Compounds to treat Alzheimer's disease

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is compounds useful in treating Alzheimer's disease and other similar diseases.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain primarily associated with aging which results in loss of memory and orientation. As the disease progresses, motor, sensory and linguistic abilities are also affected until there is global impairment of multiple cognitive functions. These cognitive losses occur gradually, but typically lead to severe impairment and eventual death in the range of four to twelve years.

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by two major pathologic observations in the brain: neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid (or neuritic) plaques, particularly in those regions involved with memory and cognition (see, Selkoe D J, “Translating cell biology into therapeutic advances in Alzheimer's disease,” Nature ( ENGLAND ) Jun. 24, 1999, 399 (6738 Suppl) pA23-31). Smaller numbers of these lesions in a more restricted anatomical distribution are found in the brains of most aged humans who do not have clinical AD. Amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangles are comprised predominantly of an aggregate of a peptide fragment known as beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ).

Amyloidogenic plaques and vascular amyloid angiopathy also characterize the brains of individuals with Trisomy 21 (Down's Syndrome) and Hereditary Cerebral Hemorrhage with Amyloidosis of the Dutch-Type (HCHWA-D). At present, a definitive diagnosis of AD usually requires observing the aforementioned lesions in the brain tissue of patients who have died with the disease or, rarely, in small biopsied samples of brain tissue taken during an invasive neurosurgical procedure.

Neurofibrillary tangles are characterized as networks of microtubules and microfilaments which were once structural supports running symmetrically through the nerve cells transporting nutrients, but have degenerated into dysfunctional tangled masses. They can be described histologically as non-membrane bound bundles containing paired, helically wound filaments (PHF) that are approximately 10 nm in length and located in the perinuclear cytoplasm of certain neurons. Major components of paired helical filaments are highly phosphorylated tau proteins (PHF-tau) of 60 kDa, 64 kDa and 68 kDa. Tau belongs to the family of microtubule-associated proteins and plays a role in the microtubule assembly and stabilization. In certain other neurodegenerative disorders, including corticobasal degeneration (CBD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and Pick's disease, hyperphosphorylated tau proteins also accumulate in brain tissue in association with abnormal filaments. Recent research indicates that the pattern of hyperphosphorylation and the resulting ultrastructure of the helical filaments are somewhat different in each type of disease.

At present there are no effective treatments for halting, preventing or reversing the progression of Alzheimer's disease; only treatments that palliate symptoms are thus far available. Therefore, there is an urgent need for pharmaceutical agents capable of slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease and/or preventing it in the first place.

Of General Interest

United States Patents

1. U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,882

2. U.S. Pat. No. 4,880,781

3. U.S. Pat. No. 5,663,200

4. U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,891

5. U.S. Pat. No. 5,935,976

6. U.S. Pat. No. 4,668,770

7. U.S. Pat. No. 6,013,658

8. U.S. Pat. No. 5,162,538

International Patents and Patent Applications

1. WO 93/02057

2. WO 93/17003

3. EP 0320205

4. WO 87/02986

5. WO 89/01488

6. WO 92/17490

7. WO 89/00161

8. GB 2203740

9. EP 0337714

10. DE 3721855

11. EP 0209897

12. EP 0264106

13. WO 8704349

14. JP 7-126286

15. EP 0212903

16. JP 297664

17. EP 0372537

18. WO 97/30072

19. EP 0437729

Literature References

1. Sakurai, M., et al.,

Chem. Pharm. Bull

. (1993), 41, 8, 1378-1386.

2. Sakurai, M., et al.,

Tetrahedron Lett

. (1993), 34, 37, 5939-5942.

3. Diederich, A. M., et al.,

Tetrahedron Lett

. (1993), 34, 39, 6169-6172.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

This invention is directed to the novel compounds of formula 1 that are useful in treating Alzheimer's disease and other similar diseases.

Disclosed are hydroxyethylene compounds of the formula (XII):

where R

1

is:

(I) C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(II) C

1

-C

6

alkyl-S-alkyl

(III) C

1

-C

6

alkyl-(C

2

-C

6

alkenyl),

(IV) —(CH

2

)

0-6

-alkyl -(R

1-aryl

) where R

1-aryl

is unsubstituted or substituted with:

(A) C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(B) —CF

3

,

(C) —F, Cl, —Br or —I,

(D) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(E) —O—CF

3

,

(F) —NH

2

,

(G) —OH, or

(H) —C≡N,

(V) —(CH

2

)

0-6

-alkyl -(R

1-heteroatyl

) where R

1-heteroaryl

is:

(A) pyridinyl,

(B) pyrimidinyl,

(C) quinolinyl,

(D) indenyl,

(E) indanyl,

(F) benzothiophenyl,

(G) indolyl,

(H) indolinyl,

(I) pyridazinyl,

(J) pyrazinyl,

(K) isoindolyl,

(L) isoquinolyl,

(M) quinazolinyl,

(N) quinoxalinyl,

(O) phthalazinyl,

(P) inidazolyl,

(Q) isoxazolyl,

(R) pyrazolyl,

(S) oxazolyl,

(T) thiazolyl,

(U) indolizinyl,

(V) indazolyl,

(W) benzothiazolyl,

(X) benzimidazolyl,

(Y) benzofuranyl,

(Z) furanyl,

(AA) thienyl,

(BB) pyrrolyl,

(CC) oxadiazolyl,

(DD) thiadiazolyl,

(EE) triazolyl,

(FF) tetrazolyl,

(GG) 1,4-benzodioxan

(HH) purinyl,

(II) oxazolopyridinyl,

(JJ) imidazopyridinyl,

(KK) isothiazolyl,

(LL) naphthyridinyl,

(MM) cinnolinyl,

(NN) carbazolyl,

(OO) β-carbolinyl,

(PP) isochromanyl,

(QQ) chromanyl,

(RR) furazanyl,

(SS) tetrahydroisoquinoline,

(TT) isoindolinyl,

(UU) isobenzotetrahydrofuranyl,

(VV) isobenzotetrahydrofuranyl,

(WW) isobenzothiophenyl,

(XX) benzoxazolyl, or

(YY) pyridopyridinyl,

where the R

1-heteroaryl

group is bonded to -alkyl- by any ring atom of the parent R

N-heteroaryl

group substituted by hydrogen such that the new bond to the R

1-heteroaryl

group replaces the hydrogen atom and its bond, where R

1-heteroaryl

is unsubstituted or substituted with:

(1) C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(2) —CF

3

,

(3) —F, Cl, —Br, or I,

(4) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(5) —O—CF

3

,

(6) —NH

2

,

(7) —OH, or

(8) —C≡N,

(VI) —(R

1-heteroaryl

) where R

1-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(VII) —C

1

-C

5

alkyl-(R

1-heterocycle

) where R

1-heterocycle

is:

(A) morpholinyl,

(B) thiomorpholinyl,

(C) thiomorpholinyl S-oxide,

(D) thiomorpholinyl S,S-dioxide,

(E) piperazinyl,

(F) homopiperazinyl,

(G) pyrrolidinyl,

(H) pyrrolinyl,

(I) tetrahydropyranyl,

(J) piperidinyl,

(K) tetrahydrofuranyl, or

(L) tetrahydrothiophenyl,

where the R

1-heterocycle

group is bonded by any atom of the parent R

1-heterocycle

group substituted by hydrogen such that the new bond to the R

1

heteroaryl group replaces the hydrogen atom and its bond, where R

1-heterocycle

is unsubstituted or substituted with:

(1) ═O

(2) C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(3) —CF

3

,

(4) —F, Cl, —Br or —I,

(5) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(6) —O—CF

3

,

(7) —NH

2

,

(8) —OH, or

(9) —C≡N, or

(VIII) —R

1-heterocycle

with R

1-heterocycle

as defined above;

where R

2

is:

(I) —H,

(II) alkyl, or

(III) —C

1

-C

5

alkyl-R

2-1

where R

2-1

is cycloalkyl, R

1-aryl

or R

1-heteroaryl

where R

1-aryl

and R

1-heteroaryl

are as defined above,

where R

N

is:

(I) R

N-1

—X

N

— where X

N

is:

(A) —CO—,

(B) —SO

2

—,

(C) —(CR′R″)

1-6

where R′ and R″ are the same or different and are —H or C

1

-C

4

alkyl,

(D) —CO—(CR′R″)

1-6

—X

N-1

where X

N-1

is —O—, —S— or —NR′R″— and where R′ and R″ are as defined above, or

(E) a single bond;

where R

N-1

is:

(A) R

N-aryl

where R

N-aryl

is unsubstituted or substituted with:

(1) C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(2) —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I,

(3) —OH,

(4) —NO

2

,

(5) —CO—OH,

(6) —C≡N,

(7) —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are:

(a) —H,

(b) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with

(i) —OH, or

(ii) —NH

2

,

(c) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I,

(d) —C

3

-C

7

cycloalkyl,

(e) —(C

1

-C

2

alkyl)-(C

3

-C

7

cycloalkyl),

(f) —(C

1

-C

6

alkyl)—O—(C

1

-C

3

alkyl),

(g) —C

1

-C

6

alkenyl with one or two double bonds,

(h) —C

1

-C

6

alkynyl with one or two triple bonds,

(i) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl chain with one double bond and one triple bond,

(j) —R

1-aryl

where R

1-aryl

is as defined above, or

(k) —R

1-heteroaryl

where R

1-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(8) —CO—(C

3

-C

12

alkyl),

(9) —CO—(C

3

-C

6

cycloalkyl),

(10) —CO—R

1-heteroaryl

where R

1-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(11) —CO—R

1-heterocycle

where R

1-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(12) —CO—R

N-4

where R

N-4

is morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl or pyrrolidinyl where each group is unsubstituted or substituted with C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(13) —CO—O—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is:

(a) alkyl, or

(b) —(CH

2

)

0-2

—(R

1-aryl

) where R

1-aryl

is as defined above,

(14) —SO

2

—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are as defined above,

(15) —SO—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl),

(16) —SO

2

—(C

3

-C

12

alkyl),

(17) —NH—CO—O—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is as defined above,

(18) —NH—CO—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(19) —N—CS—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(20) —N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)-CO—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is as defined above,

(21) —NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

can be the same or different and are as defined above,

(22) —R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(23) —O—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(24) —O—CO—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(25) —O—CS—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(26) —O—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(27) —O—(C

2

-C

5

alkyl)-COOH,

(28) —S—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(29) C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with halo,

(30) —O—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with halo), or

(31) —O- φ,

(B) —R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is:

(A) pyridinyl,

(B) pyrimidinyl,

(C) quinolinyl,

(D) indenyl,

(E) indanyl,

(F) benzothiophenyl,

(G) indolyl,

(H) indolinyl,

(I) pyridazinyl,

(J) pyrazinyl,

(K) isoindolyl,

(L) isoquinolyl,

(M) quinazolinyl,

(N) quinoxalinyl,

(O) phthalazinyl,

(P) imidazolyl,

(Q) isoxazolyl,

(R) pyrazolyl,

(S) oxazolyl,

(T) thiazolyl,

(U) indolizinyl,

(V) indazolyl,

(W) benzothiazolyl,

(X) benzimidazolyl,

(Y) benzofuranyl,

(Z) furanyl,

(AA) thienyl,

(BB) pyrrolyl,

(CC) oxadiazolyl,

(DD) thiadiazolyl,

(EE) triazolyl,

(FF) tetrazolyl,

(GG) 1,4-benzodioxan

(HH) purinyl,

(II) oxazolopyridinyl,

(JJ) imidazopyridinyl,

(KK) isothiazolyl,

(LL) naphthyridinyl,

(MM) cinnolinyl,

(NN) carbazolyl,

(OO) β-carbolinyl,

(PP) isochromanyl,

(QQ) chromanyl,

(RR) furazanyl,

(SS) tetrahydroisoquinoline,

(TT) isoindolinyl,

(UU) isobenzotetrahydrofuranyl,

(VV) isobenzotetrahydrothienyl,

(WW) isobenzothiophenyl,

(XX) benzoxazolyl, or

(YY) pyridopyridinyl,

where the R

N-heteroaryl

group is bonded by any atom of the parent R

N-heteroaryl

group substituted by hydrogen such that the new bond to the R

N-heteroaryl

group replaces the hydrogen atom and its bond, where

N-heteroaryl

is unsubstituted or substituted with:

(1) C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(2) —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I,

(3) —OH,

(4) —NO

2

,

(5) —CO—OH,

(6) —C≡N,

(7) —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are:

(a) —H,

(b) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with:

(i) —OH, or

(ii) —NH

2

,

(c) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl substituted or substituted with —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I,

(d) —C

3

-C

7

cycloalkyl,

(e) —(C

1

-C

2

alkyl)—(C

3

-C

7

cycloalkyl),

(f) —(C

1

-C

6

alkyl)—O—(C

1

-C

3

alkyl),

(g) —C

1

-C

6

alkenyl with one or two double bonds,

(h) —C

1

-C

6

alkynyl with one or two triple bonds,

(i) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl chain with one double bond and one triple bond,

(j) —R

1-aryl

where R

1-aryl

is as defined above, or

(k) —R

1-heteroaryl

where R

1-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(8) —CO—(C

3

-C

12

alkyl),

(9) —CO—(C

3

-C

6

cycloalkyl),

(10) —CO—R

1-heteroaryl

where R

1-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(11) —CO—R

1-heterocycle

where R

1-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(12) —CO—R

N-4

where R

N-4

is morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl or pyrrolidinyl where each group is unsubstituted or substituted with C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(13) —CO—O—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is:

(a) C

1

-C

6

alkyl, or

(b) —(CH

2

)

0-2

—(R

1-aryl

) where R

1-aryl

is as defined above,

(14) —SO

2

—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are as defined above,

(15) —SO—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl),

(16) —SO

2

(C

3

-C

12

alkyl),

(17) —NH—CO—O—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is as defined above,

(18) —NH—CO—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(19) —N—CS—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(20) —N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)-CO—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is as defined above,

(21) —NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

can be the same or different and are as defined above,

(22) —R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(23) —O—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(24) O—CO—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(25) —O—CS—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(26) —O—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(27) —O—(C

2

-C

5

alkyl)-COOH, or

(28) —S—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(C) —R

N-aryl

—R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(D) —R

N-aryl

—R

N-heteroaryl

where —R

N-aryl

and —R

N-heteroaryl

are as defined above,

(E) —R

N-heteroatyl

—R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

and —R

N-heteroaryl

are as defined above,

(F) —R

N-heteroaryl

R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(G) —R

N-aryl

—O—R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(H) —R

N-aryl

—S—R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(I) —R

N-heteroaryl

—O—R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(J) —R

N-heteroaryl

—S—R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(K) —R

N-aryl

—CO—R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(L) —R

N-aryl

—CO—R

N-heteroaryl

where —R

N-aryl

and R

N-heteroaryl

are as defined above,

(M) —R

N-aryl

—SO

2

R

N-aryl

where R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(N) —R

N-heteroaryl

—CO—R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(O) —R

N-heteroaryl

—SO

2

—R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(P) —R

N-aryl

—O—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl)-φ where R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(Q) —R

N-aryl

—S—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl)-φ where R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(R) —R

N-heteroaryl

—O—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl)-φ where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above, or

(S) —R

N-heteroaryl

—S—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl)-φ where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(II) —CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl) where alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with:

(A) —OH,

(B) —C

1

-C

6

alkoxy,

(C) —C

1

-C

6

thioalkoxy,

(D) —CO—O—R

N-8

where R

N-8

is —H, C

1

-C

6

alkyl or -φ,

(E) —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(F) —CO—R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(G) —SO

2

—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl),

(H) —SO

2

—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(I) —NH—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(J) —NH—CO—O—R

N-8

where R

N-8

is as defined above,

(K) —NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(L) —R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(M) —O—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(N) —O—CO—NR

N-8

R

N-8

where the RN-8 are the same or different and are as defined above, or

(O) —O—(C

1

-C

5

alkyl)-COOH,

(III) —CO—(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)—O—(C

1

-C

3

alkyl) where alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with:

(A) —OH,

(B) —C

1

-C

6

alkoxy,

(C) —C

1

-C

6

thioalkoxy,

(D) —CO—O—R

N-8

where R

N-8

is —H, C

1

-C

6

alkyl or -φ,

(E) —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(F) —CO—R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(G) —SO

2

—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl),

(H) —SO

2

—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(I) —NH—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(J) —NH—CO—O—R

N-8

where R

N-8

is as defined above,

(K) —NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(L) —R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(M) —O—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(N) —O—CO—NR

N-8

R

N-8

where the R

N-8

are the same or different and are as defined above, or

(O) —O—(C

1

-C

5

alkyl)-COOH,

(IV) —CO—(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)—S—(C

1

-C

3

alkyl) where alkyl is:

(A) —OH,

(B) —C

1

-C

6

alkoxy,

(C) —C

1

-C

6

thioalkoxy,

(D) —CO—O—R

N-8

where R

N-8

is —H, C

1

-C

6

alkyl or -φ,

(E) —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(F) —CO—R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(G) —SO

2

—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl),

(H) —SO

2

—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(I) —NH—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(J) —NH—CO—O—R

N-8

where R

N-8

is as defined above,

(K) —NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(L) —R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(M) —O—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(N) —O—CO—NR

N-8

R

N-8

where the R

N-8

are the same or different and are as defined above, or

(O) —O—(C

1

-C

5

alkyl)-COOH,

(V) —CO—CH(—(CH

2

)

0-2

—O—R

N-10

)—(CH

2

)

0-2

—R

N-aryl

/R

N-heteroaryl

) where R

N-aryl

and R

N-heteroaryl

are as defined above, where R

N-10

is selected from the group consisting of:

(A) —H,

(B) C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(C) C

3

-C

7

cycloalkyl,

(D) C

2

-C

6

alkenyl with one double bond,

(E) C

2

-C

6

alkynyl with one triple bond,

(F) R

1-aryl

where R

1-aryl

is as defined above, or

(G) R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above;

where B is —O—, —NH—, or —N(C

1

-C

6

alkyl)-;

where R

c

is:

(I) C

1

-C

8

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with —OH, —O- φ, halo, or (C

1

-C

6

alkoxy unsubstituted or substituted with halo),

(II) —(CH

2

)

0-3

-alkyl-(C

3

-C

7

) cycloalkyl where cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with:

(A) C

1

-C

3

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I,

(B) —CO—OH,

(C) —CO—O—(C

1

-C

4

alkyl),

(D) —OH, or

(E) C

1

-C

6

alkoxy,

(III) —(CH

2

)

2-6

—OH,

(IV) —(CR

C-x

R

C-y

)

0-4

—R

C-aryl

where R

C-x

and R

C-y

are —H, C

1

-C

4

alkyl and φ- and R

C-aryl

is the same as R

N-aryl

,

(V) —(CH

2

)

0-4

—R

C-heteroaryl

where R

C-heteroaryl

is the same as R

N-heteroaryl

,

(VI) —(CH

2

)

0-4

—R

C-heterocycle

where R

C-heterocycle

is:

(A) pyridinyl,

(B) pyrimidinyl,

(C) quinolinyl,

(D) indenyl,

(E) indanyl,

(F) benzothiophenyl,

(G) indolyl,

(H) indolinyl,

(I) pyridazinyl,

(J) pyrazinyl,

(K) isoindolyl,

(L) isoquinolyl,

(M) quinazolinyl,

(N) quinoxalinyl,

(O) phthalazinyl,

(P) isoxazolyl,

(Q) pyrazolyl,

(R) indolizinyl,

(S) indazolyl,

(T) benzothiazolyl,

(U) benzimidazolyl,

(V) benzofuranyl,

(W) furanyl,

(X) thienyl,

(Y) pyrrolyl,

(Z) oxadiazolyl,

(AA) thiadiazolyl,

(BB) triazolyl,

(CC) tetrazolyl,

(DD) 1,4-benzodioxan

(EE) purinyl,

(FF) oxazolopyridinyl,

(GG) imidazopyridinyl,

(HH) isothiazolyl,

(II) naphthyridinyl,

(JJ) cinnolinyl,

(KK) carbazolyl,

(LL) β-carbolinyl,

(MM) isochromanyl,

(NN) chromanyl,

(OO) furazanyl,

(PP) tetrahydroisoquinoline,

(QQ) isoindolinyl,

(RR) isobenzotetrahydrofuranyl,

(SS) isobenzotetrahydrothienyl,

(TT) isobenzothiophenyl,

(UU) benzoxazolyl, or

(VV) pyridopyridinyl,

(VII) —C(R

C-1

)(R

C-2

)—CO—NH—R

C-3

where R

C-1

and R

C-2

are the same or different and are:

(A) —H,

(B) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(C) —(C

1

-C

4

alkyl)-R

C′-aryl

where R

C′-aryl

is as defined for R

1-aryl

,

(D) —(C

1

-C

4

alkyl)-R

C-heteroaryl

where R

C-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(E) —(C

1

-C

4

alkyl)-R

C-heterocycle

where R

C-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(F) —R

C-heteroaryl

where R

C-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(G) —R

C-heterocycle

where R

C-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(H) —(CH

2

)

1-4

—OH,

(I) —(CH

2

)

1-4

—R

C-4

—(CH

2

)

1-4

—R

C′-aryl

where R

C-

4 is —O—, —S——NH—, or —NR

C-5

— where R

C-5

is C

1

-C

6

alkyl, and where R

C′-aryl

is defined above,

(J) —(CH

2

)

1-4

—R

C-4

—(CH

2

)

1-4

—R

C-heteroaryl

where R

C-4

and R

C-heteroaryl

are as defined above, or

(K) —R

C′-aryl

where R

C′-aryl

is as defined above,

and where R

C-3

is:

(A) —H,

(B) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(C) —R

C′-aryl

where R

C′-aryl

is as defined above,

(D) —R

C-heteroaryl

where R

C-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(E) —R

C-heterocycle

where R

C-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(F) —(C

1

-C

4

alkyl)-R

C′-aryl

where R

C′-aryl

is as defined above,

(G) —(C

1

-C

4

alkyl)-R

C-heteroaryl

where R

C-heteroaryl

is as defined above, or

(H) —(C

1

-C

4

alkyl)-R

C-heterocycle

where R

C-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(VIII) —CH(φ)

2

,

(IX) -cyclopentyl or -cyclohexyl ring fused to a phenyl or heteroaryl ring where heteroaryl is as defined above and phenyl and heteroaryl are unsubstituted or substituted with:

