Compositions for compression refrigeration and methods of using them

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to lubricants used with refrigerants in compression refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. More particularly, it relates to lubricants for use with tetrafluoroethanes, e.g. 1,1,1,2 - Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a ), and 1,1,2,2 - Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134), and of lesser importance, pentafluoroethane (HFC-125). These refrigerants are being considered as replacements for dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), particularly in automotive air conditioning systems.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Refrigeration systems that use CFC-12 as the refrigerant generally use mineral oils to lubricate the compressor. (See for example the discussion in Chapter 32 of the 1980 ASHRAE Systems Handbook.) CFC-12 is completely miscible with such oils throughout the entire range of refrigeration system temperatures, i.e. -45.degree. C. to 65.degree. C. In automotive air-conditioning, paraffinic and naphthenic oils of about 500 SUS viscosity at 100.degree. .F are used with CFC-12. These oils have "pour points" below -20.degree. C. and are completely miscible with the CFC-12 refrigerant over the range of temperatures from -10.degree. C. to 100.degree. C. Consequently, oil which dissolves in the refrigerant travels throughout the refrigeration loop in the air conditioning system and returns with the refrigerant to the compressor. It does not separate during condensation, although it may accumulate because of the low temperature when the refrigerant is evaporated. At the same time, this oil which lubricates the compressor will contain some refrigerant which, in turn, may affect its lubricating properties.
When substituting HFC-134a or HFC-134 for CFC-12 in these refrigeration systems, it would be desirable to be able to use the same mineral oils as used with CFC-12. It would not require any substantial change in equipment nor any significant changes in conditions used for the system. If lubricant separates from refrigerant during operation of the system, serious problems may result, i.e. the compressor could be inadequately lubricated. This would be most serious in automotive air-conditioning systems because the compressors are not separately lubricated and a mixture of refrigerant and lubricant circulates throughout the entire system. Unfortunately, however, the mineral oils are substantially immiscible with the tetrafluoroethanes.
Two recent publications of ASHRAE discuss the problems associated with separation of lubricants and refrigerants. These are "Fundamentals of Lubrication in Refrigerating Systems and Heat Pumps" Kruse and Schroeder ASHRAE Transactions Vol. 90 Part 2B, pps. 763-782, 1984 and "Evaluation of Lubricants for Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Compressors" Spauschus ibid pps. 784-798.
In summary, refrigerants which are not completely miscible with an oil in the full range of mixture compositions and operating temperatures may become miscible or immiscible as the temperature is raised or lowered from room temperature. The areas of immiscibility may assume a variety of shapes, i.e. parabolic or non-parabolic. As a parabola, the curve of miscibility temperature vs. percent oil in the mixture, may have its open or concave portion facing the low or high temperatures. The closed or convex portion of the parabolic curve identifies, respectively, the maximum or minimum temperature above or below which the refrigerant and the lubricating oil are completely miscible. These temperatures are referred to as the maximum or minimum "consolute temperatures." Besides parabolas, these curves can assume skewed parabolic shapes or curves of varying slope wherein immiscibility occurs above or below the curve.
One of the objects of this invention is to provide a combination of lubricating oil and tetrafluoroethane, e.g. HFC-134a, where the area of miscibility encompasses the full ranges of temperature and composition encountered in compression refrigeration, i.e. complete miscibility occurs for all compositions in the range of -45.degree. C. to at least 20.degree. C. Another object is to provide a process for using such compositions in compression refrigeration.
Prior Art
U.S. Pat. No. 4,248,726, issued Feb. 5, 1981, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,267,064, issued May 12, 1981, both to Nippon Oil Co. et al, relate to the use of a polyglycol oil such as polyoxypropylene glycol (or an alkyl ether thereof) having a viscosity index of at least 150 and a glycidyl ether type epoxy compound as a high viscosity refrigeration oil composition for halogen-containing refrigerants. These polyglycol/glycidyl ether compositions are disclosed for use with Freon.RTM.11, 12, 13, 22, 113, 114, 500 and 502; and as being "particularly effective" with Freon.RTM. 2 or 22.
