971, 973-978	1299	50	96	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1250	326	350	969-971, 973-979	1300	2	43	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1251	294	318	969-971, 973-979	1300	66	112	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1253	110	194	969-971, 973-979	1300	123	154	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1254	51	75	970, 971, 973, 974,	1300	183	211	1126-1131, 1651-1653
			977-979
1255	277	352	1629	1300	213	232	970, 971, 973-978, 1626,
							1126-1131, 1651-1653
1256	295	319	970, 971, 973-978	1300	264	310	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1257	327	352	970, 971, 973-978	1301	1	35	1126-1131
1250	32	84	969 - 971, 973-979	1301	37	84	1126-1131
1253	142	194	969 - 971, 973-979	1301	107	153	1126-1131
1255	309	352	1629	1301	164	195	970, 971, 973-978, 1626,
							1126-1131
1257	33	85	970, 971, 973-978	1301	224	252	1126-1131
1249	46	68	970, 973, 974, 978, 979	1301	254	273	1126-1131
1250	61	84	969-971, 973-979	1301	305	351	1126-1131
1251	29	52	969-971, 973-979	1302	26	54	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1253	171	194	969-971, 973-979	1302	56	75	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1254	105	127	970, 971, 973, 974,	1302	107	153	1126-1131, 1651-1653
			977-979
1256	30	53	970, 971, 973-978	1303	11	39	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1257	62	85	970, 971, 973-978	1303	41	60	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1259	192	226	999-1004	1303	92	138	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1259	249	298	999-1004	1299	50	114	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1259	321	352	999-1004	1299	131	162	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1260	190	224	999-1004	1299	215	236	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1260	247	296	999-1004	1299	248	270	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1260	319	351	999-1004	1299	272	309	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1261	99	133	999-1004	1300	264	328	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1261	156	205	999-1004	1302	107	171	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1261	228	289	999-1004	1302	188	219	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1261	300	334	999-1004	1302	272	293	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1262	82	116	999-1004	1302	305	327	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1262	139	188	999-1004	1302	329	351	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1262	211	272	999-1004	1303	92	156	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1262	283	317	999-1004	1303	173	204	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1262	319	350	999-1004	1303	257	278	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1263	324	351	999-1004	1303	290	312	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1264	191	225	999-1004	1303	314	351	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1264	248	297	999-1004	1299	272	352	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1264	320	351	999-1004	1299	272	344	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1265	98	132	999-1004	1299	272	318	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1265	155	204	999-1004	1299	272	310	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1265	227	288	999-1004	1304	2	25	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1265	299	333	999-1004	1304	36	169	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1259	95	145	999-1004	1304	186	214	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1259	165	226	999-1004	1304	231	250	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1260	93	143	999-1004	1304	264	307	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1260	163	224	999-1004	1306	2	70	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1261	1	52	999-1004	1306	87	115	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1261	72	133	999-1004	1306	132	151	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1262	1	35	999-1004	1306	165	208	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1262	55	116	999-1004	1307	1	27	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1263	227	277	999-1004	1307	29	69	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1263	297	351	999-1004	1307	80	213	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1264	94	144	999-1004	1307	230	258	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1264	164	225	999-1004	1307	275	294	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1265	2	51	999-1004	1307	308	351	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1265	71	132	999-1004	1308	2	33	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1259	15	40	999-1004	1308	44	177	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1259	42	64	999-1004	1308	194	222	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1259	66	88	999-1004	1308	239	258	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1259	90	145	999-1004	1308	272	315	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1259	165	219	999-1004	1347	2	28	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1260	13	38	999-1004	1347	39	172	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1260	40	62	999-1004	1347	189	217	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1260	64	86	999-1004	1347	234	253	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1260	88	143	999-1004	1347	267	310	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1260	163	217	999-1004	1305	1	133	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,
							1583
1261	2	52	999-1004	1305	135	154	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,
							1583
1261	72	126	999-1004	1305	156	178	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,
							1583
1262	55	109	999-1004	1305	195	280	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,
							1583
1263	1	60	999-1004	1305	330	351	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,
							1583
1263	105	127	999-1004	1344	13	35	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,
							1583
1263	147	172	999-1004	1344	52	137	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,
							1583
1263	174	196	999-1004	1344	187	208	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,
							1583
1263	198	220	999-1004	1345	50	181	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,