(A) C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(B) —CF

3

,

(C) —F, Cl, —Br or —I,

(D) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(E) —OCF

3

,

(F) —NH

2

,

(G) —OH, or

(H) —C≡N,

(X) —CH

2

—C≡CH;

(XI) —(CH

2

)

0-1

—CHR

C-5

—(CH

2

)

0-1

-φ where R

C-5

is:

(A) —OH, or

(B)—CH

2

—OH;

(XII) —CH(-φ)-CO—O(C

1

-C

3

alkyl);

(XIII) —CH(—CH

2

—OH)—CH(—OH)-φ-(—NO

2

;

(XIV) —(CH

2

)

2

—O—(CH

2

)

2

—OH;

(XV) —CH

2

—NH—CH

2

—CH(—O—CH

2

—CH

3

)

2

;

(XVI) —(C

2

-C

8

) alkynyl; or

(XVII) —H; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Also disclosed are hydroxyethylene compounds of the formula (XII):

where R

1

is:

(I) C

1

-C

6

alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three C

1

-C

3

alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —NH

2

, —CN, —CF

3

, or —N

3

,

(II) —(CH

2

)

1-2

—S—CH

3

,

(III) —CH

2

—CH

2

—S—CH

3

,

(IV) —CH

2

—(C

2

-C

6

alkenyl) unsubstituted or substituted by one —F,

(V) —(CH

2

)

0-3

—(R

1-aryl

) where R

1-aryl

is phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, indanyl, indenyl, dihydronaphthyl, tetralinyl unsubstituted or substituted on the aryl ring with one or two of the following substituents which can be the same or different:

(A) C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(B) —CF

3

,

(C) —F, Cl, —Br and —I,

(D) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(E) —O—CF

3

,

(F) —NH

2

,

(G) —OH, or

(H) —C≡N,

(VI) —(CH

2

)

n1

—(R

1-heteroaryl

) where n

1

is 0, 1, 2, or 3 and R

1-heteroaryl

is:

(A) pyridinyl,

(B) pyrimidinyl,

(C) quinolinyl,

(D) indenyl,

(E) indanyl,

(F) benzothiophenyl,

(G) indolyl,

(H) indolinyl,

(I) pyridazinyl,

(J) pyrazinyl,

(K) isoindolyl,

(L) isoquinolyl,

(M) quinazolinyl,

(N) quinoxalinyl,

(O) phthalazinyl,

(P) imidazolyl,

(Q) isoxazolyl,

(R) pyrazolyl,

(S) oxazolyl,

(T) thiazolyl,

(U) indolizinyl,

(V) indazolyl,

(W) benzothiazolyl,

(X) benzimidazolyl,

(Y) benzofuranyl,

(Z) furanyl,

(AA) thienyl,

(BB) pyrrolyl,

(CC) oxadiazolyl,

(DD) thiadiazolyl,

(EE) triazolyl,

(FF) tetrazolyl,

(GG) 1,4-benzodioxan

(HH) purinyl,

(II) oxazolopyridinyl,

(JJ) imidazopyridinyl,

(KK) isothiazolyl,

(LL) naphthyridinyl,

(MM) cinnolinyl,

(NN) carbazolyl,

(OO) β-carbolinyl,

(PP) isochromanyl,

(QQ) chromanyl,

(RR) furazanyl,

(SS) tetrahydroisoquinoline,

(TT) isoindolinyl,

(UU) isobenzotetrahydrofuranyl,

(VV) isobenzotetrahydrothienyl,

(WW) isobenzothiophenyl,

(XX) benzoxazolyl, or

(YY) pyridopyridinyl,

where the R

1-heteroaryl

group is bonded to —(CH

2

)

0-3

— by any ring atom of the parent R

N-heteroaryl

group substituted by hydrogen such that the new bond to the R

1-heteroaryl

group replaces the hydrogen atom and its bond, where heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two:

(1) C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(2) —CF

3

,

(3) —F, Cl, —Br, or —I,

(4) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(5) —O—CF

3

,

(6) —NH

2

,

(7) —OH, or

(8) —C—N,

with the proviso that when n

1

is zero R

1-heteroaryl

is not bonded to the carbon chain by nitrogen, or

(VII) —(CH

2

)

n1

—(R

1-heterocycle

) where n

1

is as defined above and R

1-heterocycle

is:

(A) morpholinyl,

(B) thiomorpholinyl,

(C) thiomorpholinyl S-oxide,

(D) thiomorpholinyl S,S-dioxide,

(E) piperazinyl,

(F) homopiperazinyl,

(G) pyrrolidinyl,

(H) pyrrolinyl,

(I) tetrahydropyranyl,

(J) piperidinyl,

(K) tetrahydrofuranyl, or

(L) tetrahydrothiophenyl,

where the R

1-heterocycle

group is bonded by any atom of the parent R

1-heterocycle

group substituted by hydrogen such that the new bond to the R

1-heteroaryl

group replaces the hydrogen atom and its bond, where heterocycle is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two:

(1) ═O,

(2) C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(3) CF

3

,

(4) —F, Cl, —Br and —I,

(5) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(6) —O—CF

3

,

(7) —NH

2

,

(8) —OH, or

(9) —C≡N,

with the proviso that when n

1

is zero R

1-heterocycle

is not bonded to the carbon chain by nitrogen;

where R

2

is:

(I) —H,

(II) C

1

-C

6

alkyl, or

(III) —(CH

2

)

0-4

—R

2−1

where R

2

1

is (C

3

-C

6

)cycloalkyl, R

1-aryl

or R-

1-heteroaryl

where R

1-aryl

and R

1-heteroaryl

are as defined above,

where R

N

is:

(I) R

N-1

—X

N

— where X

N

is:

(A)—CO—,

(B) —SO

2

—,

(C) —(CR′R″)

1-6

where R′ and R″ are the same or different and are —H or C

1

-C

4

alkyl,

(D) —CO—(CR′R″)

1-6

—X

N-1

where X

N-1

is —O—, —S— and —NR′R″— and where R′ and R″ are as defined above,

(E) a single bond;

where R

N-1

is:

(A) R

N-aryl

where R

N-aryl

is phenyl, 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three or four of the following substituents which can be the same or different and are:

(1) C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(2) —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I,

(3) —OH,

(4) —NO

2

,

(5)—CO—OH,

(6) —C≡N,

(7) —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are:

(a) —H,

(b) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one

(i) —OH, or

(ii) —NH

2

,

(c) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one to three —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I,

(d) —C

3

-C

7

cycloalkyl,

(e) —(C

1

-C

2

alkyl)-(C

3

-C

7

cycloalkyl),

(f) —(C

1

-C

6

alkyl)—O—(C

1

-C

3

alkyl),

(g) —C

1

-C

6

alkenyl with one or two double bonds,

(h) —C

1

-C

6

alkynyl with one or two triple bonds,

(i) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl chain with one double bond and one triple bond,

(j) —R

1-aryl

where R

1-aryl

is as defined above, or

(k) —R

1-heteroaryl

where R

1-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(8) —CO—(C

3

-C

12

alkyl),

(9) —CO—(C

3

-C

6

cycloalkyl),

(10) —CO—R

1-heteroaryl

where R

1-heteroaryl

, is as defined above,

(11) —CO—R

1-heterocycle

where R

1-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(12) —CO—R

N-4

where R

N-4

is morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl or pyrrolidinyl where each group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(13) —CO—O—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is:

(a) C

1

-C

6

alkyl, or

(b) —(CH

2

)

0-2

—(R

1-aryl

) where R

1-aryl

is as defined above,

(14) —SO

2

—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are as defined above,

(15) —SO—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl),

(16) —SO

2

(C

3

-C

12

alkyl),

(17) —NH—CO—O—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is as defined above,

(18) —NH—CO—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(19) —N—CS—N(C

1

C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(20) —N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)-CO—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is as defined above,

(21) —NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

can be the same or different and are as defined above,

(22) —R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(23) —O—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(24) —O—CO—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(25) —O—CS—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(26) —O—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(27) —O—(C

2

-C

5

alkyl)-COOH,

(28) —S—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(29) C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 —F,

(30) —O—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 —F, or

(31) —O-φ,

(B) —R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is:

(A) pyridinyl,

(B) pyrimidinyl,

(C) quinolinyl,

(D) indenyl,

(E) indanyl,

(F) benzothiophenyl,

(G) indolyl,

(H) indolinyl,

(I) pyridazinyl,

(J) pyrazinyl,

(K) isoindolyl,

(L) isoquinolyl,

(M) quinazolinyl,

(N) quinoxalinyl,

(O) phthalazinyl,

(P) imidazolyl,

(Q) isoxazolyl,

(R) pyrazolyl,

(S) oxazolyl,

(T) thiazolyl,

(U) indolizinyl,

(V) indazolyl,

(W) benzothiazolyl,

(X) benzimidazolyl,

(Y) benzofuranyl,

(Z) furanyl,

(AA) thienyl,

(BB) pyrrolyl,

(CC) oxadiazolyl,

(DD) thiadiazolyl,

(EE) triazolyl,

(FF) tetrazolyl,

(GG) 1,4-benzodioxan

(HH) purinyl,

(II) oxazolopyridinyl,

(JJ) imidazopyridinyl,

(KK) isothiazolyl,

(LL) naphthyridinyl,

(MM) cinnolinyl,

(NN) carbazolyl,

(OO) β-carbolinyl,

(PP) isochromanyl,

(QQ) chromanyl,

(RR) furazanyl,

(SS) tetrahydroisoquinoline,

(TT) isoindolinyl,

(UU) isobenzotetrahydrofuranyl,

(VV) isobenzotetrahydrothienyl,

(WW) isobenzothiophenyl,

(XX) benzoxazolyl, or

(YY) pyridopyridinyl,

where the R

N-heteroaryl

group is bonded by any atom of the parent R

N-heteroaryl

group substituted by hydrogen such that the new bond to the R

N-heteroaryl

group replaces the hydrogen atom and its bond, where heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two:

(1) C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(2) —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I,

(3) —OH,

(4) —NO

2

,

(5) —CO—OH,

(6) —C≡N,

(7) —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are:

(a) —H,

(b) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one

(i) —OH, or

(ii) —NH

2

,

(c) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I,

(d) —C

3

-C

7

cycloalkyl,

(e) —(C

1

-C

2

alkyl)-(C

3

-C

7

cycloalkyl),

(f) —(C

1

-C

6

alkyl)—O—(C

1

-C

3

alkyl),

(g) —C

1

-C

6

alkenyl with one or two double bonds,

(h) —C

1

-C

6

alkynyl with one or two triple bonds,

(i) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl chain with one double bond and one triple bond,

(j) —R

1-aryl

where R

1-aryl

is as defined above, or

(k) —R

1-heteroaryl

where R

1-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(8) —CO—(C

3

-C

12

alkyl),

(9) —CO—(C

3

-C

6

cycloalkyl),

(10) —CO—R

1-heteroaryl

where R

1-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(11) —CO—R

1-heterocycle

where R

1-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(12) —CO—R

N-4

where R

N-4

is morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl or pyrrolidinyl where each group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(13) —CO—O—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is:

(a) C

1

-C

6

alkyl, or

(b) —(CH

2

)

0-2

—(R

1-aryl

) where R

1-aryl

is as defined above,

(14) —SO

2

—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are as defined above,

(15) —SO—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl),

(16) —SO

2

—(C

3

-C

12

alkyl),

(17) —NH—CO—O—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is as defined above,

(18) —NH—CO—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(19) —N—CS—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(20) —N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)-CO—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is as defined above,

(21) —NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

can be the same or different and are as defined above,

(22) —R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(23) —O—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(24) —O—CO—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(25) —O—CS—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(26) —O—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(27) —O—(C

2

-C

5

alkyl)-COOH, or

(28) —S—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(C) —R

N-aryl

—R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(D) —R

N-aryl

—R

N-heteroaryl

where —R

N-aryl

and —R

N-heteroaryl

are as defined above,

(E) —R

N-heteroaryl

—R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

and —R

N-heteroaryl

are as defined above,

(F) —R

N-heteroaryl

—R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(G) —R

N-aryl

—O—R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(H) —R

N-aryl

—S—R-N

aryl

where —R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(I) —R

N-heteroaryl

—O—R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(J) —R

N-heteroaryl

—S—R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(K) —R

N-aryl

—CO—R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(L) —R

N-aryl

—CO—R

N-heteroaryl

where —R

N-aryl

and R

N-heteroaryl

are as defined above,

(M) —R

N-aryl

—SO

2

—R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(N) —R

N-heteroaryl

—CO—R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(O) —R

N-heteroaryl

—SO

2

—R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(P) —R

N-aryl

—O—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl)-φ where R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(Q) —R

N-aryl

—S—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl)-φ where R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(R) —R

N-heteroaryl

—O—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl)-φ where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above, or

(S) —R

N-heteroaryl

—S—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl)-φ where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(II) A—X

N

— where X

N

is —CO—,

wherein A is

(A) —T—E—(Q)

m′

,

(1) where —T is:

where

(a) x=1 when y=1 and x=2 when y=0,

(b) m is 0, 1, 2 or 3,

(c) the values of x and y vary independently on each carbon when m is 2 and 3, and

(d) R′″ varies independently on each carbon and is H, (C

1

-C

2

) alkyl, phenyl, or phenyl(C

1

-C

3

)alkyl;

(2) —E is

(a) C

1

-C

5

alkyl, but only if m′ does not equal 0,

(b) methylthioxy(C

2

-C

4

)alkyl,

(c) an aryl group having 5 to 7 atoms when monocyclic or having 8 to 12 atoms when fused,

(d) a heterocyclic group having 5 to 7 atoms when monocyclic or having 8 to 12 atoms when fused,

(e) a mono or fused ring cycloalkyl group having 5 to 10 carbon atoms,

(f) biphenyl,

(g) diphenyl ether,

(h) diphenylketone,

(i) phenyl(C

1

-C

8

)alkyloxyphenyl, or

(j) C

1

-C

6

alkoxy;

(3) —Q is

(a) C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(b) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(c) C

1

-C

3

alkylthioxy,

(d) C

1

-C

6

alkylacylamino,

(e) C

1

-C

6

alkylacyloxy,

(f) amido (including primary, C

1

-C

6

alkyl and phenyl secondary and tertiary amino moieties),

(g) C

1

-C

6

alkylamino

(h) phenylamino,

(i) carbamyl (including C

1

-C

6

alkyl and phenyl amides and esters),

(j) carboxyl (including C

1

-C

6

alkyl and phenyl esters),

(k) carboxy(C

2

-C

5

)alkoxy,

(l) carboxy(C

2

-C

5

)alkylthioxy,

(m) heterocyclylacyl,

(n) heteroarylacyl, or

(o) hydroxyl;

(4) m′ is 0, 1, 2 or 3;

(B) —E(Q)

m″

wherein E and —Q are as defined as above and m″ is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

(C) —T—E wherein —E and —Q are as defined as above; or

(D) —E wherein —E is as defined as above;

(III) —CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl) where alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two:

(A) —OH,

(B) —C

1

-C

6

alkoxy,

(C) —C

1

-C

6

thioalkoxy,

(D) —CO—O—R

N-8

where R

N-8

is —H, C

1

-C

6

alkyl or -φ,

(E) —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(F) —CO—R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(G) —SO

2

—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl),

(H) —SO

2

—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(I) —NH—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(J) —NH—CO—O—R

N-8

where R

N-8

is as defined above,

(K) —NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(L) —R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(M) —O—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(N) —O—CO—NR

N-8

R

N-8

where the R

N-8

is the same or different and are as defined above, or

(O) —O—(C

1

-C

5

alkyl)-COOH,

(IV) —CO—(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)—O—(C

1

-C

3

alkyl) where alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two

(A) —OH,

(B) —C

1

-C

6

alkoxy,

(C) —C

1

-C

6

thioalkoxy,

(D) —CO—O—R

N-8

where R

N-8

is —H, C

1

-C

6

alkyl or -φ,

(E) —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(F) —CO—RN

4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(G) —SO

2

—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl),

(H) —SO

2

—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(I) —NH—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(J) —NH—CO—O—R

N-8

where R

N-8

is as defined above,

(K) —NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(L) —R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(M) —O—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(N) —O—CO—NR

N-8

R

N-8

where the R

N-8

are the same or different and are as defined above, or

(O) —O—(C

1

-C

5

alkyl)-COOH,

(V) —CO—(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)—S—(C

1

-C

3

alkyl) where alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two

(A) —OH,

(B) —C

1

-C

6

alkoxy,

(C) —C

1

-C

6

thioalkoxy,

(D) —CO—O—R

N-8

where R

N-8

is —H, C

1

-C

6

alkyl or -φ,

(E) —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(F) —CO—R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(G) —SO

2

—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl),

(H) —SO

2

—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(I) —NH—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(J) —NH—CO—O—R

N-8

where R

N-8

is as defined above,

(K) —NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(L) —R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(M) —O—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(N) —O—CO—NR

N-8

R

N-8

where the R

N-8

are the same or different and are as defined above, or

(O) —O—(C

1

-C

5

alkyl)-COOH,

(VI) —CO—CH(—(CH

2

)

0-2

—O—R

N-10

)—(CH

2

)

0-2

—R

N-aryl

/R

N-heteroaryl

) where R

N-aryl

and R

N-heteroaryl

are as defined above, where R

N-10

is:

(A) —H,

(B) C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(C) C

3

-C

7

cycloalkyl,

(D) C

2

-C

6

alkenyl with one double bond,

(E) C

2

-C

6

alkynyl with one triple bond,

(F) R

1-aryl

where R

1-aryl

is as defined above, or

(G) R

N-heteroatyl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above;

where B is —O—, —NH—, or —N(C

1

-C

6

alkyl)-;

where R

C

is:

(I) —(C

1

-C

10

)alkyl-K

1-3

in which:

(A) the alkyl chain is unsubstituted or substituted with one —OH,

(B) the alkyl chain is unsubstituted or substituted with one C

1

-C

6

alkoxy unsubstituted or substituted with 1-5 —F,

(C) the alkyl chain is unsubstituted or substituted with one —O-φ,

(D) the alkyl chain is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-5 —F,

(E) the alkyl chain is unsubstituted or substituted with a combination of up to three atoms of oxygen and sulfur each such atom replacing one carbon,

(F) each K is:

(1) H,

(2) C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(3) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(4) C

1

-C

3

alkylthioxy,

(5) C

1

-C

6

alkylacylamino,

(6) C

1

-C

6

alkylacyloxy,

(7) amido

(8) C

1

-C

6

alkylamino

(9) phenylamino,

(10) carbamyl

(11) carboxyl

(12) carboxy(C

2

-C

5

)alkoxy,

(13) carboxy(C

2

-C

5

)alkylthioxy,

(14) heterocyclylacyl,

(15) heteroarylacyl,

(16) amino unsubstituted or substituted with C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(17) hydroxyl, or

(18) carboxyl methyl ester;

(II) —(CH

2

)

0-3

—J—[(—(CH

2

)

0-3

—K]

1-3

where K is as defined above and J is:

(A) a 5 to 7 atom monocyclic aryl group,

(B) a 8 to 12 atom multicyclic aryl group,

(C) a 5 to 7 atom heterocyclic group,

(D) a 8 to 12 atom multicyclic heterocyclic group, or

(E) a 5 to 10 atom monocyclic or multicyclic cycloalkyl group;

(III) —(CH

2

)

0-3

—(C

3

-C

7

) cycloalkyl where cycloalkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three

(A) C

1

-C

3

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I,

(B) —CO—OH,

(C) —CO—O—(C

1

-C

4

alkyl),

(D) —OH, or

(E) C

1

-C

6

alkoxy,

(IV) —(CH

2

)

2

-

6

—OH,

(V) —(CR

C-x

R

C-y

)

0-4

—R

C-aryl

where R

C-x

and R

C-y

are —H, C

1

-C

4

alkyl and φ- and R

C-aryl

is the same as R

N-aryl

,

(VI) (CH

2

)

0-4

—R

C-heteroaryl

where R

C-heteroaryl

is:

(A) pyridinyl,

(B) pyrimidinyl,

(C) quinolinyl,

(D) indenyl,

(E) indanyl,

(F) benzothiophenyl,

(G) indolyl,

(H) indolinyl,

(I) pyridazinyl,

(J) pyrazinyl,

(K) isoindolyl,

(L) isoquinolyl,

(M) quinazolinyl,

(N) quinoxalinyl,

(O) phthalazinyl,

(P) isoxazolyl,

(Q) pyrazolyl,

(R) indolizinyl,

(S) indazolyl,

(T) benzothiazolyl,

(U) benzimidazolyl,

(V) benzofuranyl,

(W) furanyl,

(X) thienyl,

(Y) pyrrolyl,

(Z) oxadiazolyl,

(AA) thiadiazolyl,

(BB) triazolyl,

(CC) tetrazolyl,

(DD) 1,4-benzodioxan

(EE) purinyl,

(FF) oxazolopyridinyl,

(GG) imidazopyridinyl,

(HH) isothiazolyl,

(II) naphthyridinyl,

(JJ) cinnolinyl,

(KK) carbazolyl,

(LL) β-carbolinyl,

(MM) isochromanyl,

(NN) chromanyl,

(OO) furazanyl,

(PP) tetrahydroisoquinoline,

(QQ) isoindolinyl,

(RR) isobenzotetrahydrofuranyl,

(SS) isobenzotetrahydrothienyl,

(TT) isobenzothiophenyl,

(UU) benzoxazolyl, or

(VV) pyridopyridinyl,

(VII) —(CH

2

)

0-4

—R

C-heterocycle

where R

C-heterocycle

is the same as R

1-heterocycle,

(VIII) —C(R

C-1

)(R

C-2

)—CO—NH—R

C-3

where R

C-1

and R

C-2

are the same or different and are:

(A) —H,

(B) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(C) —(C

1

-C

4

alkyl)-R

C-aryl

where R

C-aryl

is as defined above for R

1-aryl

,

(D) —(C

1

-C

4

alkyl)-R

C-heteroaryl

where R

C-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(E) —(C

1

-C

4

alkyl)-R

C-heterocycle

where R

C-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(F) —R

C-heteroaryl

where R

C-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(G) —R

C-heterocycle

where R

C-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(H) —(CH

2

)

1-4

—OH,

(I) —(CH

2

)

1-4

—R

C-4

—(CH

2

)

1-4

—R

C′-aryl

where R

C-4

is —O—, —S—, —NH—or —NHR

C-5

— where R

C-5

is C

1

-C

6

alkyl, and where R

C′-aryl

is as defined above,

(J) —(CH

2

)

1-4

—R

C-4

—(CH

2

)