Research Disclosure 17486 entitled "Refrigeration Oil" by E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. discloses polyalkylene glycols such as "Ucon" LB-165 and "Ucon" LB-525 sold by Union Carbide Corporation, for use with HFC-134a. These glycols are polyoxypropylene glycols that are mono-functional and are prepared from propylene oxide initiated with n-butanol. The publication states that these combinations of oil and refrigerant are miscible in all proportions at temperatures at least as low as -50.degree. C. and are thermally stable in the presence of steel, copper and aluminum at 175.degree. C. for about six days.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,755,316, issued July 5, 1988, to Allied-Signal Inc. also relates to the use of polyalkylene glycols. However, these glycols are at least difunctional with respect to hydroxyl groups and contain at least 80% propylene oxide units relative to the total, the remaining 20% may derive from ethylene or butylene oxide or esters, olefins and the like which are polymerizable with propylene oxide. It should be noted that only 100% oxypropylene units in the difunctional PAG's are exemplified in this patent.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is based on the discovery that the use of a sufficient amount to lubricate, usually 10-20% by volume for automotive use, but in some situations as high as 50% by volume, of at least one mono-functional random polyalkylene glycol (PAG), also referred to as polyoxyalkylene glycol, based on a significant amount of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, preferably from 25%-75% ethylene oxide and, correspondingly, 75%-25% propylene oxide, will be completely miscible with tetrafluoroethane and pentafluoroethane, usually 80-90%, sometimes as much as 50-90% by volume of the tetrafluoroethanes, e.g., HFC-134 and HFC-134a, or pentafluoroethane, HFC-125, or blends thereof with each other and with other refrigerants in the range of temperatures from -40.degree. C. to at least 20.degree. C. The more preferred weight per cents of oxypropylene units and oxyethylene units in the random PAG are from 40-60% to 60-40%, respectively; and the most preferred ratio is about 50:50. The weight ratio of refrigerant to the PAG lubricant in the mixtures used for refrigeration may be anywhere from 99/1 to 1/99, preferably 99/1 to 70/30. The viscosities of these oils may be anywhere from 100 to 1200 SUS and for most commercial uses, from 400 to 1000 SUS.
The process of manufacturing these mono-functional PAGs may involve initiation with methanol, ethanol, propanol or butanol. The last mentioned, butanol, is the preferred initiator; and the process of manufacture is described in the Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Volume 6, pps. 225-273; "Ethylene Oxide Polymers and Copolymers" by Clinton and Matlock, 2nd edition, 1986, John Wiley & Sons.
It has also been found that the use of 0.1-1.3% of an "extreme pressure (EP) additive" improves the lubricity and load-bearing characteristics of the oil and thus improves the quality of the refrigerant-lubricant compositions of this invention. EP additives for use in the invention are included among these disclosed in Table D of U.S. Pat. No. 4,755,316. The preferred ones are the organic phosphates and include Lubrizol.RTM. 1097, a zinc (dialkyl dithio) phosphate manufactured by the Lubrizol Corporation; and SYN-O-AD.RTM. 8478, a 70%/30% blend of tri (2,4,6-tri-t-butyl phenyl) phosphate/triphenyl phosphate manufactured by the Stauffer Chemical Company.
EP additives may also be used in conjunction with some of the oxidation and thermal stability improvers and/or corrosion inhibitors also disclosed in Table D of U.S. Pat. No. 4,755,316. Such a preferred blend of additives is MLX-788, a proprietary mixture of Union Carbide Corporation containing a phosphate and two amine-containing compounds.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
As stated previously, the tetrafluoroethanes, e.g., HFC-134a, and HFC-134 and pentafluoroethane, HFC-125, particularly HFC-134a, have physical characteristics which allow substitution for CFC-12 with only a minimum of equipment changes in compression refrigeration. They could be blended with each other, as well as with other refrigerants including CFC-12(CCl.sub.2 F.sub.2), HCFC-22(CHClF.sub.2), HFC-152A(CH.sub.3 CHF.sub.2), HCFC-124(CHClFCF.sub.3), HCFC-124a(CHF.sub.2 CClF.sub.2), HCFC-142b(CH.sub.3 CClF.sub.2), HFC-32(CH.sub.2 F.sub.2), HFC-143a(CH.sub.3 CF.sub.3), HFC-143(CHF.sub.2 CH.sub.2 F), HFC-125(CF.sub.3 CHF.sub.2) and FC-218(CF.sub.3 CF.sub.2 CF.sub.3); and for purposes of the present invention such blends are not excluded. However, only those blends of tetrafluoroethane with other refrigerants which are miscible with the lubricants of this invention in the range of -40.degree. C. to at least +20.degree. C. are included.