							1583
1263	222	277	999-1004	1345	183	202	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,
							1583
1263	297	352	999-1004	1345	204	226	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,
							1583
1264	14	39	999-1004	1345	243	328	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,
							1583
1264	41	63	999-1004	1346	2	81	1133, 1137, 1138
1264	65	87	999-1004	1346	131	152	1133, 1137, 1138
1264	89	144	999-1004	1304	1	25	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1264	164	218	999-1004	1304	264	334	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1265	71	125	999-1004	1306	165	235	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1259	190	226	999-1004	1307	46	69	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1260	188	224	999-1004	1308	10	33	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1261	97	133	999-1004	1308	272	342	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1262	80	116	999-1004	1347	5	28	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1263	322	351	999-1004	1347	267	337	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1264	189	225	999-1004	1304	101	169	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1265	96	132	999-1004	1306	1	70	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1259	96	145	999-1004	1306	237	310	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1260	94	143	999-1004	1306	312	352	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1261	3	52	999-1004	1307	145	213	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1263	228	277	999-1004	1308	109	177	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1264	95	144	999-1004	1347	104	172	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1265	1	51	999-1004	1307	38	69	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1259	165	218	999-1004	1308	1	33	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1260	163	216	999-1004	1344	187	239	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,
							1583
1261	72	125	999-1004	1344	241	272	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,
							1583
1262	55	108	999-1004	1344	286	308	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,
							1583
1263	2	60	999-1004	1344	310	329	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,
							1583
1263	297	350	999-1004	1346	131	183	1133, 1137, 1138
1264	164	217	999-1004	1346	185	216	1133, 1137, 1138
1265	71	124	999-1004	1346	230	252	1133, 1137, 1138
1266	2	39	1016-1023	1346	254	273	1133, 1137, 1138
1266	41	87	1016-1023	1305	227	280	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,
							1583
1266	89	129	1016-1023	1344	84	137	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,
							1583
1267	2	74	1016-1023	1345	275	328	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,
							1583
1267	76	122	1016-1023	1346	28	81	1133, 1137, 1138
1267	124	164	1016-1023	1346	290	351	1133, 1137, 1138
1268	2	53	1016-1023	1348	44	66	1139, 1140, 1141, 1142
1268	55	101	1016-1023	1348	104	129	1139, 1140, 1141, 1142
1268	103	143	1016-1023	1348	131	156	1139, 1140, 1141, 1142
1269	2	72	1016-1023	1348	158	195	1139, 1140, 1141, 1142
1269	74	120	1016-1023	1348	167	189	1139, 1140, 1141, 1142
1269	122	162	1016-1023	1348	197	237	1139, 1140, 1141, 1142
1270	2	107	1016-1023	1348	215	234	1139, 1140, 1141, 1142
1270	109	155	1016-1023	1348	4	49	1139, 1140, 1141, 1142
1270	157	197	1016-1023	1348	4	74	1139, 1140, 1141, 1142
1271	2	62	1016-1023	1348	4	85	1139, 1140, 1141, 1142
1271	64	110	1016-1023	1349	19	90	1143
1271	112	152	1016-1023	1349	146	207	1143
1266	131	177	1016-1023	1349	209	256	1143
1266	179	207	1016-1023	1350	32	51	1144-1151, 1703
1266	209	243	1016-1023	1350	71	90	1144-1151, 1703
1267	166	212	1016-1023	1351	118	137	1144-1151
1267	214	242	1016-1023	1351	157	176	1144-1151
1267	244	278	1016-1023	1353	81	100	1144-1151
1268	145	191	1016-1023	1353	120	139	1144-1151
1268	193	221	1016-1023	1354	1	42	1144-1151
1268	223	257	1016-1023	1354	218	237	1144-1151
1269	164	210	1016-1023	1354	257	276	1144-1151
1269	212	240	1016-1023	1356	43	62	1144-1151
1269	242	276	1016-1023	1356	82	101	1144-1151
1270	199	245	1016-1023	1350	176	201	1144-1151, 1703
1270	247	275	1016-1023	1350	209	231	1144-1151, 1703
1270	277	311	1016-1023	1350	236	267	1144-1151, 1703
1271	154	200	1016-1023	1351	262	287	1144-1151
1271	202	230	1016-1023	1351	295	317	1144-1151
1271	232	266	1016-1023	1351	322	351	1144-1151
1266	209	294	1016-1023	1353	225	250	1144-1151
1266	296	316	1016-1023	1353	258	280	1144-1151
1267	1	74	1016-1023	1353	285	316	1144-1151
1267	244	329	1016-1023	1356	187	212	1144-1151
1267	331	351	1016-1023	1356	220	242	1144-1151
1268	223	308	1016-1023	1356	247	278	1144-1151
1268	310	330	1016-1023	1350	236	265	1144-1151, 1703
1269	242	327	1016-1023	1351	322	352	1144-1151
1269	329	349	1016-1023	1353	285	314	1144-1151
1270	35	107	1016-1023	1356	247	276	1144-1151
1270	277	351	1016-1023	1350	287	306	1144-1151, 1703
1271	232	317	1016-1023	1350	323	348	1144-1151, 1703
1271	319	339	1016-1023	1352	2	21	1147, 1150, 1151, 1703
1266	296	318	1016-1023	1352	38	63	1147, 1150, 1151, 1703
1267	4	74	1016-1023	1355	5	24	1147, 1150, 1151, 1703
1268	310	332	1016-1023	1355	41	66	1147, 1150, 1151, 1703
1269	1	72	1016-1023	1356	298	317	1144-1151
1269	329	351	1016-1023	1358	322	351	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1270	37	107	1016-1023	1364	262	291	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1271	319	341	1016-1023	1366	229	258	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1266	131	157	1016-1023	1367	154	183	1079-1082, 1152-1154
1267	166	192	1016-1023	1361	2	41	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1268	145	171	1016-1023	1210	1	35	1431
1269	164	190	1016-1023	1211	30	63	1431
1270	199	225	1016-1023	1213	15	48	1431
1271	154	180	1016-1023	1217	19	52	1431
1295	113	168	1026, 1027, 1024	1357	162	200	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1295	170	201	1026, 1027, 1024	1358	124	162	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1295	203	233	1026, 1027, 1024	1359	130	168	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1295	236	258	1026, 1027, 1024	1360	137	175	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1297	128	183	1026, 1027, 1024	1361	163	201	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1297	185	216	1026, 1027, 1024	1362	130	168	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1297	218	248	1026, 1027, 1024	1363	132	170	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1296	1	44	1025, 1028, 1029,	1364	64	102	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
