Patent Application
20240132855
This application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in XML format and is hereby incorporated by reference is its entirety. Said XML copy, created on Dec. 4, 2023, is named 59073-720_201_SL.xml and is 1,372,818 bytes in size.
Despite available treatments, chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remains a high unmet medical need, with more than 250 million carriers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) worldwide and approximately 800,000 annual deaths due to HBV-related liver disease. Current approved CHB therapies elicit a functional cure rate (defined as durable HBsAg loss and undetectable serum HBV after completing a course of treatment) of less than 20%. Accordingly, there is a need for improved clinical modalities targeting HBV.
Some aspects of the present disclosure provide systems, compositions, strategies, and methods for the epigenetic modification of HBV, including HBV in host cells and organisms.
Some aspects of this disclosure provide methods of modifying an epigenetic state of a hepatitis B virus (HBV) gene or genome, comprising contacting the HBV gene or genome with an epigenetic editing system, wherein the epigenetic editing system comprises a first DNA binding domain, a first DNMT domain, and a transcriptional repressor domain or one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding thereof, wherein the first DNA binding domain binds a first target region of the HBV gene or genome, and wherein the contacting results in a reduction of: number of HBV viral episomes, replication of the HBV gene or genome, and/or expression of a protein product encoded by the HBV gene or genome, wherein said reduction is at least about 20% compared to contacting the HBV gene or genome with a suitable control, and/or wherein said reduction of the number of HBV viral episomes, of replication of the HBV gene or genome, or of expression of a protein product encoded by the HBV gene or genome is at least about 20% compared to the number, replication, and/or expression in the subject before administering. Some aspects of this disclosure provide methods of treating an HBV infection in a subject comprising administering an epigenetic editing system to the subject, wherein the epigenetic editing system comprises a first DNA binding domain, a first DNMT domain, and a transcriptional repressor domain or one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding thereof, wherein the first DNA binding domain binds a first target region of a HBV gene or genome, and wherein the contacting results in a reduction of: number of HBV viral episomes, replication of the HBV gene or genome, and/or expression of a protein product encoded by the HBV gene or genome, wherein said reduction is at least about 20% compared to administering a suitable control, and/or wherein said reduction of the number of HBV viral episomes, of replication of the HBV gene or genome, or of expression of a protein product encoded by the HBV gene or genome is at least about 20% compared to the number, replication, and/or expression in the subject before administering. Some aspects of this disclosure provide methods of modulating expression of an HBV gene or genome comprising contacting the HBV gene or genome with an epigenetic editing system, wherein the epigenetic editing system comprises a first DNA binding domain, a first DNMT domain, and a transcriptional repressor domain or one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding thereof, wherein the first DNA binding domain binds a first target region of the HBV gene or genome, and wherein the contacting results in a reduction of expression of a gene product encoded by the HBV gene or genome, optionally, wherein the gene product is a nucleic acid or a protein, wherein said reduction is at least about 20% compared to contacting the HBV genome with a suitable control, and/or wherein said reduction of gene product encoded by the HBV gene or genome is at least about 20% compared to the expression in the subject before administering. Some aspects of this disclosure provide methods of inhibiting viral replication in a cell infected with an HBV comprising administering an epigenetic editing system, wherein the epigenetic editing system comprises a first DNA binding domain, a first DNMT domain, and a transcriptional repressor domain or one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding thereof, wherein the first DNA binding domain binds a first target region of a HBV gene or genome, and wherein the epigenetic editing system targets a target region of the HBV gene or genome, and wherein the contacting results in a reduction of number of HBV viral episomes or replication of the HBV gene or genome, wherein said reduction is at least about 20% compared to administering a suitable control, and/or wherein said reduction of the number of HBV viral episomes or replication of the HBV gene or genome is at least about 20% compared to the number and/or replication in the subject before administering. Some aspects of this disclosure provide methods comprising administering an epigenetic editing system to a subject in need thereof, wherein the epigenetic editing system comprises a first DNA binding domain, a first DNMT domain, and a transcriptional repressor domain or one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding thereof, wherein the first DNA binding domain binds a first target region of a HBV gene or genome, and wherein the contacting results in a reduction of: number of HBV viral episomes, replication of the HBV gene or genome, or expression of a protein product encoded by the HBV gene or genome, wherein said reduction is at least about 20% compared to administering a suitable control, and/or wherein said reduction of the number of HBV viral episomes, of replication of the HBV gene or genome, or of expression of a protein product encoded by the HBV gene or genome is at least about 20% compared to the number, replication, and/or expression in the subject before administering. In some embodiments, the HBV genome is a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) or an HBV integrated DNA. In some embodiments, the HBV genome comprises HBV genotype A, HBV genotype B, HBV genotype C, HBV genotype D, HBV genotype E, HBV genotype F, HBV genotype G or HBV genotype H. In some embodiments, the HBV genome comprises a sequence with at least 80% identity to an HBV genome sequence provided herein. In some embodiments, the first target region is located in a region of the HBV genome within nucleotide 0-303, 1000-2448 or 2802-3182 of an HBV genome provided herein. In some embodiments, the first target region of the HBV genome is located in a CpG island. In some embodiments, the first target region of the HBV genome is located in a promotor. In some embodiments, the first target region of the HBV genome is located in a section of the HBV genome that encodes a transcript selected from the group consisting of a pgRNA, a precure mRNA, a preS mRNA, a S mRNA, and a X mRNA. In some embodiments, the first DNA binding domain comprises a CRISPR-Cas protein. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editing system further comprises a first guide RNA (gRNA) that comprises a region complementary to a strand of the first target region. In some embodiments, the gRNA comprises a sequence selected from a gRNA provided and/or disclosed herein, e.g., in Table 14 and/or 15. In some embodiments, the first DNA binding domain comprises a zinc-finger protein. In some embodiments, the zinc-finger protein comprises a zinc-finger motif with a sequence selected from any zinc finger or zinc finger motif provided herein, e.g., in Table 1. In some embodiments, the zinc-finger protein comprises a sequence of any of the zinc finger epigenetic repressors provided herein. In some embodiments, the transcriptional repressor domain comprises ZIM3 In some embodiments, the first DNMT domain is a DNMT3A domain or a DNMT3L domain. In some embodiments, the first DNMT domain comprises a sequence of a DNMT domain provided herein. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editing system further comprises a second DNMT domain or a nucleic acid encoding thereof. In some embodiments, the second DNMT domain is a DNMT3A domain or a DNMT3L domain. In some embodiments, the second DNMT domain comprises a sequence of a DNMT domain provided herein. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editing system comprises a fusion protein or a nucleic acid encoding thereof, and wherein the fusion protein comprises the first DNA binding domain, the first DNMT domain, the repressor domain and the second DNMT domain. In some embodiments, the fusion protein further comprises a nuclear localization signal (NLS). In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises a sequence of a fusion protein provided herein. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editing system further comprises a second DNA binding domain or a nucleic acid encoding thereof, wherein the second DNA binding domain binds a second target region of the HBV genome. In some embodiments, the second target region is located in a region of the HBV genome within nucleotide 0-303, 1000-2448 or 2802-3182. In some embodiments, the second target region of the HBV genome is located in a CpG island. In some embodiments, the second target region of the HBV genome is located in a promotor. In some embodiments, the second target region of the HBV genome is located in a section of the HBV genome that encodes a transcript selected from the group consisting of a pgRNA, a precure mRNA, a preS mRNA, a S mRNA, and a X mRNA. In some embodiments, the second DNA binding domain comprises a CRISPR-Cas protein. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editing system further comprises a second gRNA that comprises a region complementary to a strand of the second target region. In some embodiments, the gRNA comprises a sequence selected from a gRNA sequence provided herein, e.g., a sequence provided and/or disclosed in Table 14 and/or 15. In some embodiments, the second DNA binding domain comprises a zinc-finger protein. In some embodiments, the zinc-finger protein comprises a zinc-finger motif with a sequence selected from a zinc finger motif sequence provided herein, e.g., a zinc finger motif provided in Table 1. In some embodiments, the zinc-finger protein comprises a sequence of a zinc finger motif provided in Table 1. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editing system comprises a first fusion protein or a first nucleic acid encoding thereof and a second fusion protein or a second nucleic acid encoding thereof, wherein the first fusion protein comprises the first DNA binding domain and the first DNMT domain, and wherein the second fusion protein comprises the second DNA binding domain and the transcriptional repressor domain. In some embodiments, the first fusion protein comprises a sequence of a fusion protein provided herein. In some embodiments, the second fusion protein comprises a sequence of a fusion protein provided herein. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editing system further comprises a third DNA binding domain or a nucleic acid encoding thereof, wherein the third DNA binding domain binds to a third target region of the HBV genome. In some embodiments, the third target region is located in a region of the HBV genome within nucleotide 0-303, 1000-2448 or 2802-3182. In some embodiments, the third target region of the HBV genome is located in a CpG island. In some embodiments, the third target region of the HBV genome is located in a promotor. In some embodiments, the third target region of the HBV genome is located in a section of the HBV genome that encodes a transcript selected from the group consisting of a pgRNA, a precure mRNA, a preS mRNA, a S mRNA, and a X mRNA. In some embodiments, the third DNA binding domain comprises a CRISPR-Cas protein. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editing system further comprises a third gRNA that comprises a region complementary to a strand of the third target region. In some embodiments, the third gRNA comprises a sequence selected from a gRNA sequence provided herein, e.g., of a gRNA sequence provided and/or disclosed in Table 14 and/or 15. In some embodiments, the third DNA binding domain comprises a zinc-finger protein. In some embodiments, the zinc-finger protein comprises a zinc-finger motif with a sequence selected from a zinc finger motif provided herein. In some embodiments, the zinc-finger protein comprises a sequence of a zinc finger motif provided in Table 1. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editing system further comprises a second DNMT domain or a nucleic acid encoding thereof. In some embodiments, the second DNMT domain is a DNMT3A domain or a DNMT3L domain. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editing system comprises a third fusion protein or a nucleic acid encoding thereof, wherein the third fusion protein comprises the third DNA binding domain and the second DNMT domain. In some embodiments, the third fusion protein comprises a sequence of a fusion protein provided herein. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editing system comprises a nucleic acid sequence provided in Table 20. In some embodiments, the reduction of the number of HBV viral episomes, of replication of the HBV gene or genome, or of expression of a protein product encoded by the HBV gene or genome is at least about 20% compared to the number of HBV viral episomes, of replication of the HBV gene or genome, or of expression of a protein product encoded by the HBV gene or genome measured or observed before contacting the HBV genome with the epigenetic editing system, or before administering the epigenetic editing system to the subject. In some embodiments, the reduction of the number of HBV viral episomes, of replication of the HBV gene or genome, or of expression of a protein product encoded by the HBV gene or genome is at least about 25%, at least about 50%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%, at least about 99.5%, at least about 99.8%, at least about 99.9%, at least about 99.95%, at least about 99.99%, or more than 99.99%, compared to the number of HBV viral episomes, of replication of the HBV gene or genome, or of expression of a protein product encoded by the HBV gene or genome measured or observed before contacting the HBV genome with the epigenetic editing system, or before administering the epigenetic editing system to the subject.
Some aspects of this disclosure provide epigenetic editing systems comprising: a fusion protein or a nucleic acid encoding the fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein comprises: (a) a DNA-binding domain that binds a target region of a HBV gene or genome, (b) a first DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) domain, and (c) a transcriptional repressor domain. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editing system is capable of reducing a number of the HBV viral episome, replication of the HBV, or expression of a gene product encoded by the HBV gene or genome, wherein said reduction is at least about 20% compared to contacting the HBV gene or genome with a suitable control. In some embodiments, the HBV genome is a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) or an HBV integrated DNA. In some embodiments, the HBV genome comprises HBV genotype A, HBV genotype B, HBV genotype C, HBV genotype D, HBV genotype E, HBV genotype F, HBV genotype G or HBV genotype H. In some embodiments, the HBV genome comprises a sequence with at least 80% identity to an HBV genome sequence provided herein. In some embodiments, the target region is located in a region of the HBV genome within nucleotide 0-303, 1000-2448 or 2802-3182 of an HBV genome sequence provided herein. In some embodiments, the target region of the HBV genome is located in a CpG island. In some embodiments, the target region of the HBV genome is located in a promotor. In some embodiments, the target region of the HBV genome is located in a section of the HBV genome that encodes a transcript selected from the group consisting of a pgRNA, a precure mRNA, a preS mRNA, a S mRNA, and a X mRNA. In some embodiments, the DNA binding domain comprises a CRISPR-Cas protein. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editing system further comprises a gRNA that comprises a region complementary to a strand of the target region. In some embodiments, the gRNA comprises a sequence selected from a gRNA sequence provided herein, e.g., in Table 14 and/or 15. In some embodiments, the DNA binding domain comprises a zinc-finger protein. In some embodiments, the zinc-finger protein comprises a zinc-finger motif with a sequence selected from a zinc finger motif provided herein. In some embodiments, the zinc-finger protein comprises a sequence of a zinc finger motif provided in Table 1. In some embodiments, the transcriptional repressor domain comprises a sequence of a transcriptional repressor provided herein. In some embodiments, the first DNMT domain is a DNMT3A domain or a DNMT3L domain. In some embodiments, the DNMT domain comprises a sequence of a DNMT domain provided herein. In some embodiments, the fusion protein further comprises a second DNMT domain. In some embodiments, the second DNMT domain is a DNMT3A domain or a DNMT3L domain. In some embodiments, the fusion protein further comprises a nuclear localization signal (NLS). In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises a sequence of a fusion protein provided herein. Some aspects of the present disclosure provide epigenetic editing systems comprising: a first fusion protein or a nucleic acid encoding the first fusion protein, wherein the first fusion protein comprises a first DNA binding domain and a first DNMT domain, wherein the first DNA binding domain binds a first target region of a HBV genome, and a second fusion protein or a nucleic acid encoding the second fusion protein, wherein the second fusion protein comprises a second DNA binding domain and a transcriptional repressor domain, wherein the second DNA binding domain binds a second target region of the HBV genome. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editing system is capable of reducing a number of the HBV viral episome, replication of the HBV, or expression of a gene product encoded by the HBV genome, wherein said reduction is at least about 20% compared to contacting the HBV genome with a suitable control. In some embodiments, the HBV genome is a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) or an HBV integrated DNA. In some embodiments, the HBV genome comprises HBV genotype A, HBV genotype B, HBV genotype C, HBV genotype D, HBV genotype E, HBV genotype F, HBV genotype G or HBV genotype H In some embodiments, the HBV genome comprises a sequence with at least 80% identity to an HBV genome provided herein. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editing system further comprises a third fusion protein or a nucleic acid encoding the third fusion protein, wherein the third fusion protein comprises a third DNA binding domain and a second DNMT domain, wherein the third DNA binding domain binds a third target region of the HBV genome. In some embodiments, the first target region, the second target region or the third target region is located in a region of the HBV genome within nucleotide 0-303, 1000-2448 or 2802-3182 of an HBV genome provided herein In some embodiments, the first target region, the second target region or the third target region of the HBV genome is located in a CpG island In some embodiments, the first target region, the second target region or the third target region of the HBV genome is located in a promotor In some embodiments, the first target region, the second target region or the third target region of the HBV genome is located in a section of the HBV genome that encodes a transcript selected from the group consisting of a pgRNA, a precure mRNA, a preS mRNA, a S mRNA, and a X mRNA In some embodiments, the first DNA binding domain, the second DNA binding domain or the third DNA binding domain comprises a CRISPR-Cas protein. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editing system further comprises a first gRNA that comprises a region complementary to a strand of the first target region, a second gRNA that comprises a region complementary to a strand of the second target region or a third RNA that comprises a region complementary to a strand of the third target region. In some embodiments, the first gRNA comprises a sequence selected from a gRNA sequence provided herein, e.g., provided and/or disclosed in Table 14 and/or 15, the second gRNA comprises a sequence selected from a gRNA sequence provided herein, e.g., provided and/or disclosed in Table 14 and/or 15, and/or the third gRNA comprises a sequence selected from a gRNA sequence provided and/or disclosed herein, e.g., provided and/or disclosed in Table 14 and/or 15. In some embodiments, the first DNA binding domain, the second DNA binding domain or the third DNA binding domain comprises a zinc-finger protein In some embodiments, the zinc-finger protein comprises a zinc-finger motif with a sequence selected from a zinc finger motif provided herein In some embodiments, the zinc-finger protein comprises a sequence of a zinc finger motif provided in Table 1. In some embodiments, the transcriptional repressor domain comprises ZIM3. In some embodiments, the first DNMT domain is a DNMT3A domain or a DNMT3L domain. In some embodiments, the first DNMT domain comprises a sequence of a DNMT provided herein. In some embodiments, the second DNMT domain is a DNMT3A domain or a DNMT3L domain. In some embodiments, the second DNMT domain comprises a sequence of a DNMT domain provided herein. In some embodiments, the first fusion protein comprises a sequence of a fusion protein provided herein. In some embodiments, the second fusion protein comprises a sequence of a fusion protein provided herein. In some embodiments, the third fusion protein comprises a sequence of a fusion protein provided herein. In some embodiments of any of the previous methods, the epigenetic editing system comprises a nucleic acid sequence provided in Table 20. In some embodiments, the reduction of the number of HBV viral episomes, of replication of the HBV gene or genome, or of expression of a protein product encoded by the HBV gene or genome is at least about 20% compared to the number of HBV viral episomes, of replication of the HBV gene or genome, or of expression of a protein product encoded by the HBV gene or genome measured or observed before contacting the HBV genome with the epigenetic editing system, or before administering the epigenetic editing system to the subject. In some embodiments, the reduction of the number of HBV viral episomes, of replication of the HBV gene or genome, or of expression of a protein product encoded by the HBV gene or genome is at least about 25%, at least about 50%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%, at least about 99.5%, at least about 99.8%, at least about 99.9%, at least about 99.95%, at least about 99.99%, or more than 99.99%, compared to the number of HBV viral episomes, of replication of the HBV gene or genome, or of expression of a protein product encoded by the HBV gene or genome measured or observed before contacting the HBV genome with the epigenetic editing system, or before administering the epigenetic editing system to the subject.