HFC-134a, the preferred tetrafluoroethane refrigerant, may be prepared by any of the methods disclosed in the prior art; e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,745,886; 2,887,427; 4,129,603; 4,158,675; 4,311,863; 4,792,643, and British Nos. 1,578,933 and 2,030,981, which are incorporated herein by reference.
The most preferred mono-hydroxyl polyalkylene glycol for use in this invention is based on the random polymerization of a 50/50 weight percent mixture of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide initiated with n-butanol. Although the amount of ethylene oxide can preferably range from 25 to 75 weight % of the ethylene oxide/propylene oxide composition and the viscosity can range from about 100 to 1200 SUS viscosity at 100.degree. F., preferably 400 to 1200 SUS, the most preferred PAG's are the "50HB400" to "50HB660" ("400" and "660" representing the SUS viscosity at 100.degree. F.; "H" representing "hydrophyllic"; "B" representing the butanol initiator; and "50" indicating the presence of 50% ethylene oxide units) that are manufactured by the Union Carbide Corporation. The process of their manufacture is described in the 1986 edition of the Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering.
Although the preferred 50HB500 oil is not completely miscible with HFC-134a at condenser temperatures above 50.degree. C., it meets the miscibility requirement to 40.degree. C. and all the other requirements for automotive air conditioning. Its viscosity index, pour point, stability, lubricity, and miscibility with HFC-134a down to -50.degree. C. are quite satisfactory. Furthermore, the use of an extreme pressure oil additive such as those mentioned previously improves the bearing-wear and load-carrying capability significantly.
Specifically, the lubricants used in the compositions of this invention, and in the invented method for providing of lubrication in compression refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment have the following characteristics:
Viscosity at 100.degree. F.
100 to 1200 SUS, preferably 400 to 1200 SUS, most preferably 500 SUS for automotive air-conditioning;
Viscosity index
>90, preferably 150 to 250 or higher;
Pour point
<20.degree. C. preferably -20.degree. C. to about -50.degree. C. and -33.degree. C. for the 100 SUS and 1200 sus oils, respectively;
Solubility or miscibility range
100% from at least 20.degree. C. to less than -10.degree. C. for 1-99 weight percent of HFC-134a in mixture with the lubricant;
Four-ball wear test with a specific set of steel balls; Scar wear and coefficient of friction equal to or less than that for the oils currently used with CFC-12 in automotive air-conditioning, i.e., 0.37 mm scar wear and 0.07 friction coefficient when saturated with CFC-12 at atmospheric pressure;
"Falex" load-failure test with a specific type of steel for the V-block and pin; the fail load equal to or greater than that for the CFC/refrigerant oil combinations, i.e., 1300 lbs. when saturated with CFC-12 at atmospheric pressure.
1. Solubility of Refrigerant in Lubricants
Six ml. blends of refrigerant and lubricant were used for the solubility studies. Generally, the mixtures contained 30, 60 and 90 wt. % refrigerant. In some instances, more compositions were made to better define the miscible/immiscible region. These air-free mixtures were contained in sealed Pyrex.RTM. tubes (7/16" I.D..times.5.5", ca. 12.5 cc capacity). The refrigerant/lubricant solubilities were determined by completely immersing the tube in a bath at each test temperature for a minimum of 15 minutes and providing agitation to facilitate mixing and equilibration. The accuracy of determining the temperatures where the refrigerant/lubricant blend became either miscible or immiscible was about .+-.2.degree. C. The refrigerant/lubricant blends were called immiscible when the blend acquired and retained "schlieren" lines; became hazy or cloudy; formed floc; or formed two liquid layers.