1-4

—R

C-heteroaryl

where R

C-4

and R

C-heteroaryl

are as defined above, or

(K) —R

C′-aryl

where R

C′-aryl

is as defined above,

and where R

C-3

is:

(A) —H,

(B) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(C) —R

C′-aryl

where R

C′-aryl

is as defined above,

(D) —R

C-heteroaryl

where R

C-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(E) —R

C-heterocycle

where R

C-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(F) —(C

1

-C

4

alkyl)-R

C′-aryl

where R

C′-aryl

is as defined above,

(G) —(C

1

-C

4

alkyl)-R

C-heteroaryl

where R

C-heteroaryl

is as defined above, or

(H) —(C

1

-C

4

alkyl)-R

C-heterocycle

where R

C-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(IX) —CH(φ)

2

,

(X) -cyclopentyl or -cyclohexyl ring fused to a phenyl or heteroaryl ring where heteroaryl is as defined above and phenyl and heteroaryl are unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three:

(A) C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(B) —CF

3

,

(C) —F, Cl, —Br and —I,

(D) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(E) —OCF

3

,

(F) —NH

2

,

(G) —OH, or

(H) —C≡N,

(XI) —CH

2

—C≡—CH;

(XII) —(CH

2

)

0-1

—CHR

C-5

—(CH

2

)

0-1

-φ where R

C-5

is:

(A) —OH, or

(B)—CH

2

—OH;

(XIII) —CH(-φ)-CO—O(C

1

-C

3

alkyl);

(XIV) —CH(—CH

2

—OH)—CH(—OH)-φ- NO

2

;

(XV) —(CH

2

)

2

—O—(CH

2

)

2

—OH;

(XVI) —CH

2

—NH—CH

2

—CH(—O—CH

2

—CH

3

)

2

;

(XVII) —(C

2

-C

8

) alkynyl; or

(XVIII) —H; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Additionally disclosed are compounds of the formula

where R

1

is:

(V) —CH

2

-phenyl, where phenyl is substituted with two —F in the 3— and 5-positions giving 3,5-difluorophenyl, or

(VI) —(CH

2

)

n1

—(R

1-heteroaryl

), where n1 and R

1-heteroaryl

are as defined above; and

PROTECTING GROUP is t-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, formyl, trityl, phthalimido, trichloroacetyl, chloroacetyl, bromoacetyl, iodoacetyl, 4-phenylbenzyloxycarbonyl, 2-methylbenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-ethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-fluorobenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, 3-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, 2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl, 3-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-cyanobenzyloxycarbonyl, 2-(4-xenyl)isopropoxycarbonyl, 1,1-diphenyleth-1-yloxycarbonyl, 1,1-diphenylprop-1-yloxycarbonyl, 2-phenylprop-2-yloxycarbonyl, 2-(p-toluyl)prop-2-yloxycarbonyl, cyclopentanyloxycarbonyl, 1-methylcycoopentanyloxycarbonyl, cyclohexanyloxycarbonyl, 1-methylcyclohexanyloxycarbonyl, 2-methylcyclohexanyloxycarbonyl, 2-(4-toluylsulfonyl)ethoxycarbonyl, 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethoxycarbonyl, 2-(triphenylphosphino)ethoxycarbonyl, fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyl, allyloxycarbonyl, 1-(trimethylsilylmethyl)prop-1-enyloxycarbonyl, 5-benzisoxazoylmethoxycarbonyl, 4-acetoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, 2-ethynyl-2-propoxycarbonyl, cyclopropylmethoxycarbonyl, 4-(decyloxyl)benzyloxycarbonyl, isobornyloxycarbonyl, -phenyl-C(═N)—H, or 1-piperidyloxycarbonyl.

Additionally disclosed are epoxide compounds of the formula:

where R

1

is:

(A) —CH

2

-φ where -φ is substituted with two —F,

(B) —(CH

2

)

n1

—R

heteroaryl

where n

1

is 0, 1, 2, or 3 and R

1-heteroaryl

is:

(A) pyridinyl,

(B) pyrimidinyl,

(C) quinolinyl,

(D) indenyl,

(E) indanyl,

(F) benzothiophenyl,

(G) indolyl,

(H) indolinyl,

(I) pyridazinyl,

(J) pyrazinyl,

(K) isoindolyl,

(L) isoquinolyl,

(M) quinazolinyl,

(N) quinoxalinyl,

(O) phthalazinyl,

(P) imidazolyl,

(Q) isoxazolyl,

(R) pyrazolyl,

(S) oxazolyl,

(T) thiazolyl,

(U) indolizinyl,

(V) indazolyl,

(W) benzothiazolyl,

(X) benzimidazolyl,

(Y) benzofuranyl,

(Z) furanyl,

(AA) thienyl,

(BB) pyrrolyl,

(CC) oxadiazolyl,

(DD) thiadiazolyl,

(EE) triazolyl,

(FF) tetrazolyl,

(GG) 1,4-benzodioxan

(HH) purinyl,

(II) oxazolopyridinyl,

(JJ) imidazopyridinyl,

(KK) isothiazolyl,

(LL) naphthyridinyl,

(MM) cinnolinyl,

(NN) carbazolyl,

(OO) β-carbolinyl,

(PP) isochromanyl,

(QQ) chromanyl,

(RR) furazanyl,

(SS) tetrahydroisoquinoline,

(TT) isoindolinyl,

(UU) isobenzotetrahydrofuranyl,

(VV) isobenzotetrahydrothienyl,

(WW) isobenzothiophenyl,

(XX) benzoxazolyl, or

(YY) pyridopyridinyl,

(C)—(CH

2

)

n1

—R

1-heterocycle

where n

1

is 0, 1, 2, or 3 and R

1-heterocycle

is:

(A) morpholinyl,

(B) thiomorpholinyl,

(C) thiomorpholinyl S-oxide,

(D) thiomorpholinyl S,S-dioxide,

(E) piperazinyl,

(F) homopiperazinyl,

(G) pyrrolidinyl,

(H) pyrrolinyl,

(I) tetrahydropyranyl,

(J) piperidinyl,

(K) tetrahydrofuranyl, or

(L) tetrahydrothiophenyl, and

PROTECTING GROUP is t-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, formyl, trityl, phthalimido, trichloroacetyl, chloroacetyl, bromoacetyl, iodoacetyl, 4-phenylbenzyloxycarbonyl, 2-methylbenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-ethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-fluorobenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, 3-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, 2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl, 3-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-cyanobenzyloxycarbonyl, 2-(4-xenyl)isopropoxycarbonyl, 1,1-diphenyleth-1-yloxycarbonyl, 1,1-diphenylprop-1-yloxycarbonyl, 2-phenylprop-2-yloxycarbonyl, 2-(p-toluyl)prop-2-yloxycarbonyl, cyclopentanyloxycarbonyl, 1-methylcycoopentanyloxycarbonyl, cyclohexanyloxycarbonyl, 1-methylcyclohexanyloxycarbonyl, 2-methylcyclohexanyloxycarbonyl, 2-(4-toluylsulfonyl)ethoxycarbonyl, 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethoxycarbonyl, 2-(triphenylphosphino)ethoxycarbonyl, fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyl, allyloxycarbonyl, 1-(trimethylsilylmethyl)prop-1-enyloxycarbonyl, 5-benzisoxazoylmethoxycarbonyl, 4-acetoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, 2-ethynyl-2-propoxycarbonyl, cyclopropylmethoxycarbonyl, 4-(decyloxyl)benzyloxycarbonyl, isobornyloxycarbonyl, -phenyl-C(═N)—H, or 1-piperidyloxycarbonyl.

Additionally disclosed are compounds of the formula:

where R

1

is:

(V) —CH

2

-phenyl, where phenyl is substituted with two —F in the 3— and 5-positions giving 3,5-difluorophenyl, or

(VI) (CH

2

)

n1

—(R

1-heteroaryl

), where n1 and R

1-heteroaryl

are as defined above; where R

2

is as defined in claim

1

; and

PROTECTING GROUP is t-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, formyl, trityl, phthalimido, trichloroacetyl, chloroacetyl, bromoacetyl, iodoacetyl, 4-phenylbenzyloxycarbonyl, 2-methylbenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-ethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-fluorobenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, 3-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, 2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl, 3-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-cyanobenzyloxycarbonyl, 2-(4-xenyl)isopropoxycarbonyl, 1,1-diphenyleth-1-yloxycarbonyl, 1,1-diphenylprop-1-yloxycarbonyl, 2-phenylprop-2-yloxycarbonyl, 2-p-toluyl)prop-2-yloxycarbonyl, cyclopentanyloxycarbonyl, 1-methylcycoopentanyloxycarbonyl, cyclohexanyloxycarbonyl, 1-methylcyclohexanyloxycarbonyl, 2-methylcyclohexanyloxycarbonyl, 2-(4-toluylsulfonyl)ethoxycarbonyl, 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethoxycarbonyl, 2-(triphenylphosphino)ethoxycarbonyl, fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyl, allyloxycarbonyl, 1-(trimethylsilylmethyl)prop-1-enyloxycarbonyl, 5-benzisoxazoylmethoxycarbonyl, 4-acetoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, 2-ethynyl-2-propoxycarbonyl, cyclopropylmethoxycarbonyl, 4-(decyloxyl)benzyloxycarbonyl, isobomyloxycarbonyl, -phenyl-C(═N)—H, or 1-piperidyloxycarbonyl.

Additionally disclosed are amine compounds of the formula:

where R

1

is:

(I) C

1

-C

6

alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three C

1

-C

3

alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —NH

2

, —C≡N, —CF

3

, or —N

3

,

(II) —(CH

2

)

1-2

—S—CH

3

,

(III) —CH

2

—CH

2

—S—CH

3

,

(IV) —CH

2

—(C

2

-C

6

alkenyl) unsubstituted or substituted by one —F,

(V) —(CH

2

)

0-3

—(R

1-aryl

) where R

1-aryl

is phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, indanyl, indenyl, dihydronaphthyl, tetralinyl unsubstituted or substituted on the aryl ring with one or two of the following substituents which can be the same or different:

(A) C

1

-C

3

alyl,

(B) —CF

3

,

(C) —F, Cl, —Br and —I,

(D) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(E) —O—CF

3

,

(F) —NH

2

,

(G) —OH, or

(H)—C≡N,

(VI) —(CH

2

)

n1

—(R

1-heteroaryl

) where n

1

is 0, 1,2, or 3 and R

1-heteroaryl

is:

(A) pyridinyl,

(B) pyrimidinyl,

(C) quinolinyl,

(D) indenyl,

(E) indanyl,

(F) benzothiophenyl,

(G) indolyl,

(H) indolinyl,

(I) pyridazinyl,

(J) pyrazinyl,

(K) isoindolyl,

(L) isoquinolyl,

(M) quinazolinyl,

(N) quinoxalinyl,

(O) phthalazinyl,

(P) imidazolyl,

(Q) isoxazolyl,

(R) pyrazolyl,

(S) oxazolyl,

(T) thiazolyl,

(U) indolizinyl,

(V) indazolyl,

(W) benzothiazolyl,

(X) benzimidazolyl,

(Y) benzofuranyl,

(Z) furanyl,

(AA) thienyl,

(BB) pyrrolyl,

(CC) oxadiazolyl,

(DD) thiadiazolyl,

(EE) triazolyl,

(FF) tetrazolyl,

(GG) 1,4-benzodioxan

(HH) purinyl,

(II) oxazolopyridinyl,

(JJ) imidazopyridinyl,

(KK) isothiazolyl,

(LL) naphthyridinyl,

(MM) cinnolinyl,

(NN) carbazolyl,

(OO) β-carbolinyl,

(PP) isochromanyl,

(QQ) chromanyl,

(RR) furazanyl,

(SS) tetrahydroisoquinoline,

(TT) isoindolinyl,

(UU) isobenzotetrahydrofuranyl,

(VV) isobenzotetrahydrothienyl,

(WW) isobenzothiophenyl,

(XX) benzoxazolyl, or

(YY) pyridopyridinyl,

where the R

1-heteroaryl

group is bonded to —(CH

2

)

0-3

— by any ring atom of the parent R

N-heteroaryl

group substituted by hydrogen such that the new bond to the R

1-heteroaryl

group replaces the hydrogen atom and its bond, where heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two:

(1) C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(2) CF

3

,

(3) —F, Cl, —Br, or —I,

(4) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(5) —O—CF

3

,

(6) —NH

2

,

(7) —OH, or

(8) —C≡N,

with the proviso that when n

1

is zero R

1-heteroaryl

is not bonded to the carbon chain by nitrogen, or

(VII) (CH

2

)

n1

—(R

1-heterocycle

) where n

1

is as defined above and R

1-heterocycle

is:

(A) morpholinyl,

(B) thiomorpholinyl,

(C) thiomorpholinyl S-oxide,

(D) thiomorpholinyl S,S-dioxide,

(E) piperazinyl,

(F) homopiperazinyl,

(G) pyrrolidinyl,

(H) pyrrolinyl,

(I) tetrahydropyranyl,

(J) piperidinyl,

(K) tetrahydrofuranyl, or

(L) tetrahydrothiophenyl,

where the R

1-heterocycle

group is bonded by any atom of the parent R

1-heterocycle

group substituted by hydrogen such that the new bond to the R

1-heteroaryl

group replaces the hydrogen atom and its bond, where heterocycle is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two:

(1) ═O,

(2) C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(3) —CF

3

,

(4) —F, Cl, —Br and —I,

(5) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(6) —O—CF

3

,

(7) —NH

2

,

(8) —OH, or

(9) —CN,

with the proviso that when n, is zero R

1-heterocycle

is not bonded to the carbon chain by nitrogen;

where R

2

is:

(I) —H

(II) C

1

-C

6

alkyl, or

(III) —(CH

2

)

0-4

—R

2-1

where R

2-1

is (C

3

-C

6

)cycloalkyl, R

1-aryl

or R

1-heteroaryl

where R

1-aryl

and R

1-heteroaryl

are as defined above,

where R

N

is:

(I) R

N-1

—X

N

— where X

N

is:

(A) —CO—,

(B) —SO

2

—,

(C) —(CR′R″)

1-6

where R′ and R″ are the same or different and are —H or C

1

-C

4

alkyl,

(D) —CO—(CR′R″)

1-6

—X

N-1

where X

N-1

is —O—, —S— and —NR′R″— and where R′ and R″ are as defined above,

(E) a single bond;

where R

N-1

is:

(A) R

N-aryl

where R

N-aryl

is phenyl, 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three or four of the following substituents which can be the same or different and are:

(1) C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(2) —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I,

(3) —OH,

(4) —NO

2

,

(5) —CO—OH,

(6) —C≡N,

(7) —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are:

(a) —H,

(b) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one

(i) —OH, or

(ii) —NH

2

,

(c) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one to three —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I,

(d) —C

3

-C

7

cycloalkyl,

(e) —(C

1

-C

2

alkyl)—(C

3

-C

7

cycloalkyl),

(f) —(C

1

-C

6

alkyl)—O—(C

1

-C

3

alkyl),

(g) —C

1

-C

6

alkenyl with one or two double bonds,

(h) —C

1

-C

6

alkynyl with one or two triple bonds,

(i) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl chain with one double bond and one triple bond,

(j) —R

1-aryl

where R

1-aryl

is as defined above, or

(k) R

1-heteroaryl

where R

1-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(8) —CO—(C

3

-C

12

alkyl),

(9) —CO—(C

3

-C

6

cycloalkyl),

(10) —CO—R

1-heteroaryl

where R

1-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(11) —CO—R

1-heterocycle

where R

1-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(12) —CO—R

N-4

where R

N-4

is morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl or pyrrolidinyl where each group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(13) —CO—O—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is:

(a) C

1

-C

6

alkyl, or

(b) (CH

2

)

0-2

—(R

1-aryl

) where R

1-aryl

is as defined above,

(14) —SO

2

—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are as defined above,

(15) —SO—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl),

(16) —SO

2

—(C

3

-C

12

alkyl),

(17) —NH—CO—O—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is as defined above,

(18) —NH—CO—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(19) —N—CS—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(20) —N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)-CO—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is as defined above,

(21) —NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

can be the same or different and are as defined above,

(22) —R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(23) —O—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(24) —O—CO—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(25) —O—CS—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(26) —O—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(27) —O—(C

2

-C

5

alkyl)-COOH,

(28) —S—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(29) C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 —F,

(30) —O—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 —F, or

(31) —O-φ,

(B) —R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is:

(A) pyridinyl,

(B) pyrimidinyl,

(C) quinolinyl,

(D) indenyl,

(E) indanyl,

(F) benzothiophenyl,

(G) indolyl,

(H) indolinyl,

(I) pyridazinyl,

(J) pyrazinyl,

(K) isoindolyl,

(L) isoquinolyl,

(M) quinazolinyl,

(N) quinoxalinyl,

(O) phthalazinyl,

(P) imidazolyl,

(Q) isoxazolyl,

(R) pyrazolyl,

(S) oxazolyl,

(T) thiazolyl,

(U) indolizinyl,

(V) indazolyl,

(W) benzothiazolyl,

(X) benzimidazolyl,

(Y) benzofuranyl,

(Z) furanyl,

(AA) thienyl,

(BB) pyrrolyl,

(CC) oxadiazolyl,

(DD) thiadiazolyl,

(EE) triazolyl,

(FF) tetrazolyl,

(GG) 1,4-benzodioxan

(HH) purinyl,

(II) oxazolopyridinyl,

(JJ) imidazopyridinyl,

(KK) isothiazolyl,

(LL) naphthyridinyl,

(MM) cinnolinyl,

(NN) carbazolyl,

(OO) β-carbolinyl,

(PP) isochromanyl,

(QQ) chromanyl,

(RR) furazanyl,

(SS) tetrahydroisoquinoline,

(TT) isoindolinyl,

(UU) isobenzotetrahydrofuranyl,

(VV) isobenzotetrahydrothienyl,

(WW) isobenzothiophenyl,

(XX) benzoxazolyl, or

(YY) pyridopyridinyl,

where the R

N-heteroaryl

group is bonded by any atom of the parent R

N-heteroaryl

group substituted by hydrogen such that the new bond to the R

N-heteroaryl

group replaces the hydrogen atom and its bond, where heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two:

(1) C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(2) —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I,

(3) —OH,

(4) —NO

2

,

(5) —CO—OH,

(6) —C≡N,

(7) —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are:

(a) —H,

(b) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one

(i) —OH, or

(ii) —NH

2

,

(c) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I,

(d) —C

3

-C

7

cycloalkyl,

(e) —(C

1

-C

2

alkyl)—(C

3

-C

7

cycloalkyl),

(f) —(C

1

-C

6

alkyl)—O—(C

1

-C

3

alkyl),

(g) —C

1

-C

6

alkenyl with one or two double bonds,

(h) —C

1

-C

6

alkynyl with one or two triple bonds,

(i) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl chain with one double bond and one triple bond,

(j) —R

1-aryl

where R

1-aryl

is as defined above, or

(k) —R

1-heteroaryl

where R

1-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(8) —CO—(C

3

-C

12

alkyl),

(9) —CO—(C

3

-C

6

cycloalkyl),

(10) —CO—R

1-heteroaryl

where R

1-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(11) —CO—R

1-heterocycle

where R

1-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(12) —CO—R

N-4

where R

N-4

is morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl or pyrrolidinyl where each group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(13) —CO—O—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is:

(a) C

1

-C

6

alkyl, or

(b) —(CH

2

)

0-2

—(R

1-aryl

) where R

1-aryl

is as defined above,

(14) —SO

2

—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are as defined above,

(15) —SO—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl),

(16) —SO

2

—(C

3

-C

12

alkyl),

(17) —NH—CO—O—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is as defined above,

(18) —NH—CO—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(19) —N—CS—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(20) —N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)-CO—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is as defined above,

(21) —NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

can be the same or different and are as defined above,

(22) —R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(23) —O—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(24) —O—CO—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(25) —O—CS—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(26) —O—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(27) —O—(C

2

-C

5

alkyl)-COOH, or

(28) —S—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(C) —R

N-aryl

—R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(D) —R

N-aryl

—R

N-heteroaryl

where —R

N-aryl

and —R

N-heteroaryl

are as defined above,

(E) —R

N-heteroaryl

R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

and —R

N-heteroaryl

are as defined above,

(F) R

N-heteroaryl

—R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(G) —R

N-aryl

—O—R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(H) —R

N-aryl

—S—R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(I) —R

N-heteroaryl

—O—R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(J) —R

N-heteroaryl

—S—R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(K) —R

N-aryl

CO—R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(L) —R

N-aryl

—CO—R

N-heteroaryl

where —R

N-aryl

and R

N-heteroaryl

are as defined above,

(M) —R

N-aryl

—SO

2

—R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(N) —R

N-heteroaryl

—CO—R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(O) —R

N-heteroaryl

—SO

2

—R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(P) —R

N-aryl

—O—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl)-φ where R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(Q) —R

N-aryl

—S—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl)-φ where R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(R) —R

N-heteroaryl—O—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl)-φ where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above, or

(S) —R

N-heteroaryl

—S—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl)-φ where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(II) A—X

N

— where X

N

is —CO—,

wherein A is

(A) —T—E—(Q)m′,

(1) where —T is:

where R

1

is:

(I) C

1

-C

6

alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three C

1

-C

3

alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —NH

2

, —C≡N, —CF

3

, or —N

3

,

(II) —(CH

2

)

1-2

—S—CH

3

,

(III) —CH

2

—CH

2

—S—CH

3

,

(IV) —CH

2

—(C

2

-C

6

alkenyl) unsubstituted or substituted by one —F,

(V) —(CH

2

)

0-3

—(R

1-aryl

) where R

1-aryl

is phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, indanyl, indenyl, dihydronaphthyl, tetralinyl unsubstituted or substituted on the aryl ring with one or two of the following substituents which can be the same or different:

(A) C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(B) —CF

3

,

(C) —F, Cl, —Br and —I,

(D) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(E) —O—CF

3

,

(F) —NH

2

,

(G) —OH, or

(H) —C—N,

(VI) —(CH

2

)

n1

—(R

1-heteroaryl

) where n

1

is 0, 1, 2, or 3 and R

1-heteroaryl

is:

(A) pyridinyl,

(B) pyrimidinyl,

(C) quinolinyl,

(D) indenyl,

(E) indanyl,

(F) benzothiophenyl,

(G) indolyl,

(H) indolinyl,

(I) pyridazinyl,

(J) pyrazinyl,

(K) isoindolyl,

(L) isoquinolyl,

(M) quinazolinyl,

(N) quinoxalinyl,

(O) phthalazinyl,

(P) imidazolyl,

(Q) isoxazolyl,

(R) pyrazolyl,

(S) oxazolyl,

(T) thiazolyl,

(U) indolizinyl,

(V) indazolyl,

(W) benzothiazolyl,

(X) benzimidazolyl,

(Y) benzofuranyl,

(Z) furanyl,

(AA) thienyl,

(BB) pyrrolyl,

(CC) oxadiazolyl,

(DD) thiadiazolyl,

(EE) triazolyl,

(FF) tetrazolyl,

(GG) 1,4-benzodioxan

(HH) purinyl,

(II) oxazolopyridinyl,

(JJ) imidazopyridinyl,

(KK) isothiazolyl,

(LL) naphthyridinyl,

(MM) cinnolinyl,

(NN) carbazolyl,

(OO) β-carbolinyl,

(PP) isochromanyl,

(QQ) chromanyl,

(RR) furazanyl,

(SS) tetrahydroisoquinoline,

(TT) isoindolinyl,

(UU) isobenzotetrahydrofuranyl,

(VV) isobenzotetrahydrothienyl,

(WW) isobenzothiophenyl,

(XX) benzoxazolyl, or

(YY) pyridopyridinyl,

where the R

1-heteroaryl

group is bonded to —(CH

2

)

0-3

— by any ring atom of the parent R

N-heteroaryl

group substituted by hydrogen such that the new bond to the R

1-heteroaryl

group replaces the hydrogen atom and its bond, where heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two:

(1) C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(2)—CF

3

,

(3) —F, Cl, —Br, or —I,

(4) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(5) —O—CF

3

,

(6) —NH

2

,

(7) —OH, or

(8) —C≡N,

with the proviso that when n

1

is zero R

1-heteroaryl

is not bonded to the carbon chain by nitrogen, or

(VII) —(CH

2

)

n1

—(R

1-heterocycle

) where n

1

is as defined above and R

1-heterocycle

is:

(A) morpholinyl,

(B) thiomorpholinyl,

(C) thiomorpholinyl S-oxide,

(D) thiomorpholinyl S,S-dioxide,

(E) piperazinyl,

(F) homopiperazinyl,

(G) pyrrolidinyl,

(H) pyrrolinyl,

(I) tetrahydropyranyl,

(J) piperidinyl,

(K) tetrahydrofuranyl, or

(L) tetrahydrothiophenyl,

where the R

1-heterocycle

group is bonded by any atom of the parent R

1-heterocycle

group substituted by hydrogen such that the new bond to the R

1-heteroaryl

group replaces the hydrogen atom and its bond, where heterocycle is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two:

(1) ═O,

(2) C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(3) CF

3

,

(4) —F, Cl, —Br and —I,

(5) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(6) —O—CF

3

,

(7) —NH

2

,

(8) —OH, or

(9) —C≡N,

with the proviso that when n

1

is zero R

1-heterocycle

is not bonded to the carbon chain by nitrogen;

where R

2

is:

(I) —H,

(II) C

1

-C

6

alkyl, or

(III) —(CH

2

)

0-4

—R

2-1

where R

2

1

is (C

3

-C

6

)cycloalkyl, R

1-aryl

or R

1-heteroaryl

where R

1-aryl

and R

1-heteroaryl

are as defined above,

where R

N

is:

(I) R

N-1

—X

N

— where X

N

is:

(A) —CO—,

(B) —SO

2

—,

(C) —(CR′R″)

1-6

where R′ and R″ are the same or different and are —H or C

1

-C

4

alkyl,

(D) —CO—(CR′R″)

1-6

—X

N-1

where X

N-1

is —O—, —S— and —NR′R″— and where R′ and R″ are as defined above,

(E) a single bond;

where R

N-1

is:

(A) R

N-aryl

where R

N-aryl

is phenyl, 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three or four of the following substituents which can be the same or different and are:

(1) C

1

-C

6

alkyl

(2) —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I,

(3) —OH,

(4) —NO

2

,

(5) —CO—OH,

(6) —C≡N,

(7) —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are:

(a) —H,

(b) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one

(i) —OH, or

(ii) —NH

2

,

(c) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one to three —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I,

(d) —C

3

-C

7

cycloalkyl,

(e) —(C

1

-C

2

alkyl)—(C

3

-C

7

cycloalkyl),

(f) —(C

1

-C

6

alkyl)—O—(C

1

-C

3

alkyl),

(g) —C

1

-C

6

alkenyl with one or two double bonds,

(h) —C

1

-C

6

alkynyl with one or two triple bonds,

(i) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl chain with one double bond and one triple bond,

(j) —R

1-aryl

where R

1-aryl

is as defined above, or

(k) R

1-heteroaryl

where R

1-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(8) —CO—(C

3

-C

12

alkyl),

(9) —CO—(C

3

-C

6

cycloalkyl),

(10) —CO—R

1-heteroaryl

where R

1-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(11) —CO—R

1-heterocycle

where R

1-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(12) —CO—R

N-4

where R

N-4

is morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl or pyrrolidinyl where each group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(13) —CO—O—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is:

(a) C

1

-C

6

alkyl, or

(b) —(CH

2

)

0-2

—(R

1-aryl

) where R

1-aryl

is as defined above,

(14) —SO

2

-NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are as defined above,

(15) —SO—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl),

(16) —SO

2

—(C

3

-C

12

alkyl),

(17) —NH—CO—O—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is as defined above,

(18) —NH—CO—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(19) —N—CS—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(20) —N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)-CO—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is as defined above,

(21) —NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

can be the same or different and are as defined above,

(22) —R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(23) —O—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(24) —O—CO—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(25) —O—CS—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(26) —O—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(27) —O—(C

2

-C

5

alkyl)-COOH,

(28) —S—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(29) C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 —F,

(30) —O—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5—F, or

(31) —O-φ,

(B) —R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is:

(A) pyridinyl,

(B) pyrimidinyl,

(C) quinolinyl,

(D) indenyl,

(E) indanyl,

(F) benzothiophenyl,

(G) indolyl,

(H) indolinyl,

(I) pyridazinyl,

(J) pyrazinyl,

(K) isoindolyl,

(L) isoquinolyl,

(M) quinazolinyl,

(N) quinoxalinyl,

(O) phthalazinyl,

(P) imidazolyl,

(Q) isoxazolyl,

(R) pyrazolyl,

(S) oxazolyl,

(T) thiazolyl,

(U) indolizinyl,

(V) indazolyl,

(W) benzothiazolyl,

(X) benzimidazolyl,

(Y) benzofuranyl,

(Z) furanyl,

(AA) thienyl,

(BB) pyrrolyl,

(CC) oxadiazolyl,

(DD) thiadiazolyl,

(EE) triazolyl,

(FF) tetrazolyl,

(GG) 1,4-benzodioxan

(HH) purinyl,

(II) oxazolopyridinyl,

(JJ) imidazopyridinyl,

(KK) isothiazolyl,

(LL) naphthyridinyl,

(MM) cinnolinyl,

(NN) carbazolyl,

(OO) β-carbolinyl,

(PP) isochromanyl,

(QQ) chromanyl,

(RR) furazanyl,

(SS) tetrahydroisoquinoline,

(TT) isoindolinyl,

(UU) isobenzotetrahydrofuranyl,

(VV) isobenzotetrahydrothienyl,

(WW) isobenzothiophenyl,

(XX) benzoxazolyl, or

(YY) pyridopyridinyl,

where the R

N-heteroaryl

group is bonded by any atom of the parent R

N-heteroaryl

group substituted by hydrogen such that the new bond to the R

N-heteroaryl

group replaces the hydrogen atom and its bond, where heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two:

(1) C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(2) —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I,

(3) —OH,

(4) —NO

2

,

(5) —CO—OH,

(6) —C≡N,

(7) —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are:

(a) —H,

(b) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one

(i) —OH, or

(ii) —NH

2

,

(c) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I,

(d) —C

3

-C

7

cycloalkyl,

(e) —(C

1

-C

2

alkyl)—(C

3

-C

7

cycloalkyl),

(f) —(C

1

-C

6

alkyl)—O—(C

1

-C

3

alkyl),

(g) —C

1

-C

6

alkenyl with one or two double bonds,

(h) —C

1

-C

6

alkynyl with one or two triple bonds,

(i) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl chain with one double bond and one triple bond,

(j) —R

1-aryl

where R

1-aryl

is as defined above, or

(k) —R

1-heteroaryl

where R

1-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(8) —CO—(C

3

-C

12

alkyl),

(9) —CO—(C

3

-C

6

cycloalkyl),

(10) —CO—R

1-heteroaryl

where R

1-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(11) —CO—R

1-heterocycle

where R

1-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(12) —CO—R

N-4

where R

N-4

is morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl or pyrrolidinyl where each group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(13) —CO—O—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is:

(a) C

1

-C

6

alkyl, or

(b) —(CH

2

)

0-2

—(R

1-aryl

) where R

1-aryl

is as defined above,

(14) —SO

2

—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are as defined above,

(15) —SO—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl),

(16) —SO

2

—(C

3

-C

12

alkyl),

(17) —NH—CO—O—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is as defined above,

(18) —NH—CO—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(19) —N—CS—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(20) —N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)-CO—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is as defined above,

(21) —NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

can be the same or different and are as defined above,

(22) —R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(23) —O—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(24) —O—CO—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(25) —O—CS—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(26) —O—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(27) —O—(C

2

-C

5

alkyl)-COOH, or

(28) —S—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(C) —R

N-aryl

R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(D) —R

N-aryl

—R

N-heteroaryl

where —R

N-aryl

and —R

N-heteroaryl

are as defined above,

(E) —R

N-heteroaryl

—R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

and —R

N-heteroaryl

are as defined above,

(F) —R

N-heteroaryl

—R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(G) —R

N-aryl

—O—R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(H) —R

N-aryl

—S—R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(I) —R

N-heteroaryl

—O—R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(J) —R

N-heteroaryl

—S—R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(K) —R

N-aryl

—CO—R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(L) —R

N-aryl

—CO—R

N-heteroaryl

where —R

N-aryl

and R

N-heteroaryl

are as defined above,

(M) —R

N-aryl

—SO

2

—R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(N) —R

N-heteroaryl

—CO—R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(O) —R

N-heteroaryl

—SO

2

—R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(P) —R

N-aryl

—O—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl)-φ where R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(Q) —R

N-aryl

—S—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl)-φ where R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(R) —R

N-heteroaryl

—O—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl)-φ where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above, or

(S) —R

N-heteroaryl

—S—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl)-φ where RN-heteroaryl is as defined above,

(II) A—X

N

— where X

N

is —CO—,

wherein A is

(A) —T—E(Q)

m′

,

(1) where —T is:

where

(a) x=1 when y=1 and x=2 when y=0,

(b) m is 0, 1, 2 or 3,

(c) the values of x and y vary independently on each carbon when m is 2 and 3, and

(d) R′″ varies independently on each carbon and is H, (C

1

-C

2

) alkyl, phenyl, or phenyl(C

1

-C

3

)alkyl;

(2) —E is

(a) C

1

-C

5

alkyl, but only if m′ does not equal 0,

(b) methylthioxy(C

2

-C

4

)alkyl,

(c) an aryl group having 5 to 7 atoms when monocyclic or having 8 to 12 atoms when fused,

(d) a heterocyclic group having 5 to 7 atoms when monocyclic or having 8 to 12 atoms when fused,

(e) a mono or fused ring cycloalkyl group having 5 to 10 carbon atoms,

(f) biphenyl,

(g) diphenyl ether,

(h) diphenylketone,

(i) phenyl(C

1

-C

8

)alkyloxyphenyl, or

(j) C

1

-C

6

alkoxy;

(3) —Q is

(a) C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(b) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(c) C

1

-C

3

alkylthioxy,

(d) C

1

-C

6

alkylacylamino,

(e) C

1

-C

6

alkylacyloxy,

(f) amido (including primary, C

1

-C

6

alkyl and phenyl secondary and tertiary amino moieties),

(g) C

1

-C

6

alkylamino

(h) phenylamino,

(i) carbamyl (including C

1

-C

6

alkyl and phenyl amides and esters),

(j) carboxyl (including C

1

-C

6

alkyl and phenyl esters),

(k) carboxy(C

2

-C

5

)alkoxy,

(l) carboxy(C

2

-C

5

)alkylthioxy,

(m) heterocyclylacyl,

(n) heteroarylacyl, or

(o) hydroxyl;

(4)m′ is 0, 1, 2 or 3;

(B) —E(Q)

m″

, wherein E and —Q are as defined as above and m″ is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

(C) —T—E wherein —E and —Q are as defined as above; or

(D) —E wherein —E is as defined as above;

(III) —CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl) where alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two:

(A)—OH,

(B) —C

1

-C

6

alkoxy,

(C) —C

1

-C

6

thioalkoxy,

(D) —CO—O—R

N-8

where R

N-8

is —H, C

1

-C

6

alkyl or -φ,

(E) —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(F) —CO—R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(G) —SO

2

—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl),

(H) —SO2—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(I) —NH—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(J) —NH—CO—O—R

N-8

where R

N-8

is as defined above,

(K) —NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(L) —R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(M) —O—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(N) —O—CO—NR

N-8

R

N-8

where the R

N-8

is the same or different and are as defined above, or

(O) —O—(C

1

-C

5

alkyl)-COOH,

(IV) —CO—(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)—O—(C

1

-C

3

alkyl) where alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two

(A) —OH,

(B) —C

1

-C

6

alkoxy,

(C) —C

1

-C

6

thioalkoxy,

(D) —CO—O—R

N-8

where R

N-8

is —H, C

1

-C

6

alkyl or -φ,

(E) —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(F) —CO—R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(G) —SO

2

—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl),

(H) —SO

2

—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(I) —NH—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(J) —NH—CO—O—R

N-8

where R

N-8

is as defined above,

(K) —NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(L) —R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(M) —O—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(N) —O—CO—NR

N-8

R

N-8

where the R

N-8

are the same or different and are as defined above, or

(O) —O—(C

1

-C

5

alkyl)-COOH,

(V) —CO—(C

1

-C3 alkyl)—S—(C

1

-C

3

alkyl) where alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two

(A) —OH,

(B) —C

1

-C

6

alkoxy,

(C) —C

1

-C

6

thioalkoxy,

(D) —CO—O—R

N-8

where R

N-8

is —H, C

1

-C

6

alkyl or -φ,

(E) —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(F) —CO—R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(G) —SO

2

—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl),

(H) —SO

2

—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(I) —NH—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(J) —NH—CO—O—R

N-8

where R

N-8

is as defined above,

(K) —NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(L) —R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(M) —O—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(N) —O—CO—NRN8R

N-8

where the R

N-8

are the same or different and are as defined above, or

(O) —O—(C

1

-C

5

alkyl)-COOH,

(VI) —CO—CH(—(CH

2

)

0-2

—O—R

N-10

)—(CH

2

)

0-2

—R

N-aryl

/R

N-heteroaryl

) where R

N-aryl

and R

N-heteroaryl

are as defined above, where R

N-1 0

is:

(A) —H,

(B) C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(C) C

3

-C

7

cycloalkyl,

(D) C

2

-C

6

alkenyl with one double bond,

(E) C

2

-C

6

alkynyl with one triple bond,

(F) R

1-aryl

where R

1-aryl

is as defined above, or

(G) R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above;

where B is —O—, —NH—, or —N(C

1

-C

6

alkyl)-;

where R

C

is:

(I) —(C

1

-C

10

)alkyl-K

1-3

in which:

(A) the alkyl chain is unsubstituted or substituted with one —OH,

(B) the alkyl chain is unsubstituted or substituted with one C

1

-C

6

alkoxy unsubstituted or substituted with 1-5 —F,

(C) the alkyl chain is unsubstituted or substituted with one —O-φ,

(D) the alkyl chain is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-5 —F,

(E) the alkyl chain is unsubstituted or substituted with a combination of up to three atoms of oxygen and sulfur each such atom replacing one carbon,

(F) each K is:

(1) H,

(2) C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(3) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(4) C

1

-C

3

alkylthioxy,

(5) C

1

-C

6

alkylacylamino,

(6) C

1

-C

6

alkylacyloxy,

(7) amido

(8) C

1

-C

6

alkylamino

(9) phenylamino,

(10) carbamyl

(11) carboxyl

(12) carboxy(C

2

-C

5

)alkoxy,

(13) carboxy(C

2

-C

5

)alkylthioxy,

(14) heterocyclylacyl,

(15) heteroarylacyl,

(16) amino unsubstituted or substituted with C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(17) hydroxyl, or

(18) carboxyl methyl ester;

(II)—(CH

2

)

0-3

—J-[(—(CH

2

)

0-3

-K]

1-3

where K is as defined above and J is:

(A) a 5 to 7 atom monocyclic aryl group,

(B) a 8 to 12 atom multicyclic aryl group,

(C) a 5 to 7 atom heterocyclic group,

(D) a 8 to 12 atom multicyclic heterocyclic group, or

(E) a 5 to 10 atom monocyclic or multicyclic cycloalkyl group;

(III) —(CH

2

)

0-3

—(C

3

-C

7

) cycloalkyl where cycloalkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three

(A) C

1

-C

3

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I,

(B) —CO—OH,

(C) —CO—O—(C

1

-C

4

alkyl),

(D) —OH, or

(E) C

1

-C

6

alkoxy,

(IV) —(CH

2

)

2-6

—OH,

(V) (CR

C-x

R

C-y

)

0-4

—R

C-aryl

where R

C-x

and R

C-y

are —H, C

1

-C

4

alkyl and φ- and R

C-aryl

is the same as R

N-aryl

,

(VI) —(CH

2

)

0-4

—R

C-heteroaryl

where R

C-heteroaryl

is:

(A) pyridinyl,

(B) pyrimidinyl,

(C) quinolinyl,

(D) indenyl,

(E) indanyl,

(F) benzothiophenyl,

(G) indolyl,

(H) indolinyl,

(I) pyridazinyl,

(J) pyrazinyl,

(K) isoindolyl,

(L) isoquinolyl,

(M) quinazolinyl,

(N) quinoxalinyl,

(O) phthalazinyl,

(P) isoxazolyl,

(Q) pyrazolyl,

(R) indolizinyl,

(S) indazolyl,

(T) benzothiazolyl,

(U) benzimidazolyl,

(V) benzofuranyl,

(W) furanyl,

(X) thienyl,

(Y) pyrrolyl,

(Z) oxadiazolyl,

(AA) thiadiazolyl,

(BB) triazolyl,

(CC) tetrazolyl,

(DD) 1,4-benzodioxan

(EE) purinyl,

(FF) oxazolopyridinyl,

(GG) imidazopyridinyl,

(HH) isothiazolyl,

(II) naphthyridinyl,

(JJ) cinnolinyl,

(KK) carbazolyl,

(LL) β-carbolinyl,

(MM) isochromanyl,

(NN) chromanyl,

(OO) furazanyl,

(PP) tetrahydroisoquinoline,

(QQ) isoindolinyl,

(RR) isobenzotetrahydrofuranyl,

(SS) isobenzotetrahydrothienyl,

(TT) isobenzothiophenyl,

(UU) benzoxazolyl, or

(VV) pyridopyridinyl,

(VII ) —(CH

2

)

0-4

—R

C-heterocycle

where R

C-heterocycle

is the same as R

1-heterocycle

,

(VIII) —C(R

C-1

)(R

C-2

)—CO—NH—R

C-3

where R

C-1

and R

C-2

are the same or different and are:

(A) —H,

(B) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(C) —(C

1

-C

4

alkyl)-R

C′-aryl

where R

C′-aryl

is as defined above for R

1-aryl

,

(D) —(C

1

-C

4

alkyl)-R

C-heteroaryl

where R

C-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(E) —(C

1

-C

4

alkyl)-R

C-heterocycle

where R

C-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(F) —R

C-heteroaryl

where R

C-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(G) —R

C-heterocycle

where R

C-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(H) —(CH

2

)

14

—OH,

(I) —(CH

2

)

1-4

—R

C-4

—(CH

2

)

1-4

—R

C′-aryl

where R

C-4

is —O—, —S—, —NH— or —NHR

C-5

— where R

C-5

is C

1

-C

6

alkyl, and where R

C′-aryl

is as defined above,

(J) —(CH

2

)

1-4

—R

C-4

—(CH

2

)

1-4

—R

C-heteroaryl

where R

C-4

and R

C-heteroaryl

are as defined above, or

(K) —R

C′-aryl

where R

C′-aryl

is as defined above,

and where R

C-3

is:

(A) —H,

(B) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(C) —R

C′-aryl

where R

C′-aryl

is as defined above,

(D) —R

C-heteroaryl

where R

C-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(E) —R

C-heterocycle

where R

C-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(F) —(C

1

-C

4

alkyl)-R

C′-aryl

where R

C′-aryl

is as defined above,

(G) —(C

1

-C

4

alkyl)-R

C-heteroaryl

where R

C-heteroaryl

is as defined above, or

(H) —(C

1

-C

4

alkyl)-R

C-heterocycle

where R

C-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(IX) —CH(φ)

2

,

(X) -cyclopentyl or -cyclohexyl ring fused to a phenyl or heteroaryl ring where heteroaryl is as defined above and phenyl and heteroaryl are unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three:

(A) C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(B) —CF

3

,

(C) —F, Cl, —Br and —I,

(D) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(E) —OCF

3

,

(F) —NH

2

,

(G) —OH, or

(H) —C≡N,

(XI) —CH

2

—C≡CH;

(XII) —(CH

2

)

0-2

—CHR

C-5

—(CH

2

)

0-1

-φ where R

C-5

is:

(A) H, or

(B)—CH

2

—OH;

(XIII) —CH(-φ)-CO—O(C

1

-C

3

alkyl);

(XIV) —CH(—CH

2

—OH)—CH(—OH)-φ- NO

2

;

(XV) —(CH

2

)

2

—O—(CH

2

)

2

—OH;

(XVI) —CH

2

—NH—CH

2

—CH(—O—CH

2

—CH

3

)

2

;

(XVII) —(C

2

-C

8

) alkynyl; or

(XVIII) —H; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Disclosed is the use of a hydroxyethylene compound of formula (XII):

where R

1

, R

2

, R

C

, and R

N

are as defined immediately above, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for use in treating a patient who has, or in preventing a patient from getting, a disease or condition selected from Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, Down's syndrome, Hereditary Cerebral Hemorrhage with Amyloidosis of the Dutch-Type, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, degenerative dementia, diffuse Lewy body type of Alzheimer's disease or central or preipheral amyloid diseases and who is in need of such treatment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) which are useful in treating and preventing Alzheimer's disease. The anti-Alzheimer's hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) are made by methods well known to those skilled in the art from starting compounds known to those skilled in the art. The process chemistry is well known to those skilled in the art. The most general process to prepare the hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) is set forth in CHART A, as defined within. The chemistry is straight forward and in summary involves the steps of N-protecting an amino acid (I) starting material to produce the corresponding protected amino acid (II), amino-dehydroxylation of the protected amino acid (II) with the appropriate amine in the presence of a coupling agent to produce the corresponding protected amide (III), reduction of the protected amide to the corresponding aldehyde (IV), formation of the terminal olefin as described (V), peracid epoxidation of the olefin (V) to produce the corresponding epoxide (VI), opening of the epoxide (VI) with an amide (VII) to produce the corresponding protected alcohol (VIII), cyclization of the protected alcohol (VIII) to produce the protected lactone (IX) which then has the nitrogen protecting group removed to produce the corresponding amine (X), which is then reacted with an amide forming agent of the formula (R

N-1

—X

N

)

2

O or R

N-1

—X

N

—X

2

or R

N−1

—X

N

—OH, for example, to produce the lactone (XI), opening of the lactone (XI) with a C-terminal amine, R

C

—NH

2

to produce the anti-Alzheimer hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII). One skilled in the art will appreciate that these are all well known reactions in organic chemistry. A chemist skilled in the art, knowing the chemical structure of the biologically active hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) would be able to prepare them by known methods from known starting materials without any additional information. The explanation below therefore is not necessary but is deemed helpful to those skilled in the art who desire to make the compounds of the present invention.