			1515-1518, 1520				1455, 1457, 1458
1298	7	57	1025, 1028, 1029	1365	134	172	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1298	59	96	1025, 1028, 1029	1366	31	69	1079-1082, 1152-1154,
							1455, 1457, 1458
1298	110	132	1025, 1028, 1029	1054	198	244	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1298	143	210	1025, 1028, 1029	1054	285	319	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1295	17	87	1026, 1027, 1024	1056	191	237	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1297	32	102	1026, 1027, 1024	1056	278	312	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1294	127	153	1027	1057	14	60	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1295	17	46	1026, 1027, 1024	1057	101	135	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1297	32	61	1026, 1027, 1024	1057	233	264	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1298	5	57	1025, 1028, 1029	1060	269	315	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1320	249	268	1033, 1035, 1076	1390	10	50	1054 - 1057, 1060, 1492,
							1496-1498
1324	2	23	1036, 1037, 1038	1390	142	173	1054 - 1057, 1060, 1492,
							1496-1498
1326	14	38	1036, 1037, 1038	1391	73	104	1054 - 1057, 1060, 1492,
							1496-1498
1326	95	117	1036, 1037, 1038	1055	85	131	1493, 1494, 1495, 1499, 1500
1326	152	174	1036, 1037, 1038	1058	117	163	1493, 1494, 1495, 1499, 1500
1326	227	248	1036, 1037, 1038	1059	118	164	1493, 1494, 1495, 1499, 1500
1327	44	65	1036, 1037, 1038	1061	109	155	1493, 1494, 1495, 1499, 1500
1321	65	86	1037	1062	222	268	1493, 1494, 1495, 1499, 1500
1321	88	132	1037	1063	262	308	1493, 1494, 1495, 1499, 1500
1322	2	34	1037	1054	15	64	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1322	36	67	1037	1054	165	196	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1322	135	156	1037	1056	8	57	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1322	158	202	1037	1056	158	189	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1323	1	35	1037	1060	86	135	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1323	37	68	1037	1060	236	267	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1323	136	157	1037	1386	199	248	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1323	159	203	1037	1388	212	261	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1324	2	51	1036, 1037, 1038	1391	286	335	1054-1057, 1060, 1492,
							1496-1498
1324	56	93	1036, 1037, 1038	1384	311	351	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1324	95	126	1036, 1037, 1038	1385	312	351	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1324	194	215	1036, 1037, 1038	1387	83	123	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500, 1057
1324	217	261	1036, 1037, 1038	1389	162	202	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063,
							1500
1325	2	31	1037	1296	69	101	1025, 1028, 1029, 1515, 1516,
							1517, 1518, 1520
1325	33	64	1037	909	305	340	1531
1325	132	153	1037	960	70	101	1543, 1551
1325	155	199	1037	964	259	290	1543, 1551
1326	227	276	1036, 1037, 1038	1305	180	226	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,
							1583
1326	281	318	1036, 1037, 1038	1133	195	226	1580, 1581
1326	320	350	1036, 1037, 1038	1137	52	83	1580, 1581
1327	44	93	1036, 1037, 1038	1344	37	83	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,
							1583
1327	98	135	1036, 1037, 1038	1345	228	274	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,
							1583
1327	137	168	1036, 1037, 1038	1305	180	217	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,
							1583
1327	236	257	1036, 1037, 1038	1344	37	74	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,
							1583
1327	259	303	1036, 1037, 1038	1345	228	265	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581,
							1583
1324	2	24	1036, 1037, 1038	1039	176	210	1590, 1594, 1597, 1598
1326	227	249	1036, 1037, 1038	1040	142	176	1590, 1594, 1597, 1598
1327	44	66	1036, 1037, 1038	1041	248	282	1590, 1594, 1597, 1598
1328	3	59	1039-1043, 1045, 1594,	1042	141	175	1590, 1594, 1597, 1598
			1597, 1598
1328	70	146	1039-1043, 1045, 1594,	1328	175	209	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
			1597, 1598				1598
1328	148	215	1039-1043, 1045, 1594,	1331	2	54	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
			1597, 1598				1598
1328	232	263	1039-1043, 1045, 1594,	1331	200	234	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
			1597, 1598				1598
1328	328	350	1039-1043, 1045, 1594,	1332	142	176	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
			1597, 1598				1598
1329	22	53	1039-1043 1045	1333	176	210	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1329	118	140	1039-1043 1045	1334	16	68	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1330	31	62	1039-1043 1045	1334	214	248	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1330	127	149	1039-1043 1045	1335	76	110	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
							1598
1331	28	84	1039-1043, 1045, 1594,	1336	8	60	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
			1597, 1598				1598
1331	95	171	1039-1043, 1045, 1594,	1336	206	240	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
			1597, 1598				1598
1331	173	240	1039-1043, 1045, 1594,	1338	14	66	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
			1597, 1598				1598
1331	257	288	1039-1043, 1045, 1594,	1338	212	246	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,
			1597, 1598				1598
1332	2	26	1039-1043, 1045, 1594,	1255	165	199	970, 971, 973-978, 1626,
			1597, 1598				1629
1332	37	113	1039-1043, 1045, 1594,	976	129	163	1626, 1629
			1597, 1598
1332	115	182	1039-1043, 1045, 1594,	1299	98	129	1126-1131, 1651-1653
			1597, 1598
1332	199	230	1039-1043, 1045, 1594,	1300	312	343	1126-1131, 1651-1653
			1597, 1598
1332	295	317	1039-1043, 1045, 1594,	1302	155	186	1126-1131, 1651-1653
			1597, 1598
1333	4	60	1039-1043, 1045, 1594,	1303	140	171	1126-1131, 1651-1653
			1597, 1598
1333	71	147	1039-1043, 1045, 1594,	1350	314	345	1144-1151, 1703
			1597, 1598
1333	149	216	1039-1043, 1045, 1594,	1352	29	60	1147, 1150, 1151, 1703
			1597, 1598
1333	233	264	1039-1043, 1045, 1594,	1355	32	63	1147, 1150, 1151, 1703
			1597, 1598