Some aspects of the present disclosure provide a method of treating an HDV infection in a subject comprising administering an epigenetic editing system to the subject, wherein the epigenetic editing system comprises a first DNA binding domain, a first DNMT domain, and a transcriptional repressor domain or one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding thereof, wherein the first DNA binding domain binds a first target region of a HBV gene or genome, and wherein the contacting results in a reduction of: number of HDV viral episomes, replication of the HDV gene or genome, or expression of a protein product encoded by the HDV gene or genome, wherein said reduction is at least about 20% compared to administering a suitable control. Some aspects of the present disclosure provide a method of inhibiting viral replication in a cell infected with an HDV comprising administering an epigenetic editing system, wherein the epigenetic editing system comprises a first DNA binding domain, a first DNMT domain, and a transcriptional repressor domain or one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding thereof, wherein the first DNA binding domain binds a first target region of a HBV gene or genome, and wherein the epigenetic editing system targets a target region of the HBV gene or genome, and wherein the contacting results in a reduction of number of HDV viral episomes or replication of the HDV gene or genome, wherein said reduction is at least about 20% compared to administering a suitable control. In some embodiments, the first DNA binding domain comprises a CRISPR-Cas protein. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editing system further comprises a first guide RNA (gRNA) that comprises a region complementary to a strand of the first target region. In some embodiments, the gRNA comprises a sequence selected from a gRNA provided herein, e.g., in Table 14 and/or 15. In some embodiments, the first DNA binding domain comprises a zinc-finger protein. In some embodiments, the zinc-finger protein comprises a zinc-finger motif with a sequence selected from any zinc finger or zinc finger motif provided herein, e.g., in Table 1 or Table 20. In some embodiments, the zinc-finger protein comprises a sequence of any of the zinc finger epigenetic repressors provided herein. In some embodiments, the transcriptional repressor domain comprises ZIM3. In some embodiments, the first DNMT domain is a DNMT3A domain or a DNMT3L domain. In some embodiments, the first DNMT domain comprises a sequence of a DNMT domain provided herein. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editing system further comprises a second DNMT domain or a nucleic acid encoding thereof. In some embodiments, the second DNMT domain is a DNMT3A domain or a DNMT3L domain. In some embodiments, the second DNMT domain comprises a sequence of a DNMT domain provided herein. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editing system comprises a fusion protein or a nucleic acid encoding thereof, and wherein the fusion protein comprises the first DNA binding domain, the first DNMT domain, the repressor domain and the second DNMT domain. In some embodiments, the fusion protein further comprises a nuclear localization signal (NLS). In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises a sequence of a fusion protein provided herein. In some embodiments, the first DNA binding domain binds a target region of an HBV gene or genome encoding or controlling expression of an S-antigen. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editing system comprises a nucleic acid sequence provided in Table 20. In some embodiments, the reduction of the number of HBV viral episomes, of replication of the HBV gene or genome, or of expression of a protein product encoded by the HBV gene or genome is at least about 20% compared to the number of HBV viral episomes, of replication of the HBV gene or genome, or of expression of a protein product encoded by the HBV gene or genome measured or observed before contacting the HBV genome with the epigenetic editing system, or before administering the epigenetic editing system to the subject. In some embodiments, the reduction of the number of HBV viral episomes, of replication of the HBV gene or genome, or of expression of a protein product encoded by the HBV gene or genome is at least about 25%, at least about 50%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%, at least about 99.5%, at least about 99.8%, at least about 99.9%, at least about 99.95%, at least about 99.99%, or more than 99.99%, compared to the number of HBV viral episomes, of replication of the HBV gene or genome, or of expression of a protein product encoded by the HBV gene or genome measured or observed before contacting the HBV genome with the epigenetic editing system, or before administering the epigenetic editing system to the subject.
Some aspects of the present disclosure provide an epigenetic editing system for modifying an epigenetic state of a hepatitis B virus (HBV) gene or genome comprising a fusion protein, or a nucleic acid encoding the fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein comprises a DNA-binding domain that binds a target region of an HBV genome, wherein the DNA binding domain comprises a catalytically inactive CRISPR-Cas protein, an epigenetic repression domain, and a gRNA, or a nucleic acid encoding the gRNA, wherein the gRNA comprises a region complementary to a strand of the target region of the HBV genome, wherein the HBV genome is a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) or an HBV integrated DNA, wherein the target region of the HBV genome is located in a region within nucleotide 0-303, 1000-2448 or 2802-3182, and wherein the HBV genome comprises HBV genotype A, HBV genotype B, HBV genotype C, HBV genotype D, HBV genotype E, HBV genotype F, HBV genotype G or HBV genotype H. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the HBV genome comprises a nucleotide sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 1082 and/or SEQ ID NO: 1083, or a sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% identity to SEQ ID NO: 1082 and/or SEQ ID NO: 1083. In some embodiments, the target region of the HBV genome is located in a region within nucleotide 0-303. In some embodiments, the target region of the HBV genome is located in a region within nucleotide 1000-2448. In some embodiments, the target region of the HBV genome is located in a region within nucleotide 2802-3182. In some embodiments, the target region comprises a sequence corresponding to any of SEQ ID NOs: 333-475, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the gRNA comprises a targeting domain corresponding to any of SEQ ID NOs: 333-475, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the gRNA comprises a sequence corresponding to any of SEQ ID NOs: 1093-1235, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the target region comprises a sequence corresponding to any of SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: 345, SEQ ID NO: 390, SEQ ID NO: 391, SEQ ID NO: 389, SEQ ID NO: 411, SEQ ID NO: 441, or SEQ ID NO: 457, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the gRNA comprises a targeting domain corresponding to any of SEQ ID NO: 345, SEQ ID NO: 390, SEQ ID NO: 391, SEQ ID NO: 389, SEQ ID NO: 411, SEQ ID NO: 441, or SEQ ID NO: 457, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the gRNA comprises a sequence corresponding to any of SEQ ID NO: 1105, SEQ ID NO: 1150, SEQ ID NO: 1151, SEQ ID NO: 1149, SEQ ID NO: 1171, SEQ ID NO: 1201, or SEQ ID NO: 1217, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the fusion protein comprises a DNMT domain. In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises a DNMT3A and/or a DNMT3L domain. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the fusion protein of comprises a KRAB domain. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the fusion protein of comprises a nuclear localization signal (NLS).
Some aspects of the present disclosure comprise a method comprising contacting an HBV genome with an epigenetic editing system, wherein the epigenetic editing system comprises a fusion protein, or a nucleic acid encoding the fusion protein, wherein the fusion protein comprises a DNA-binding domain that binds a target region of an HBV genome, wherein the DNA binding domain comprises a catalytically inactive CRISPR-Cas protein, an epigenetic repression domain, and a gRNA, or a nucleic acid encoding the gRNA, wherein the gRNA comprises a region complementary to a strand of the target region of the HBV genome, wherein the HBV genome is a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) or an HBV integrated DNA, wherein the target region of the HBV genome is located in a region within nucleotide 0-303, 1000-2448 or 2802-3182, and wherein the HBV genome comprises HBV genotype A, HBV genotype B, HBV genotype C, HBV genotype D, HBV genotype E, HBV genotype F, HBV genotype G or HBV genotype H. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the HBV genome comprises a nucleotide sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 1082 and/or SEQ ID NO: 1083. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the target region comprises a sequence corresponding to any of SEQ ID NOs: 333-475, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the gRNA comprises a targeting domain corresponding to any of SEQ ID NOs: 333-475, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the gRNA comprises a sequence corresponding to any of SEQ ID NOs: 1093-1235, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the target region comprises a sequence corresponding to any of SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: 345, SEQ ID NO: 390, SEQ ID NO: 391, SEQ ID NO: 389, SEQ ID NO: 411, SEQ ID NO: 441, or SEQ ID NO: 457, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the gRNA comprises a targeting domain corresponding to any of SEQ ID NO: 345, SEQ ID NO: 390, SEQ ID NO: 391, SEQ ID NO: 389, SEQ ID NO: 411, SEQ ID NO: 441, or SEQ ID NO: 457, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the gRNA comprises a sequence corresponding to any of SEQ ID NO: 1105, SEQ ID NO: 1150, SEQ ID NO: 1151, SEQ ID NO: 1149, SEQ ID NO: 1171, SEQ ID NO: 1201, or SEQ ID NO: 1217, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the fusion protein comprises a DNMT domain. In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises a DNMT3A and/or a DNMT3L domain. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the fusion protein comprises a KRAB domain. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the fusion protein comprises a nuclear localization signal (NLS). In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the method further comprises measuring number of HBV viral episomes, replication of the HBV genome, and/or expression of a protein product encoded by the HBV genome. In some embodiments, the contacting results in a reduction of at least about 80% of number of HBV viral episomes, replication of the HBV genome, and/or expression of a protein product encoded by the HBV genome compared to contacting the HBV genome with a suitable control. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the measuring is performed 14 days or more after the contacting.
Other features, objectives, and advantages of the invention are apparent in the detailed description that follows. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description, while indicating embodiments and embodiments of the invention, is given by way of illustration only, not limitation. Various changes and modifications within the scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the detailed description.
The present disclosure provides epigenetic editors, and strategies and methods of using such epigenetic editors, for regulating expression of HBV. By altering expression of HBV, and in particular, by repressing expression of HBV, e.g., of a gene comprised in the HBV genome or a gene product encoded by the HBV genome, the compositions and methods described herein are useful to suppress viral function in infected cells, e.g., in the context of treating an HBV infection in a human subject, or in the context of treating CHB.
The structure and biology of HBV as well as HBV-associated diseases have been reported (see, for example, Yuen, M F., Chen, D S., Dusheiko, G. et al. Hepatitis B virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers 4, 18035 (2018), incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
Exemplary HBV sequences can be found at various NCBI database entries, e.g., representative sequences can be found under accession numbers NC_003977.2 and U95551, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, and the sequences of which are provided elsewhere herein.
A number of treatment options for HBV has been reported, but there remains a need for effective treatment of HBV infections. Genetic editing approaches targeting HBV genomes for cutting of genomic DNA are associated with a risk of off-target cutting and genomic translocations. The present epigenetic editors and related methods of use have several advantages compared to other genome engineering methods, including increased efficiency, decreased risk of translocation, and durable silencing of HBV.
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is the smallest pathogen known to infect humans. HDV infection is only found in patients infected with HBV, as HDV relies on HBV functions for most of its functions, including viral packaging, infectivity, transmission, and inhibition of host immunity. About 5% of patients with HBV infection also have an HDV infection. HDV uses HBV S-antigen (HBsAg) as a capsid protein, and HDV infection is therefore dependent on HBV S-antigen production. Decreasing HBV S-antigen expression also reduces HDV infectivity. The structure and biology of HDV has been reported (see, for example, Asselah and Rizzetto, Hepatitis D Virus Infection, The New England Journal of Medicine (359;1; Jul. 6, 2023), incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). In some embodiments of the present disclosure, HDV infection is addressed through methods targeting an HBV gene or genome.
In some embodiments, an epigenetic editor as described herein may comprise one or more fusion proteins, wherein each fusion protein comprises a DNA-binding domain linked to one or more effector domains for epigenetic modification. In certain embodiments, where the DNA-binding domain is a polynucleotide guided DNA-binding domain, the epigenetic editor may further comprise one or more guide polynucleotides. DNA-binding domains, effector domains, and guide polynucleotides of an epigenetic editor as described herein may be selected, e.g., from those described below, in any functional combination.
The epigenetic editors described herein may be expressed in a host cell transiently, or may be integrated in a genome of the host cell; such cells and their progeny are also contemplated by the present disclosure. Both transiently expressed and integrated epigenetic editors or components thereof can effect stable epigenetic modifications. For example, after introducing to a host cell an epigenetic editor described herein, the target gene in the host cell may be stably or permanently repressed or silenced. For example, in some embodiments provided herein, a transiently expressed epigenetic editor comprising a DNMT3A domain, a DNMT3L domain, and a KRAB domain effects stable epigenetic modifications. For example, in some embodiments provided herein, a constitutively expressed epigenetic editor comprising DNMT3A and a DNMT3L domain effects stable epigenetic modifications. In some embodiments, expression of the target gene is reduced or silenced for at least 1 week, at least 2 weeks, at least 3 weeks, at least 4 weeks, at least 5 weeks, at least 6 weeks, at least 7 weeks, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 4 months, at least 5 months, at least 6 months, at least 1 year, at least 2 years, or for the entire lifetime of the cell or the subject carrying the cell, as compared to the level of expression in the absence of the epigenetic editor. The epigenetic modification may be inherited by the progeny of the host cells into which the epigenetic editor was introduced.
The present epigenetic editors may be introduced to a patient in need thereof (e.g., a human patient), e.g., into the patient's hepatocytes, biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes), stellate cells, Kupffer cells, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells.
An epigenetic editor described herein may comprise one or more DNA-binding domains that direct the effector domain(s) of the epigenetic editor to target sequences within an HBV genome. A DNA-binding domain as described herein may be, e.g., a polynucleotide guided DNA-binding domain, a zinc finger protein (ZFP) domain, a transcription activator like effector (TALE) domain, a meganuclease DNA-binding domain, and the like. Examples of DNA-binding domains can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 11,162,114, which is incorporated by refence herein in its entirety.
In some embodiments, a DNA-binding domain described herein is encoded by its native coding sequence. In other embodiments, the DNA-binding domain is encoded by a nucleotide sequence that has been codon-optimized for optimal expression in human cells.
A. Polynucleotide Guided DNA-Binding Domains
In some embodiments, a DNA-binding domain herein may be a protein domain directed by a guide nucleic acid sequence (e.g., a guide RNA sequence) to a target site in an HBV genome. In certain embodiments, the protein domain may be derived from a CRISPR-associated nuclease, such as a Class I or II CRISPR-associated nuclease. In some embodiments, the protein domain may be derived from a Cas nuclease such as a Type II, Type IIA, Type IIB, Type IIC, Type V, or Type VI Cas nuclease. In certain embodiments, the protein domain may be derived from a Class II Cas nuclease selected from Cas1, Cas1B, Cas2, Cas3, Cas4, Cas5, Cas6, Cas7, Cas8, Cas9, Cas10, Cas14a, Cas14b, Cas14c, CasX, CasY, CasPhi, C2c4, C2c8, C2c9, C2c10, Csy1, Csy2, Csy3, Cse1, Cse2, Csc1, Csc2, Csa5, Csn2, Csm2, Csm3, Csm4, Csm5, Csm6, Cmr1, Cmr3, Cmr4, Cmr5, Cmr6, Csb1, Csb2, Csb3, Csx17, Csx14, Csx10, Csx16, CsaX, Csx3, Csx1, Csx1S, Csf1, Csf2, CsO, Csf4, and homologues and modified versions thereof “Derived from” is used to mean that the protein domain comprises the full polypeptide sequence of the parent protein, or comprises a variant thereof (e.g., with amino acid residue deletions, insertions, and/or substitutions). The variant retains the desired function of the parent protein (e.g., the ability to form a complex with the guide nucleic acid sequence and the target DNA).
In some embodiments, the CRISPR-associated protein domain may be a Cas9 domain described herein. Cas9 may, for example, refer to a polypeptide with at least about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity and/or sequence similarity to a wildtype Cas9 polypeptide described herein. In some embodiments, said wildtype polypeptide is Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes (NCBI Ref. No. NC_002737.2 (SEQ ID NO: 1)) and/or UniProt Ref. No. Q99ZW2 (SEQ ID NO: 2). In some embodiments, said wildtype polypeptide is Cas9 from Staphylococcus aureus (SEQ ID NO: 3). In some embodiments, the CRISPR-associated protein domain is a Cpf1 domain or protein, or a polypeptide with at least about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity and/or sequence similarity to a wildtype Cpf1 polypeptide described herein (e.g., Cpf1 from Franscisella novicida (UniProt Ref. No. U2UMQ6 or SEQ ID NO: 4). In certain embodiments, the CRISPR-associated protein domain may be a modified form of the wildtype protein comprising one or more amino acid residue changes such as a deletion, an insertion, or a substitution; a fusion or chimera; or any combination thereof.
Cas9 sequences and structures of variant Cas9 orthologs have been described for various organisms. Exemplary organisms from which a Cas9 domain herein can be derived include, but are not limited to, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus thermophilus, Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria innocua, Lactobacillus gasseri, Francisella novicida, Wolinella succinogenes, Sutterella wadsworthensis, Gamma proteobacterium, Neisseria meningitidis, Campylobacter jejuni, Pasteurella multocida, Fibrobacter succinogene, Rhodospirillum rubrum, Nocardiopsis dassonvillei, Streptomyces pristinaespiralis, Streptomyces viridochromogenes, Streptomyces viridochromogenes, Streptosporangium roseum, Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius, Bacillus pseudomycoides, Bacillus selenitireducens, Exiguobacterium sibiricum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus buchneri, Treponema denticola, Microscilla marina, Burkholderiales bacterium, Polar omonas naphthalenivorans, Polar omonas sp., Crocosphaera watsonii, Cyanothece sp., Microcystis aeruginosa, Synechococcus sp., Acetohalobium arabaticum, Ammonifex degensii, Caldicelulosiruptor becscii, Candidatus Desulforudis, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium difficile, Finegoldia magna, Natranaerobius thermophilus, Pelotomaculum thermopropionium, Acidithiobacillus caldus, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Allochromatium vinosum, Marinobacter sp., Nitrosococcus halophilus, Nitrosococcus watsoni, Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis, Ktedonobacter racemifer, Methanohalobium evestigatum, Anabaena variabilis, Nodularia spumigena, Nostoc sp., Arthrospira maxima, Arthrospira platensis, Arthrospira sp., Lyngbya sp., Microcoleus chthonoplastes, Oscillator ia sp., Petrotoga mobilis, Thermosipho africanus, Streptococcus pasteurianus, Neisseria cinerea, Campylobacter lari, Parvibaculum lavamentivorans, Coryne bacterium diphtheria, and Acaryochloris marina. Cas9 sequences also include those from the organisms and loci disclosed in Chylinski et al., RNA Biol. (2013) 10(5):726-37.
In some embodiments, the Cas9 domain is from Streptococcus pyogenes. In some embodiments, the Cas9 domain is from Staphylococcus aureus.
Other Cas domains are also contemplated for use in the epigenetic editors herein. These include, for example, those from CasX (Cas12E) (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 5), CasY (Cas12d) (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 6), Caw (CasPhi) (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 7), Cas12f1 (Cas14a) (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 8), Cas12f2 (Cas14b) (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 9), Cas12f3 (Cas14c) (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 10), and C2c8 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 11).
For epigenetic editing, the nuclease-derived protein domain (e.g., a Cas9 or Cpf1 domain) may have reduced or no nuclease activity through mutations such that the protein domain does not cleave DNA or has reduced DNA-cleaving activity while retaining the ability to complex with the guide nucleic acid sequence (e.g., guide RNA) and the target DNA. For example, the nuclease activity may be reduced by at least 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% compared to the wildtype domain. In some embodiments, a CRISPR-associated protein domain described herein is catalytically inactive (“dead”). Examples of such domains include, for example, dCas9 (“dead” Cas9), dCpf1, ddCpf1, dCasPhi, ddCas12a, dLbCpf1, and dFnCpf1. A dCas9 protein domain, for example, may comprise one, two, or more mutations as compared to wildtype Cas9 that abrogate its nuclease activity. The DNA cleavage domain of Cas9 is known to include two subdomains: the HNH nuclease subdomain and the RuvC1 subdomain. The HNH subdomain cleaves the strand complementary to the gRNA, whereas the RuvC1 subdomain cleaves the non-complementary strand. Mutations within these subdomains can silence the nuclease activity of Cas9. For example, the mutations D10A (in RuvC1) and H840A (in HNH) completely inactivate the nuclease activity of SpCas9. SaCas9, similarly, may be inactivated by the mutations D10A and N580A. In some embodiments, the dCas9 comprises at least one mutation in the HNH subdomain and/or the RuvC1 subdomain that reduces or abrogates nuclease activity. In some embodiments, the dCas9 only comprises a RuvC1 subdomain, or only comprises an HNH subdomain. It is to be understood that any mutation that inactivates the RuvC1 and/or the HNH domain may be included in a dCas9 herein, e.g., insertion, deletion, or single or multiple amino acid substitution in the RuvC1 domain and/or the HNH domain.