2. Stability of Refrigerant and Lubricant
Three ml. of refrigerant and 0.3 ml. of lubricant plus three metal coupons (steel 1010/copper/aluminum 1100--23/8".times.1/4".times.1/16", 120-grit surface finish) were charged and sealed in a Pyrex.RTM. tube (7/16" I.D..times.5.5", ca. 12.5 cc volume) under anaerobic conditions. The specimens were tied together at the top end with copper wire, with copper-wire rings between the metals to separate the metals at the top end. The tubes were stored vertically at 268.degree. C. for 11.8 days. Afterwards, the tube contents were examined for appearance changes. The refrigerants were then transferred to gas-sampling bulbs for analysis by gas chromatography for the decomposition products of the refrigerant i.e., HFC-143 (the decomposition product of HFC-134a ) or for HCFC-22 (CFC-12 decomposition product). These results were then converted to their equivalents in terms of HF and HCl generated.
3. Lubricity
a. Four-ball Wear Test
The procedure is described fully in ASTM D4172. The method was modified as follows: A load of 20 Kg at 1200 RPM was put on the steel 52100 balls immersed in 10 ml. of lubricant. The refrigerant, HFC-134a or CFC-12, was bubbled through a Teflon.RTM. capillary tube into the lubricant at the rate of 0.75 standard cu. ft./hr. to provide one atmosphere of pressure of refrigerant gas over the lubricant and a gas-saturated lubricant.
b. Falex Pin/V-Block Load-to-Failure Test
The procedure is described fully in ASTM D3233. The V-Block was made of AISI C-1137 steel (HRC-20 to 24 hardness, 5 to 10 microinches surface finish). The test pin was made of AISI 3135 steel (HRB-87 to 91 hardness, 5 to 10 microinches surface finish). These tests were also run with refrigerant gas bubbling through the oil as in the four-ball wear test.
4. Viscosity and Viscosity Index
a. Viscosity is a property that defines a fluid's resistance to shearing force. It is expressed in terms of absolute viscosity, kinematic viscosity or Saybolt Seconds Universal viscosity (SSU), depending on the method by which it is determined. Conversion from SSU to mm.sup.2 /s (centistokes) can be readily made from tables contained in ASTM D-445, but it is necessary to know the density to convert kinematic viscosity to absolute viscosity. Refrigeration oils are sold in viscosity grades, and ASTM has proposed a system of standardized viscosity grades for industry-wide usage (D-2422).
b. Viscosity Index is a measure of the amount of change experienced by an oil with temperature. Viscosity decreases as the temperature increases and increases as the temperature decreases. The relationship between temperature and kinematic viscosity is represented by:
log log (v+0.7)=A+B log T
where
v=kinematic viscosity, mm.sup.2 /s (CST)
T=thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)
A,B=constants for each oil
This relationship is the basis for the viscosity temperature charts published by ASTM and permits a straight line plot of viscosity over a wide temperature range. This plot is applicable over the temperature range in which the oils are homogeneous liquids.
The slope of the viscosity-temperature lines is different for different oils. The viscosity-temperature relationship of an oil is described by an empirical number called the Viscosity Index (VI) (ASTM D-2270). An oil with a high viscosity index (HVI) shows less change in viscosity over a given temperature range than an oil with a low viscosity index (LVI).
5. Pour Point
Any oil intended for low temperature service should be able to flow at the lowest temperature likely to be encountered. The procedure for determining pour point is described in ASTM D-97.
The invention will be more clearly understood by referring to the following experiments which are presented in Tables I-XI.
1. Solubility Data
Tables I and II summarize the solubility data for the mono-functional random polyalkylene glycol-tetrafluoroethane refrigerant compositions of this invention. The PAG's contained 25-75% ethylene oxide units and, correspondingly 75-25% propylene oxide units and their preparation involved butanol and methanol initiators.
The solubility data indicate that the PAG's used in the invention provided superior results when compared at equivalent viscosities, to:
(1) mono-functional PAG's containing 100% propylene oxide units as shown in Table III.
(2) PAG's with less than one --OH group as shown in Table IV.
(3) the PAG with two -OH groups as shown in Table V.
(4) PAG's with three -OH groups, three of which were initiated with glycerine (G) as shown in Table VI.
In Table VII, data showing the immiscibility of HFC-134a with those oils typically used with CFC-12 in automotive air-conditioning, e.g. paraffinic (BVM-100N) and naphthenic (Suniso 5GS), as well as other alternative oils, are presented.