All of the materials and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and used without undue experimentation as instructed by the above disclosure. Although the materials and methods disclosed herein have been described in terms of preferred embodiments and illustrative examples, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations can be applied to the materials and methods described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of this invention. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of this invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method of causing mortality or stunting in an insect, comprising contacting an insect with at least one recombinant double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) comprising at least one silencing element comprising an RNA strand identical or complementary to 21 or more contiguous nucleotides of an insect target gene sequence that has a DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 327, and the complement thereof, wherein said insect is Phylotreta spp., and wherein ingestion of said recombinant dsRNA by said insect results in mortality or stunting in said insect.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one silencing element comprises an RNA strand having a sequence identical or complementary to 21 or more contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1186.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein said insect is Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle).

4. The method of claim 1, wherein said silencing element comprises an RNA strand having a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1186.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein said recombinant dsRNA is provided in a microbial or plant cell that expresses said recombinant dsRNA, or in a microbial fermentation product, or is chemically synthesized.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one recombinant dsRNA is provided in a composition comprising said at least one recombinant dsRNA, wherein said composition is applied to a surface of said insect or to a surface of a seed or a plant in need of protection from infestation by said insect.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein said plant is: (a) selected from an ornamental plant or a crop plant;(b) a plant in the family Brassicaceae;(c) a Brassica species selected from the group consisting of B. napus, B, juncea, B. carinata, B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. rupestris, B. septiceps, B. nigra, B. narinosa, B. perviridus, B. tournefortii, and B. fructiculosa; (d) a Brassica plant selected from the group consisting canola, rapeseed, turnips, and field mustard or turnip rape;(e) selected from the group consisting of Glycine max, Linum usitatissimum, Zea mays, Carthamus tinctorius, Helianthus annuus, Nicotiana tabacum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Betholettia excelsa, Ricinus communis, Cocos nucifera, Coriandrum sativum, Gossypium spp., Arachis hypogaea, Simmondsia chinensis, Solanum tuberosum, Elaeis guineensis, Olea europaea, Oryza sativa, Cucurbita maxim, Hordeum vulgare, and Triticum aestivum; or(f) a potato plant and said insect is Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle).