The backbone of the compounds of the present invention is a hydroxyethylene moiety. It can be readily prepared by methods disclosed in the literature and known to those skilled in the art. For example, Henning, R. “Synthetic Routes to Different Classes of Natural Products and Analogs Thereof. Synthesis of Hydroxyethylene Isosteric Dipeptides.” In Organic Synthesis Highlights II; VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 1995; pp 251-259 discloses processes to prepare hydroxyethylene type compounds.

CHART A, as defined within, sets forth a general method used in the present invention to prepare the appropriately substituted hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII). The anti-Alzheimer hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) are prepared by starting with the corresponding amino acid (I). The amino acids (I) are well known to those skilled in the art or can be readily prepared from known compounds by methods well known to those skilled in the art. The hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) have at least three enantiomeric centers which give 8 enantiomers, the S, S, R stereochemistry being preferred. The first of these enantiomeric centers derives from the amino acid starting material (I). It is preferred to commercially obtain or produce the desired enantiomer (S) rather than produce an enantiomerically impure mixture and then have to separate out the desired enantiomer (S). It is preferred to start the process with enantiomerically pure (S)-amino acid (I) of the same configuration as that of the hydroxyethylene product. For the amino acids (I), R

1

is:

(I) C

1

-C

6

alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three C

1

-C

3

alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —NH

2

, —C≡N, —CF

3

, or —N

3

,

(II) —(CH

2

)

1-2

—S—CH

3

,

(III) —CH

2

—CH

2

—S—CH

3

,

(IV) —CH

2

—(C

2

-C

6

alkenyl) unsubstituted or substituted by one —F,

(V) —(CH

2

)

0-3

(R

1-aryl

) where R

1-aryl

is phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, indanyl, indenyl, dihydronaphthyl, tetralinyl unsubstituted or substituted on the aryl ring with one or two of the following substituents which can be the same or different:

(A) C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(B) —CF

3

,

(C) —F, Cl, —Br and —I,

(D) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(E) —O—CF

3

,

(F) —NH

2

,

(G) —OH, or

(H) —C≡N,

(VI) —(CH

2

)

n1

—(R

1-heteroaryl

) where n

1

is 0, 1, 2, or 3 and R

1-heteroaryl

is:

(A) pyridinyl,

(B) pyrimidinyl,

(C) quinolinyl,

(D) indenyl,

(E) indanyl,

(F) benzothiophenyl,

(G) indolyl,

(H) indolinyl,

(I) pyridazinyl,

(J) pyrazinyl,

(K) isoindolyl,

(L) isoquinolyl,

(M) quinazolinyl,

(N) quinoxalinyl,

(O) phthalazinyl,

(P) imidazolyl,

(Q) isoxazolyl,

(R) pyrazolyl,

(S) oxazolyl,

(T) thiazolyl,

(U) indolizinyl,

(V) indazolyl,

(W) benzothiazolyl,

(X) benzimidazolyl,

(Y) benzofuranyl,

(Z) furanyl,

(AA) thienyl,

(BB) pyrrolyl,

(CC) oxadiazolyl,

(DD) thiadiazolyl,

(EE) triazolyl,

(FF) tetrazolyl,

(GG) 1,4-benzodioxan

(HH) purinyl,

(II) oxazolopyridinyl,

(JJ) imidazopyridinyl,

(KK) isothiazolyl,

(LL) naphthyridinyl,

(MM) cinnolinyl,

(NN) carbazolyl,

(OO) β-carbolinyl,

(PP) isochromanyl,

(QQ) chromanyl,

(RR) furazanyl,

(SS) tetrahydroisoquinoline,

(TT) isoindolinyl,

(UU) isobenzotetrahydrofuranyl,

(VV) isobenzotetrahydrothienyl,

(WW) isobenzothiophenyl,

(XX) benzoxazolyl, or

(YY) pyridopyridinyl,

where the R

1-heteroaryl

group is bonded to —(CH

2

)

0-3

— by any ring atom of the parent R

N-heteroaryl

group substituted by hydrogen such that the new bond to the R

1-heteroaryl

group replaces the hydrogen atom and its bond, where heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two:

(1) C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(2) —CF

3

,

(3) —F, Cl, —Br, or —I,

(4) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(5) —O—CF

3

,

(6) —NH

2

,

(7) —OH, or

(8) —C≡N,

with the proviso that when n

1

is zero R

1-heteroaryl

is not bonded to the carbon chain by nitrogen, or

(VII) —(CH

2

)

n1

—(R

1-heterocycle

) where n

1

is as defined above and R

1 heterocycle

is:

(A) morpholinyl,

(B) thiomorpholinyl,

(C) thiomorpholinyl S-oxide,

(D) thiomorpholinyl S,S-dioxide,

(E) piperazinyl,

(F) homopiperazinyl,

(G) pyrrolidinyl,

(H) pyrrolinyl,

(I) tetrahydropyranyl,

(J) piperidinyl,

(K) tetrahydrofuranyl, or

(L) tetrahydrothiophenyl,

where the R

1-heterocycle

group is bonded by any atom of the parent R

1-heterocycle

group substituted by hydrogen such that the new bond to the R

1-heteroaryl

group replaces the hydrogen atom and its bond, where heterocycle is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two:

(1) ═O,

(2) C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(3) —CF

3

,

(4) —F, Cl, —Br and —I,

(5) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(6) —O—CF

3

,

(7) —NH

2

,

(8)—OH, or

(9) —C≡N,

with the proviso that when n

1

is zero R

1-heterocycle

is not bonded to the carbon chain by nitrogen. Typically, R

1

is (V) —(CH

2

)

0-1

(R

1-aryl

) or (VI) —(CH

2

)

n1

—(R

1-heteroaryl

). It is preferred that R

1

is (V) —(CH

2

)—(R

1-aryl

) or (VI) —(CH

2

)-(R

1-heteroaryl

). It is more preferre that R

1

is —(CH

2

)—(R

1-aryl

) where R

1-aryl

is phenyl. It is even more preferred that R

1

is —(CH

2

)—(R

1-aryl

) where R

1-aryl

is phenyl substituted with two —F. It is most preferred that the —F substitution is 3,5 on the phenyl ring.

When R

1

is R

1-heteroaryl

or R

1-heterocycle

the bond from the R

1-heteroaryl

or R

1-heterocycle

group to the —(CH

2

)

n1

— group can be from any ring atom which has an available valence provided that such bond does not result in formation of a charged species or unstable valence. This means that the R

1-heteroaryl

or R

1-heterocycle

group is bonded to —(CH

2

)

n1

-by any ring atom of the parent R

1-heteroaryl

or R

1-heterocycle

group which was substituted by hydrogen such that the new bond to the R

1-heteroaryl

or R

1-heterocycle

group replaces the hydrogen atom and its bond.

The first step of the process is to protect the free amino group of the (S)-amino acid (I) with an amino protecting group to produce the (S)-protected amino acid (II) by methods well known to those skilled in the art. Amino protecting groups are well known to those skilled in the art. See for example, “Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis”, John Wiley and sons, New York, N.Y., 2nd ed., 1991, Chapter 7; “Protecting Groups in Organic Chemistry”, Plenum Press, New York, N.Y., 1973, Chapter 2. The function of the amino protecting group is to protect the free amino functionality (—NH

2

) during subsequent reactions on the (S)-amino acid (I) which would not proceed well either because the amino group would react and be functionalized in a way that is inconsistent with its need to be free for subsequent reactions or the free amino group would interfere in the reaction. When the amino protecting group is no longer needed, it is removed by methods well known to those skilled in the art. By definition the amino protecting group must be readily removable as is known to those skilled in the art by methods well known to those skilled in the art. Suitable amino PROTECTING GROUPs include t-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, formyl, trityl, phthalimido, trichloroacetyl, chloroacetyl, bromoacetyl, iodoacetyl, 4-phenylbenzyloxycarbonyl, 2-methylbenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-ethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-fluorobenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, 3-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, 2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl, 3-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-cyanobenzyloxycarbonyl, 2-(4-xenyl)isopropoxycarbonyl, 1,1-diphenyleth-1-yloxycarbonyl, 1,1-diphenylprop-1-yloxycarbonyl, 2-phenylprop-2-yloxycarbonyl, 2-p-toluyl)prop-2-yloxycarbonyl, cyclopentanyloxycarbonyl, 1-methylcycoopentanyloxycarbonyl, cyclohexanyloxycarbonyl, 1-methylcyclohexanyloxycarbonyl, 2-methylcyclohexanyloxycarbonyl, 2-(4-toluylsulfonyl)ethoxycarbonyl, 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethoxycarbonyl, 2-(triphenylphosphino)ethoxycarbonyl, fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyl, allyloxycarbonyl, 1-(trimethylsilylmethyl)prop-1-enyloxycarbonyl, 5-benzisoxazoylmethoxycarbonyl, 4-acetoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, 2-ethynyl-2-propoxycarbonyl, cyclopropylmethoxycarbonyl, 4-(decyloxyl)benzyloxycarbonyl, isobomyloxycarbonyl, -phenyl-C(═N)—H, and 1-piperidyloxycarbonyl. It is preferred that the protecting group be t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC) and benzyloxycarbonyl (CBZ), it is more preferred that the protecting group be t-butoxycarbonyl. One skilled in the art will understand the preferred methods of introducing a t-butoxycarbonyl or benzyloxycarbonyl protecting group and may additionally consult T. W. Green and P. G. M. Wuts in “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley and Sons, 2nd ed., 1991, at 327-335 for guidance.

The (S)-protected amino acid (II) is transformed to the corresponding (S)-protected amide compound (III) by means well known to those skilled in the art for the production of an amide from a carboxylic acid and an amine or hydroxylamine. The means and reaction conditions for producing the (S)-protected amide compound (III) include, for example, the use of a coupling agent such as, for example, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, 1,1-carbonyldiumidazole, POCl

3

, TiCl

4

, SO

2

ClF, benzotriazol-1-yl diethyl phosphate, or N, N, N′, N′-tetramethyl(succinimido)uronium tetrafluoroborate in the presence of an amine or hydroxylamine. 1,1-Carbonyldiimidazole is a preferred coupling agent and N-methyl-O-methylhydroxylamine is a preferred hydroxylamine. The reaction is carried out for a period of time between 1 hour and 3 days at temperatures ranging from −78° to elevated temperature up to the reflux point of the solvent employed. It is preferred to conduct the reaction between 0° and 50°.

The (S)-protected amide compound (III) is then reduced by means well known to those skilled in the art for reduction of a amide to the corresponding aldehyde, affording the corresponding aldehyde (IV). The means and reaction conditions for reducing the (S)-protected amide compound (III) to the corresponding aldehyde (IV) include, for example, sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, borane, diisobutylaluminum hydride, and lithium aluminium hydride. Lithium aluminium hydride is the preferred reducing agent. The reductions are carried out for a period of time between 1 hour and 3 days at temperatures ranging from −78° to room temperature. It is preferred to conduct the reduction between −20° and room temperature. The preferred combination of reducing agents and reaction conditions needed are known to those skilled in the art, see for example, Larock, R. C. in Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers, 1989.

The aldehyde (IV) is transformed to the corresponding olefin (V) by means known to those skilled in the art. An example of such a reaction is the reaction of the aldehyde (IV) with a phosphorous ylide to produce the desired olefin. Such phosphorous ylides include methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide. Reaction conditions include temperatures ranging from −100° up to the reflux temperature of the solvent employed; preferred temperature ranges are between −100° and 0°.

Peracid epoxidation of the olefin (V) affords the epoxide (VI). Other methods for the conversion of an olefin to an epoxide are known to those skilled in the art. The means for producing the epoxide (VI) include, for example, the use of a peracid such as, for example, peracetic acid, perbenzoic, trifluoroperacetic acid, 3,5-dinitroperoxybenzoic acid, and m-chloroperbenzoic acid.

The epoxide (VI) is then reacted with the appropriate amide (VII) by means known to those skilled in the art which opens the epoxide to produce the desired corresponding protected alcohol (VIII). Reaction of the epoxide (VI) with the amide (VII) produces a mixture of enantiomers. This enantiomeric mixture is then separated by means known to those skilled in the art such as selective low-temperature recrystallization or chromatographic separation, most preferably by HPLC, employing commercially available chiral columns. The enantiomer that is used in the remainder of the process of CHART A is the (S,S, R)-alcohol (VIII).

The protected-alcohol (VIII) is transformed to the corresponding protected lactone (IX) by means known to those skilled in the art. A preferred means is by reaction with an acid catalyst, for example, but not limited to, p-toluenesulfonic acid and the like. Reactions are conducted at temperatures ranging from −78° up to the reflux temperature of the solvent employed; preferred temperature ranges are between 0° and 50°.

The amine moiety or the protected lactone (IX) is deprotected to the corresponding amine (X) by means known to those skilled in the art for removal of amine protecting group. Suitable means for removal of the amine protecting group depends on the nature of the protecting group. Those skilled in the art, knowing the nature of a specific protecting group, know which reagent is preferable for its removal. For example, it is preferred to remove the preferred protecting group, BOC, by dissolving the protected lactone (IX) in a trifluoroacetic acid/dichloromethane mixture. When complete, the solvents are removed under reduced pressure to give the corresponding lactone (as the corresponding salt, i.e. trifluoroacetic acid salt) which is used without further purification. However, if desired, the lactone can be purified further by means well known to those skilled in the art, such as for example, recrystallization. Further, if the non-salt form is desired that also can be obtained by means known to those skilled in the art, such as for example, preparing the free base amine via treatment of the salt with mild basic conditions. Additional BOC deprotection conditions and deprotection conditions for other protecting groups can be found in T. W. Green and P. G. M. Wuts in “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley and Sons, 1991, p. 309 and following. Chemically suitable salts include trifluoroacetate, and the anion of mineral acids such as chloride, sulfate, phosphate; preferred is trifluoroacetate.

The amine (X) is then reacted with an appropriately substituted-amide-forming-agent such as anhydride, acyl halide, or acid of the formula (R

N-1

—X

N

)

2

O or R

N-1

—X

N

—X

2

or R

N-1

—X

N

—OH by nitrogen-acylation means known to those skilled in the art to produce the corresponding lactone (XI). Nitrogen acylation conditions for reaction of the amine (X) with an amide forming agent to produce the corresponding lactone (XI) are known to those skilled in the art and can be found in R. C. Larock in Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers, 1989, p. 981, 979, and 972. R

N

includes:

(I) R

N-1

X

N

— where X

N

is:

(A) —CO—,

(B) —SO

2

—,

(C) —(CR′R″)

1-6

where R′ and R″ are the same or different and are —H or C

1

-C

4

alkyl,

(D) —CO—(CR′R″)

1-6

—X

N-1

where X

N-1

is —O—, —S— and —NR′R″— and where R′ and R″ are as defined above,

(E) a single bond;

where R

N-1

is:

(A) R

N-aryl

where R

N-aryl

is phenyl, 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three or four of the following substituents which can be the same or different and are:

(1) C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(2) —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I,

(3) —OH,

(4) —NO

2

,

(5)—CO—OH,

(6) —C≡N,

(7) —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are:

(a) —H,

(b) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one

(i) —OH, or

(ii) —NH

2

,

(c) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one to three —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I,

(d) —C

3

-C

7

cycloalkyl,

(e) —(C

1

-C

2

alkyl)—(C

3

-C

7

cycloalkyl),

(f) —(C

1

-C

6

alkyl)—O—(C

1

-C

3

alkyl),

(g) —C

1

-C

6

alkenyl with one or two double bonds,

(h) —C

1

-C

6

alkynyl with one or two triple bonds,

(i) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl chain with one double bond and one triple bond,

(j) —R

1-aryl

where R

1-aryl

is as defined above, or

(k) —R

1-heteroaryl

where R

1-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(8) —CO—(C

3

-C

12

alkyl),

(9) —CO—(C

3

-C

6

cycloalkyl),

(10) —CO—R

1-heteroaryl

where R

1-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(11) —CO—R

1-heterocycle

where R

1-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(12) —CO—R

N-4

where R

N-4

is morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl or pyrrolidinyl where each group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(13) —CO—O—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is:

(a) C

1

-C

6

alkyl, or

(b) —(CH

2

)

0-2

—(R

1-aryl

) where R

1-aryl

is as defined above,

(14) —SO

2

-NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are as defined above,

(15) —SO—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl),

(16) —SO

2

—(C

3

-C

12

alkyl),

(17) —NH—CO—O—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is as defined above,

(18) —NH—CO—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(19) —N—CS—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(20) —N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)-CO—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is as defined above,

(21) —NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

can be the same or different and are as defined above,

(22) —R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(23) —O—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(24) —O—CO—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(25) —O—CS—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(26) —O—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(27) —O—(C

2

-C

5

alkyl)-COOH,

(28) —S—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(29) C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5—F,

(30) —O—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 —F, or

(31) —O-φ,

(B) —R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is:

(A) pyridinyl,

(B) pyrimidinyl,

(C) quinolinyl,

(D) indenyl,

(E) indanyl,

(F) benzothiophenyl,

(G) indolyl,

(H) indolinyl,

(I) pyridazinyl,

(J) pyrazinyl,

(K) isoindolyl,

(L) isoquinolyl,

(M) quinazolinyl,

(N) quinoxalinyl,

(O) phthalazinyl,

(P) imidazolyl,

(Q) isoxazolyl,

(R) pyrazolyl,

(S) oxazolyl,

(T) thiazolyl,

(U) indolizinyl,

(V) indazolyl,

(W) benzothiazolyl,

(X) benzimidazolyl,

(Y) benzofuranyl,

(Z) furanyl,

(AA) thienyl,

(BB) pyrrolyl,

(CC) oxadiazolyl,

(DD) thiadiazolyl,

(EE) triazolyl,

(FF) tetrazolyl,

(GG) 1,4-benzodioxan

(HH) purinyl,

(II) oxazolopyridinyl,

(JJ) imidazopyridinyl,

(KK) isothiazolyl,

(LL) naphthyridinyl,

(MM) cinnolinyl,

(NN) carbazolyl,

(OO) β-carbolinyl,

(PP) isochromanyl,

(QQ) chromanyl,

(RR) furazanyl,

(SS) tetrahydroisoquinoline,

(TT) isoindolinyl,

(UU) isobenzotetrahydrofuranyl,

(VV) isobenzotetrahydrothienyl,

(WW) isobenzothiophenyl,

(XX) benzoxazolyl, or

(YY) pyridopyridinyl,

where the R

N-heteroaryl

group is bonded by any atom of the parent R

N-heteroaryl

group substituted by hydrogen such that the new bond to the R

N-heteroaryl

group replaces the hydrogen atom and its bond, where heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two:

(1) C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(2) —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I,

(3) —OH,

(4) —NO

2

,

(5) —CO—OH,

(6) ≡CN,

(7) —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are:

(a) —H,

(b) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one

(i) —OH, or

(ii) —NH

2

,

(c) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I,

(d) —C

3

-C

7

cycloalkyl,

(e) —(C

1

-C

2

alkyl)—(C

3

-C

7

cycloalkyl),

(f) —(C

1

-C

6

alkyl)—O—(C

1

-C

3

alkyl),

(g) —C

1

-C

6

alkenyl with one or two double bonds,

(h) —C

1

-C

6

alkynyl with one or two triple bonds,

(i) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl chain with one double bond and one triple bond,

(j) —R

1-aryl

where R

1-aryl

is as defined above, or

(k) R

1-heteroaryl

where R

1-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(8) —CO—(C

3

-C

12

alkyl),

(9) —CO—(C

3

-C

6

cycloalkyl),

(10) —CO—R

1-heteroaryl

where R

1-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(11) —CO—R

1-heterocycle

where R

1-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(12) —CO—R

N-4

where R

N-4

is morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl or pyrrolidinyl where each group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(13) —CO—O—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is:

(a) C

1

-C

6

alkyl, or

(b) —(CH

2

)

0-2

—(R

1-aryl

) where R

1-aryl

is as defined above,

(14) —SO

2

—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are as defined above,

(15) —SO—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl),

(16) —SO

2

—(C

3

-C

12

alkyl),

(17) —NH—CO—O—R

N-5

where R

N-5

is as defined above,

(18) —NH—CO—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(19) —N—CS—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(20) —N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)-CO—RN

5

where R

N-5

is as defined above,

(21) —NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

can be the same or different and are as defined above,

(22) —R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(23) —O—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(24) —O—CO—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(25) —O—CS—N(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)