In some embodiments, a dCas9 protein herein comprises a mutation at position(s) corresponding to position D10 (e.g., D10A), H840 (e.g., H840A), or both, of a wildtype SpCas9 sequence as numbered in the sequence provided at UniProt Accession No. Q99ZW2 (SEQ ID NO: 2). In particular embodiments, the dCas9 comprises the amino acid sequence of dSpCas9 (D10A and H840A) (SEQ ID NO: 12).
In some embodiments, a dCas9 protein as described herein comprises a mutation at position(s) corresponding to position D10 (e.g., D10A), N580 (e.g., N580A), or both, of a wildtype SaCas9 sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 9). In particular embodiments, the dCas9 comprises the amino acid sequence of dSaCas9 (D10A and N580A) (SEQ ID NO.: 13).
Additional suitable mutations that inactivate Cas9 will be apparent to those of skill in the art based on this disclosure and knowledge in the field and are within the scope of this disclosure. Such mutations may include, but are not limited to, D839A, N863A, and/or K603R in SpCas9. The present disclosure contemplates any mutations that reduce or abrogate the nuclease activity of any Cas9 described herein (e.g., mutations corresponding to any of the Cas9 mutations described herein).
A dCpf1 protein domain may comprise one, two, or more mutations as compared to wildtype Cpf1 that reduce or abrogate its nuclease activity. The Cpf1 protein has a RuvC-like endonuclease domain that is similar to the RuvC domain of Cas9, but does not have an HNH endonuclease domain, and the N-terminal of Cpf1 does not have the alpha-helical recognition lobe of Cas9. In some embodiments, the dCpf1 comprises one or more mutations corresponding to position D917A, E1006A, or D1255A as numbered in the sequence of the Francisella novicida Cpf1 protein (FnCpf1; SEQ ID NO: 4). In certain embodiments, the dCpf1 protein comprises mutations corresponding to D917A, E1006A, D1255A, D917A/E1006A, D917A/D1255A, E1006A/D1255A, or D917A/E1006A/D1255A, or corresponding mutation(s) in any of the Cpf1 amino acid sequences described herein. In some embodiments, the dCpf1 comprises a D917A mutation. In particular embodiments, the dCpf1 comprises the amino acid sequence of dFnCpf1 (SEQ ID NO: 14).
Further nuclease inactive CRISPR-associated protein domains contemplated herein include those from, for example, dNmeCas9 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 15), dCjCas9 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 16), dSt1Cas9 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 17), dSt3Cas9 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 18), dLbCpf1 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 19), dAsCpf1 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 20), denAsCpf1 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 21), dHFAsCpf1 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22), dRVRAsCpf1 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 23), dRRAsCpf1 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24), dCasX (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 25), and dCasPhi (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 26).
In some embodiments, a Cas9 domain described herein may be a high fidelity Cas9 domain, e.g., comprising one or more mutations that decrease electrostatic interactions between the Cas9 domain and the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA to confer increased target binding specificity. In certain embodiments, the high fidelity Cas9 domain may be nuclease inactive as described herein.
A CRISPR-associated protein domain described herein may recognize a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence in a target gene. A “PAM” sequence is typically a 2 to 6 bp DNA sequence immediately following the sequence targeted by the CRISPR-associated protein domain. The PAM sequence is required for CRISPR protein binding and cleavage but is not part of the target sequence. The CRISPR-associated protein domain may either recognize a naturally occurring or canonical PAM sequence or may have altered PAM specificity. CRISPR-associated protein domains that bind to non-canonical PAM sequences have been described in the art. For example, Cas9 domains that bind non-canonical PAM sequences have been described in Kleinstiver et al., Nature (2015) 523(7561):481-5 and Kleinstiver et al., Nat Biotechnol. (2015) 33:1293-8. Such Cas9 domains may include, for example, those from “VRER” SpCas9, “EQR” SpCas9, “VQR” SpCas9, “SpG Cas9,” “SpRYCas9,” and “KKH” SaCas9. Nuclease inactive versions of these Cas9 domains are also contemplated, such as nuclease inactive VRER SpCas9 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 27), nuclease inactive EQR SpCas9 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 28), nuclease inactive VQR SpCas9 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 29), nuclease inactive SpG Cas9 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 30), nuclease inactive SpRY Cas9 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 31), and nuclease inactive KKH SaCas9 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 32). Another example is the Cas9 of Francisella novicida engineered to recognize 5′-YG-3′ (where “Y” is a pyrimidine).
Additional suitable CRISPR-associated proteins, orthologs, and variants, including nuclease inactive variants and sequences, will be apparent to those of skill in the art based on this disclosure.
Guide RNAs that can be used in conjunction with the CRISPR-associated protein domains herein are further described in Section II below.
B. Zinc Finger Protein Domains
In some embodiments, the DNA-binding domain of an epigenetic editor described herein comprises a zinc finger protein (ZFP) domain (or “ZF domain” as used herein). ZFPs are proteins having at least one zinc finger, and bind to DNA in a sequence-specific manner. A “zinc finger” (ZF) or “zinc finger motif” (ZF motif) refers to a polypeptide domain comprising a beta-beta-alpha (ββα)-protein fold stabilized by a zinc ion. A ZF binds from two to four base pairs of nucleotides, typically three or four base pairs (contiguous or noncontiguous). Each ZF typically comprises approximately 30 amino acids. ZFP domains may contain multiple ZFs that make tandem contacts with their target nucleic acid sequence. A tandem array of ZFs may be engineered to generate artificial ZFPs that bind desired nucleic acid targets. ZFPs may be rationally designed by using databases comprising triplet (or quadruplet) nucleotide sequences and individual ZF amino acid sequences, in which each triplet or quadruplet nucleotide sequence is associated with one or more amino acid sequences of ZFs that bind the particular triplet or quadruplet sequence. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,453,242, 6,534,261, and 8,772,453.
ZFPs are widespread in eukaryotic cells, and may belong to, e.g., C2H2 class, CCHC class, PHD class, or RING class. An exemplary motif characterizing one class of these proteins (C2H2 class) is -Cys-(X)2-4-Cys-(X)12-His-(X)3-5-His- (SEQ ID NO:1091), where X is any independently chosen amino acid. In some embodiments, a ZFP domain herein may comprise a ZF array comprising sequential C2H2-ZFs each contacting three or more sequential nucleotides. Additional architectures, e.g. as described in Paschon et al., Nat. Commun. 10, 1133 (2019), are also possible.
A ZFP domain of an epigenetic editor described herein may include 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or more ZFs. The ZFP domain may include an array of two-finger or three-finger units, e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 or more units, wherein each unit binds a subsite in the target sequence. In some embodiments, a ZFP domain comprising at least three ZFs recognizes a target DNA sequence of 9 or 10 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a ZFP domain comprising at least four ZFs recognizes a target DNA sequence of 12 to 14 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a ZFP domain comprising at least six ZFs recognizes a target DNA sequence of 18 to 21 nucleotides.
In some embodiments, ZFs in a ZFP domain described herein are connected via peptide linkers. The peptide linkers may be, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or more amino acids in length. In some embodiments, a linker comprises 5 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a linker comprises 7-17 amino acids. The linker may be flexible or rigid.
In some embodiments a zinc finger array may have the sequence:
or a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical thereto, where “XXXXXXX” represents the amino acids of the ZF recognition helix, which confers DNA-binding specificity upon the zinc finger; each X may be independently chosen. In the above sequence, “XX” in italics may be TR, LR or LK, and “[linked]” represents a linker sequence. In some embodiments, the linker sequence is TGSQKP (SEQ ID NO: 1085); this linker may be used when sub-sites targeted by the ZFs are adjacent. In some embodiments, the linker sequence is TGGGGSQKP (SEQ ID NO: 1086); this linker may be used when there is a base between the sub-sites targeted by the zinc fingers. The two indicated linkers may be the same or different.
ZFP domains herein may contain arrays of two or more adjacent ZFs that are directly adjacent to one another (e.g., separated by a short (canonical) linker sequence), or are separated by longer, flexible or structured polypeptide sequences. In some embodiments, directly adjacent fingers bind to contiguous nucleic acid sequences, i.e., to adjacent trinucleotides/triplets. In some embodiments, adjacent fingers cross-bind between each other's respective target triplets, which may help to strengthen or enhance the recognition of the target sequence, and leads to the binding of overlapping sequences. In some embodiments, distant ZFs within the ZFP domain may recognize (or bind to) non-contiguous nucleotide sequences.
The amino acid sequences of the ZF DNA-recognition helices of exemplary ZFP domains herein, and their HBV target sequences, are shown below in Table 1.
In some embodiments, the ZFP domain of the present epigenetic editor binds to a target sequence provided herein. In further embodiments, the ZFP domain comprises, in order, the F1-F6 amino acid sequences of any one of the zinc finger proteins as shown in Table 1 and Table 20. The F1-F6 amino acid sequences may be placed within the ZF framework sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 1084 and 1250-1251, or within any other ZF framework known in the art.
C. TALEs
In some embodiments, the DNA-binding domain of an epigenetic editor described herein comprises a transcription activator-like effector (TALE) domain. The DNA-binding domain of a TALE comprises a highly conserved sequence of about 33-34 amino acids, with a repeat variable di-residue (RVD) at positions 12 and 13 that is central to the recognition of specific nucleotides. TALEs can be engineered to bind practically any desired DNA sequence. Methods for programming TALEs are known in the art. For example, such methods are described in Carroll et al., Genet Soc Amer. (2011) 188(4):773-82; Miller et al., Nat Biotechnol. (2007) 25(7):778-85; Christian et al., Genetics (2008) 186(2):757-61; Li et al., Nucl Acids Res. (2010) 39(1):359-72; and Moscou et al., Science (2009) 326(5959):1501.
D. Other DNA-Binding Domains
Other DNA-binding domains are contemplated for the epigenetic editors described herein. In some embodiments, the DNA-binding domain comprises an argonaute protein domain, e.g., from Natronobacterium gregoryi (NgAgo). NgAgo is a ssDNA-guided endonuclease that is guided to its target site by 5′ phosphorylated ssDNA (gDNA), where it produces double-strand breaks. In contrast to Cas9, the NgAgo-gDNA system does not require a protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM). Thus, using a nuclease inactive NgAgo (dNgAgo) can greatly expand the bases that may be targeted. The characterization and use of NgAgo have been described, e.g., in Gao et al., Nat Biotechnol. (2016) 34(7):768-73; Swarts et al., Nature (2014) 507(7491):258-61; and Swarts et al., Nucl Acids Res. (2015) 43(10):5120-9.
In some embodiments, the DNA-binding domain comprises an inactivated nuclease, for example, an inactivated meganuclease. Additional non-limiting examples of DNA-binding domains include tetracycline-controlled repressor (tetR) DNA-binding domains, leucine zippers, helix-loop-helix (HLH) domains, helix-turn-helix domains, β-sheet motifs, steroid receptor motifs, bZIP domains homeodomains, and AT-hooks.
II. Guide Polynucleotides
Epigenetic editors described herein that comprise a polynucleotide guided DNA-binding domain may also include a guide polynucleotide that is capable of forming a complex with the DNA-binding domain. The guide polynucleotide may comprise RNA, DNA, or a mixture of both. For example, where the polynucleotide guided DNA-binding domain is a CRISPR-associated protein domain, the guide polynucleotide may be a guide RNA (gRNA). A “guide RNA” or “gRNA” refers to a nucleic acid that is able to hybridize to a target sequence and direct binding of the CRISPR-Cas complex to the target sequence. Methods of using guide polynucleotide sequences with programmable DNA-binding proteins (e.g., CRISPR-associated protein domains) for site-specific DNA targeting (e.g., to modify a genome) are known in the art.
A guide polynucleotide sequence (e.g., a gRNA sequence) may comprises two parts: 1) a nucleotide sequence comprising a “targeting sequence” that is complementary to a target nucleic acid sequence (“target sequence”), e.g., to a nucleic acid sequence comprised in a genomic target site; and 2) a nucleotide sequence that binds a polynucleotide guided DNA-binding domain (e.g., a CRISPR-Cas protein domain). The nucleotide sequence in 1) may comprise a targeting sequence that is 100% complementary to a genomic nucleic acid sequence, e.g., a nucleic acid sequence comprised in a genomic target site, and thus may hybridize to the target nucleic acid sequence. The nucleotide sequence in 1) may be referred to as, e.g., a crispr RNA, or crRNA. The nucleotide sequence in 2) may be referred to as a scaffold sequence of a guide nucleic acid, e.g., a tracrRNA, or an activating region of a guide nucleic acid, and may comprise a stem-loop structure. Parts 1) and 2) as described above may be fused to form one single guide (e.g., a single guide RNA, or sgRNA), or may be on two separate nucleic acid molecules. In some embodiments, a guide polynucleotide comprises parts 1) and 2) connected by a linker. In some embodiments, a guide polynucleotide comprises parts 1) and 2) connected by a non-nucleic acid linker, for example, a peptide linker or a chemical linker.
Part 2 (the scaffold sequence) of a guide polynucleotide as described herein may be, for example, as described in Jinek et al., Science (2012) 337:816-21; U.S. Patent Publication 2016/0208288; or U.S. Patent Publication 2016/0200779. Variants of part 2) are also contemplated by the present disclosure. For example, the tetraloop and stem loop of a gRNA scaffold (tracrRNA) sequence may be modified to include RNA aptamers, which can be bound by specific protein domains. In some embodiments, such modified gRNAs can be used to facilitate the recruitment of repressive or activating domains fused to the protein-interacting RNA aptamers.
A gRNA as provided herein typically comprises a targeting domain and a binding domain. The targeting domain (also termed “targeting sequence”) may comprise a nucleic acid sequence that binds to a target site, e.g., to a genomic nucleic acid molecule within a cell. The target site may be a double-stranded DNA sequence comprising a PAM sequence as well as the target sequence, which is located on the same strand as, and directly adjacent to, the PAM sequence. The targeting domain of the gRNA may comprise an RNA sequence that corresponds to the target sequence, i.e., it resembles the sequence of the target domain, sometimes with one or more mismatches, but typically comprising an RNA sequence instead of a DNA sequence. The targeting domain of the gRNA thus may base pair (in full or partial complementarity) with the sequence of the double-stranded target site that is complementary to the target sequence, and thus with the strand complementary to the strand that comprises the PAM sequence. It will be understood that the targeting domain of the gRNA typically does not include a sequence that resembles the PAM sequence. It will further be understood that the location of the PAM may be 5′ or 3′ of the target sequence, depending on the nuclease employed. For example, the PAM is typically 3′ of the target sequence for Cas9 nucleases, and 5′ of the target sequence for Cas12a nucleases. For an illustration of the location of the PAM and the mechanism of gRNA binding to a target site, see, e.g.,
In some embodiments, the targeting domain sequence comprises between 17 and 30 nucleotides and corresponds fully to the target sequence (i.e., without any mismatch nucleotides). In some embodiments, however, the targeting domain sequence may comprise one or more, but typically not more than 4, mismatches, e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 mismatches. As the targeting domain is part of gRNA, which is an RNA molecule, it will typically comprise ribonucleotides, while the DNA targeting domain will comprise deoxyribonucleotides.
An exemplary illustration of a Cas9 target site, comprising a 22 nucleotide target domain, and an NGG PAM sequence, as well as of a gRNA comprising a targeting domain that fully corresponds to the target sequence (and thus base pairs with full complementarity with the DNA strand complementary to the strand comprising the target sequence and PAM) is provided below:
An exemplary illustration of a Cas12a target site, comprising a 22 nucleotide target domain, and a TTN PAM sequence, as well as of a gRNA comprising a targeting domain that fully corresponds to the target sequence (and thus base pairs with full complementarity with the DNA strand complementary to the strand comprising the target sequence and PAM) is provided below:
While not wishing to be bound by theory, at least in some embodiments, it is believed that the length and complementarity of the targeting domain with the target sequence contributes to specificity of the interaction of the gRNA/Cas9 molecule complex with a target nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the targeting domain of a gRNA provided herein is 5 to 50 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the targeting domain is 15 to 25 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the targeting domain is 18 to 22 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the targeting domain is 19-21 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the targeting domain is 15 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the targeting domain is 16 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the targeting domain is 17 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the targeting domain is 18 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the targeting domain is 19 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the targeting domain is 20 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the targeting domain is 21 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the targeting domain is 22 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the targeting domain is 23 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the targeting domain is 24 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the targeting domain is 25 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, the targeting domain fully corresponds, without mismatch, to a target sequence provided herein, or a part thereof. In some embodiments, the targeting domain of a gRNA provided herein comprises 1 mismatch relative to a target sequence provided herein. In some embodiments, the targetindg domain comprises 2 mismatches relative to the target sequence. In some embodiments, the target domain comprises 3 mismatches relative to the target sequence.
Methods for designing, selecting, and validating gRNAs are described herein and known in the art. Software tools can be used to optimize the gRNAs corresponding to a target DNA sequence, e.g., to minimize total off-target activity across the genome. For example, DNA sequence searching algorithms can be used to identify a target sequence in crRNAs of a gRNA for use with Cas9. Exemplary gRNA design tools include the ones described in Bae et al., Bioinformatics (2014) 30:1473-5.
Guide polynucleotides (e.g., gRNAs) described herein may be of various lengths. In some embodiments, the length of the spacer or targeting sequence depends on the CRISPR-associated protein component of the epigenetic editor system used. For example, Cas proteins from different bacterial species have varying optimal targeting sequence lengths. Accordingly, the spacer sequence may comprise, e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or more than 50 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the spacer comprises 10-24, 11-20, 11-16, 18-24, 19-21, or 20 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, a guide polynucleotide (e.g., gRNA) is from 15-100 (e.g., 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50) nucleotides in length and comprises a spacer sequence of at least 10 (e.g., 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50) contiguous nucleotides complementary to the target sequence. In some embodiments, a guide polynucleotide described herein may be truncated, e.g., by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 or more nucleotides.
In certain embodiments, the 3′ end of the HBV target sequence is immediately adjacent to a PAM sequence (e.g., a canonical PAM sequence such as NGG for SpCas9). The degree of complementarity between the targeting sequence of the guide polynucleotide (e.g., the spacer sequence of a gRNA) and the target sequence may be at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%. In particular embodiments, the targeting and the target sequence may be 100% complementary. In other embodiments, the targeting sequence and the target sequence may contain, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 mismatches.
A guide polynucleotide (e.g., gRNA) may be modified with, for example, chemical alterations and synthetic modifications. A modified gRNA, for instance, can include an alteration or replacement of one or both of the non-linking phosphate oxygens and/or of one or more of the linking phosphate oxygens in the phosphodiester backbone linkage, an alteration of the ribose sugar (e.g., of the 2′ hydroxyl on the ribose sugar), an alteration of the phosphate moiety, modification or replacement of a naturally occurring nucleobase, modification or replacement of the ribose-phosphate backbone, modification of the 3′ end and/or 5′ end of the oligonucleotide, replacement of a terminal phosphate group or conjugation of a moiety, cap, or linker, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, one or more ribose groups of the gRNA may be modified. Examples of chemical modifications to the ribose group include, but are not limited to, 2′-O-methyl (2′-OMe), 2′-fluoro (2′-F), 2′-deoxy, 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl) (2′-MOE), 2′—NH2, 2′-O-allyl, 2′-O-ethylamine, 2′-O-cyanoethyl, 2′-O-acetalester, or a bicyclic nucleotide such as locked nucleic acid (LNA), 2′-(5-constrained ethyl (S-cEt)), constrained MOE, or 2′-0,4′-C-aminomethylene bridged nucleic acid (2′,4′-BNANC). 2′-O-methyl modification and/or 2′-fluoro modification may increase binding affinity and/or nuclease stability of the gRNA oligonucleotides.