2. Stability Data
The stability of compositions of HFC-134a with the PAG's used in this invention are significantly better than that of the compositions of CFC-12 with the oils currently used in automotive air-conditioning as shown in Table VIII. The tests in Table VIII approximate the results obtained after operating an automobile for ten (10) years.
3. Additives for the PAG's used in this invention
It is known in the state of the art that additives may be used in lubricants to enhance its performance. These additives may include any one or combination of the following to meet the specific functional requirements for the types of compressor employed: extreme pressure additive, anti-wear additive, antioxidant, high-temperature stabilizer, corrosion inhibitor, detergent and anti-foaming agent. Although all of these additives are not used in these experiments, they are not meant to be excluded as additives for the PAG's especially if they are not significantly detrimental to the solubility of the HFC-134a in the PAG's.
EP additives alone and in combination with other additives, which are soluble in the 50HB PAG's are shown in Table IX. The superiority of the lubricity of the 50HB500/HFC-134a with and without the additive package over the naphthenic and paraffinic oils currently used in automotive air-conditioning is shown in the four-ball wear tests (Table X). The real advantage that the additive package gives to the oil is shown in the load-to-failure test (Table XI).
As a supplement to the above additives, blends of the low and high viscosity 50HB PAG's may also be used to enhance the lubricating quality for the oil under a variety of compressor requirements. Blends of the 50HB PAG's may also be made with other PAG's (0,1,2,3,etc functional groups) to meet special lubrication needs.
The tables, referred to in the foregoing paragraphs, are presented hereinafter.
TABLE I______________________________________Solubility of Refrigerant (HFC-134a) with Lubricant(PAG containing one functional - OH group)(Test Range: 93 to -50.degree. C.) Miscible Range (.degree.C.) For Indicated Concentrations ofExpt. HFC-134a In Oil (Wt. %)No. Lubricant* 30% 60% 90%______________________________________1. 50HM350 93 to -50 60 to -50 51 to -502. 75HB350 93 to -10 69 to -50 44 to -503. 50HB260 93 to -50 93 to -50 56 to -504. 50HB400 93 to -49 69 to -50 43 to -505. 50HB660 50 to -50 40 to -50 30 to -506. 25HB530 93 to -5 58 to -50 37 to -507. 50HB500 blend 93 to -50 67 to -50 39 to -50 (30/70 v/v 50HB260/ 50HB660)8. 510SUS blend 93 to -50 52 to -50 31 to -50 (50/50 v/v 50HB500/ LB525**)______________________________________ *Key for determining lubricant: 50HM350: "50" = 50/50 wt. % polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene; "H" = hydrophillic "M" = methanol initiated polymer; "350" = 350SUS viscosity at 100.degree. F.; 75HB350: "75" = 75 wt. % polyoxyethylene; B = butanol initiated polymer; etc. **No first number = 0% polyoxyethylene; "L" = lipophyllic
TABLE II______________________________________Solubility of HFC-134a with 50HB500*(Test range: 93 to -50.degree. C.) Wt. % HFC in Miscible RangeExpt. No. HFC/Lubricant Mix (.degree.C.)______________________________________ 9. 30 93 to -5010. 40 93 to -5011. 60 55 to -5012. 90 42 to -5013. 94 45 to -5014. 98 50 to -5015. 99 60 to -50______________________________________ *50HB500: "50" = 50/50 wt. % polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene "H" = hydrophillic "B" = butanol initiated polymer "500" = 500 SUS viscosity a 100.degree. F.