2

,

(26) —O—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(27) —O—(C

2

-C

5

alkyl)-COOH, or

(28) —S—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(C) —R

N-aryl

—R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(D) —R

N-aryl

—R

N-heteroaryl

where —R

N-aryl

and —R

N-heteroaryl

are as defined above,

(E) —R

N-heteroaryl

R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

and —R

N-heteroaryl

are as defined above,

(F) —R

N-heteroaryl

—R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(G) —R

N-aryl

—O—R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(H) —R

N-aryl

—S—R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(I) —R

N-heteroaryl

—O—R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(J) —R

N-heteroaryl

—S—R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(K) —R

N-aryl

—CO—R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(L) —R

N-aryl

—CO—R

N-heteroaryl

where —R

N-aryl

and R

N-heteroaryl

are as defined above,

(M) —R

N-aryl

—SO

2

—R

N-aryl

where —R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(N) —R

N-heteroaryl-CO—R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(O) —R

N-heteroaryl

—SO

2

—R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(P) —R

N-aryl

—O—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl)-φ where R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(Q) —R

N-aryl

—S—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl)-φ where R

N-aryl

is as defined above,

(R) —R

N-heteroaryl

—O—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl)-φ where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above, or

(S) —R

N-heteroaryl

S—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl)-φ where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(II) A—X

N

— where X

N

is —CO—,

wherein A is

(A) —T—E—(Q)

m′

,

(1) where —T is:

where

(a) x=1 when y=1 and x=2 when y=0,

(b) m is 0, 1, 2 or 3,

(c) the values of x and y vary independently on each carbon when m is 2 and 3, and

(d) R″ varies independently on each carbon and is H, (C

1

-C

2

) alkyl, phenyl, or phenyl(C

1

-C

3

)alkyl;

(2) —E is

(a) C

1

-C

5

alkyl, but only if m′ does not equal 0,

(b) methylthioxy(C

2

-C

4

)alkyl,

(c) an aryl group having 5 to 7 atoms when monocyclic or having 8 to 12 atoms when fused,

(d) a heterocyclic group having 5 to 7 atoms when monocyclic or having 8 to 12 atoms when fused,

(e) a mono or fused ring cycloalkyl group having 5 to 10 carbon atoms,

(f) biphenyl,

(g) diphenyl ether,

(h) diphenylketone,

(i) phenyl(C

1

-C

8

)alkyloxyphenyl, or

(j) C

1

-C

6

alkoxy;

(3) —Q is

(a) C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(b) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(c) C

1

-C

3

alkylthioxy,

(d) C

1

-C

6

alkylacylamino,

(e) C

1

-C

6

alkylacyloxy,

(f) amido (including primary, C

1

-C

6

alkyl and phenyl secondary and tertiary amino moieties),

(g) C

1

-C

6

alkylamino

(h) phenylamino,

(i) carbamyl (including C

1

-C

6

alkyl and phenyl amides and esters),

(j) carboxyl (including C

1

-C

6

alkyl and phenyl esters),

(k) carboxy(C

2

-C

5

)alkoxy,

(l) carboxy(C

2

-C

5

)alkylthioxy,

(m) heterocyclylacyl,

(n) heteroarylacyl, or

(o) hydroxyl;

(4) m′is 0, 1, 2 or 3;

(B) —E(Q)

m″

wherein E and —Q are as defined as above and m″ is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

(C) —T—E wherein —E and —Q are as defined as above; or

(D) —E wherein —E is as defined as above;

(III) —CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl) where alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two:

(A) —OH,

(B) —C

1

-C

6

alkoxy,

(C) —C

1

-C

6

thioalkoxy,

(D) —CO—O—R

N-8

where R

N-8

is —H, C

1

-C

6

alkyl or -φ,

(E) —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(F) —CO—R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(G) —SO

2

—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl),

(H) —SO2—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(I) —NH—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(J) —NH—CO—O—R

N-8

where R

N-8

is as defined above,

(K) —NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(L) —R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(M) —O—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(N) —O—CO—NR

N-8

R

N-8

where the R

N-8

is the same or different and are as defined above, or

(O) —O—(C

1

-C

5

alkyl)-COOH,

(IV) —CO—(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)—O—(C

1

-C

3

alkyl) where alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two

(A) —OH,

(B) —C

1

-C

6

alkoxy,

(C) —C

1

-C

6

thioalkoxy,

(D) —CO—O—R

N-8

where R

N-8

is —H, C

1

-C

6

alkyl or -φ,

(E) —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(F) —CO—R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(G) —SO

2

—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl),

(H) —SO

2

—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(I) —NH—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(J) —NH—CO—O—R

N-8

where R

N-8

is as defined above,

(K) —NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(L) —R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(M) —O—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(N) —O—CO—NR

N-8

R

N-8

where the R

N-8

are the same or different and are as defined above, or

(O) —O—(C

1

-C

5

alkyl)-COOH,

(V) —CO—(C

1

-C

3

alkyl)—S—(C

1

-C

3

alkyl) where alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two

(A) —OH,

(B) —C

1

-C

6

alkoxy,

(C) —C

1

-C

6

thioalkoxy,

(D) CO—O—R

N-8

where R

N-8

is —H, C

1

-C

6

alkyl or -φ,

(E) —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(F) —CO—R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(G) —SO

2

—(C

1

-C

8

alkyl),

(H) —SO

2

—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(I) —NH—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(J) —NH—CO—O—R

N-8

where R

N-8

is as defined above,

(K) —NR

N-2

R

N-3

where R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same or different and are as defined above,

(L) —R

N-4

where R

N-4

is as defined above,

(M) —O—CO—(C

1

-C

6

alkyl),

(N) —O—CO—NR

N-8

R

N-8

where the R

N-8

are the same or different and are as defined above, or

(O) —O—(C

1

-C

5

alkyl)-COOH,

(VI) —CO—CH(—(CH

2

)

0-2

—O—R

N-1 0

)—(CH

2

)

0-2

—R

N-aryl

/R

N-heteroaryl

) where R

N-aryl

and R

N-heteroaryl

are as defined above, where R

N-10

is:

(A) —H,

(B) C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(C) C

3

-C

7

cycloalkyl,

(D) C

2

-C

6

alkenyl with one double bond,

(E) C

2

-C

6

alkynyl with one triple bond,

(F) R

1-aryl

where R

1-aryl

is as defined above, or

(G) R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is as defined above.

It is preferred that R

N

is R

N-1

—X

N

— where X

N

is —CO—, where RN

1

, is R

N-aryl

where R

N-aryl

is phenyl substituted with one —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where the substitution on phenyl is 1,3-,

R

N-1

—X

N

— where X

N

is —CO—, where R

N-1

is R

N-aryl

where R

N-aryl

is phenyl substituted with one C

1

alkyl and with one —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where the substitution on the phenyl is 1,3,5-, or

R

N-1

—X

N

— where X

N

is —CO—, where R

N-1

is R

N-heteroaryl

where R

N-heteroaryl

is substituted with one —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

. It is further preferred that R

N-2

and R

N-3

are the same and are C

3

alkyl.

It is further preferred that:

R

N-1

—X

N

— where X

N

is —CO—, where R

N-1

is R

N-aryl

where R

N-aryl

is phenyl substituted with one —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where the substitution on phenyl is 1,3-,

R

N-1

—X

N

— where X

N

is —CO—, where R

N-1

is R

N-aryl

where R

N-aryl

is phenyl substituted with one C

1

alkyl and with one —CO—NR

N-2

R

N-3

where the substitution on the phenyl is 1,3,5-.

It is preferred that X

N

is (A) —CO— and (B) —SO

2

—; it is more preferred that X

N

be —CO—.

The nitrogen-acylation of primary amines to produce secondary amides is one of the oldest known reactions. The amide forming agents, (R

N-1

—X

N

)

2

O or R

N-1

—X

N

—X

2

or R

N-1

—X

N—OH

are known to those skilled in the art and are commercially available or can be readily prepared from known starting materials by methods known in the literature. X

2

includes —Cl, —Br; it is preferred that X

2

is —Cl. It is preferred to use an isophthalic acid acylating agent of the formula R

N-2

R

N-3

N—CO-φ- CO— or a methylisophthalic acid acylating agent R

N-2

R

N-3

N—CO—(CH

3

—)φ- CO— where the substitution is 5-methyl-1,3-isophthalic acid. The more preferred 5-methyl-1,3-isophthalic acid is 3-[(N,N-dipropylamino)carbonyl]-5-methylbenzoic acid. These compounds are preferably prepared as set forth as follows. An ester, preferably the methyl ester of isophthalate or methyl 5-methyl-1,3-isophthalate is dissolved in a THF/DMF mixture. 1,1′-Carbonyldiimidazole is then added at 0-100°. Next the desired amine (H-NR

N-2

RN3) is added. After stirring at 0-100° the reaction mixture is partitioned between a saturated aqueous solution with a pH of 3 to 9 and a water immiscible organic solvent. The aqueous layer is separated and extracted twice more with the organic solvent. The organic extracts are combined and then washed with an aqueous solution and dried. Filtration of the drying agent and removal of solvents by reduced pressure gives crude ester of the desired R

N-2

R

N-3

N—CO-φ-CO—O—CH

3

or a methylisophthalic acid acylating agent R

N-2

R

N-3

N—CO—(CH

3

—)φ-CO—O—CH

3

. Purification of the ester can be achieved via chromatography on silica gel eluting with a suitable solvent The isophthalate ester or methylisophthalate ester of the mono-alkyl or di-alkyl amide is then treated with an aqueous solution of base such as alkali hydroxide in a minimum amount of THF/methanol/water and stirred at 20-70° with monitoring. The solvents are removed under reduced pressure and subsequently partitioned between water and a water immiscible organic solvent. The aqueous phase is separated and extracted once more with a water immiscible organic solvent. The aqueous phase was then acidified to pH ≦3. The mixture obtained is then extracted three times with ethyl acetate. These combined organic extracts are then dried. The drying agent is removed by filtration and the organic solvent remove under reduced pressure to gave crude product. The crude mono- or di-alkyl amide isophthalate/methylisophthalate is used as such in the next reaction with the amine (X) to produce the lactone (XI).

When it is desired to produce a primary amide, R

N-2

and R

N-3

are both —H, the following procedure is preferred. An ester of isophthalate or methyl 5-methyl-1,3-isophthalate is dissolved in a THF/DMF mixture. CDI is then added at 0-100°. Ammonia gas is then bubbled into the mixture with monitoring. The reaction is cooled to 0° for the duration of the ammonia addition. The reaction is left stirring under a balloon of ammonia at 0-100° with monitoring. The reaction is partitioned between a aqueous solution with a pH of 3 to 9 and a water immiscible organic solvent. The phases are separated and the aqueous phase is extracted twice more with a water immiscible organic solvent. The organic extracts are washed with an aqueous solution and dried. Removal of solvents under reduced pressure gives crude ester of the desired H

2

N—CO-φ-CO—O(Alkyl) or a methylisophthalic acid acylating agent H

2

N—CO—(CH

3

—)φ-CO—O(Alkyl). Purification of the crude ester can be achieved via chromatography on silica gel eluting with isopropanol/chloroform. The isophthalate ester or methylisophthalate ester of the primary amide is then treated with an aqueous solution of base such as alkali hydroxide in a minimum amount of THF/methanol/water and stirred at 0-100° with monitoring. The solvents are removed under reduced pressure and subsequently partitioned between water and a water immiscible organic solvent. The aqueous phase is separated and extracted once more with a water immiscible organic solvent. The aqueous phase is then acidified until pH ≦3. The mixture obtained is then extracted three times with a water immiscible organic solvent. These combined organic extracts are dried and the organic solvent removed under reduced pressure to gave crude product. The primary amide isophthalate/methylisophthalate is used as such in the next reaction with (X) to produce (XI).

When it is desired that the amine be cyclized to be a group such as morpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl and pyrrolidinyl, etc the following procedure is followed. An ester of isophthalate or methyl 5-methyl-1,3-isophthalate is dissolved in a suitable organic solvent and a catalytic amount or DMF is added. The mixture is cooled to −20° to below rt and then oxalyl chloride is added. The mixture is stirred with monitoring and the solvents removed under reduced pressure. The acid chloride is left under vacuum overnight. The crude acid chloride is dissolved in a suitable organic solvent and cooled to −20° to below rt before the addition of the cyclic amine and N-methyl piperidine. The reaction mixture is stirred at −20° to below rt with monitoring before the solvents are removed. The residue is diluted with water and water immiscible organic solvent and the phases are separated. The aqueous phase is extracted twice more with water immiscible organic solvent, and the combined organic extracts are washed with an aqueous solution and dried. Removal of solvents under reduced pressure gives the crude product. The crude cyclicamide is then treated with an aqueous base such as alkali hydroxide a minimum amount of THF/methanol/water and stirred overnight at 0-100°. The solvents are removed under reduced pressure and subsequently partitioned between water and a water immiscible organic solvent. The aqueous phase is extracted once more with a water immiscible organic solvent. Removal of water from the aqueous phase under reduced pressure gives the desired cyclic amide product.

The lactone (XI) may then be reacted with the appropriately substituted C-terminal amine, R

C

—NH

2

by means known to those skilled in the art which opens the lactone to produce the desired hydroxyethylene end product (XII). The substituted C-terminal amines, R

C

—NH

2

of this invention are commercially available or are known to those skilled in the art and can be readily prepared from known compounds. R

C

includes:

(I) —(C

1

-C

10

)alkyl-K

1-3

in which:

(A) the alkyl chain is unsubstituted or substituted with one —OH,

(B) the alkyl chain is unsubstituted or substituted with one C

1

-C

6

alkoxy unsubstituted or substituted with 1-5 —F,

(C) the alkyl chain is unsubstituted or substituted with one —O-φ,

(D) the alkyl chain is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 —F,

(E) the alkyl chain is unsubstituted or substituted with a combination of up to three atoms of oxygen and sulfur each such atom replacing one carbon,

(F) each K is:

(1) H,

(2) C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(3) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(4) C

1

-C

3

alkylthioxy,

(5) C

1

-C

6

alkylacylamino,

(6) C

1

-C

6

alkylacyloxy,

(7) amido

(8) C

1

-C

6

alkylamino

(9) phenylamino,

(10) carbamyl

(11) carboxyl

(12) carboxy(C

2

-C

5

)alkoxy,

(13) carboxy(C

2

-C

5

)alkylthioxy,

(14) heterocyclylacyl,

(15) heteroarylacyl,

(16) amino unsubstituted or substituted with C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(17) hydroxyl, or

(18) carboxyl methyl ester;

(II)—(CH

2

)

0-3

—J-[(—(CH

2

)

0-3

-K]

1-3

where K is as defined above and J is:

(A) a 5 to 7 atom monocyclic aryl group,

(B) a 8 to 12 atom multicyclic aryl group,

(C) a 5 to 7 atom heterocyclic group,

(D) a 8 to 12 atom multicyclic heterocyclic group, or

(E) a 5 to 10 atom monocyclic or multicyclic cycloalkyl group;

(III) —(CH

2

)

0-3

—(C

3

-C

7

) cycloalkyl where cycloalkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three

(A) C

1

-C

3

alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I,

(B) —CO—OH,

(C) —CO—O—(C

1

-C

4

alkyl),

(D)—OH, or

(E) C

1

-C

6

alkoxy,

(IV) —(CH

2

)

2-6

—OH,

(V) —(CR

C-x

R

C-y

)

0-4

—R

C-x

where R

C-x

and R

C-y

are —H, C

1

-C

4

alkyl and φ- and R

C-aryl

is the same as R

N-aryl

,

(VI) —(CH2)

0-4

—R

C-heteroaryl

where R

C-heteroaryl

is:

(A) pyridinyl,

(B) pyrimidinyl,

(C) quinolinyl,

(D) indenyl,

(E) indanyl,

(F) benzothiophenyl,

(G) indolyl,

(H) indolinyl,

(I) pyridazinyl,

(J) pyrazinyl,

(K) isoindolyl,

(L) isoquinolyl,

(M) quinazolinyl,

(N) quinoxalinyl,

(O) phthalazinyl,

(P) isoxazolyl,

(Q) pyrazolyl,

(R) indolizinyl,

(S) indazolyl,

(T) benzothiazolyl,

(U) benzimidazolyl,

(V) benzofuranyl,

(W) furanyl,

(X) thienyl,

(Y) pyrrolyl,

(Z) oxadiazolyl,

(AA) thiadiazolyl,

(BB) triazolyl,

(CC) tetrazolyl,

(DD) 1,4-benzodioxan

(EE) purinyl,

(FF) oxazolopyridinyl,

(GG) imidazopyridinyl,

(HH) isothiazolyl,

(II) naphthyridinyl,

(JJ) cinnolinyl,

(KK) carbazolyl,

(LL) β-carbolinyl,

(MM) isochromanyl,

(NN) chromanyl,

(OO) furazanyl,

(PP) tetrahydroisoquinoline,

(QQ) isoindolinyl,

(RR) isobenzotetrahydrofuranyl,

(SS) isobenzotetrahydrothienyl,

(TT) isobenzothiophenyl,

(UU) benzoxazolyl, or

(VV) pyridopyridinyl,

(VI ) —(CH2)

0-4

—R

C-heterocycle

where R

C-heterocycle

is the same as R

1-heterocycle

,

(VIII) —C(R

C-1

)(R

C-2

)—CO—NH—R

C-3

where R

C-1

and R

C-2

are the same or different and are:

(A) —H,

(B) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(C) —(C

1

-C

4

alkyl)-R

C′-aryl

where R

C′-aryl

is as defined above for R

1-aryl

,

(D) —(C

1

-C

4

alkyl)-R

C-heteroaryl

where R

C-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(E) —(C

1

-C

4

alkyl)-R

C-heterocycle

where R

C-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(F) —R

C-heteroaryl

where R

C-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(G) —R

C-heterocycle

where R

C-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(H) —(CH

2

)

1-4

—OH,

(I) —(CH

2

)

1-4

—R

C-4

—(CH

2

)

1-4

—R

C′-aryl

where R

C-4

is —O—, —S—, —NH— or —NHR

C-5

— where R

C-5

is C

1

-C

6

alkyl, and where R

C′-aryl

is as defined above,

(J) —(CH

2

)

1-4

—R

C-4

—(CH

2

)

1-4

—R

C-heteroaryl

where R

C-4

and R

C-heteroaryl

are as defined above, or

(K) —R

C′-aryl

where R

C′-aryl

is as defined above,

and where R

C-3

is:

(A) —H,

(B) —C

1

-C

6

alkyl,

(C) —R

C′-aryl

where R

C′-aryl

is as defined above,

(D) —R

C-heteroaryl

where R

C-heteroaryl

is as defined above,

(E) —R

C-heterocycle

where R

C-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(F) —(C

1

-C

4

alkyl)-R

C′-aryl

where R

C′-aryl

is as defined above,

(G) —(C

1

-C

4

alkyl)-R

C-heteroaryl

where R

C-heteroaryl

is as defined above, or

(H) —(C

1

—C

4

alkyl)-R

C-heterocycle

where R

C-heterocycle

is as defined above,

(IX) —CH(φ)

2

,

(X) -cyclopentyl or -cyclohexyl ring fused to a phenyl or heteroaryl ring where heteroaryl is as defined above and phenyl and heteroaryl are unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three:

(A) C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(B) —CF

3

,

(C) —F, Cl, —Br and —I,

(D) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(E) —OCF

3

,

(F) —NH

2

,

(G) —OH, or

(H) —C≡N,

(XI) —CH

2

—C≡CH;

(XII) —(CH

2

)

0-4

—CHR

C-5

—(CH

2

)

0-1

-φ where R

C-5

is:

(A) —OH, or

(B)—CH

2

—OH;

(XIII) —CH(-φ)-CO—O(C

1

-C

3

alkyl);

(XIV) —CH(—CH

2

—OH)—CH(—OH)-φ-NO

2

;

(XV) —(CH

2

)

2

—O—(CH

2

)

2

—OH;

(XVI) —CH

2

—NH—CH

2

—CH(—O—CH

2

—CH

3

)

2

;

(XVII) —(C

2

-C

8

) alkynyl; or

(XVIII) —H.

Typically, R

C

is:

(I)—C

1

-C

8

alkyl,

(II) —(CH

2

)

0-3

—(C

3

-C

7

) cycloalkyl,

(III) —(CH

2

)

0-3

—OH,

(IV) —(CR

C-x

R

C-y

)

0-4

—R

C-aryl

,

(V) —(CH

2

)

0-4

—R

C-heteroaryl

,

(VI) —(CH

2

)

0-4

—R

C-heterocycle

,

(VII) —C(R

C-1

)(R

C-2

)—CO—NH—R

C-3

,

(IX) -cyclopentyl or -cyclohexyl ring fused to a phenyl or heteroaryl ring where heteroaryl is as defined above and phenyl and heteroaryl are unsubstituted or substituted with one or two:

(A) C

1

-C

3

alkyl,

(B) —CF

3

,

(C) —F, Cl, —Br or —I,

(D) C

1

-C

3

alkoxy,

(E) —OCF

3

, or

(XVI) —H.

It is preferred that R

C

is:

(II) —(CH

2

)

0-3

—(C

3

-C

7

) cycloalkyl,

(IV) —(CR

C-x

R

C-y

)

0-4

—R

C-aryl

,

(V) —(CH

2

)

0-4

—R

C-heteroaryl

,

(VI) —(CH

2

)

0-4

—R

C-heterocycle

,

(VII) —C(R

C-1

)(R

C-2

)—CO—NH—R

C-3

, or

(IX) -cyclopentyl or -cyclohexyl ring fused to a phenyl or heteroaryl ring.

It is more preferred that R

C

is:

(IV) —(CR

C-x

R

C-y

)

0-4

—R

C-aryl

,

(V) —(CH

2

)

0-4

—R

C-heteroaryl

,

(VI) —(CH

2

)

0-4

—R

C-heterocycle

, or

(IX) -cyclopentyl or -cyclohexyl ring fused to a phenyl or heteroaryl ring.

It is most preferred that R

C

is:

(IV) —(CR

C-x

R

C-y

)

0-4

—R

C-aryl

where R

C-aryl

is phenyl,

(V) —CH

2

—R

C-heteroaryl

,

(VI) —CH

2

—R

C-heterocycle

, or

(IX) -cyclohexyl ring fused to a phenyl ring. Further, it is preferred that when R

C

is phenyl, it is substituted in the 3-position or 3,5-positions.