In some embodiments, one or more phosphate groups of the gRNA may be chemically modified. Examples of chemical modifications to a phosphate group include, but are not limited to, a phosphorothioate (PS), phosphonoacetate (PACE), thiophosphonoacetate (thioPACE), amide, triazole, phosphonate, and phosphotriester modification. In some embodiments, a guide polynucleotide described herein may comprise one, two, three, or more PS linkages at or near the 5′ end and/or the 3′ end; the PS linkages may be contiguous or noncontiguous.
In some embodiments, the gRNA herein comprises a mixture of ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides and/or one or more PS linkages.
In some embodiments, one or more nucleobases of the gRNA may be chemically modified. Examples of chemically modified nucleobases include, but are not limited to, 2-thiouridine, 4-thiouridine, N6-methyladenosine, pseudouridine, 2,6-diaminopurine, inosine, thymidine, 5-methylcytosine, 5-substituted pyrimidine, isoguanine, isocytosine, and nucleobases with halogenated aromatic groups. Chemical modifications can be made in the spacer region, the tracr RNA region, the stem loop, or any combination thereof.
Table 2 below lists exemplary target sequences for epigenetic modification of HBV, as well as the coordinates of the start and end positions of the targeted site on the HBV genome.
Target domains identified above that are adjacent to a PAM sequence, e.g., an S. pyogenes Cas9 PAM sequence, can be targeted by a CRISPR-based epigenetic repressor, e.g., an epigenetic repressor comprising a dCas9 DNA-binding domain. For example, target sites 1-143 are suitable for dCas9-based epigenetic repressor targeting.
A suitable gRNA for targeting any of the target domain sequences would, in some embodiments, comprise a target domain sequence that is the RNA-equivalent sequence of the provided DNA sequence of the targeting domain sequence (i.e., an RNA nucleotide of that sequence instead of the provided DNA nucleotide, with uracil instead of thymine), and a suitable tracr RNA sequence.
Any tracr sequence known in the art is contemplated for a gRNA described herein. In some embodiments, a gRNA described herein has a tracr sequence shown in Table 3 below, or a tracr sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the tracr sequence shown below (SEQ: SEQ ID NO).
In some embodiments, the gRNA herein is provided to the cell directly (e.g., through an RNP complex together with the CRISPR-associated protein domain). In some embodiments, the gRNA is provided to the cell through an expression vector (e.g., a plasmid vector or a viral vector) introduced into the cell, where the cell then expresses the gRNA from the expression vector. Methods of introducing gRNAs and expression vectors into cells are well known in the art.
Epigenetic editors described herein include one or more effector protein domains (also “epigenetic effector domains,” or “effector domains,” as used herein) that effect epigenetic modification of a target gene. An epigenetic editor with one or more effector domains may modulate expression of a target gene without altering its nucleobase sequence. In some embodiments, an effector domain described herein may provide repression or silencing of expression of HBV or an HBV gene, e.g., by repressing transcription or by modifying or remodeling HBV chromatin. Such effector domains are also referred to herein as “repression domains,” “repressor domains,” “epigenetic repressor domains,” or “epigenetic repression domains.” Non-limiting examples of chemical modifications that may be mediated by effector domains include methylation, demethylation, acetylation, deacetylation, phosphorylation, SUMOylation and/or ubiquitination of DNA or histone residues.
In some embodiments, an effector domain of an epigenetic editor described herein may make histone tail modifications, e.g., by adding or removing active marks on histone tails.
In some embodiments, an effector domain of an epigenetic editor described herein may comprise or recruit a transcription-related protein, e.g., a transcription repressor. The transcription-related protein may be endogenous or exogenous.
In some embodiments, an effector domain of an epigenetic editor described herein may, for example, comprise a protein that directly or indirectly blocks access of a transcription factor to the gene of interest harboring the target sequence.
An effector domain may be a full-length protein or a fragment thereof that retains the epigenetic effector function (a “functional domain”). Functional domains that are capable of modulating (e.g., repressing) gene expression can be derived from a larger protein. For example, functional domains that can reduce target gene expression may be identified based on sequences of repressor proteins. Amino acid sequences of gene expression-modulating proteins may be obtained from available genome browsers, such as the UCSD genome browser or Ensembl genome browser. Protein annotation databases such as UniProt or Pfam can be used to identify functional domains within the full protein sequence. As a starting point, the largest sequence, encompassing all regions identified by different databases, may be tested for gene expression modulation activity. Various truncations then may be tested to identify the minimal functional unit.
Variants of effector domains described herein are also contemplated by the present disclosure. A variant may, for example, refer to a polypeptide with at least about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity and/or sequence similarity to a wildtype effector domain described herein. In particular embodiments, the variant retains at least about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% of the epigenetic effector function of the wildtype effector domain.
In some embodiments, an epigenetic editor described herein may comprise 1 effector domain, 2 effector domains, 3 effector domains, 4 effector domains, 5 effector domains, 6 effector domains, 7 effector domains, 8 effector domains, 9 effector domains, 10 effector domains, or more. In certain embodiments, the epigenetic editor comprises one or more fusion proteins (e.g., one, two, or three fusion proteins), each with one or more effector domains (e.g., one, two, or three effector domains) linked to a DNA-binding domain. In some embodiments, the effector domains may induce a combination of epigenetic modifications, e.g., transcription repression and DNA methylation, DNA methylation and histone deacetylation, DNA methylation and histone demethylation, DNA methylation and histone methylation, DNA methylation and histone phosphorylation, DNA methylation and histone ubiquitylation, DNA methylation, and histone SUMOylation.
In certain embodiments, an effector domain described herein (e.g., DNMT3A and/or DNMT3L) is encoded by a nucleotide sequence as found in the native genome (e.g., human or murine) for that effector domain. In other embodiments, an effector domain described herein is encoded by a nucleotide sequence that has been codon-optimized for optimal expression in human cells.
Effector domains described herein may include, for example, transcriptional repressors, DNA methyltransferases, and/or histone modifiers, as further detailed below.
A. Transcriptional Repressors
In some embodiments, an epigenetic effector domain described herein mediates repression of a target gene's expression (e.g., transcription). The effector domain may comprise, e.g., a Krüppel-associated box (KRAB) repression domain, a Repressor Element Silencing Transcription Factor (REST) repression domain, a KRAB-associated protein 1 (KAP1) domain, a MAD domain, a FKHR (forkhead in rhabdosarcoma gene) repressor domain, an EGR-1 (early growth response gene product-1) repressor domain, an ets2 repressor factor repressor domain (ERD), a MAD smSIN3 interaction domain (SID), a WRPW motif (SEQ ID NO: 1246) of the hairy-related basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) repressor proteins, an HP1 alpha chromo-shadow repression domain, an HP1 beta repression domain, or any combination thereof. The effector domain may recruit one or more protein domains that repress expression of the target gene, e.g., through a scaffold protein. In some embodiments, the effector domain may recruit or interact with a scaffold protein domain that recruits a PRMT protein, a HDAC protein, a SETDB1 protein, or a NuRD protein domain.
In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises a functional domain derived from a zinc finger repressor protein, such as a KRAB domain. KRAB domains are found in approximately 400 human ZFP-based transcription factors. Descriptions of KRAB domains may be found, for example, in Ecco et al., Development (2017) 144(15):2719-29 and Lambert et al., Cell (2018) 172:650-65.
In certain embodiments, the effector domain comprises a repression domain (e.g., KRAB) derived from KOX1/ZNF10, KOX8/ZNF708, ZNF43, ZNF184, ZNF91, HPF4, HTF10, or HTF34. In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises a repression domain (e.g., KRAB) derived from ZIM3, ZNF436, ZNF257, ZNF675, ZNF490, ZNF320, ZNF331, ZNF816, ZNF680, ZNF41, ZNF189, ZNF528, ZNF543, ZNF554, ZNF140, ZNF610, ZNF264, ZNF350, ZNF8, ZNF582, ZNF30, ZNF324, ZNF98, ZNF669, ZNF677, ZNF596, ZNF214, ZNF37, ZNF34, ZNF250, ZNF547, ZNF273, ZNF354, ZFP82, ZNF224, ZNF33, ZNF45, ZNF175, ZNF595, ZNF184, ZNF419, ZFP28-1, ZFP28-2, ZNF18, ZNF213, ZNF394, ZFP1, ZFP14, ZNF416, ZNF557, ZNF566, ZNF729, ZIM2, ZNF254, ZNF764, ZNF785, or any combination thereof. For example, the repression domain may be a KRAB domain derived from KOX1, ZIM3, ZFP28, or ZN627. In particular embodiments, the repression domain is a ZIM3 KRAB domain. In further embodiments, the effector domain is derived from a human protein, e.g., a human ZIM3, a human KOX1, a human ZFP28, or a human ZN627.
Exemplary effector domains that may reduce or silence target gene expression are provided in Table 4 below (SEQ: SEQ ID NO, see Table 20 for sequences of exemplary effector domains). Further examples of repressors and transcriptional repressor domains can be found, e.g., in PCT Patent Publication WO 2021/226077 and Tycko et al., Cell (2020) 183(7):2020-35, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
A functional analog of any one of the above-listed proteins, i.e., a molecule having the same or substantially the same biological function (e.g., retaining 70% or more, 80% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, or 98% or more) of the protein's transcription factor function) is encompassed by the present disclosure. For example, the functional analog may be an isoform or a variant of the above-listed protein, e.g., containing a portion of the above protein with or without additional amino acid residues and/or containing mutations relative to the above protein. In some embodiments, the functional analog has a sequence identity that is at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 98, or 99% to one of the sequences listed in Table 4. Homologs, orthologs, and mutants of the above-listed proteins are also contemplated.
In certain embodiments, an epigenetic editor described herein comprises a KRAB domain derived from KOX1, ZIM3, ZFP28, or ZN627, and/or an effector domain derived from KAP1, MECP2, HP1a, HP1b, CBX8, CDYL2, TOX, TOX3, TOX4, EED, EZH2, RBBP4, RCOR1, or SCML2, optionally wherein the parental protein is a human protein. In particular embodiments, an epigenetic editor described herein comprises a domain derived from KOX1, ZIM3, ZFP28, and/or ZN627, optionally wherein the parental protein is a human protein. In certain embodiments, the epigenetic editor may comprise a KRAB domain derived from KOX1 (ZNF10), e.g., a human KOX1. In certain embodiments, the epigenetic editor may comprise a KRAB domain derived from ZIM3 (ZNF657 or ZNF264), e.g., a human ZIM3. In certain embodiments, the epigenetic editor may comprise a KRAB domain derived from ZFP28, e.g., a human ZFP28. In certain embodiments, the epigenetic editor may comprise a KRAB domain derived from ZN627, e.g., a human ZN627. In certain embodiments, an epigenetic editor described herein may comprise a CDYL2, e.g., a human CDYL2, and/or a TOX domain (e.g., a human TOX domain) in combination with a KOX1 KRAB domain (e.g., a human KOX1 KRAB domain).
In certain embodiments, an epigenetic effector described herein comprises a repression domain derived from ZNF10 (SEQ ID NO: 1024). For example, the repression domain may comprise the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1024, or a sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1024.
B. DNA Methyltransferases
In some embodiments, an effector domain of an epigenetic editor described herein alters target gene expression through DNA modification, such as methylation. Highly methylated areas of DNA tend to be less transcriptionally active than less methylated areas. DNA methylation occurs primarily at CpG sites (shorthand for “C-phosphate-G-” or “cytosine-phosphate-guanine” sites). Many mammalian genes have promoter regions near or including CpG islands (nucleic acid regions with a high frequency of CpG dinucleotides).
An effector domain described herein may be, e.g., a DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or a catalytic domain thereof, or may be capable of recruiting a DNA methyltransferase. DNMTs encompass enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group to a DNA nucleotide, such as canonical cytosine-5 DNMTs that catalyze the addition of methyl groups to genomic DNA (e.g., DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, and DNMT3C). This term also encompasses non-canonical family members that do not catalyze methylation themselves but that recruit (including activate) catalytically active DNMTs; a non-limiting example of such a DNMT is DNMT3L. See, e.g., Lyko, Nat Review (2018) 19:81-92. Unless otherwise indicated, a DNMT domain may refer to a polypeptide domain derived from a catalytically active DNMT (e.g., DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B) or from a catalytically inactive DNMT (e.g., DNMT3L). A DNMT may repress expression of the target gene through the recruitment of repressive regulatory proteins. In some embodiments, the methylation is at a CG (or CpG) dinucleotide sequence. In some embodiments, the methylation is at a CHG or CHH sequence, where H is any one of A, T, or C. In some embodiments, DNMTs in the epigenetic editors may include, e.g., DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, and/or DNMT3C. In some embodiments, the DNMT is a mammalian (e.g., human or murine) DNMT. In particular embodiments, the DNMT is DNMT3A (e.g., human DNMT3A). In certain embodiments, an epigenetic editor described herein comprises a DNMT3A domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 1028, or a sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1028. In certain embodiments, an epigenetic editor described herein comprises a DNMT3A domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 1029, or a sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1029. In some embodiments, the DNMT3A domain may have, e.g., a mutation at position H739 (such as H739A or H739E), R771 (such as R771L) and/or R836 (such as R836A or R836Q), or any combination thereof (numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1028).
In some embodiments, an effector domain described herein may be a DNMT-like domain. As used herein a “DNMT-like domain” is a regulatory factor of DNA methyltransferase that may activate or recruit other DNMT domains, but does not itself possess methylation activity. In some embodiments, the DNMT-like domain is a mammalian (e.g., human or mouse) DNMT-like domain. In certain embodiments, the DNMT-like domain is DNMT3L, which may be, for example, human DNMT3L or mouse DNMT3L. In certain embodiments, an epigenetic editor described herein comprises a DNMT3L domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 1032, or a sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1032. In certain embodiments, an epigenetic editor herein comprises a DNMT3L domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 1033, or a sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1033. In certain embodiments, an epigenetic editor described herein comprises a DNMT3L domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 1034, or a sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1034. In certain embodiments, an epigenetic editor described herein comprises a DNMT3L domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 1035, or a sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1035. In some embodiments, the DNMT3L domain may have, e.g., a mutation corresponding to that at position D226 (such as D226V), Q268 (such as Q268K), or both (numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1032).
In certain embodiments, an epigenetic editor herein may comprise comprising both DNMT and DNMT-like effector domains. For example, the epigenetic editor may comprise a DNMT3A-3L domain, wherein DNMT3A and DNMT3L may be covalently linked. In other embodiments, an epigenetic editor described herein may comprise an effector domain that comprises only a DNMT3A domain (e.g., human DNMT3A), or only a DNMT-like domain (e.g., DNMT3L, which may be human or mouse DNMT3L).
Table 5 below provides exemplary methyltransferases from which an effector domain of an epigenetic editor described herein may be derived. See Table 20 for sequences of these exemplary methyltransferases.
Mycoplasma
penetrans
Spiroplasma
monobiae
Haemophilus
parainfluenzae
Arthrobacter
luteus
Haemophilus
aegyptius
Haemophilus
haemolyticus
Moraxella
Ascobolus
Arabidopsis
Ascobolus
Neurospora
Drosophila
S. pombe
Arabidopsis
Arabidopsis
Arabidopsis
Arabidopsis
Arabidopsis
Neurospora
E. coli
Caulobacter
crescentus
Clostridioides
difficile
A functional analog of any one of the above-listed proteins, i.e., a molecule having the same or substantially the same biological function (e.g., retaining 70% or more, 80% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, or 98% or more) of the protein's DNA methylation function or recruiting function) is encompassed by the present disclosure. For example, the functional analog may be an isoform or a variant of the above-listed protein, e.g., containing a portion of the above protein with or without additional amino acid residues and/or containing mutations relative to the above protein. In some embodiments, the functional analog has a sequence identity that is at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 98, or 99% to one of the sequences listed in Table 5. In some embodiments, the effector domain herein comprises only the functional domain (or functional analog thereof), e.g., the catalytical domain or recruiting domain, of the above-listed proteins.
As used herein, a DNMT domain (e.g., a DNMT3A domain or a DNMT3L domain) refers to a protein domain that is identical to the parental protein (e.g., a human or murine DNMT3A or DNMT3L) or a functional analog thereof (e.g., having a functional fragment, such as a catalytic fragment or recruiting fragment, of the parental protein; and/or having mutations that improve the activity of the DNMT protein).
An epigenetic editor herein may effect methylation at, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or 1000 or more CpG dinucleotide sequences in the target gene or chromosome. The CpG dinucleotide sequences may be located within or near the target gene in CpG islands, or may be located in a region that is not a CpG island. A CpG island generally refers to a nucleic acid sequence or chromosome region that comprises a high frequency of CpG dinucleotides. For example, a CpG island may comprise at least 50% GC content. The CpG island may have a high observed-to-expected CpG ratio, for example, an observed-to-expected CpG ratio of at least 60%. As used herein, an observed-to-expected CpG ratio is determined by Number of CpG*(sequence length)/(Number of C*Number of G). In some embodiments, the CpG island has an observed-to-expected CpG ratio of at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more. A CpG island may be a sequence or region of, e.g., at least 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, or 800 nucleotides. In some embodiments, only 1, or less than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 40, or 50 CpG dinucleotides are methylated by the epigenetic editor.
In some embodiments, an epigenetic editor herein effects methylation at a hypomethylated nucleic acid sequence, i.e., a sequence that may lack methyl groups on the 5-methyl cytosine nucleotides (e.g., in CpG) as compared to a standard control. Hypomethylation may occur, for example, in aging cells or in cancer (e.g., early stages of neoplasia) relative to a younger cell or non-cancer cell, respectively.
In some embodiments, an epigenetic editor described herein induces methylation at a hypermethylated nucleic acid sequence.
In some embodiments, methylation may be introduced by the epigenetic editor at a site other than a CpG dinucleotide. For example, the target gene sequence may be methylated at the C nucleotide of CpA, CpT, or CpC sequences. In some embodiments, an epigenetic editor comprises a DNMT3A domain and effects methylation at CpG, CpA, CpT, CpC sequences, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, an epigenetic editor comprises a DNMT3A domain that lacks a regulatory subdomain and only maintains a catalytic domain. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editor comprising a DNMT3A catalytic domain effects methylation exclusively at CpG sequences. In some embodiments, an epigenetic editor comprising a DNMT3A domain that comprises a mutation, e.g. a R836A or R836Q mutation (numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 1028), has higher methylation activity at CpA, CpC, and/or CpT sequences as compared to an epigenetic editor comprising a wildtype DNMT3A domain.