8. The method of claim 6, wherein said contacting comprises: (a) oral delivery to said insect, non-oral delivery to said insect, or a combination of oral and non-oral delivery to said insect;(b) application of a composition comprising said recombinant dsRNA to a surface of said insect or to a surface of said plant infested by said insect;(c) providing said recombinant dsRNA in a composition that further comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a fungicide, a safener, a fertilizer, a micronutrient, an insect attractant, and an insect growth regulator;(d) providing said recombinant dsRNA in a composition that further comprises at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, a Bacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein, a bacterium that produces an insecticidal protein, an entomicidal bacterial species, Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus), Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillus species, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae; or(e) providing said recombinant dsRNA in a composition that is ingested by said insect.

9. An insecticidal composition comprising an insecticidally effective amount of a recombinant dsRNA molecule, wherein said recombinant dsRNA molecule comprises an RNA strand complementary to 21 or more contiguous nucleotides of a target gene of an insect that infests a plant, and the complement thereof, wherein said insect is Phylotreta spp., and wherein said target gene has a DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 327.

10. The insecticidal composition of claim 9, wherein said recombinant dsRNA molecule: (a) comprises at least one RNA strand having a sequence identical or complementary to 21 or more contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1186;(b) comprises dsRNA of at least 50 base pairs in length;(c) comprises blunt-ended dsRNA;(d) comprises dsRNA with an overhang at at least one terminus;(e) comprises dsRNA comprising at least one stem-loop;(f) comprises dsRNA that is chemically modified;(g) is a dsRNA comprising an RNA strand having a sequence identical or complementary to 21 or more contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1186;(h) is a dsRNA comprising an RNA strand having a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1186; or(i) is provided in a microbial or plant cell that expresses said recombinant dsRNA, or in a microbial fermentation product; or is chemically synthesized.

11. The insecticidal composition of claim 9, wherein said insecticidal composition: (a) further comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a fungicide, a safener, a fertilizer, a micronutrient, an insect attractant, and an insect growth regulator;(b) further comprises at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, a Bacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein, a bacterium that produces an insecticidal protein, an entomicidal bacterial species, Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus), Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillus species, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae; or(c) is in a form selected from the group consisting of a solid, liquid, powder, suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulation, microbeads, carrier particulates, film, matrix, soil drench, insect diet or insect bait, and seed treatment.

12. A plant treated with the insecticidal composition of claim 9, or a plant grown from seed treated with the insecticidal composition of claim 9, wherein said plant exhibits improved resistance to said insect.

13. A recombinant DNA construct comprising a heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA encoding a dsRNA comprising a sequence identical or complementary to 21 or more contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1186, and the complement thereof.

14. A recombinant vector, plant chromosome or plastid, or transgenic plant cell comprising the recombinant DNA construct of claim 13.

15. A method of providing a plant having improved resistance to a Phylotrera spp. insect, comprising expressing in said plant the recombinant DNA construct of claim 13.

16. A plant having improved resistance to a Phylotrera spp. insect, provided by the method of claim 15, or fruit, seed, or propagatable parts of said plant.