Suitable reaction conditions for opening the lactone (XI) to produce the desired hydroxyethylene end product (XII) include those of the AlMe

3

-mediated coupling reaction disclosed in the literature procedure of S. F. Martin et al.,

Tetrahedron Lett

. 1998, 39, 1517-1520. When the substituted C-terminal amine is a 1-amino-3,5-cis-dimethyl cyclohexyldicarboxylate it is preferrably prepared as follows. To dimethyl-5-isophthalate in acetic acid and methanol, is added rhodium in alumina in a high-pressure bottle. The bottle is saturated with hydrogen at 55 psi and shaken for one week of time. The mixture is then filtered through a thick layer of celite cake and rinsed with methanol three times, the solvents are removed under reduced pressure (with heat) to give a concentrate. The concentrate is triturated with ether and filtered again to give the desired C-terminal amine. When the substituted C-terminal amine is 1-amino-3,5-cis-dimethoxy cyclohexane it is preferably following the general procedure above and making non-critical variations but starting with 3,5-dimethoxyaniline. When the substituted C-terminal amine is an aminomethyl group where the substituent on the methyl group is an aryl group, for example NH

2

—CH

2

—R

C-aryl

, and NH

2

—CH

2

—R

C-aryl

is not commercially available it is preferrably prepared as follows. A suitable starting material is the (appropriately substituted) aralkyl compound. The first step is bromination of the alkyl substitutent via methods known to those skilled in the art, see for example R. C. Larock in Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers, 1989, p. 313. Next the alkyl halide is reacted with azide to produce the aryl-(alkyl)-azide. Last the azide is reduced to the corresponding amine by hydrogen/catalyst to give the C-terminal amine of formula NH

2

—CH

2

—R

C-aryl

.

CHART B, as defined within, sets forth a process for production of the amide (VII). Preparation of the amide (VIII) starts with the reaction of an appropriate amino-indanol (XIV) with an appropriate haloketone (XII) to afford the hydroxy indane (XV). The amino-indanol (XIV) and haloketone (XII) are well known to those skilled in the art or can be readily prepared from known compounds by methods well known to those skilled in the art. The X substituent of the haloketone is typically F, Cl, Br, or I.

Preferably X is Cl. For the amino haloketone (XII), R

2

is:

(I) —H,

(II) C

1

-C

6

alkyl, or

(III) —(CH

2

)

0-4

—R

2-1

where R

2-1

is (C

3

-C

6

)cycloalkyl, R

1-aryl

or R

1-heteroaryl

where R

1-aryl

and R

1-heteroaryl

are as defined above,

Certain hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) contain acidic functionality capable of forming base addition salts. Additionally, certain hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) contain basic functionality capable of forming acid addition salts. For example, certain hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) are amines and as such form salts when reacted with acids. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are preferred over the corresponding hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) since they produce compounds which are more water soluble, stable and/or more crystalline. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are any salt which retains the activity of the parent compound and does not impart any deleterious or undersirable effect on the subject to whom it is administered and in the context in which it is administered. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include salts of both inorganic and organic acids. The preferred pharmaceutically acceptable salts include salts of the following acids: hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, nitric, sulfuric, phosphoric, citric, methanesulfonic, CH

3

—(CH

2

)

n1

—COOH where n

1

is 0 thru 4, HOOC—(CH

2

)

n1

—COOH where n is as defined above, HOOC—CH═CH—COOH, and Φ-COOH. Additionally, preferred pharmaceutically acceptable salts include salts of the following bases: triethanolamine, N-methylglucamine, diethanolamine, ethanolamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS), ammonia, and carbonate, bicarbonate, phosphonate, or hydroxide salts of an alkali or alkaline earth metal. For other acceptable salts, see

Int. J. Pharm

., 33, 201-217 (1986).

Preferred hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII), include, for example, N-[(1S, 2S, 4R)-1-(3,5-Difluorobenzyl)-4-(syn, syn)-(3,5 dimethoxycyclohexylcarbamoyl)-2-hydroxyhexyl]-N,N-dipropylisophathalamide, 6-[6-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoylbenzoylamino)-2—(R)-ethyl-4-(S) -hydroxyhexanoylamino]-hexanoic acid, 5-[6-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoylbenzoylamino)-2—(R)-ethyl-4-(S)-hydroxyhexanoylamino]-pentanoic acid, 4-[6-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoylbenzoylamino)-2—(R)-ethyl-4-(S)-hydroxyhexanoylamino]-butyric acid, 3-[6-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoylbenzoylamino)-2—(R)-ethyl-4-(S)-hydroxyhexanoylamino]-propionic acid, 8-[6-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoylbenzoylamino)-2—(R)-ethyl-4-(S)-hydroxyhexanoylamino]-octanoic acid, 8-[6-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoyl-benzoylamino)-2—(R)-ethyl-4-(S)-hydroxy-hexanoylamino]-octanoic acid methyl ester, N-[4—(R)-Butylcarbamoyl-1-(S)-(3,5-difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-hexyl]-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide, N-[1-(S)-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-4—(R)-isobutylcarbamoyl-hexyl]-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide, N-[4—(R)-Benzylcarbamoyl-1-(S)-(3,5-difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-hexyl]-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide, N-[4—(R)—(Cyclohexylmethyl-carbamoyl)-1-(S)-(3,5-difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-hexyl]-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide, N-[1-(S)-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-4—(R)-(piperidine-1-carbonyl)-hexyl]-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide, N-[1-(S-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-4—(R)-(2-dimethylamino-ethylcarbamoyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-hexyl]-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide, N-[4—(R)-(Butyl-methyl-carbamoyl)-1-(S)-(3,5-difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-hexyl]-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide, N-[1-(5S-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-4—(R)-(3-hydroxy-propylcarbamoyl)-hexyl]-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide, 4-([6-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoyl-benzoylamino)-2—(R)-ethyl-4-(S)-hydroxy-hexanoylamino]-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester, N-[1-(5-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-4—(R)-(3-dimethylamino-propylcarbamoyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-hexyl]-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide, 4-(anti)-([6-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoyl-benzoylamino)-2—(R)-ethyl-4-(S)-hydroxy-hexanoylamino]-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 4-(anti)-([6-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoyl-benzoylamino)-4-(S)-hydroxy-2—(R)-methyl-hexanoylamino]-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 4-(anti)-([6-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoyl-benzoylamino)-4-(5)-hydroxy-2—(R)-propyl-hexanoylamino]-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 4-(anti)-([6-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoyl-benzoylamino)-4-(S)-hydroxyl-2—(R)-isobutyl-hexanoylamino]-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 4-(anti)-([6-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoyl-benzoylamino)-4-(S)-hydroxy-hexanoylamino]-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 4-(anti)-([2—(R)-Benzyl-6-(3,5-difluoro-phenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoyl-benzoylamino)-4-(S)-hydroxy-hexanoylamino]-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 4-(anti)-([6-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoyl-5-methyl-benzoylamino)-2—(R)-ethyl-4-(S)-hydroxy-hexanoylamino]-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 4-(anti)-([6-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoyl-5-methyl-benzoylamino)-2—(R)-ethyl-4-(S)-hydroxy-hexanoylamino]-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester, N-[1-(S)-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-4—(R)-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethylcarbamoyl)-pentyl]-5-methyl-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide, N-[1-(S)-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-4—(R)-isobutylcarbamoyl-pentyl]-5-methyl-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide, N-[4—(R)-(2-Diethylamino-ethylcarbamoyl)-1-(S)-(3,5-difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-pentyl]-5-methyl-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide, N-[1-(S)-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-4—(R)-[(tetrahydro-furan-2-ylmethyl)-carbamoyl]-pentyl)-5-methyl-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide, N-[4—(R)-(Adamantan-2-ylcarbamoyl)-1-(S)-(3,5-difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-pentyl]-5-methyl-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide, N-[1-(S-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-4—(R)-methyl-5-morpholin-4-yl-5-oxo-pentyl]-5-methyl-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide, N-[4—(R)-Benzylcarbamoyl-1-(S)-(3,5-difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-pentyl]-5-methyl-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide, N-[1-(S)-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-4—(R)-(4-fluoro-benzylcarbamoyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-pentyl]-5-methyl-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide, N-[1-(S)-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-4—(R)-phenethylcarbamoyl-pentyl]-5-methyl-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide, N-[1-(S)-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-4—(R)-[(furan-2-ylmethyl)-carbamoyl]-2-(S)-hydroxy-pentyl)-5-methyl-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide, or N-[1-(S)-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-4—(R)-(prop-2-ylcarbamoyl)-pentyl]-5-methyl-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide.

Additional preferred hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) include, for example those of the following formulae:

Most preferred hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII), include, for example, 4-(anti)-([6-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoyl-benzoylamino)-4-(S)-hydroxy-2—(R)-propyl-hexanoylamino]-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.

6-[6-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoylbenzoylamino)-2—(R)-ethyl-4-(S)-hydroxyhexanoylamino]-hexanoic acid,

8-[6-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-5-(-(3-dipropylcarbamoyl-benzoylamino)-2—(R)-ethyl-4-(S)-hydroxy-hydroxyhexanoylamino]-octanoic acid methyl ester,

4-(anti)-([6-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoyl-benzoylamino)-2—(R)-ethyl-4-(S)-hydroxy-hexanoylamino]-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

4-(anti)-([2—(R)-Benzyl-6-(3,5-difluoro-phenyl)-5-(s)-(3-dipropylcarbamoyl-benzoylamino)-4-(S)-hydroxy-hexanoylamino]-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, and

4-(anti)-([6-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoyl-benzoylamino)-4-(S)-hydroxy-2—(R)-methyl-hexanoylamino]-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.

The hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, are useful for treating humans suffering from Alzheimer's disease, for helping prevent or delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease, for treating patients with MCI (mild cognitive impairment) and preventing or delaying the onset of Alzheimer's disease in those who would progress from MCI to AD, for treating Down's syndrome, for treating humans who have Hereditary Cerebral Hemorrhage with Amyloidosis of the Dutch-Type, for treating cerebral amyloid angiopathy and preventing its potential consequences, i.e. single and recurrent lobal hemorrhages, for treating other degenerative dementias, including dementias of mixed vascular and degenerative origin, dementia associated with Parkinson's disease, dementia associated with progressive supranuclear palsy, dementia associated with cortical basal degeneration, diffuse Lewy body type Alzheimer's disease. It is preferred the the disease is Alzheimer's disease.

When treating these diseases, the hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) can either be used individually or in combination as is best for the patient.

With regard to these diseases the term “treating” means that the hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) can be used in humans with existing disease. The hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) will not necessarily cure the patient who has the disease but will delay or slow the progression of the disease thereby giving the individual a more useful life span.

The term “preventing” means that if the compounds of the present invention are administered to those who do not now have the disease but who would normally get the disease or be at increased risk for the disease, they will not get the disease. In addition, “preventing” also includes delaying the development of the disease in an individual who will ultimately get the disease or would be at risk for the disease. By delaying the onset of the disease, the hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) have prevented the individual from getting the disease during the period in which the individual would normally have gotten the disease or reduce the rate of development of the disease or some of its effects but for the administration of the hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) up to the time the individual ultimately gets the disease. Preventing also includes administration of the compounds of the invention to those individuals thought to be predisposed to the disease due to familial history and/or due to the presence of one or more biological markers for the disease such as a known genetic mutation of APP or by analysis of APP cleavage products in body tissues or fluids.

In treating or preventing the above diseases the hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) are administered in a therapeutically effective amount. The therapeutically effective amount will vary depending on the particular compound used and the route of administration as is known to those skilled in the art.

In treating a patient with any of the diagnosed above conditions a physician may administer hydroxyethylenes of formula (XII) immediately and continue indefinitely.

In treating patients who do not at the present have Alzheimer's disease, but who are believed to be at substantial risk for Alzheimer's disease, the physician should start treatment when the patient first experiences early pre-Alzheimer's symptoms such as, memory or cognitive problems associated with aging. In addition, there are some patients who may be diagnosed with Alzheimer's through the detection of the genetic marker APOE4 or other biological indicators that are predictive for Alzheimer's disease. In these situations, even though the patient does not have symptoms of the disease, the administration of the hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) may be started before they appear and treatment continued indefinitely to prevent or delay the outset of the disease.

The hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) can be administered orally, parenterally (IV, IM, depo-IM, SQ and depo-SQ), sublingually, intranasally (inhalation), intrathecally, topically and rectally. The invention here is the novel hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII). Dosage forms known to those skilled in the art are suitable for delivery of the novel hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII).

Hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) may be administered enterally or parenterally. When administered orally, hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) can be administered in usual dosage forms for oral administration as is well known to those skilled in the art. These dosage forms include the usual solid unit dosage forms of tablets and capsules as well as liquid dosage forms such as solutions, suspensions and elixirs. When the solid dosage forms are used, it is preferred that they be of the sustained release type so that the hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) need to be administered only once or twice daily.

The oral dosage forms are administered to the patient 1, 2, 3, or 4 times daily. It is preferred that the hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) be administered either three or fewer times, more preferably once or twice daily. Hence, it is preferred that the hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) be administered in oral dosage form. It is preferred that whatever oral dosage form is used, that it be designed so as to protect the hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) from the acidic environment of the stomach. Enteric coated tablets are well known to those skilled in the art. In addition, capsules filled with small spheres each coated to protect from the acidic stomach, are also well known to those skilled in the art. When administered orally the therapeutically effective amount is from about 0.1 mg/day to about 1,000 mg/day. It is preferred that the oral dosage is from about 1 mg/day to about 100 mg/day. It is more preferred that the oral dosage is from about 5 mg/day to about 50 mg/day. It is understood that while a patient may be started on one dose, that dose may have to be varied over time as the patient's condition changes.

Hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) may also be advantageously delivered in a nano crystal dispersion formulation. Preparation of such formulations is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,145,684. And nano crystalline dispersions of, for example, HIV protease inhibitors and their method of use are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,045,829. The nano crystalline formulations typically afford greater bioavailability of drug compounds.

In addition, the hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) can be administered parenterally. When admninistered parenterally they can be administered IV, IM, depo-IM, SC or depo-SC. When administered parenterally, the hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) should deliver a therapeutically effective amount about 0.5 to about 100 mg/day, preferably from about 5 to about 50 mg daily. When a depo formulation is used for injection once a month or once every two weeks, the dose should be about 0.5 mg/day to about 50 mg/day or on a monthly amount the dose for one month should be from about 15 mg to about 1,500 mg. Because of the forgetfulness of the patients with Alzheimer's disease, it is preferred that the parenteral dosage form be a depo-IM injection.

The hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) can be given sublingually. When given sublingually, the hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) should be given one thru four times daily in the same amount as for IM administration.

The hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) can be given intranasally. When given by this route of administration, the appropriate dosage forms are a nasal spray or dry powder as is known to those skilled in the art. The dosage of the hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) for intranasal administration is the same as for IM administration.

The hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) can be given intrathecally. When given by this route of administration the appropriate dosage form can be a parenteral dosage form as is known to those skilled in the art. The dosage of the hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) for intrathecal administration is the same as for IM administration.

The hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) can be given topically. When given by this route of administration, the appropriate dosage form is a cream, ointment or patch. Because of the amount of the hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) needed to administered the patch is preferred. Further, two or more patches may be needed. When administered topically, the dosage is from about 0.5 mg/day to about 200 mg/day. However, the amount that can be delivered by a patch is limited. Therefore, two or more patches may be required. The number and size of the patch is not important, what is important is that a therapeutically effective amount of the hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) be delivered as is known to those skilled in the art. The hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) can be administered rectally by suppository as is known to those skilled in the art. When administered by suppository, the therapeutically effective amount is from about 0.5 mg to about 500 mg.

The hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) can be administered by implants as is known to those skilled in the art. When administering a hydroxyethylene compound of formula (XII) by implant, the therapeutically effective amount is the same as for depot administration.

Again, the invention here is a new method of using hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) and hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII). Given a particular hydroxyethylene compound of formula (XII), and a desired dosage form, one skilled in the art would know how to prepare the appropriate dosage form for the hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII).

The hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) are used in the same manner by the same routes of administration using the same pharmaceutical dosage forms and at the same dosing schedule for treating patients with MCI (mild cognitive impairment) and preventing or delaying the onset of Alzheimer's disease in those who would progress from MCI to AD, for treating Down's syndrome, for treating humans who have Hereditary Cerebral Hemorrhage with Amyloidosis of the Dutch-Type, for treating cerebral amyloid angiopathy and preventing its potential consequences, i.e. single and recurrent lobar hemorrhages, for treating other degenerative dementias, including dementias of mixed vascular and degenerative origin, dementia associated with Parkinson's disease, dementia associated with progressive supranuclear palsy, dementia associated with cortical basal degeneration, diffuse Lewy body type of Alzheimer's disease. The hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) can be used with each other or with other agents used to treat or prevent the conditions listed above. Such agents include gamma-secretase inhibitors, anti-amyloid vaccines and pharmaceutical agents such as donepezil hydrochloride (ARICEPT™ Tablets), tacrine hydrochloride (COGNEX™ Capsules) or other acetylcholine esterase inhibitors and with direct or indirect neurotropic agents of the future.

It should be apparent to one skilled in the art that the exact dosage and frequency of administration will depend on the particular hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII) administered, the particular condition being treated, the severity of the condition being treated, the age, weight, general physical condition of the particular patient, and other medication the individual may be taking as is well known to administering physicians who are skilled in this art.

Definitions and Conventions

The definitions and explanations below are for the terms as used throughout this entire document including both the specification and the claims.

Conventions for Formulas and Definitions of Variables

The chemical formulas representing various compounds or molecular fragments in the specification and claims may contain variable substituents in addition to expressly defined structural features. These variable substituents are identified by a letter or a letter followed by a numerical subscript, for example, “Z

1

” or “R

i

” where “i” is an integer. These variable substituents are either monovalent or bivalent, that is, they represent a group attached to the formula by one or two chemical bonds. For example, a group Z

1

would represent a bivalent variable if attached to the formula CH

3

—C(═Z

1

)H. Groups R

i

and R

j

would represent monovalent variable substituents if attached to the formula CH

3

—CH

2

—C(R

i

)(R

j

)H

2

. When chemical formulas are drawn in a linear fashion, such as those above, variable substituents contained in parentheses are bonded to the atom immediately to the left of the variable substituent enclosed in parenthesis. When two or more consecutive variable substituents are enclosed in parentheses, each of the consecutive variable substituents is bonded to the immediately preceding atom to the left which is not enclosed in parentheses. Thus, in the formula above, both R

i

and R

j

are bonded to the preceding carbon atom. Also, for any molecule with an established system of carbon atom numbering, such as steroids, these carbon atoms are designated as C

i

, where “i” is the integer corresponding to the carbon atom number. For example, C

6

represents the 6 position or carbon atom number in the steroid nucleus as traditionally designated by those skilled in the art of steroid chemistry. Likewise the term “R

6

” represents a variable substituent (either monovalent or bivalent) at the C

6

position.

Chemical formulas or portions thereof drawn in a linear fashion represent atoms in a linear chain. The symbol “—” in general represents a bond between two atoms in the chain. Thus CH

3

—O—CH

2

—CH(R

1

)—CH

3

represents a 2-substituted-1-methoxypropane compound. In a similar fashion, the symbol “═” represents a double bond, e.g., CH

2

═C(R

i

)—O—CH

3

, and the symbol “≡” represents a triple bond, e.g., HC≡C—CH(R

i

)—CH

2

—CH

3

. Carbonyl groups are represented in either one of two ways: —CO— or —C(═O)—, with the former being preferred for simplicity.

A rigid cyclic (ring) structure for any compounds herein defines an orientation with respect to the plane of the ring for substituents attached to each carbon atom of the rigid cyclic compound. For saturated compounds which have two substituents attached to a carbon atom which is part of a cyclic system, —C(X

1

)(X

2

)— the two substituents may be in either an axial or equatorial position relative to the ring and may change between axial/equatorial. However, the position of the two substituents relative to the ring and each other remains fixed. While either substituent at times may lie in the plane of the ring (equatorial) rather than above or below the plane (axial), one substituent is always above the other. In chemical structural formulas depicting such compounds, a substituent (X

1

) which is “below” another substituent (X

2

) will be identified as being in the alpha (α) configuration and is identified by a broken, dashed or dotted line attachment to the carbon atom, i.e., by the symbol “- - -” or “. . .”. The corresponding substituent attached “above” (X

2

) the other (X

1

) is identified as being in the beta (β) configuration and is indicated by an unbroken line attachment to the carbon atom.

When a variable substituent is bivalent, the valences may be taken together or separately or both in the definition of the variable. For example, a variable R

i

attached to a carbon atom as —C(═R,)— might be bivalent and be defined as oxo or keto (thus forming a carbonyl group (—CO—) or as two separately attached monovalent variable substituents α—R

1−j

and β—R

i-k

. When a bivalent variable, R

i

, is defined to consist of two monovalent variable substituents, the convention used to define the bivalent variable is of the form “α—R

1−j

:β—R

1-k

” or some variant thereof. In such a case both α—R

i-j

and β—R

i-k

are attached to the carbon atom to give —C(α—R

i-j

)(β—R

i-k)—

. For example, when the bivalent variable R

6

, —C(═R

6

)— is defined to consist of two monovalent variable substituents, the two monovalent variable substituents are α—R

6-1

:β—R

6-2

, . . . . α—R

6-9

:β—R

6−10

, etc giving —C(α-R

6−1

) (β—R

6−2

)—, . . . . —C(α—R

6−9

)(β—R

6−10

)—, etc. Likewise, for the bivalent variable R

11

, —C(═R

11

)—, two monovalent variable substituents are α—R

11

:β—R

11−2

. For a ring substituent for which separate a and 1 orientations do not exist (e.g. due to the presence of a carbon carbon double bond in the ring), and for a substituent bonded to a carbon atom which is not part of a ring the above convention is still used, but the α and β designations are omitted.

Just as a bivalent variable may be defined as two separate monovalent variable substituents, two separate monovalent variable substituents may be defined to be taken together to form a bivalent variable. For example, in the formula —C

1

(R

i

)H—C

2

(R

j

)H— (C

1

and C

2

define arbitrarily a first and second carbon atom, respectively) R

i

and R

j

may be defined to be taken together to form (1) a second bond between C

1

and C

2

or (2) a bivalent group such as oxa (—O—) and the formula thereby describes an epoxide. When R

i

and R

j

are taken together to form a more complex entity, such as the group —X—Y—, then the orientation of the entity is such that C, in the above formula is bonded to X and C

2

is bonded to Y. Thus, by convention the designation “ . . . R

i

and R

j

are taken together to form —CH

2

—CH

2

—O—CO— . . . ” means a lactone in which the carbonyl is bonded to C

2

. However, when designated “ . . . R

j

and R

i

are taken together to form —CO—O—CH

2

—CH

2

— the convention means a lactone in which the carbonyl is bonded to C

1

.