C. Histone Modifiers
In some embodiments, an effector domain of an epigenetic editor herein mediates histone modification. Histone modifications play a structural and biochemical role in gene transcription, such as by formation or disruption of the nucleosome structure that binds to the histone and prevents gene transcription. Histone modifications may include, for example, acetylation, deacetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation and the like, e.g., at their N-terminal ends (“histone tails”). These modifications maintain or specifically convert chromatin structure, thereby controlling responses such as gene expression, DNA replication, DNA repair, and the like, which occur on chromosomal DNA. Post-translational modification of histones is an epigenetic regulatory mechanism and is considered essential for the genetic regulation of eukaryotic cells. Recent studies have revealed that chromatin remodeling factors such as SWI/SNF, RSC, NURF, NRD, and the like, which facilitate transcription factor access to DNA by modifying the nucleosome structure; histone acetyltransferases (HATs) that regulate the acetylation state of histones; and histone deacetylases (HDACs), act as important regulators.
In particular, the unstructured N-termini of histones may be modified by acetylation, deacetylation, methylation, ubiquitylation, phosphorylation, SUMOylation, ribosylation, citrullination 0-G1cNAcylation, crotonylation, or any combination thereof. For example, histone acetyltransferases (HATs) utilize acetyl-CoA as a cofactor and catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group to the epsilon amino group of the lysine side chains. This neutralizes the lysine's positive charge and weakens the interactions between histones and DNA, thus opening the chromosomes for transcription factors to bind and initiate transcription. Acetylation of K14 and K9 lysines of histone H3 by histone acetyltransferase enzymes may be linked to transcriptional competence in humans. Lysine acetylation may directly or indirectly create binding sites for chromatin-modifying enzymes that regulate transcriptional activation. On the other hand, histone methylation of lysine 9 of histone H3 may be associated with heterochromatin, or transcriptionally silent chromatin.
In certain embodiments, an effector domain of an epigenetic editor described herein comprises a histone methyltransferase domain. The effector domain may comprise, for example, a DOT1L domain, a SET domain, a SUV39H1 domain, a G9a/EHMT2 protein domain, an EZH1 domain, an EZH2 domain, a SETDB1 domain, or any combination thereof. In particular embodiments, the effector domain comprises a histone-lysine-N-methyltransferase SETDB1 domain.
In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises a histone deacetylase protein domain. In certain embodiments, the effector domain comprises a HDAC family protein domain, for example, a HDAC1, HDAC3, HDACS, HDAC7, or HDAC9 protein domain. In particular embodiments, the effector domain comprises a nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex (NURD), which removes acetyl groups from histones.
D. Other Effector Domains
In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises a tripartite motif containing protein (TRIM28, TIF1-beta, or KAP1). In certain embodiments, the effector domain comprises one or more KAP1 proteins. A KAP1 protein in an epigenetic editor herein may form a complex with one or more other effector domains of the epigenetic editor or one or more proteins involved in modulation of gene expression in a cellular environment. For example, KAP1 may be recruited by a KRAB domain of a transcriptional repressor. A KAP1 protein domain may interact with or recruit one or more protein complexes that reduces or silences gene expression. In some embodiments, KAP1 interacts with or recruits a histone deacetylase protein, a histone-lysine methyltransferase protein, a chromatin remodeling protein, and/or a heterochromatin protein. For example, a KAP1 protein domain may interact with or recruit a heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) protein, a SETDB1 protein, an HDAC protein, and/or a NuRD protein complex component. In some embodiments, a KAP1 protein domain interacts with or recruits a ZFP90 protein (e.g., isoform 2 of ZFP90), and/or a FOXP3 protein. An exemplary KAP1 amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1062.
In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises a protein domain that interacts with or is recruited by one or more DNA epigenetic marks. For example, the effector domain may comprise a methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) protein that interacts with methylated DNA nucleotides in the target gene (which may or may not be at a CpG island of the target gene). An MECP2 protein domain in an epigenetic editor described herein may induce condensed chromatin structure, thereby reducing or silencing expression of the target gene. In some embodiments, an MECP2 protein domain in an epigenetic editor described herein may interact with a histone deacetylase (e.g. HDAC), thereby repressing or silencing expression of the target gene. In some embodiments, an MECP2 protein domain in an epigenetic editor described herein may block access of a transcription factor or transcriptional activator to the target sequence, thereby repressing or silencing expression of the target gene. An exemplary MECP2 amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1063.
Also contemplated as effector domains for the epigenetic editors described herein are, e.g., a chromoshadow domain, a ubiquitin-2 like Rad60 SUMO-like (Rad60-SLD/SUMO) domain, a chromatin organization modifier domain (Chromo) domain, a Yaf2/RYBP C-terminal binding motif domain (YAF2_RYBP), a CBX family C-terminal motif domain (CBX7_C), a zinc finger C3HC4 type (RING finger) domain (ZF-C3HC4_2), a cytochrome b5 domain (Cyt-b5), a helix-loop-helix domain (HLH), a helix-hairpin-helix motif domain (e.g., HHH_3), a high mobility group box domain (HMG-box), a basic leucine zipper domain (e.g., bZIP 1 or bZIP_2), a Myb DNA-binding domain, a homeodomain, a MYM-type Zinc finger with FCS sequence domain (ZF-FCS), an interferon regulatory factor 2-binding protein zinc finger domain (IRF-2BP1_2), an SSX repression domain (SSXRD), a B-box-type zinc finger domain (ZF-B_box), a COX zinc finger domain (ZF-CXXC), a regulator of chromosome condensation 1 domain (RCC1), an SRC homology 3 domain (SH3_9), a sterile alpha motif domain (SAM_1), a sterile alpha motif domain (SAM_2), a sterile alpha motif/Pointed domain (SAM_PNT), a Vestigial/Tondu family domain (Vg_Tdu), a LIM domain, an RNA recognition motif domain (RRM_1), a paired amphipathic helix domain (PAH), a proteasomal ATPase OB C-terminal domain (Prot_ATP_ID_OB), a nervy homology 2 domain (NHR2), a hinge domain of cleavage stimulation factor subunit 2 (CSTF2_hinge), a PPAR gamma N-terminal region domain (PPARgamma_N), a CDC48 N-terminal domain (CDC48_2), a WD40 repeat domain (WD40), a Fip1 motif domain (Fip1), a PDZ domain (PDZ_6), a Von Willebrand factor type C domain (VWC), a NAB conserved region 1 domain (NCD1), an S1 RNA-binding domain (S1), an HNF3 C-terminal domain (HNF_C), a Tudor domain (Tudor_2), a histone-like transcription factor (CBF/NF-Y) and archaeal histone domain (CBFD_NFYB_HMF), a zinc finger protein domain (DUF3669), an EGF-like domain (cEGF), a GATA zinc finger domain (GATA), a TEA/ATTS domain (TEA), a phorbol esters/diacylglycerol binding domain (C1-1), polycomb-like MTF2 factor 2 domain (Mtf2_C), a transactivation domain of FOXO protein family (FOXO-TAD), a homeobox KN domain (Homeobox_KN), a BED zinc finger domain (ZF-BED), a zinc finger of C3HC4-type RING domain (ZF-C3HC4_4), a RAD51 interacting motif domain (RAD51_interact), a p55-binding region of a methyl-CpG-binding domain protein MBD (MBDa), a Notch domain, a Raf-like Ras-binding domain (RBD), a Spin/Ssty family domain (Spin-Ssty), a PHD finger domain (PHD 3), a Low-density lipoprotein receptor domain class A (Ldl_recept_a), a CS domain, a DM DNA-binding domain, and a QLQ domain.
In some embodiments, the effector domain is a protein domain comprising a YAF2_RYBP domain or homeodomain or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the homeodomain of the YAF2_RYBP domain is a PRD domain, an NKL domain, a HOXL domain, or a LIM domain. In particular embodiments, the YAF2_RYBP domain may comprise a 32 amino acid Yaf2/RYBP C-terminal binding motif domain (32 aa RYBP).
In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises a protein domain selected from a group consisting of SUMO3 domain, Chromo domain from M phase phosphoprotein 8 (MPP8), chromoshadow domain from Chromobox 1 (CBX1), and SAM_1/SPM domain from Scm Polycomb Group Protein Homolog 1 (SCMH1).
In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises an HNF3 C-terminal domain (HNF_C). The HNF_C domain may be from FOXA1 or FOXA2. In certain embodiments, the HNF_C domain comprises an EH1 (engrailed homology 1) motif
In some embodiments, the effector domain may comprise an interferon regulatory factor 2-binding protein zinc finger domain (IRF-2BP1_2), a Cyt-b5 domain from DNA repair factor HERC2 E3 ligase, a variant SH3 domain (SH3_9) from Bridging Integrator 1 (BIN1), an HMG-box domain from transcription factor TOX or ZF-C3HC4 2 RING finger domain from the polycomb component PCGF2, a Chromodomain-helicase-DNA binding protein 3 (CHD3) domain, or a ZNF783 domain.
Provided herein are epigenetic editors, also referred to herein as epigenetic editing systems, that direct epigenetic modification(s) to a target sequence in a gene of interest, e.g., using one or more DNA-binding domains as described herein and one or more effector domains (e.g., epigenetic repression domains) as described herein, in any combination. The DNA-binding domain (in concert with a guide polynucleotide such as one described herein, where the DNA-binding domain is a polynucleotide guided DNA-binding domain) directs the effector domain to epigenetically modify the target sequence, resulting in gene repression or silencing that may be durable and inheritable across cell generations. In some aspects, the epigenetic editors described herein can repress or silence genes reversibly or irreversibly in cells.
In particular embodiments, an epigenetic editor described herein comprises one or more fusion proteins, each comprising (1) DNA-binding domain(s) and (2) effector domain(s). The effector domains may be on one or more fusion proteins comprised by the epigenetic editor. For example, a single fusion protein may comprise all of the effector domains with a DNA-binding domain. Alternatively, the effector domains or subsets thereof may be on separate fusion proteins, each with a DNA-binding domain (which may be the same or different). A fusion protein described herein may further comprise one or more linkers (e.g., peptide linkers), detectable tags, nuclear localization signals (NLSs), or any combination thereof. As used herein, a “fusion protein” refers to a chimeric protein in which two or more coding sequences (e.g., for DNA-binding domain(s) and/or effector domain(s)) are covalently or non-covalently joined, directly or indirectly.
In some embodiments, an epigenetic editor described herein comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more effector (e.g., repression) domains, which may be identical or different. In certain embodiments, two or more of said effector domains function synergistically. Combinations of effector domains may comprise DNA methylation domains, histone deacetylation domains, histone methylation domains, and/or scaffold domains that recruit any of the above. For example, an epigenetic editor described herein may comprise one or more transcriptional repressor domains (e.g., a KRAB domain such as KOX1, ZIM3, ZFP28, or ZN627 KRAB) in combination with one or more DNA methylation domains (e.g., a DNMT domain) and/or recruiter domain (e.g., a DNMT3L domain). Such an epigenetic editor may comprise, for instance, a KRAB domain, a DNMT3A domain, and a DNMT3L domain. An epigenetic editor can comprise a DNMT3A domain and a DNMT3L domain and preferably further comprise a KRAB domain. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editor further comprises an additional effector domain (e.g., a KAP1, MECP2, HP1b, CBX8, CDYL2, TOX, TOX3, TOX4, EED, RBBP4, RCOR1, or SCML2 domain). In some embodiments, the additional effector domain is a CDYL2, TOX, TOX3, TOX4, or HP1a domain. For example, an epigenetic editor described herein may comprise a CDYL2 and/or a TOX domain in combination with a KRAB domain (e.g., a KOX1 KRAB domain).
A. Linkers
A fusion protein as described herein may comprise one or more linkers that connect components of the epigenetic editor. A linker may be a peptide or non-peptide linker.
In some embodiments, one or more linkers utilized in an epigenetic editor provided herein is a peptide linker, i.e., a linker comprising a peptide moiety. A peptide linker can be any length applicable to the epigenetic editor fusion proteins described herein. In some embodiments, the linker can comprise a peptide between 1 and 200 (e.g., between 1 and 80) amino acids. In some embodiments, the linker comprises from 1 to 5, 1 to 10, 1 to 20, 1 to 30, 1 to 40, 1 to 50, 1 to 60, 1 to 80, 1 to 100, 1 to 150, 1 to 200, 5 to 10, 5 to 20, 5 to 30, 5 to 40, 5 to 60, 5 to 80, 5 to 100, 5 to 150, 5 to 200, 10 to 20, 10 to 30, 10 to 40, 10 to 50, 10 to 60, 10 to 80, 10 to 100, 10 to 150, 10 to 200, 20 to 30, 20 to 40, 20 to 50, 20 to 60, 20 to 80, 20 to 100, 20 to 150, 20 to 200, 30 to 40, 30 to 50, 30 to 60, 30 to 80, 30 to 100, 30 to 150, 30 to 200, 40 to 50, 40 to 60, 40 to 80, 40 to 100, 40 to 150, 40 to 200, 50 to 60 50 to 80, 50 to 100, 50 to 150, 50 to 200, 60 to 80, 60 to 100, 60 to 150, 60 to 200, 80 to 100, 80 to 150, 80 to 200, 100 to 150, 100 to 200, or 150 to 200 amino acids in length. Longer or shorter linkers are also contemplated. In some embodiments, the peptide linker is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 25, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100 amino acids in length. For example, the peptide linker may be 4, 5, 16, 20, 24, 27, 32, 40, 64, 92, or 104 amino acids in length. The peptide linker may be a flexible or rigid linker. In particular embodiments, the peptide linker comprises the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1064-1068 or a sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical thereto.
In certain embodiments, the peptide linker is an XTEN linker. Such a linker may comprise part of the XTEN sequence (Schellenberger et al., Nat Biotechnol (2009) 27(1):1186-90), an unstructured hydrophilic polypeptide consisting only of residues G, S, P, T, E, and A. The term “XTEN” as used herein refers to a recombinant peptide or polypeptide lacking hydrophobic amino acid residues. XTEN linkers typically are unstructured and comprise a limited set of natural amino acids. Fusion of XTEN to proteins alters its hydrodynamic properties and reduces the rate of clearance and degradation of the fusion protein. These XTEN fusion proteins are produced using recombinant technology, without the need for chemical modifications, and degraded by natural pathways. The XTEN linker may be, for example, 5, 10, 16, 20, 26, or 80 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the XTEN linker is 16 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the XTEN linker is 80 amino acids in length. In certain embodiments, the XTEN linker may be XTEN10, XTEN16, XTEN20, or XTEN80. In certain embodiments, the XTEN linker may comprise the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1069-1073 and 1092 or a sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical thereto. In some embodiments, the XTEN linker may be XTEN10, XTEN16, XTEN20, or XTEN80.
In some embodiments, one or more linkers utilized in an epigenetic editor provided herein is a non-peptide linker. For example, the linker may be a carbon bond, a disulfide bond, or carbon-heteroatom bond. In certain embodiments, the linker is a carbon-nitrogen bond of an amide linkage. In certain embodiments, the linker is a cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, or branched or unbranched aliphatic or heteroaliphatic linker.
In some embodiments, one or more linkers utilized in an epigenetic editor provided herein is polymeric (e.g., polyethylene, polyethylene glycol, polyamide, polyester, etc.). The linker may comprise, for example, a monomer, dimer, or polymer of aminoalkanoic acid; an aminoalkanoic acid (e.g., glycine, ethanoic acid, alanine, beta-alanine, 3-aminopropanoic acid, 4-aminobutanoic acid, 5-pentanoic acid, etc.); a monomer, dimer, or polymer of aminohexanoic acid (Ahx); or a polyethylene glycol moiety (PEG); or an aryl or heteroaryl moiety. In certain embodiments, the linker may be based on a carbocyclic moiety (e.g., cyclopentane or cyclohexane) or a phenyl ring. The linker may include functionalized moieties to facilitate attachment of a nucleophile (e.g., thiol, amino) from the peptide to the linker. Any electrophile may be used as part of the linker. Exemplary electrophiles include, but are not limited to, activated esters, activated amides, alkyl halides, aryl halides, acyl halides, and isothiocyanates.
Various linker lengths and flexibilities can be employed between any two components of an epigenetic editor (e.g., between an effector domain (e.g., a repressor domain) and a DNA-binding domain (e.g., a Cas9 domain), between a first effector domain and a second effector domain, etc.). The linkers may range from very flexible linkers, such as glycine/serine-rich linkers, to more rigid linkers, in order to achieve the optimal length for effector domain activity for the specific application. In some embodiments, the more flexible linkers are glycine/serine-rich linkers (GS-rich linkers), where more than 45% (e.g., more than 48, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, or 90%) of the residues are glycine or serine residues. Non-limiting examples of the GS-rich linkers are (GGGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 485), (G)n (SEQ ID NO: 1247), and W linker (SEQ ID NO: 486). In some embodiments, the more rigid linkers are in the form of the form (EAAAK)n (SEQ ID NO: 487), (SGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 488), and (XP)n (SEQ ID NO: 489). In the aforementioned formulae of flexible and rigid linkers, n may be any integer between 1 and 30. In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15. In some embodiments, the linker comprises a (GGS)n motif, wherein n is 1, 3, or 7 (SEQ ID NO: 490). In some embodiments, the linker comprises a (GGGGS)n motif, wherein n is 4 (SEQ ID NO: 491).
In some embodiments, a linker in an epigenetic editor described herein comprises a nuclear localization signal, for example, with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1074-1079. In some embodiments, a linker in an epigenetic editor described herein comprises an expression tag, e.g., a detectable tag such as a green fluorescence protein.
B. Nuclear Localization Signals
A fusion protein described herein may comprise one or more nuclear localization signals, and in certain embodiments, may comprise two or more nuclear localization signals. For example, the fusion protein may comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 nuclear localization signals. As used herein, a “nuclear localization signal” (NLS) is an amino acid sequence that directs proteins to the nucleus. In certain embodiments, the NLS may be an SV40 NLS. The fusion protein may comprise an NLS at its N-terminus, C-terminus, or both, and/or an NLS may be embedded in the middle of the fusion protein (e.g., at the N- or C-terminus of a DNA-binding domain or an effector domain). In certain embodiments, an NLS comprises the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1074-1079, or a sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the selected sequence. Additional NLSs are known in the art.
C. Tags
Epigenetic editors provided herein may comprise one or more additional sequences (“tags”) for tracking, detection, and localization of the editors. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editor comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more detectable tags. Each of the detectable tags may be the same or different.
For example, an epigenetic editor fusion protein may comprise cytoplasmic localization sequences, export sequences, such as nuclear export sequences, or other localization sequences, as well as sequence tags that are useful for solubilization, purification, or detection of the fusion proteins. Suitable protein tags provided herein include, but are not limited to, biotin carboxylase carrier protein (BCCP) tags, myc-tags, calmodulin-tags, FLAG-tags, hemagglutinin (HA)-tags, poly-histidine tags (also referred to as histidine tags or His-tags), maltose binding protein (MBP)-tags, nus-tags, glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-tags, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tags, thioredoxin-tags, S-tags, Softags (e.g., Softag 1 or Softag 3), strep-tags, biotin ligase tags, FlAsH tags, V5 tags, and SBP-tags. Additional suitable sequences will be apparent to those of skill in the art. Sequences disclosed herein that are presented with tag sequences included are also contemplated without the presented tag sequences; similarly, sequences disclosed herein without tag sequences are also contemplated to include the addition of suitable sequences apparent to those of skill in the art.