TABLE III______________________________________Solubility of HFC-134a with Mono-Functional PAG'sContaining No Ethylene Oxide Units(Test Range: 93 to -50.degree. C.) Wt. % HFCExpt. in HFC/Oil Miscible RangeNo. Lubricant* Mix (.degree.C.)______________________________________Control A LB-165** 30,60 93 to -50 70 80 to -50 73,90 73 to -50 94 68 to -50Control B LB-285** 60 78 to -50 80 40 to -50 94 53 to -50 97 58 to -50 99 58 to -50Control C LB-525** 30 40 to -50 60 36 to -40 90 -7 to -23______________________________________ *Key for determining lubricant L = lipophyllic B = butanol initiated polymer no first number = 0% ethylene oxide units or 100% propylene oxide units 165,285 and 525 = SUS viscosity at 100.degree. F. **Manufactured by Union Carbide Corporation
TABLE IV______________________________________Solubility of HFC-134a with PAG'sContaining Less Than One Functional OH Group(Test Range: 93 to -50.degree. C.) Miscible Range (.degree.C.) for Shown Concs. of HFC in Oil (Wt. %)Expt. No. Oil 30% 60% 90%______________________________________Control D 50HG300 93 to -10 93 to -10 67 to -50 (+3 acetoxy caps)*Control E 50H400 93 to -10 93 to -10 53 to -50 (+2 acetoxy caps)**Control F 50HB400 93 to -10 25 to -50 25 to -50 (+1 acetoxy cap)***Control G 50HB500 Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble (+0.5 butyl cap)***Control H 50HB500 93 to 45 93 to 45 Insoluble (+0.91 methyl cap)***Control I 50HB500 93 to 50 93 to 75 Insoluble (+0.95 methyl cap)***______________________________________ *50HG300 (+3 acetoxy caps) key: 50 = 50/50 wt. % polyoxyethylene/polypropylene H = hydrophyllic G = PAG initiated with glycerol 300 = 300 SUS viscosity at 100.degree. F. 3 acetoxy caps = the 3 OH groups were capped with the acetoxy group from acetic anhydride **Polymer initiated with diethylene glycol ***Polymer initiated with butanol
TABLE V______________________________________Solubility of HFC-134a withPolyoxypropylene Diols(Test Range: 93 to -50.degree. C.) Viscosity Miscible at 100.degree. F. Wt. % RangeExpt. No. Oil (SUS) HFC-134a (.degree.C.)______________________________________Control J Polyoxy- 554 30 93 to -50 propylene 60 90 to -50 diol* 90 31 to -50Control K Polyoxy- 154 30 93 to -5 propylene 60 45 to -38 diol** 90 93 to -50______________________________________ *Manufactured by CPI Engineering Co. **"Niax PPG425" manufactured by Union Carbide Corp.
TABLE VI______________________________________Solubility of HFC-134a with PAG'sContaining Three Functional OH Groups(Test Range: 93 to -50.degree. C.) Viscosity at 100.degree. F. Wt. % MiscibleExpt. No. Oil (SUS) HFC-134a Range (.degree.C.)______________________________________Control L 50HG400* 400 30 93 to 25 60 25 to 5 90 25 to -50Control M 50HG450* 450 30 25 to -50 60 25 to -50 90 20 to -50Control N 100HG550* 550 30 24 to -40 60 Insoluble 90 InsolubleControl O 562 30 InsolubleCH.sub.3 C(CH.sub.2 OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 -- 60 Insoluble--OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH).sub.3 90 Insoluble______________________________________ *G = Glycerolinitiated polymer
TABLE VII______________________________________Solubility of HFC 134a with AvailableMiscellaneous Refrigerant Oils(Test Range: 93 to -50.degree. C.unless noted otherwise) Miscible Range (.degree.C.) for Indicated Concentration (Wt %) of HFC-134aExpt. In LubricantNo. Oil 30% 60% 90%______________________________________ Dipentaerythritol Esters of Fatty Acids (c)Control P 240 SUS -50+ -4+ 40+Control Q 290 SUS -44+ -17+ 70+ PEG Esters of Fatty Acids (d)Control R 144 SUS -21+ 54(a) 54(a)Control S 620 SUS -4+ 4+ 70+Control T 830 SUS -6+ 70+ 70+ Napthenic Oils (e)Control U Suniso .RTM. 5GS (500 SUS, 54(a) 54(a) 54(a) 38% aromatic)Control V Witco 500 (500 SUS) 54(a) 54(a) 54(a)Control W Expt. Oil (520 SUS, 54(a) 54(a) 54(a) 47% aromatic)Control X Expt. Oil (529 SUS, 54(a) 54(a) 54(a) 75% aromatic) Paraffin