D. Fusion Protein Configurations
A fusion protein of an epigenetic editor described herein may have its components structured in different configurations. For example, the DNA-binding domain may be at the C-terminus, the N-terminus, or in between two or more epigenetic effector domains or additional domains. In some embodiments, the DNA-binding domain is at the C-terminus of the epigenetic editor. In some embodiments, the DNA-binding domain is at the N-terminus of the epigenetic editor. In some embodiments, the DNA-binding domain is linked to one or more nuclear localization signals. In some embodiments, the DNA-binding domain is flanked by an epigenetic effector domain and/or an additional domain on both sides. In some embodiments, where “DBD” indicates DNA-binding domain and “ED” indicates effector domain, the epigenetic editor comprises the configuration of:
In some embodiments, an epigenetic editor comprises a DNA-binding domain (DBD), a DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) domain, and a transcriptional repressor (“repressor”) domain that represses or silences expression of a target gene. The DBD, DNMT, and transcriptional repressor domains may be any as described herein, in any combination. For example, an epigenetic editor can comprise a DBD, a DNMT3A domain, and a DNMT3L domain. An epigenetic editor can comprise a DBD, a DNMT3A domain, a DNMT3L domain, and preferably further comprise a KRAB domain. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editor comprises a fusion protein with the configuration of:
In some embodiments, a connecting structure “]-[” in any one of the epigenetic editor structures is a linker, e.g., a peptide linker; a detectable tag; a peptide bond; a nuclear localization signal; and/or a promoter or regulatory sequence. In an epigenetic editor structure, the multiple connecting structures “]-[” may be the same or may each be a different linker, tag, NLS, or peptide bond. In particular embodiments, the DNA methyltransferase domain comprises DNMT3A, DNMT3L, or both. In particular embodiments, the DBD is a catalytically inactive polynucleotide guided DNA-binding domain (e.g., a dCas9) or a ZFP domain. In particular embodiments, the repressor domain is a KRAB domain.
In some embodiments, the epigenetic editor comprises a configuration selected from
In some embodiments, the epigenetic editor comprises a configuration selected from
Particular constructs contemplated herein include:
In particular embodiments, the DNMT3L and DNMT3A are both derived from human parental proteins. In particular embodiments, the DNMT3L and DNMT3A are derived from human and mouse parental proteins, respectively. In particular embodiments, the DNMT3L and DNMT3A are derived from mouse and human parental proteins, respectively. In particular embodiments, the DNMT3L and DNMT3A are both derived from mouse parental proteins. In some embodiments, the dCas9 is dSpCas9. In some embodiments, the KOX1 is human KOX1.
In particular embodiments, a fusion construct described herein may have Configuration 1 and comprise SEQ ID NO: 1080, or a sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical thereto. In SEQ ID NO: 1080 below, the XTEN linkers are underlined, the NLS sequences are bolded, the DNMT3A sequence is italicized, the DNMT3L sequence is underlined and italicized, the dCas9 domain is and the KOX1 KRAB domain is underlined and bolded:
MNHDQEFDPPKVYPPVPAEKRKPIRVLSLEDGIATGLLVLKDLGIQVDRY
IASEVCEDSITVGMVRHQGKIMYVGDVRSVTQKHIQEWGPEDLVIGGSPC
NDLSIVNPARKGLYEGTGRLFFEFYRLLHDARPKEGDDRPFFWLFENVVA
MGVSDKRDISRFLESNPVMIDAKEVSAAHRARYFWGNLPGMNRPLASTVN
DKLELQECLEHGRIAKESKVRTITTRSNSIKQGKDQHFPVEMNEKEDILW
CTEMERVEGFPVHYTDVSNMSRLARQRLLGRSWSVPVIRHLFAPLKEYFA
CV
SSGNSNANSRGPSFSSGLVPLSLRGSHMGPMEIYKTVSAWKRQPVRVL
SLERNIDKVLKSLGFLESGSGSGGGTLKYVEDVINVVRRDVEKWGPEDLV
YGSTQPLGSSCDRCPGWYMFQFHRILQYALPRQESQRPFFWIEMDNLLLT
EDDQETTTRELQTEAVTLQDVRGRDYQNAMRVWSNIPGLKSKHAPLTPKE
EEYLQAQVRSRSKLDAPKVDLLVKNCLLPLREYFKYFSQNSLPLGGPSSG
APPPSGGSPAGSPTSTEEGTSESATPESGPGTSTEPSEGSAPGSPAGSPT
STEEGTSTEPSEGSAPGTSTEPSE
PKKKRKVYMDKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGW
AVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLEDSGETAEATRLKRTA
RRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPI
FGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKERGHF
LIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSK
SRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLEGNLIALSLGLTPNEKSNEDLAEDAKLQLSK
DTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLS
ASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGAS
QEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTEDNGSIPHQIHLGE
LHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRK
SEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNEDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYF
TVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDY
FKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRENASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDELDNEENEDILED
IVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLEDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLIN
GIRDKQSGKTILDELKSDGFANRNEMQLIHDDSLTEKEDIQKAQVSGQGD
SLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQ
TTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQN
GRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSD
NVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKEDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIK
RQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDERK
DFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDV
RKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGE
TGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDK
LIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITI
MERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAG
ELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDE
IIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLETLTNL
GAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD
PKKKRKV
SGSETPGTSESATPESTGRTLVTFKDVFVDFTREEWKLLDTAQ
QIVYRNVMLENYKNLVSLGYQLTKPDVILRLEKGEEP
In particular embodiments, a fusion construct described herein may have Configuration 2 and comprise SEQ ID NOS: 1081 and 1248-1249, or a sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical thereto. In SEQ ID NOS: 1081 and 1248-1249 below, the XTEN linkers are underlined, the NLS sequences are bolded and underlined, the DNMT3A sequence is italicized, the DNMT3L sequence is underlined and italicized, the ZFP domain is bolded, and the KOX1 KRAB domain is underlined and bolded. Variable amino acids represented by Xs are the amino acids of the DNA-recognition helix of the zinc finger and XX in italics may be either TR, LR or LK.
MNHDQEFDPPKVYPPVPAEKRKPIRVLSLEDGIATGLLVLKDLGIQVDRY
IASEVCEDSITVGMVRHQGKIMYVGDVRSVTQKHIQEWGPFDLVIGGSPC
NDLSIVNPARKGLYEGTGRLFFEFYRLLHDARPKEGDDRPFFWLFENVVA
MGVSDKRDISRELESNPVMIDAKEVSAAHRARYFWGNLPGMNRPLASTVN
DKLELQECLEHGRIAKFSKVRTITTRSNSIKQGKDQHFPVFMNEKEDILW
CTEMERVFGFPVHYTDVSNMSRLARQRLLGRSWSVPVIRHLFAPLKEYFA
CV
SSGNSNANSRGPSFSSGLVPLSLRGSHMGPMEIYKTVSAWKRQPVRVL
SLFRNIDKVLKSLGFLESGSGSGGGTLKYVEDVTNVVRRDVEKWGPEDLV
YGSTQPLGSSCDRCPGWYMFQFHRILQYALPRQESQRPFFWIEMDNLLLT
EDDQETTTRFLQTEAVTLQDVRGRDYQNAMRVWSNIPGLKSKHAPLTPKE
EEYLQAQVRSRSKLDAPKVDLLVKNCLLPLREYFKYFSQNSLPLGGPSSG
APPPSGGSPAGSPTSTEEGTSESATPESGPGTSTEPSEGSAPGSPAGSPT
STEEGTSTEPSEGSAPGTSTEPSEPKKKRKV
YSRPGERPFQCRICMRNFS
XXXXXXXH
XX
THTGEKPFQCRICMRNFSXXXXXXXH
XX
TH
[
linker
]
PF
QCRICMRNFSXXXXXXXH
XX
THTGEKPFQCRICMRNFSXXXXXXXH
XX
TH
[
linker
]
PFQCRICMRNFSXXXXXXXH
XX
THTGEKPFQCRICMRNFSXX
XXXXXH
XX
THLRGS
PKKKRKVSGSETPGTSESATPESTGRTLVTFKDVFV
DFTREEWKLLDTAQQIVYRNVMLENYKNLVSLGYQLTKPDVILRLEKGEE
P
In certain embodiments, the six “XXXXXXX” regions in SEQ ID NOS: 1081 and 1248-1249 comprise, in order, the F1-F6 amino acid sequences shown in Table 1. [linker] represents a linker sequence. In some embodiments, one or both linker sequences may be TGSQKP (SEQ ID NO: 1085). In some embodiments, one or both linker sequences may be TGGGGSQKP (SEQ ID NO: 1086). In some embodiments, one linker sequence may have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1085 and the other linker sequence may have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1086.
Multiple epigenetic editors may be used to effect activation or repression of a target gene or multiple target genes. For example, an epigenetic editor fusion protein comprising a DNA-binding domain (e.g., a dCas9 domain) and an effector domain may be co-delivered with two or more guide polynucleotides (e.g., gRNAs), each targeting a different target DNA sequence. The target sites for two of the DNA-binding domains may be the same or in the vicinity of each other, or separated by, for example, about 100 base pairs, about 200 base pairs, about 300 base pairs, about 400 base pairs, about 500 base pairs, or about 600 or more base pairs. In addition, when targeting double-strand DNA, such as an endogenous gene locus, the guide polynucleotides may target the same or different strands (one or more to the positive strand and/or one or more to the negative strand).
An epigenetic editor herein may be directed to an HBV target sequence to effect epigenetic modification of HBV or an HBV gene. As used herein, a “target sequence,” a “target site,” or a “target region” is a nucleic acid sequence present in a genome or gene of interest, e.g., in an HBV genome or an HBV gene; in some instances, the target sequence may be outside but in the vicinity of the gene of interest wherein methylation or binding by a repressor of the target sequence represses expression of the gene. In some embodiments, the target sequence may be a hypomethylated or hypermethylated nucleic acid sequence.
The target sequence may be in any part of a target gene. In some embodiments, the target sequence is part of or near a noncoding sequence of the gene. In some embodiments, the target sequence is part of an exon of the gene. In some embodiments, the target sequence is part of or near a transcriptional regulatory sequence of the gene, such as a promoter or an enhancer. In some embodiments, the target sequence is adjacent to, overlaps with, or encompasses a CpG island, e.g., a CpG island identified within the HBV genome. In some embodiments, the target sequence is outside of a CpG island. In certain embodiments, the target sequence is within about 3000, 2900, 2800, 2700, 2600, 2500, 2400, 2300, 2200, 2100, 2000, 1900, 1800, 1700, 1600, 1500, 1400, 1300, 1200, 1100, 1000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300, 200, or 100 base pairs (bp) flanking an HBV TSS. In certain embodiments, the target sequence is within 500 bp flanking the HBV TSS. In certain embodiments, the target sequence is within 1000 bp flanking the HBV TSS.
In some embodiments, the target sequence may hybridize to a guide polynucleotide sequence (e.g., gRNA) complexed with a fusion protein comprising a polynucleotide guided DNA-binding domain (e.g., a CRISPR protein such as dCas9) and effector domain(s). The guide polynucleotide sequence may be designed to have complementarity to the target sequence, or identity to the opposing strand of the target sequence. In some embodiments, the guide polynucleotide comprises a spacer sequence that is about 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a protospacer sequence in the target sequence. In particular embodiments, the guide polynucleotide comprises a spacer sequence that is 100% identical to a protospacer sequence in the target sequence.
In some embodiments, where the DNA-binding domain of an epigenetic editor described herein is a zinc finger array, the target sequence may be recognized by said zinc finger array.
In some embodiments, where the DNA-binding domain of an epigenetic editor described herein is a TALE, the target sequence may be recognized by said TALE.
A target sequence described herein may be specific to one genotype of HBV, to one copy of am HBV target gene, or may be specific to one allele of an HBV target gene. In some embodiments, however, the target sequence may be conserved across two or more HBV genotypes, across two or more copies of an HBV gene, and across alleles of an HBV gene. Accordingly, the epigenetic modification and modulation of expression thereof may be specific to one copy or one allele of the target gene, or, in other embodiments, may be universal to different HBV genotypes, or HBV gene copies or alleles
In some embodiments, the target sequence is comprised in the following sequence:
In some embodiments, the target sequence is comprised in the following sequence:
An epigenetic editor described herein may perform sequence-specific epigenetic modification(s) (e.g., alteration of chemical modification(s)) of a target gene that harbors the target sequence. Such epigenetic modulation may be safer and more easily reversible than modulation due to gene editing, e.g., with generation of DNA double-strand breaks. In some embodiments, the epigenetic modulation may reduce or silence the target gene. In some embodiments, the modification is at a specific site of the target sequence. In some embodiments, the modification is at a specific allele of the target gene. Accordingly, the epigenetic modification may result in modulated (e.g., reduced) expression of one copy of a target gene harboring a specific allele, and not the other copy of the target gene. In some embodiments, the specific allele is associated with a disease, condition, or disorder.
In some embodiments, the epigenetic modification reduces or abolishes transcription of the target gene harboring the target sequence. In some embodiments, the epigenetic modification reduces or abolishes transcription of a copy of the target gene harboring a specific allele recognized by the epigenetic editor. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editor reduces the level of or eliminates expression of a protein encoded by the target gene. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editor reduces the level of or eliminates expression of a protein encoded by a copy of the target gene harboring a specific allele recognized by the epigenetic editor. The target HBV gene may be epigenetically modified in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo.
The effector domain of an epigenetic editor described herein may alter (e.g., deposit or remove) a chemical modification at a nucleotide of the target gene or at a histone associated with the target gene. The chemical modification may be altered at a single nucleotide or a single histone, or may be altered at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000 or more nucleotides.
In some embodiments, an effector domain of an epigenetic editor described herein may alter a CpG dinucleotide within the target gene. In some embodiments, all CpG dinucleotides within 2000, 1500, 1000, 500, or 200 bps flanking a target sequence (e.g., in an alteration site as described herein) are altered according to a modification type described herein, as compared to the original state of the gene or the gene in a comparable cell not contacted with the epigenetic editor. In some embodiments, at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700 or more of the CpG dinucleotides are altered as compared to the original state of the gene or the gene in a comparable cell not contacted with the epigenetic editor. In some embodiments, at least 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of the CpG dinucleotides are altered as compared to the original state of the gene or the gene in a comparable cell not contacted with the epigenetic editor. In some embodiments, one single CpG dinucleotide is altered, as compared to the original state of the gene or the gene in a comparable cell not contacted with the epigenetic editor.
An effector domain of an epigenetic editor described herein may alter a histone modification state of a histone associated with or bound to the target gene. For example, an effector domain may deposit a modification on one or more lysine residues of histone tails of histones associated with the target gene. In some embodiments, the effector domain may result in deacetylation of one or more histone tails of histones associated with the target gene, thereby reducing or silencing expression of the target gene. In some embodiments, the histone modification state is a methylation state. For example, the effector domain may result in a H3K9, H3K27 or H4K20 methylation (e.g. one or more of a H3K9me2, H3K9me3, H3K27me2, H3K27me3, and H4K20me3 methylation) at one or more histone tails associated with the target gene, thereby reducing or silencing expression of the target gene.
In some embodiments, all histone tails of histones bound to DNA nucleotides within 2000, 1500, 1000, 500, or 200 bps flanking the target sequence are altered according to a modification type as described herein, as compared to the original state of the chromosome or the chromosome in a comparable cell not contacted with the epigenetic editor. In some embodiments, at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120 or more histone tails of the bound histones are altered as compared to the original state of the chromosome or the chromosome in a comparable cell not contacted with the epigenetic editor. In some embodiments, at least 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of histone tails of the bound histones are altered as compared to the original state of the chromosome or the chromosome in a comparable cell not contacted with the epigenetic editor. For example, one single histone tail of the bound histones may be altered as compared to the original state of the chromosome or the chromosome in a comparable cell not contacted with the epigenetic editor. As another example, one single bound histone octamer may be altered as compared to the original state of the chromosome or the chromosome in a comparable cell not contacted with the epigenetic editor.
The chemical modification deposited at target gene DNA nucleotides or histone residues may be at or in close proximity to a target sequence in the target gene. In some embodiments, an effector domain of an epigenetic editor described herein alters a chemical modification state of a nucleotide or histone tail bound to a nucleotide 100-200, 200-300, 300-400, 400-55, 500-600, 600-700, or 700-800 nucleotides 5′ or 3′ to the target sequence in the target gene. In some embodiments, an effector domain alters a chemical modification state of a nucleotide or histone tail bound to a nucleotide within 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, or 2000 nucleotides flanking the target sequence. As used herein, “flanking” refers to nucleotide positions 5′ to the 5′ end of and 3′ to the 3′ end of a particular sequence, e.g. a target sequence.
In some embodiments, an effector domain mediates or induces a chemical modification change of a nucleotide or a histone tail bound to a nucleotide distant from a target sequence. Such modification may be initiated near the target sequence, and may subsequently spread to one or more nucleotides in the target gene distant from the target sequence. For example, an effector domain may initiate alteration of a chemical modification state of one or more nucleotides or one or more histone residues bound to one or more nucleotides within 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 nucleotides flanking the target sequence, and the chemical modification state alteration may spread to one or more nucleotides at least 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2500, 3000, or more nucleotides from the target sequence in the target gene, either upstream or downstream of the target sequence. In certain embodiments, the chemical modification may be initiated at less than 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, or 100 nucleotides in the target gene and spread to at least 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, or more nucleotides in the target gene. In some embodiments, the chemical modification spreads to nucleotides in the entire target gene. Additional proteins or transcription factors, for example, transcription repressors, methyltransferases, or transcription regulation scaffold proteins, may be involved in the spreading of the chemical modification. Alternatively, the epigenetic editor alone may be involved.
In some embodiments, an epigenetic editor described herein reduces expression of a target gene by at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%, or more, as measured by transcription of the target gene in a cell, a tissue, or a subject as compared to a control cell, control tissue, or a control subject (e.g., in the absence of the epigenetic editor). In some embodiments, the epigenetic editors described herein reduces expression of a copy of target gene by at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%, or more, as measured by transcription of the copy of the target gene in a cell, a tissue, or a subject as compared to a control cell, control tissue, or a control subject. In certain embodiments, the copy of the target gene harbors a specific sequence or allele recognized by the epigenetic editor. In particular embodiments, the epigenetically modified copy encodes a functional protein, and accordingly an epigenetic editor disclosed herein may reduce or abolish expression and/or function of the protein. For example, an epigenetic editor described herein may reduce expression and/or function of a protein encoded by the target gene by at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 9-fold, at least 10-fold, at least 11-fold, at least 12-fold, at least 13-fold, at least 14-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 25-fold, at least 30-fold, at least 35-fold, at least 40-fold, at least 45-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 60-fold, at least 70-fold, at least 80-fold, at least 90-fold, or at least 100 fold in a cell, a tissue, or a subject as compared to a control cell, control tissue, or a control subject.
Modulation of target gene expression can be assayed by determining any parameter that is indirectly or directly affected by the expression of the target gene. Such parameters include, e.g., changes in RNA or protein levels; changes in protein activity; changes in product levels; changes in downstream gene expression; changes in transcription or activity of reporter genes such as, for example, luciferase, CAT, beta-galactosidase, or GFP; changes in signal transduction; changes in phosphorylation and dephosphorylation; changes in receptor-ligand interactions; changes in concentrations of second messengers such as, for example, cGMP, cAMP, IP3, and Ca2+; changes in cell growth; changes in neovascularization; and/or changes in any functional effect of gene expression. Measurements can be made in vitro, in vivo, and/or ex vivo, and can be made by conventional methods, e.g., measurement of RNA or protein levels, measurement of RNA stability, and/or identification of downstream or reporter gene expression. Readout can be by way of, for example, chemiluminescence, fluorescence, colorimetric reactions, antibody binding, inducible markers, ligand binding assays, changes in intracellular second messengers such as cGMP and inositol triphosphate (IP3), changes in intracellular calcium levels; cytokine release, and the like.
Methods for determining the expression level of a gene, for example the target of an epigenetic editor, may include, e.g., determining the transcript level of a gene by reverse transcription PCR, quantitative RT-PCR, droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), Northern blot, RNA sequencing, DNA sequencing (e.g., sequencing of complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) obtained from RNA); next generation (Next-Gen) sequencing, nanopore sequencing, pyrosequencing, or Nanostring sequencing. Levels of protein expressed from a gene may be determined, e.g., by Western blotting, enzyme linked immuno-absorbance assays, mass-spectrometry, immunohistochemistry, or flow cytometry analysis. Gene expression product levels may be normalized to an internal standard such as total messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) or the expression level of a particular gene, e.g., a housekeeping gene.
In some embodiments, the effect of an epigenetic editor in modulating target gene expression may be examined using a reporter system. For example, an epigenetic editor may be designed to target a reporter gene encoding a reporter protein, such as a fluorescent protein. Expression of the reporter gene in such a model system may be monitored by, e.g., flow cytometry, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), or fluorescence microscopy. In some embodiments, a population of cells may be transfected with a vector that harbors a reporter gene. The vector may be constructed such that the reporter gene is expressed when the vector transfects a cell. Suitable reporter genes include genes encoding fluorescent proteins, for example green, yellow, cherry, cyan or orange fluorescent proteins. The population of cells carrying the reporter system may be transfected with DNA, mRNA, or vectors encoding the epigenetic editor targeting the reporter gene.
Another aspect of the present disclosure is a pharmaceutical composition comprising as an active ingredient (or as the sole active ingredient) one or more epigenetic editors described herein or component(s) (e.g., fusion proteins and/or guide polynucleotides) thereof, or nucleic acid molecule(s) encoding said epigenetic editors or component(s) thereof. For example, a pharmaceutical composition may comprise nucleic acid molecule(s) encoding the fusion protein(s) (and guide polynucleotides, where applicable) of an epigenetic editor described herein. In some embodiments, separate pharmaceutical compositions comprise the fusion protein(s) and the guide polynucleotide(s). In some embodiments, multiple pharmaceutical compositions, each comprising one epigenetic editor, are administered simultaneously. A pharmaceutical composition may also comprise cells that have undergone epigenetic modification(s) mediated or induced by an epigenetic editor provided herein.
Generally, the epigenetic editors described herein or component(s) thereof, or nucleic acid molecule(s) encoding said epigenetic editors or component(s) thereof, of the present disclosure are suitable to be administered as a formulation in association with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipient(s), e.g., as described below.
The term “excipient” is used herein to describe any ingredient other than the compound(s) of the present disclosure. The choice of excipient(s) will to a large extent depend on factors such as the particular mode of administration, the effect of the excipient on solubility and stability, and the nature of the dosage form. As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible. Some examples of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are water, saline, phosphate buffered saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol and the like, as well as combinations thereof. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, or sodium chloride in the composition. Additional examples of pharmaceutically acceptable substances are wetting agents or minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, preservatives, or buffers, which enhance the shelf life or effectiveness of the antibody.
Formulations of a pharmaceutical composition suitable for parenteral administration typically comprise the active ingredient combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as sterile water or sterile isotonic saline. Such formulations may be prepared, packaged, or sold in a form suitable for bolus administration or for continuous administration. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editor or its component(s) are introduced to target cells in the form of nucleic acid molecule(s) encoding the epigenetic editor or its component(s); accordingly, the pharmaceutical compositions herein comprise the nucleic acid molecule(s). Such nucleic acid molecule(s) may be, for example, DNA, RNA or mRNA, and/or modified nucleic acid sequence(s) (e.g., with chemical modifications, a 5′ cap, or one or more 3′ modifications). In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule(s) may be delivered as naked DNA or RNA, for instance by means of transfection or electroporation, or can be conjugated to molecules (e.g., N-acetylgalactosamine) promoting uptake by target cells. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule(s) may be in nucleic acid expression vector(s), which may include expression control sequences such as promoters, enhancers, transcription signal sequences, transcription termination sequences, introns, polyadenylation signals, Kozak consensus sequences, internal ribosome entry sites (IRES), etc. Such expression control sequences are well known in the art. A vector may also comprise a sequence encoding a signal peptide (e.g., for nuclear localization, nucleolar localization, or mitochondrial localization), associated with (e.g., inserted into or fused to) a sequence coding for a protein.
Examples of vectors include, but are not limited to, plasmid vectors; viral vectors based on vaccinia virus, poliovirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, SV40, herpes simplex virus, human immunodeficiency virus, retrovirus (e.g., Murine Leukemia Virus, or spleen necrosis virus, vectors derived from retroviruses such as Rous Sarcoma Virus, Harvey Sarcoma Virus, avian leukosis virus, a lentivirus, human immunodeficiency virus, myeloproliferative sarcoma virus, and mammary tumor virus); and other recombinant vectors. In certain embodiments, the vector is a plasmid or a viral vector. Viral particles may also be used to deliver nucleic acid molecule(s) encoding epigenetic editors or component(s) thereof as described herein. For example, “empty” viral particles can be assembled to contain any suitable cargo. Viral vectors and viral particles may also be engineered to incorporate targeting ligands to alter target tissue specificity.
In certain embodiments, an epigenetic editor as described herein or component(s) thereof are encoded by nucleic acid sequence(s) present in one or more viral vectors, or a suitable capsid protein of any viral vector. Examples of viral vectors include adeno-associated viral vectors (e.g., derived from AAV3, AAV3b, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAVrh8, AAV10, and/or variants thereof); retroviral vectors (e.g., Maloney murine leukemia virus, MML-V), adenoviral vectors (e.g., AD100), lentiviral vectors (e.g., HIV and FIV-based vectors), and herpesvirus vectors (e.g., HSV-2).
In some embodiments, delivery involves an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector. AAV vector delivery may be particularly useful where the DNA-binding domain of an epigenetic editor fusion protein is a zinc finger array. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, the smaller size of zinc finger arrays compared to larger DNA-binding domains such as Cas protein domains may allow such a fusion protein to be conveniently packed in viral vectors such as an AAV vector.
Any AAV serotype, e.g., human AAV serotype, can be used for an AAV vector as described herein, including, but not limited to, AAV serotype 1 (AAV1), AAV serotype 2 (AAV2), AAV serotype 3 (AAV3), AAV serotype 4 (AAV4), AAV serotype 5 (AAV5), AAV serotype 6 (AAV6), AAV serotype 7 (AAV7), AAV serotype 8 (AAV8), AAV serotype 9 (AAV9), AAV serotype 10 (AAV10), and AAV serotype 11 (AAV11), as well as variants thereof. In some embodiments, an AAV variant has at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% amino acid sequence identity to a wildtype AAV. In certain embodiments, the AAV variant may be engineered such that its capsid proteins have reduced immunogenicity or enhanced transduction ability in humans. In some instances, one or more regions of at least two different AAV serotype viruses are shuffled and reassembled to generate a chimeric variant. For example, a chimeric AAV may comprise inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) that are of a heterologous serotype compared to the serotype of the capsid. The resulting chimeric AAV can have a different antigenic reactivity or recognition compared to its parental serotypes. In some embodiments, a chimeric variant of an AAV includes amino acid sequences from 2, 3, 4, 5, or more different AAV serotypes.
Non-viral systems are also contemplated for delivery as described herein. Non-viral systems include, but are not limited to, nucleic acid transfection methods including electroporation, sonoporation, calcium phosphate transfection, microinjection, DNA biolistics, lipid-mediated transfection, transfection through heat shock, compacted DNA-mediated transfection, lipofection, cationic agent-mediated transfection, and transfection with liposomes, immunoliposomes, or cationic facial amphiphiles (CFAs). In certain embodiments, one or more mRNAs encoding epigenetic editor fusion proteins as described herein may be co-electroporated with one or more guide polynucleotides (e.g., gRNAs) as described herein. One important category of non-viral nucleic acid vectors is nanoparticles, which can be organic (e.g., lipid) or inorganic (e.g., gold). For instance, organic (e.g. lipid and/or polymer) nanoparticles can be suitable for use as delivery vehicles in certain embodiments of this disclosure.
In some embodiments, delivery is accomplished using a lipid nanoparticle (LNP). LNP compositions are typically sized on the order of micrometers or smaller and may include a lipid bilayer. In some embodiments, a LNP refers to any particle that has a diameter of less than 1000 nm, 500 nm, 250 nm, 200 nm, 150 nm, 100 nm, 75 nm, 50 nm, or 25 nm. Nanoparticle compositions encompass lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), liposomes (e.g., lipid vesicles), and lipoplexes.
An LNP as described herein may be made from cationic, anionic, or neutral lipids. In some embodiments, an LNP may comprise neutral lipids, such as the fusogenic phospholipid 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) or the membrane component cholesterol, as helper lipids to enhance transfection activity and nanoparticle stability. In some embodiments, an LNP may comprise hydrophobic lipids, hydrophilic lipids, or both hydrophobic and hydrophilic lipids. Any lipid or combination of lipids that are known in the art can be used to produce an LNP. The lipids may be combined in any molar ratios to produce the LNP. In some embodiments, the LNP is a liver-targeting (e.g., preferentially or specifically targeting the liver) LNP.
LNP formulations and methods of LNP delivery that can be used will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the present disclosure and the state of the art. Non-limiting exemplary compositions and methods can be found in Shah, R., Eldridge, D., Palombo, E., and Harding, I., Lipid Nanoparticles: Production, Characterization and Stability, Springer, 2015, ISBN-13 978-3319107103; Ziegler, S., Lipid Nanoparticles: Advances in Research and Applications, Nova Science Pub., Inc, ISBN-13 978-1536186536; Mitchell, M. J., Billingsley, M. M., Haley, R. M. et al. Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery, Nat Rev Drug Discov 20, 101-124 (2021); Hou, X., Zaks, T., Langer, R. et al. Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery. Nat Rev Mater 6, 1078-1094 (2021); Lipid-Nanoparticle-Based Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 Genome-Editing Components, Pardis Kazemian, Si-Yue Yu, Sarah B. Thomson, Alexandra Birkenshaw, Blair R. Leavitt, and Colin J. D. Ross. Molecular Pharmaceutics 2022 19 (6), 1669-1686; Cullis P R, Hope M J. Lipid Nanoparticle Systems for Enabling Gene Therapies, Mol Ther. 2017 Jul. 5; 25(7):1467-1475; Hatit, M. Z. C., Lokugamage, M. P Dobrowolski, C. N. et al. Species-dependent in vivo mRNA delivery and cellular responses to nanoparticles, Nat. Nanotechnol. 17, 310-318 (2022); Lam, K., Schreiner, P., Leung, A., Stainton, P., Reid, S., Yaworski, E., Lutwyche, P. and Heyes, J. (2023), Optimizing Lipid Nanoparticles for Delivery in Primates, Adv. Mater; Dilliard, S. A., Siegwart, D. J. Passive, active and endogenous organ-targeted lipid and polymer nanoparticles for delivery of genetic drugs, Nat Rev Mater (2023); Kasiewicz, L. N., et. al., Lipid nanoparticles incorporating a GalNAc ligand enable in vivo liver ANGPTL3 editing in wild-type and somatic LDLR knockout non-human primates, bioRxiv 2021.11.08.467731, doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.11.08.467731; Tombácz, I., et. al., Highly efficient CD4+ T cell targeting and genetic recombination using engineered CD4+ cell-homing mRNA-LNPs, Molecular Therapy, Volume 29, Issue 11, 2021, 3293-3304; Cheng, Q., Wei, T., Farbiak, L. et al. Selective organ targeting (SORT) nanoparticles for tissue-specific mRNA delivery and CRISPR—Cas gene editing, Nat. Nanotechnol. 15, 313-320 (2020); Zhang, Y., et. al., Lipids and Lipid Derivatives for RNA Delivery, Chemical Reviews 2021 121 (20); Lam, K., et. al, Unsaturated, Trialkyl Ionizable Lipids are Versatile Lipid-Nanoparticle Components for Therapeutic and Vaccine Applications, Adv. Mater. 2023, 35; Han, X., Zhang, H., Butowska, K. et al. An ionizable lipid toolbox for RNA delivery, Nat Commun 12, 7233 (2021); U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,364,435; 8,058,069; 8,822,668; 8,492,359; 11,141,378; 9,518,272; 9,404,127; 9,006,417; 7,901,708; 9,005,654; 9,878,042; 9,682,139; 8,642,076; 9,593,077; 9,415,109; 9,701,623; 10,369,226; 9,999,673; 9,301,923; 10,342,761; 10,137,201; International Publication No. WO2016081029A1; each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The ordinarily skilled artisan will be able to identify an appropriate LNP and method of delivery based on the present disclosure and the state of the art. The present disclosure is not limited in this respect.
Other methods of delivery to target cells will be known to those skilled in the art and can be used with the compositions of the present disclosure.
Any type of cell may be targeted for delivery of an epigenetic editor or component(s) thereof as described herein. For example, the cells may be eukaryotic or prokaryotic. In some embodiments, the cells are mammalian (e.g., human) cells. Human cells may include, for example, hepatocytes, biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes), stellate cells, Kupffer cells, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells.
In some embodiments, an epigenetic editor described herein, or component(s) thereof, are delivered to a host cell for transient expression, e.g., via a transient expression vector. Transient expression of the epigenetic editor or its component(s) may result in prolonged or permanent epigenetic modification of the target gene. For example, the epigenetic modification may be stable for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 11, or 12 weeks or more; or 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 months or more, after introduction of the epigenetic editor into the host cell. The epigenetic modification may be maintained after one or more mitotic and/or meiotic events of the host cell. In particular embodiments, the epigenetic modification is maintained across generations in offspring generated or derived from the host cell.
The present disclosure also provides methods for treating or preventing a condition in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an epigenetic editor or pharmaceutical composition as described herein. The epigenetic editor may effectuate an epigenetic modification of a target polynucleotide sequence in a target gene associated with a disease, condition, or disorder in the subject, thereby modulating expression of the target gene to treat or prevent the disease, condition, or disorder. In some embodiments, the epigenetic editor reduces the expression of the target gene to an extent sufficient to achieve a desired effect, e.g., a therapeutically relevant effect such as the prevention or treatment of the disease, condition, or disorder.
In some embodiments, a subject is administered a system for modulating (e.g., repressing) expression of HBV or of an HBV gene, wherein the system comprises (1) the fusion protein(s) and, where relevant, guide polynucleotide(s) of an epigenetic editor as described herein, or (2) nucleic acid molecules encoding said fusion protein(s) and, where relevant, guide polynucleotide(s).
“Treat,” “treating” and “treatment” refer to a method of alleviating or abrogating a biological disorder and/or at least one of its attendant symptoms. As used herein, to “alleviate” a disease, disorder or condition means reducing the severity and/or occurrence frequency of the symptoms of the disease, disorder, or condition. Further, references herein to “treatment” include references to curative, palliative and prophylactic treatment. In some embodiments, as compared with an equivalent untreated control, alleviating a symptom may involve reduction of the symptom by at least 3%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, or 100% as measured by any standard technique.
In some embodiments, the subject may be a mammal, e.g., a human. In some embodiments, the subject is selected from a non-human primate such as chimpanzee, cynomolgus monkey, or macaque, and other apes and monkey species.
In some embodiments, the human patient has a condition characterized by an HBV infection. In some embodiments, the patient has Hepatitis B.
In some embodiments, a patient to be treated with an epigenetic editor of the present disclosure has received prior treatment for the condition to be treated (e.g., HBV and/or HDV, or Hepatitis B). In other embodiments, the patient has not received such prior treatment. In some embodiments, the patient has failed on (or is refractory to) a prior treatment for the condition (e.g., a prior HBV treatment).
An epigenetic editor of the present disclosure may be administered in a therapeutically effective amount to a patient with a condition described herein. “Therapeutically effective amount,” as used herein, refers to an amount of the therapeutic agent being administered that will relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disorder being treated, and/or result in clinical endpoint(s) desired by healthcare professionals. An effective amount for therapy may be measured by its ability to stabilize disease progression and/or ameliorate symptoms in a patient, and preferably to reverse disease progression. The ability of an epigenetic editor of the present disclosure to reduce or silence HBV expression may be evaluated by in vitro assays, e.g., as described herein, as well as in suitable animal models that are predictive of the efficacy in humans. Suitable dosage regimens will be selected in order to provide an optimum therapeutic response in each particular situation, for example, administered as a single bolus or as a continuous infusion, and with possible adjustment of the dosage as indicated by the exigencies of each case.
An epigenetic editor of the present disclosure may be administered without additional therapeutic treatments, i.e., as a stand-alone therapy (monotherapy). Alternatively, treatment with an epigenetic editor of the present disclosure may include at least one additional therapeutic treatment (combination therapy). In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is any known in the art to HBV and/or HDV. In some embodiments, therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, antivirals such as entecavir, tenofovir, lamivudine, telvivudine, bictegravir, emtricitabine, or defovir, as well as immune modulators such as pegylated interferon and interferon alpha.
The epigenetic editors or components thereof (or nucleic acid molecules encoding the epigenetic editors or components thereof) of the present disclosure may be administered by any method accepted in the art (e.g., parenterally, intravenously, intradermally, or intramuscularly).
The epigenetic editors or components thereof (or nucleic acid molecules encoding the epigenetic editors or components thereof) of the present disclosure may be administered to a subject once, twice, three times, or 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more times. In some embodiments, the one, two, three, or 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more administrations of epigenetic editors or components thereof (or nucleic acid molecules encoding the epigenetic editors or components thereof) are in temporal proximity (e.g., within 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 1 month or two months of each other). In some embodiments, a subject is re-dosed with the epigenetic editors or components thereof (or nucleic acid molecules encoding the epigenetic editors or components thereof) of the present disclosure for at least one more time after an initial dose. In some cases, a subject is administered with a subsequent dose of the epigenetic editors or components thereof (or nucleic acid molecules encoding the epigenetic editors or components thereof) of the present disclosure, which target a different DNA region of the HBV genome than the DNA region of the HBV genome that is targeted by the epigenetic editors or components thereof that the subject receives at the initial dose. In some cases, a subject is administered with multiple doses (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more) of the same epigenetic editors or components thereof (or nucleic acid molecules encoding the epigenetic editors or components thereof) of the present disclosure. In some cases, a subject is administered with a single dose of different epigenetic editors or components thereof (or nucleic acid molecules encoding the epigenetic editors or components thereof) of the present disclosure, at least two of which target different DNA regions of the HBV genome. In some cases, a subject is administered with multiple doses (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more) of different epigenetic editors or components thereof (or nucleic acid molecules encoding the epigenetic editors or components thereof) of the present disclosure, at least two of which target different DNA regions of the HBV genome. In some embodiments, redosing of the epigenetic editors or components thereof (or nucleic acid molecules encoding the epigenetic editors or components thereof) of the present disclosure has a better therapeutic efficacy than a single dose of the same, e.g., more potent suppression of HBV replication, or more profound reduction in HBV DNA and/or HBV antigens (e.g., HBsAg, HBeAg, and/or HBV core antigen (HBcAg)) present in the subject, e.g., in the circulation system and/or liver of the subject.