Oil (f)Control Y BVM-100N (500 SUS) 54(a) 54(a) 54(a) Alkyl BenzeneControl Z Zerol 300 54(a) 54(a) 54(a) (300 SUS) (g)Control A' DN600 (125 SUS) (b) 54(a) 54(a) 54(a)Control B' Atmos HAB15F 55+ Ins(b) Ins(b) (78 SUS) (i) Silicone OilsControls L-45 Oils (163, Ins(b) Ins(b) Ins(b)C',D',E' 231, & 462 SUS) (j)______________________________________ + - Soluble at and above shown temperature. a May be soluble above shown temperature. b Completely insoluble from 93 to -50.degree. C. c Hercules d CPI Engineering e Witco Chemical Co. f BVM Associates g Shrieve Chemical Co. h Conoco i Nippon Oil KK j Union Carbide
TABLE VIII__________________________________________________________________________Stability of HFC-134a in Contact WithLubricant Plus Coupled Steel-1010/Copper/Aluminum-1100at 268.degree. F. for 11.8 days Cl.sup.- vs. F.sup.- * Refrig- Generated Visual-Effect RatingExpt. No. erant Lubricant (ppm) Liquid Steel Cu Al__________________________________________________________________________16. HFC-134a 50HB500 <0.2* 0 0 0 017. HFC-134a 50HB260 <0.2* 0 0 0 0Control F' CFC-12 Naphthenic 423 4 3 2 2 OilControl G' CFC-12 Paraffinic -- 0 3 0 0 OilControl H' CFC-12 Witco 500 32 0 1 0 0__________________________________________________________________________ *No HFC134a decomposed. a Key to ratings
Rating Visual Changes0 None1 Slight, acceptable change Steel-Tarnished2 Borderline change Cu - dark tarnish plus moderate corrosion - 25% of surface Al - etched3 Slight unacceptable change Steel - brown deposit/gray film - 100% of surface4 Moderate, unacceptable change Liquid - clear brown plus black precipitate__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE IX______________________________________Solubility of HFC-134a with PAG Lubricant andContaining Extreme Pressure (EP) Additives(Test Range 93 to -50.degree. C.)Expt. Lubri- Addi-No. cant tive* 30% 60% 90%______________________________________18 50HB500 0 93 to -50 55 to -50 42 to -5019 " 1 93 to -50 65 to -50 40 to -5020 " 2 93 to -50 65 to -50 38 to -5021 " 3 93 to -10 65 to -50 38 to -5022 50HB260 0 93 to -10 63 to -50 56 to -5023 " 1 93 to -50 93 to -50 48 to -5024 " 2 93 to -50 93 to -50 48 to -5025 " 3 93 to -20 73 to -50 50 to -50______________________________________ *EP Additive key: 0 = none; 1 = 0.6 wt. % "MLX788" a threecomponent additive from Union Carbide; 2 = 1.3 wt. % "SYNO-AD 8478," butylated triphenyl phosphate/triphenylphosphate from Stauffer Chemical; 3 = 0.1 wt. % "Lubrizol 1097," zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate from Lubrizoi Corporation
TABLE X______________________________________Lubricity of Lubricants Under One Atmosphere ofRefrigerant Gas Pressure in a Four-Ball Wear Test BallExpt. Scar Wear* Coefficient*No. Refrigerant Lubricant (mm)(a) of Friction(b)______________________________________26 HFC-134a 50HB500 0.303 0.02327 HFC-134a 50HB500 0.357 0.030 plus EP additive ("MLX-788")Control CFC-12 Naphthenic 0.373 0.072I' OilControl CFC-12 Paraffinic 0.368 0.071J' Oil______________________________________ a .+-. 0.028 std. deviation b .+-. 0.006 std. deviation *the smaller the number, the better
TABLE XI______________________________________Load-Carrying Ability of LubricantsUnder One Atmosphere of RefrigerantGas Pressure in Falex Pin/V-Block Test TorqueExpt. Refrigerant Fail Load* at Fail*No. Gas Lubricant (lbs.) (in-lbs.)______________________________________28 HFC-134a 50HB500 1750 2829 HFC-134a 50HB500 4150 46 plus EP additive ("MLX-788")Control CFC-12 Naphthenic 1250 24K' OilControl CFC-12 Paraffinic 1300 26L' Oil______________________________________ *The larger the number, the better.

Number	Name	Date
4248726	Uchinuma et al.	Feb 1981
4267064	Sasaki et al.	May 1981
4428854	Enjo et al.	Jan 1984
4755316	Magid et al.	Jul 1988

Compositions for compression refrigeration and methods of using them

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