The term “nucleic acid” as used herein refers to any oligonucleotide or polynucleotide containing nucleotides (e.g., deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides) in either single- or double-strand form, and includes DNA and RNA. “Nucleotides” contain a sugar deoxyribose (DNA) or ribose (RNA), a base, and a phosphate group, and are linked together through the phosphate groups. “Bases” include purines and pyrimidines, which include natural compounds such as adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil, inosine, and natural analogs; as well as synthetic derivatives of purines and pyrimidines, which include, but are not limited to, modified versions which place new reactive groups such as amines, alcohols, thiols, carboxylates, alkylhalides, etc. Nucleic acids may contain known nucleotide analogs and/or modified backbone residues or linkages, which may be synthetic, naturally occurring, and non-naturally occurring. Such nucleotide analogs, modified residues, and modified linkages are well known in the art, and may provide a nucleic acid molecule with enhanced cellular uptake, reduced immunogenicity, and/or increased stability in the presence of nucleases.
As used herein, an “isolated” or “purified” nucleic acid molecule is a nucleic acid molecule that exists apart from its native environment. For example, an “isolated” or “purified” nucleic acid molecule (1) has been separated away from the nucleic acids of the genomic DNA or cellular RNA of its source of origin; and/or (2) does not occur in nature. In some embodiments, an “isolated” or “purified” nucleic acid molecule is a recombinant nucleic acid molecule.
It will be understood that in addition to the specific proteins and nucleic acid molecules mentioned herein, the present disclosure also contemplates the use of variants, derivatives, homologs, and fragments thereof. A variant of any given sequence may have the specific sequence of residues (whether amino acid or nucleic acid residues) modified in such a manner that the polypeptide or polynucleotide in question substantially retains at least one of its endogenous functions. A variant sequence can be obtained by addition, deletion, substitution, modification, replacement and/or variation of at least one residue present in the naturally-occurring sequence (in some embodiments, no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, or 20 residues). For specific proteins described herein (e.g., KRAB, dCas9, DNMT3A, and DNMT3L proteins described herein), the present disclosure also contemplates any of the protein's naturally occurring forms, or variants or homologs that retain at least one of its endogenous functions (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 85%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of its function as compared to the specific protein described).
As used herein, a homologue of any polypeptide or nucleic acid sequence contemplated herein includes sequences having a certain homology with the wildtype amino acid and nucleic sequence. A homologous sequence may include a sequence, e.g. an amino acid sequence which may be at least 50%, 55%, 65%, 75%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%<93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the subject sequence. The term “percent identical” in the context of amino acid or nucleotide sequences refers to the percent of residues in two sequences that are the same when aligned for maximum correspondence. In some embodiments, the length of a reference sequence aligned for comparison purposes is at least 30%, (e.g., at least 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90%, or 100%) of the reference sequence. Sequence identity may be measured using sequence analysis software (for example, Sequence Analysis Software Package of the Genetics Computer Group, University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, Wis. 53705, BLAST, BESTFIT, GAP, or PILEUP/PRETTYBOX programs). Such software matches identical or similar sequences by assigning degrees of homology to various substitutions, deletions, and/or other modifications. In an exemplary approach to determining the degree of identity, a BLAST program may be used, with a probability score between e-3 and e-100 indicating a closely related sequence.
The percent identity of two nucleotide or polypeptide sequences is determined by, e.g., BLAST® using default parameters (available at the U.S. National Library of Medicine's National Center for Biotechnology Information website). In some embodiments, the length of a reference sequence aligned for comparison purposes is at least 30%, (e.g., at least 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90%) of the reference sequence.
It will be understood that the numbering of the specific positions or residues in polypeptide sequences depends on the particular protein and numbering scheme used. Numbering might be different, e.g., in precursors of a mature protein and the mature protein itself, and differences in sequences from species to species may affect numbering. One of skill in the art will be able to identify the respective residue in any homologous protein and in the respective encoding nucleic acid by methods well known in the art, e.g., by sequence alignment and determination of homologous residues.
The term “modulate” or “alter” refers to a change in the quantity, degree, or extent of a function. For example, an epigenetic editor as described herein may modulate the activity of a promoter sequence by binding to a motif within the promoter, thereby inducing, enhancing, or suppressing transcription of a gene operatively linked to the promoter sequence. As other examples, an epigenetic editor as described herein may block RNA polymerase from transcribing a gene, or may inhibit translation of an mRNA transcript. The terms “inhibit,” “repress,” “suppress,” “silence” and the like, when used in reference to an epigenetic editor or a component thereof as described herein, refers to decreasing or preventing the activity (e.g., transcription) of a nucleic acid sequence (e.g., a target gene) or protein relative to the activity of the nucleic acid sequence or protein in the absence of the epigenetic editor or component thereof. The term may include partially or totally blocking activity, or preventing or delaying activity. The inhibited activity may be, e.g., 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% less than that of a control, or may be, e.g., at least 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, or 10-fold less than that of a control.
The term “about” or “approximately” means within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured or determined, e.g., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, “about” can mean within one or more than one standard deviation, per the practice in the given value. Where particular values are described in the application and claims, unless otherwise stated, the term “about” should be assumed to mean an acceptable error range for the particular value.
Ranges provided herein are understood to be shorthand for all of the values within the range. For example, a range of 1 to 50 is understood to include any number, combination of numbers, or sub-range from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50, as well as all intervening decimal values between the aforementioned integers such as, for example, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, and 1.9. With respect to sub-ranges, “nested sub-ranges” that extend from either end point of the range are specifically contemplated. For example, a nested sub-range of an exemplary range of 1 to 50 may comprise 1 to 10, 1 to 20, 1 to 30, and 1 to 40 in one direction, or 50 to 40, 50 to 30, 50 to 20, and 50 to 10 in the other direction.
Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in connection with the present disclosure shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Exemplary methods and materials are described below, although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the present disclosure. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. Throughout this specification and embodiments, the words “have” and “comprise,” or variations such as “has,” “having,” “comprises,” or “comprising,” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers. The recitation of a listing of elements herein includes any of the elements singly or in any combination. The recitation of an embodiment herein includes that embodiment as a single embodiment, or in combination with any other embodiment(s) herein. All publications, patents, patent applications, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. To the extent that references incorporated by reference contradict the disclosure contained in the specification, the specification is intended to supersede and/or take precedence over any such contradictory material. Although a number of documents are cited herein, this citation does not constitute an admission that any of these documents forms part of the common general knowledge in the art.
In order that the present disclosure may be better understood, the following examples are set forth. These examples are for purposes of illustration only and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present disclosure in any manner.
Target sequences were manually and computationally designed using the representative HBV genome sequences (SEQ ID Nos. 1082, 1083) as a reference:
While target site design focused on CpG islands identified within the HBV genome, target sites outside of HBV CpG islands were also considered.
Table 2 presents some representative target sites that were identified as suitable for targeting with an epigenetic repressor.
Target domains identified above that are adjacent to a PAM sequence, e.g., an S. pyogenes Cas9 PAM sequence, can be targeted by a CRISPR-based epigenetic repressor, e.g., an epigenetic repressor comprising a dCas9 DNA-binding domain. For example, target sites 1-143 are suitable for dCas9-based epigenetic repressor targeting.
Target sites were analyzed for conservation across HBV genotypes A-E (
The HepAD38 cell line expresses the HBV genome under a doxycycline-inducible promoter (see, e.g., Ladner et al., Inducible expression of human hepatitis B virus (HBV) in stably transfected hepatoblastoma cells: a novel system for screening potential inhibitors of HBV replication. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:1715-1720(1997), incorporated herein by reference).
Results are shown in
HepG2 cells were engineered by lentiviral transduction to express the human NTCP receptor which is used by hepatitis B virus (HBV) to infect the cells.
HBV viral particles were produced using the HepAD38 cell line. HepAD38 is a subclone, derived from HepG2 cell line, that expresses HBV genome (genotype D subtype ayw) under the transcriptional control of a tetracycline-responsive promoter in a TET-OFF system.
A triple combination of Engineered Transcriptional Repressors (ETRs) consisting of three plasmids expressing dCas9-KRAB, dCas9-DNMT3A and dCas9-DNMT3L was used in combination with one or more of the designed sgRNAs.
LNPs were formulated using GENVOY ILM Lipid Mix (Precision Nanosystem) and the formulator Nanoassemblr Spark (Precision Nanosystem). LNPs were formulated according to the manufacturer's recommendations with Nitrogen:Phosphate (NP) ratio equal to 6 and flow rate ratio (FRR) 2:1. The RNA payload was diluted to a final concentration of 350 ng/uL in the PNI formulation buffer. The ETRs, dCas9-KRAB, dCas9-DNMT3A, dCas9-DNMT3L and each of the 121 sgRNA were mixed at 1:1:1:4 ratio. The RNA mix, the Genvoy lipid mix (25 mM) and PBS were loaded each in the dedicated chambers of the Spark cartridge and formulated. The quality of the formulated LNPs was evaluated quantifying the packaged mRNA using Quant-it™ RiboGreen RNA Assay Kit (Thermo Fisher) and sizing the LNP by Dynamic Light Scattering (Zetasizer, Malvem Panalytic).
HepG2-NTCP cells were plated at 20,000 cells/well in collagen coated 96 well plates. After 24 h cells were infected with HBV at 5,000 multiplicity of genome equivalent (MGE) and 16 h after viral inoculum was removed, cells were washed with PBS, and fresh media was added. Three days post-infection, using LNPs, each sgRNA and the mRNAs encoding each of the components of the triple constructs of ETRs (dCas9-KRAB, dCas9-DNMT3A, dCas9-DNMT3L) were delivered. Three days after, LNP was removed, medium was replaced, and cells were maintained in complete medium for three days.
Viral antigens HBeAg and HBsAg were quantified 6 days after LNP removal using ELISA assays. Data were normalized to a non-targeting guide designed against the mouse PCSK9 and control 3.2 gRNA was used as positive control. Cells viability assay were performed and normalized to non-targeting control.
The Table below provides amino acid sequences of exemplary epigenetic editors used in the gRNA screen (the ETR constructs):
YPYDVPDYA (SEQ ID NO: 479)-HA-Tag
GSGGG
(SEQ ID NO: 480)-Linker
YPYDVPDYA (SEQ ID NO: 479)-HA-Tag
GSGGG
(SEQ ID NO: 480)-Linker
YPYDVPDYA (SEQ ID NO: 479)-HA-Tag
GSGGG
(SEQ ID NO: 480)-Linker
The Table below provides amino acid sequences and polynucleotide sequences of exemplary epigenetic editors
Table 8 below lists components of the fusion polypeptide PLA001 and their corresponding amino acid position in the fusion polypeptide sequence (SEQ ID No. 481) set forth in Table 7.
Table 9 below lists components of the polynucleotide encoding the fusion polypeptide PLA001 and their corresponding nucleotide position in the polynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID No. 482) set forth in Table 7.
Table 10 below lists components of the fusion polypeptide PLA002 and their corresponding amino acid position in the fusion polypeptide sequence (SEQ ID No. 483) set forth in Table 7.
Table 11 below lists components of the polynucleotide encoding the fusion polypeptide PLA002 and their corresponding nucleotide position in the polynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID No. 484) set forth in Table 7.
Table 14 below provides gRNA sequence tested.
In vitro silencing was observed in an HepG2-NTCP infection model with gRNAs targeting CpG islands with ETRs (
Zinc finger repressors targeting epigenetic target sites identified in the HBV genome were designed. Table 1 above provides amino acid sequences of zinc finger and its corresponding motif sequences and target sequences of the zinc finger.
Zinc finger repressors described in Table 1 are tested in an HBV infection model, e.g., in HepG2 cells as described herein, and efficient repression of HBV is confirmed for the zinc finger repressors provided in Table 1.
A CRISPR-Off single construct encoding PLA002, consisting of KRAB, DNMT3A, DNMT3L, and dCas9, was used in combination with one or more of the designed sgRNAs for the in vitro assays described in this example.
HepG2-NTCP cells were infected with HBV for 4 days, following procedures similar as those in Example 3, and were then transfected with CRISPR-off construct and individual exemplary gRNAs (as indicated in Table 13) formulated in a research-grade LNP. At Day 6 post-transfection HBsAg and HBeAg protein expression in the supernatant was evaluated by ELISA, as depicted in
In another experiment, the integrated HBV cell line, PLC/PRF/5, was used to evaluate activity of gRNAs. The PLC/PRF/5 cells were transfected with CRISPR-off (PLA002) and individual gRNAs using a commercial lipid-based transfection reagent. As depicted in
In a further experiment, primary human hepatocytes (PHH) derived from humanized mice were infected with HBV for 4 days and then transfected with CRISPR-off (PLA002) and individual gRNAs formulated in a research-grade LNP, GenVoy LNPs. As depicted in
Sequences of the exemplary gRNAs that were tested in this example are listed in Table 13.
In this example, ZF-off single constructs encoding a fusion protein consisting of KRAB, DNMT3A, DNMT3L, and an exemplary zinc finger motif of choice, were tested. Sequences of the exemplary zinc fingers that were tested in this example are listed in Table 20, as are sequences for plasmids yielding a subset of the ZF-off single construct fusion proteins.
Certain exemplary ZF-off constructs were formulated in a research-grade LNP. HepG2-NTCP cells were infected with HBV for 4 days and then transfected with the ZF-off loaded LNPs. As depicted in
Table 16 and 17 below show the raw data from these experiments, listed with the mRNA number yielding the zinc finger motif
In this example, top ZF fusion proteins were tested in 5-point dose response assay for HBsAg and HBeAg. The 5 dosage points were 200 ng, 150 ng, 100 ng, 50 ng, and 25 ng. Experimental schematic and results are shown in
In this example, top ZF fusion proteins were tested for durable repression of HBsAg. Active ZFPs showed durable silencing through Day 27 with 50 ng total treatment. Experimental schematic and results are shown in
In this example, top ZF fusion proteins were tested for repression of HBsAg in PLC/PRF/5 cells. A subset of the ZFPs silenced HBsAg in this second model. Experimental schematic and results are shown in
In this example, ZF fusion proteins targeting HBV exhibiting significant silencing were profiled for specificity in HepG2-NTCP at day 19. All comparisons were performed against a non-targeting ZFP control. An exemplary result for the ZF fusion protein with mRNA0001 zinc finger motif is shown in
A non-transgenic model of persistent HBV infection (AAV-HBV) in immunocompetent mice was used, which was established by administering an adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) that contains HBV Genotype D DNA into the mice. The administration of the AAV-HBV vector resulted in expression of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), and high levels of serum HBV DNA in the mice.
The CRISPR-off and ZF-off constructs are tested. Constructs are delivered via IV administration of mRNA/gRNA (CRISPR-Off) or mRNA (ZF-Off) formulated into a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) at 2.5 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg for CRISPR-Off and ZF-Off, respectively. Some constructs are formulated in LNP compositions as described in US20220402862A1 and/or US20230203480A1. A subset of the mice are re-dosed at two weeks after the first dose; a second subset are re-dosed at one month after the first dose. The readouts are circulating viral DNA, HBsAg, and HBeAg, tested using mouse plasma at one or more time points (such as 7, 14, 28, and 35 days). A durable and significant reduction in the levels of one or more of HBV DNA, HBsAg, and HBeAg is observed for some constructs.
Longer-term durability is tested over three to six months using the HBV DNA, HBsAg, and HBeAg markers. Progressive and durable reduction in one or more of these markers is seen with delivery of some constructs. The mice are sacrificed and livers are collected for further analysis, and durable silencing is confirmed by at least 2 log reduction of HBsAg and HBV DNA.
A transgenic mouse model of persistent HBV infection (Tg-HBV) was used, whose genome was engineered to integrate HBV Genotype A DNA, resulting in expression of HBsAg and HBeAg, and circulating viral DNA in the mice.
The CRISPR-off and ZF-off constructs are tested. Constructs are delivered via IV administration of mRNA/gRNA (CRISPR-Off) or mRNA (ZF-Off) formulated into LNP at 2.5 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg for CRISPR-Off and ZF-Off, respectively. Some constructs are formulated in LNP compositions as described in US20220402862A1 and/or US20230203480A1. A subset of the mice are re-dosed at two weeks after the first dose; a second subset are re-dosed at one month after the first dose. The readouts are circulating viral DNA, HBsAg, and HBeAg, tested using mouse plasma at one or more time points (such as 7, 14, 28, and 35 days). A durable and significant reduction in the levels of one or more of HBV DNA, HBsAg, and HBeAg is observed for some constructs.
Longer-term durability is tested over three to six months using the HBV DNA, HBsAg, and HBeAg markers. Progressive and durable reduction in one or more of these markers is seen with delivery of some constructs. The mice are sacrificed and livers are collected for further analysis, and durable silencing is confirmed by at least 2 log reduction of HBsAg and HBV DNA.
AAV-HBV and Tg-HBV mice are injected with a single administration of one, two, or three guide RNAs with a CRISPR-Off fusion protein in LNPs at 1.5 mg/kg in accordance with Table 18. Samples are included with CRISPR-Off from each of PLA002 and PLA003. HBV DNA, HBsAg, and HBeAg are assayed in plasma at one or more time points, and the mouse liver is collected for further analysis. Durable silencing is confirmed by at least 2 log reduction of HBsAg and HBV DNA.
AAV-HBV and Tg-HBV mice are injected with a single administration at 0.5 mg/kg of one, two, or three ZF fusion proteins in LNPs (schematic,
The SEQ ID NOs (SEQ) of nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) sequences described in the present disclosure are listed in Table 20 below.
S. pyogenes WT
S. pyogenes WT
F. novicida WT
M. penetrans M
S. monobiae M
H.
parainfluenzae
A. luteus M
H. aegyptius M
H. haemolyticus
Moraxella M
Ascobolus Masc1
Arabidopsis
Ascobolus Masc2
Neurospora Dim2
Drosophila
S. pombe Pmt1
Arabidopsis
Arabadopsis
Arabadopsis
Arabadopsis
Arabadopsis
Neurospora Rid
E. coli strain
E. coli strain
T. aquaticus M
E. coli M
C. crescentus M
C. difficile
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/409,607, filed Sep. 23, 2022, U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/502,328, filed May 15, 2023, U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/516,063, filed Jul. 27, 2023, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/581,229, filed Sep. 7, 2023, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63581229 | Sep 2023 | US | |
| 63516063 | Jul 2023 | US | |
| 63502328 | May 2023 | US | |
| 63409607 | Sep 2022 | US |