The carbon atom content of variable substituents is indicated in one of two ways. The first method uses a prefix to the entire name of the variable such as “C

1

-C

4

”, where both “1 ” and “4” are integers representing the minimum and maximum number of carbon atoms in the variable. The prefix is separated from the variable by a space. For example, “C

1

-C

4

alkyl” represents alkyl of 1 through 4 carbon atoms, (including isomeric forms thereof unless an express indication to the contrary is given). Whenever this single prefix is given, the prefix indicates the entire carbon atom content of the variable being defined. Thus C

2

-C

4

alkoxycarbonyl describes a group CH

3

—(CH

2

)

n

—O—CO— where n is zero, one or two. By the second method the carbon atom content of only each portion of the definition is indicated separately by enclosing the “C

i

-C

j

” designation in parentheses and placing it immediately (no intervening space) before the portion of the definition being defined. By this optional convention (C

1

-C

3

)alkoxycarbonyl has the same meaning as C

2

-C

4

alkoxycarbonyl because the “C

1

-C

3

” refers only to the carbon atom content of the alkoxy group. Similarly while both C

2

-C

6

alkoxyalkyl and (C

1

-C

3

)alkoxy(C

1

-C

3

)alkyl define alkoxyalkyl groups containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, the two definitions differ since the former definition allows either the alkoxy or alkyl portion alone to contain 4 or 5 carbon atoms while the latter definition limits either of these groups to 3 carbon atoms.

When the claims contain a fairly complex (cyclic) substituent, at the end of the phrase naming/designating that particular substituent will be a notation in (parentheses) which will correspond to the same name/designation in one of the CHARTS which will also set forth the chemical structural formula of that particular substituent.

It is to be understood that the recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all numbers and fractions subsumed within that range (e.g. 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, and 5).

It is to be understood that all numbers and fractions thereof are presumed to be modified by the term “about.”

It is to be understood that “a” as used herein includes both the singular and plural.

The general definitions used herein have the following meanings within the scope of the present invention.

Definitions

All temperatures are in degrees Celsius.

TLC refers to thin-layer chromatography.

psi refers to pounds/in

2

.

HPLC refers to high pressure liquid chromatography.

THF refers to tetrahydrofuran.

DMF refers to dimethylformamide.

EDC refers to ethyl-1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide or 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride.

NBS refers to N-bromosuccinimide.

TEA refers to triethylamine.

BOC refers to 1,1-dimethylethoxy carbonyl or t-butoxycarbonyl, —CO—O—C(CH

3

)

3

.

CBZ refers to benzyloxycarbonyl, —CO—O—CH

2

-φ.

TFA refers to trifluoracetic acid, CF

3

—COOH.

CDI refers to 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole.

Saline refers to an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution.

Chromatography (column and flash chromatography) refers to purification/separation of compounds expressed as (support, eluent). It is understood that the appropriate fractions are pooled and concentrated to give the desired compound(s).

CMR refers to C-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy, chemical shifts are reported in ppm (δ) downfield from TMS.

NMR refers to nuclear (proton) magnetic resonance spectroscopy, chemical shifts are reported in ppm (d) downfield from TMS.

-φ refers to phenyl (C

6

H

5

).

MS refers to mass spectrometry expressed as m/e, m/z or mass/charge unit. MH

+

refers to the positive ion of a parent plus a hydrogen atom. EI refers to electron impact. CI refers to chemical ionization. FAB refers to fast atom bombardment.

HRMS refers to high resolution mass spectrometry.

Ether refers to diethyl ether.

Pharmaceutically acceptable refers to those properties and/or substances which are acceptable to the patient from a pharmacological/toxicological point of view and to the manufacturing pharmaceutical chemist from a physical/chemical point of view regarding composition, formulation, stability, patient acceptance and bioavailability.

When solvent pairs are used, the ratios of solvents used are volume/volume (v/v).

When the solubility of a solid in a solvent is used the ratio of the solid to the solvent is weight/volume (wt/v).

BOP refers to benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate.

TBDMSC1 refers to t-butyldimethylsilyl chloride.

TBDMSOTf refers to t-butyldimethylsilyl trifluosulfonic acid ester.

Trisomy 21 refers to Down's Syndrome.

Ac=acetyl (methylcarbonyl)

aq.=aqueous

bd=broad doublet

bs=broad singlet

c=concentration (g/mL)

cc=cubic centimeter

d=doublet

DCM=dichloromethane=methylene chloride=CH

2

Cl

2

de=diastereomeric excess

EDTA=ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid

eq.=equivalents

EtOAc=ethyl acetate

EtOH=ethanol

g=grams

HOBT=1-hydroxybenzotriazole

h=hour

IC

50

=inhibitory concentration of a compound that reduces enzyme activity by half.

iso=an alkyl chain having the ending group 2-methylpropyl, i.e. —CH(CH

3

)

2

.

IM=intramuscularly

IV=intravenously

SC≡subcutaneously

L=liter

LDA=lithium diisopropyl amide

m=multiplet

max=maximum

mg=milligram

mL=milliliter

mm=millimeter

mM=millimolar

mmol=millimole

mp=melting point

MeOH=methanol

meq=milliequivalent

MsOH=methanesulfonic acid

n=normal, i.e. unbranched, e.g. n-Pr is —CH

2

—CH

2

—CH

3

N=normal

ng=nanogram

m=nanometers

OD=optical density

PEPC≡1-(3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)propyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide

pg=picogram

pM=picoMolar

Rf=ratio of movement of a substance on a thin layer chromatogram in comparison to the movement of the solvent front.

δ=units of measurement in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy which are relative to a standard, e.g. tetramethyl silane.

q=quartet

quint.=quintet

rpm=rotations per minute

s=singlet

t=triplet

t or tert=tertiary in an alkyl chain, e.g. t-butyl is —C(CH

3

)

3

.

μL=microliter

μM=micromolar (an expression of concentration in micromoles/liter)

s=singlet

t=triplet

UV=ultraviolet

Unless otherwise indicated, all functional group radicals (e.g., alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cyclic heteroaryl, heterocycle, etc.) can be substituted or unsubstituted. Substituted functional group radicals can be substituted with one or more substituents, unless indicated otherwise. Suitable substituents for substituted functional group radicals generally include halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, arylalkoxy, and the like. It will be understood that the terminology “X radical substituted by a/an Y” includes the “X” radical being substituted by two or more “Y”, unless indicated otherwise.

“Alkyl” refers to linear or branched, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals, such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, octyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-pentyl, and the like.

“Cycloalkyl” refers to cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals, such as, for example, 3- to 8-member hydrocarbon rings (e.g., cyclohexyl or cyclopentyl), bicyclic 4- to 10-member hydrocarbon ring systems, and a tricyclic 8- to 14-member hydrocarbon ring systems. Monocyclic cycloalkyl groups include, for example, cyclohexane and cyclopentane. Multicyclic cycloalkyl groups include cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, and 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydrohaphthyl for example.

“Heterocycle” refers to cyclic, non-aromatic radicals containing at least two carbon atoms and 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, and S as members of at least one ring. Examples of such radicals include 3- to 8-member rings; bicyclic 4- to 10-member ring systems, and tricyclic 8- to 14-member ring systems, where at least one ring (and in some instances each of the rings) of any of these examples contains 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, and S as members of the ring. Monocyclic heterocyclic groups include morpholinyl, piperazinyl, and tetrahydrofuranyl, for example. Multicyclic heterocyclic groups include decahydroquinoline, cyclohexene oxide, and 3-amino-3-azabicyclo [3.3.0] octane, for example.

“Alkylene” refers to bivalent, linear or branched, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals, such as, for example, methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, octylene, isopropylene, tert-butylene, sec-pentylene, and the like.

“Alkenyl” refers to linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals containing at least one double bond, such as, for example, ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, and the like.

“Alkynyl” refers to linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals containing at least one triple bond, such as, for example, ethynyl (acetyl), 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, and the like.

“Aryl” refers to cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having a single ring, such as phenyl, multiple rings, such as biphenyl, and multiple condensed rings, such as naphthyl and anthryl. Monocyclic aryl groups include phenyl, for example. Multicyclic aryl groups include naphthyl and anthryl, for example.

“Amine” includes primary, secondary and tertiary amines which may be in straight or branched chains or, in the case of secondary and tertiary amines within rings (e.g. morpholine and piperazine).

“Heteroaryl” refers to a cyclic aromatic rings having 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from S, O, and N; and aromatic 7 to 10 membered organic stable bicyclic rings having 1 to 5 hetero atoms selected from S, O, and N. Examples of such radicals include 3- to 8-member rings; bicyclic 4- to 10-member ring systems; and tricyclic 8- to 14-member ring systems, where at least one ring (and in some instances each of the rings) of any of these examples contains 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, and S as members of the ring.

“Acyloxy” refers to the groups R—C(O)O—, substituted R—C(O)O—, cycloalkyl-C(O)O—, aryl—C(O)O—, and heterocyclic—C(O)O where R=alkyl, and alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heterocyclic are as defined herein.

“Acylamino” refers to the groups R—C(O)N—, substituted R—C(O)N—, cycloalkyl-C(O)N—, aryl—C(O)N—, and heterocyclic—C(O)N—where R=alkyl, and alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heterocyclic are as defined herein.

“Amide” and “amido” refer to a functional group containing a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and additionally singly bonded to a nitrogen atom [—C(O)—N]. “Primary” amide describes an unsubstituted amide group [—C(O)—NH

2

]. “Secondary” and “tertiary” amides are amides in which nitrogen is substituted with one and two non-hydrogen groups respectively. The term “lactam” refers to a cyclized amide, i.e. a secondary or tertiary amide wherein the carbonyl carbon and the nitrogen atom are adjacent members of a ring.

“Halogen” refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo radicals.

“Lactone” refers to cyclized ester of a carboxylic acid.

“Thio” refers to the replacement of oxygen by sulfur in a defined radical. Examples of thio compound include alkylthioxy compounds (e.g. alkyl—S—).

“Thioxyalkyl” refers to the divalent radical —S—alkyl-, where alkyl is as defined above. Examples of thioxyalkyl moietites include alkyl-S-alkyl moieties, such as CH

3

—S—CH

2

CH

2

—.

“Alkoxy” refers to the radical —O—alkyl with alkyl as defined above. Alkoxy groups include, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, and the like.

“Arylalkyl” and “aralkyl” refer to an alkyl radical substituted with an aryl.

“Alkylaryl” refers to an aryl radical substituted with an alkyl.

All the terms “carboxyl”, “carboxylic acid”, “carboxylate” and “carbamoyl” are terms referring to functional groups containing a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom [C═O, also called an acyl or a carbonyl group, represented in linear notation as —C(O)—] and additionally single- bonded to another oxygen atom [—C(O)—O—], and in the case of carbamoyl, additionally a nitrogen atom is also bonded to the carbonyl carbon to give —N—C(O)—O—. Carboxyl, carboxylate and carbamate include the corresponding pharmaceutically acceptable C

1

-C

6

alkyl and C

6

-C

10

aryl esters and secondary and tertiary amides.

Combinations of these terms for functional group radicals are also used. Typically, the last term in the designation contains the radical that bonds to the remainder of the chemical structure. For example, “haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical substituted by a halogen, “cycloalkylalkyl” refers to alkyl radical substituted by a cycloalkyl, and “alkylcycloalkyl” refers to a cycloalkyl radical substituted by an alkyl.

EXAMPLES

Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the preceding description, practice the present invention to its fullest extent. The following detailed examples describe how to prepare the various compounds and/or perform the various processes of the invention and are to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitations of the preceding disclosure in any way whatsoever. Those skilled in the art will promptly recognize appropriate variations from the procedures both as to reactants and as to reaction conditions and techniques.

Preparations of the novel compounds of the present invention utilizing the hydroxyethylene isostere are illustrated in the following examples, which are not, however, intended to be any limitation thereof.

Methods of Synthesis

The following reaction schemes illustrate methods of construction of the hydroxyethylene dipeptide isosteres provided in examples 1-13. Variations of starting materials may be used in these reactions to prepare hydroxyethylene cores having other side chain groups. Substitutions of available starting materials to achieve the desired side chain variants will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.

Alternatively hydroxyethylenes may be prepared by the method described below. Synthesis of the Boc-3,5-difluorophenylalanine threo epoxide starting material was adapted from the procedure of Luly, J R, et al. J.

Org. Chem

. 1987, 52, 1487-1492 for the synthesis of Boc-phenylalanine threo epoxide (Scheme II). The starting material utilized in the preparation of Boc-3,5-difluorophenylalanine threo epoxide was Boc protected 1-3,5-difluorophenylalanine available from Synthetech, Inc. (1290 Industrial Way, P. O. Box 646, Albany, Oreg. 97321 USA).

The chiral amine synthesis, the initial alkylation step and further manipulation to the lactone were accomplished based on literature procedures as follows: Dragovich, P S, et al.

J. Med. Chem

. 1999, 42, 1203-1222; Askin, D., et al.

J. Org. Chem

. 1992, 57, 2771-2773. Cleavage of the Boc protecting group and subsequent coupling of the acid was accomplished using the procedures for deprotection of the amine and EDC coupling given below. Ring-opening of the lactone to the final product was accomplished using a AlMe

3

-mediated coupling step according to the literature procedure of S. F. Martin et al.,

Tetrahedron Lett

. 1998, 39,1517-1520.

Removal of a Boc-Protecting Group From a Protected Amine to Generate Free Amine

For example, the Boc-protected alpha-amino lactone intermediate of either Scheme I or II was dissolved in a trifluoroacetic acid/dichloromethane (1/1) solution. The reaction was monitored by TLC to confirm the consumption of starting material at which time the solvents were removed under reduced pressure to yield the free amine, which was used without further purification.

Coupling Deprotected Amine with a Selected N-Terminal Capping Group

For example, 2-(N,N-dipropyl) amidobenzoic acid (1.0 equiv.) was dissolved in 30 mL of dry dichloromethane, then HOBT (2.0 equiv.), functionalized α-amino lactone from the step above (1.0 equiv.) and TEA (5 equiv.) were added and all was stirred for 20 minutes. EDC (1.2 equiv.) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight under an atmosphere of nitrogen. The reaction was then diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The organic layers were washed with aqueous citric acid (2×), sat. NaHCO3 (2×), brine, then dried over MgSO

4

, and the solvent was removed under vacuum. The product of this step may then be subjected to a lactone ring aminolysis to provide the desired amide bond.

TABLE 1

Enzyme inhibition assay results for structures having the peptide backbone:

(XII)

Example

R

N

R

C

Examples 1-6: R2 = —CH(CH

3

)

2

and R1 = —CH

2

CH(CH

3

)

2

1

*Assay procedure described in the Example 70

Examples 7-10: R2 = —CH

2

CH

3

and R1 = —CH

2

-3,5-difluorophenyl

7

Example 11: R2 = benzyl and R1 = —CH

2

-3,5-difluorophenyl

11

Examples 12: R2 = propyl and R1 = —CH

2

-3,5-difluorophenyl

12

Examples 13: R1 = methyl and R2 = —CH

2

-3,5-difluorophenyl

13

Example 1

This compound was prepared employing the amino and hydroxy protected hydroxyethylene prepared via Scheme I. The compound was prepared standard resin supported peptide synthetic methods using standard HOBt, EDC coupling procedures described under Scheme II. Boc-Phe was esterified to the resin support. The Boc protecting group was removed from the Phe by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid in dicloromethane (TFA/DCM) and then coupled with Boc-Glu (mono ester) as described above. The cycle of amino deprotection and HOBt/EDC coupling was repeated with Boc-Ala, then with the protected hydroxyethylene moiety of Scheme I and then Boc-Met and finally Ac-Val. The glutamyl ester was removed via LiOH hydrolysis. The silyl group was removed from the hydroxyl function by treatment with tetra-t-butylammonium fluoride [(t-Bu)

4

NF] in THF.

Molecular Formula

C

41

H

68

N

6

O

9

S

Molecular Weight

821.10

Mass spec (MH+)

821

Example 2

p-Aminomethylbenzoic acid methyl ester (commercially available) was coupled with the hydroxyethylene moiety of Scheme I using standard EDC/HOBt coupling. The Boc protecting group was removed from the N-terminal and then subsequently coupled with Boc-Val-Met. The methyl ester was hydroylzed as described above and silyl group was removed from the hydroxyl function by treatment with tetra-t-butylammonium fluoride [(t-Bu)

4

NF] in THF.

Molecular Formula

C

35

H

58

N

4

O

8

S

Molecular Weight

694.927

tlc Rf (solvent)

Rf = 0.28 in 5% Methanol/dichloromethane

Purification:

5% Methanol/dichloromethane

Mass spec (MH+)

695

Example 3

The hydroxyethylene moiety of Scheme I was coupled with the dimethyl ester of 3,5-dicarboxycyclohexylamine as prepared in Scheme VI A. This intermediate was in turn deprotected at the N-terminal with TFA/DCM and then coupled with the alpha-hydroxy-naphthylacetic acid. The methyl esters were hydrolyzed with LiOH and then the silyl group was removed from the hydroxyl function by treatment with tetra-t-butylammonium fluoride [(t-Bu)

4

NF] in THF.

Molecular Weight

584.7

tlc Rf (solvent)

0.15 (10% MeOH/CH2C12)

Purification:

Flash chromatography

Mass spec (M+H+)

(CI) 584.7

Example 4

The protected hydroxyethylene as produced in Scheme I was coupled with the the dimethyl ester of 3,5-dicarboxycyclohexylamine (Scheme VI A). The diester was hydrolyzed with LiOH and the silyl protecting group removed by treatment with tetra-t- butylammonium fluoride [(t-Bu)

4

NF] in THF.

Molecular Formula

C

25

H

44

N

2

O

8

Molecular Weight

500.6

tlc Rf (solvent)

0.15 (5% MeOH/CH

2

Cl

2

)

Purification:

Acid/base extraction

Mass spec (M−H+)

(CI) 498.7

Example 5 (diastereomeric at the α-hydroxy-naphthylacetyl)

The hydroxyethylene moiety of Scheme I was coupled with the methyl 3-(1-aminopropyl)-4-benzoate (commercially available). This intermediate was in turn deprotected at the N-terminus with TFA/DCM (1:1) and then coupled with the alpha-hydroxy-naphthylacetic acid. The methyl ester was hydrolyzed with LiOH and then the silyl group was removed from the hydroxyl function by treatment with tetra-t-butylammonium fluoride [(t-Bu)

4

NF] in THF.

Molecular Formula

C

34

H

44

N

2

O

6

Molecular Weight

576.73

tlc Rf (solvent)

Rf = 0.12 in 10% Methanol/dichloromethane

Purification:

10% Methanol/dichloromethane

Mass spec (MH+)

577

Example 6

This pentapeptide isostere was prepared to test the efficacy of the α-hydroxy-naphthylacetic acid as an N-terminal group peptidomimetic in an oligopeptide sequence that demonstrated good activity (see Ex. 1). The hydroxyethylene moiety was prepared via the method of Scheme I. Resin supported synthesis was employed to prepare the molecule by bonding Boc-Phg to a resin support and then sequentially constructed by removal of the Boc protecting group and HOBt/EDC coupling in turn with glutamic acid methyl ester, valine, the hydroxyethylene isostere of Scheme I and finally with α-hydroxy-naphthylacetic acid. The product was then cleaved from the solid support and protecting groups were removed as described in the examples above.

Molecular Formula

C

41

H

54

N

4

O

10

Molecular Weight

762.9

Purification:

500 analytical HPLC trace (Gradient: 20-50%

[B] in 30 minutes, [A] Buffer 0.1% TFA/H2O;

[B] Buffer = 0.1% TFA/Acetonitrile) revealed

two diastereomers eluting at 19.4 and 21.0

minutes

Mass spec (M+Na+)

763.6 (785.6) [801.6]

[M+K+]

The preparation of examples 1-6, as described in Table 1 above, is outlined in Scheme I.

Example 7

After the C-terminal coupling was accomplished as described above, the lactone was subjected to aminolysis at refluxing temperatures with 3,5-dimethylcyclohexylamine in the presence of AlMe

3

and a suitable organic solvent to provide the subject compound.

Molecular Formula

C36H51F2N3O6

Molecular Weight

659

tlc Rf (solvent)

0.15 (5% iPrOH/CHCl3)

Purification:

Flash chromatography

Mass spec (M+H+)

(CI) 660.4

Example 8

After the C-terminal coupling was accomplished as described above, the lactone was subjected to aminolysis at refluxing temperatures with 6-aminohexanoic acid in the presence of AlMe

3

and a suitable organic solvent to provide the subject compound.

Molecular Formula

C

34

H

47

F

2

N

3

O

6

Molecular Weight

631

tlc Rf (solvent)

0.15 (5% MeOH/CH2Cl2)

Purification:

Flash chromatography

Mass spec (M+H+)

(CI) 632.2

Example 9

After the C-terminal coupling was accomplished as described above, the lactone was subjected to aminolysis at refluxing temperatures with 8-aminooctanoic acid in the presence of AlMe

3

and a suitable organic solvent which was then dissolved in MeOH and treated with HCl gas to provide the desired methyl ester.

Molecular Formula

C

37

H

53

F

2

N

3

O

6

Molecular Weight

673

tlc Rf (solvent)

0.4 (5% iPrOH/CHCl

3

)

Purification:

Flash chromatography

Mass spec (M+H+)

(CI) 674.4

Example 10

After the C-terminal coupling was accomplished as described above, the lactone was subjected to aminolysis at refluxing temperatures with 4-carboxycyclohexylmethylamine in the presence of AlMe

3

and a suitable organic solvent to provide the subject compound.

Molecular Formula

C

36

H

49

F

2

N

3

O6

Molecular Weight

657

tlc Rf (solvent)

0.3 (10% MeOH/CH

2

Cl

2

)

Purification:

Flash chromatography

Mass spec (M+H+)

(CI) 658.4

Example 11

The subject compound was prepared as in Example 10 except that in the first step of preparation of the chiral oxazolidine intermediate, 3-phenylpropionyl chloride (Aldrich Chemical) was substituted for n-butanoyl chloride.

Molecular Formula

C

41

H

51

F

2

N

3

O

6

Molecular Weight

719.86

Mass spec (M+Na+)

743

Example 12

The subject compound was prepared as in Example 10 except that in the first step of preparation of the chiral oxazolidine intermediate, n-pentanoyl chloride was substituted for n-butanoyl chloride.

Molecular Formula

C

37

H

51

F

2

N

3

O

6

Molecular Weight

671.37

Mass spec (M+Na+)

694.37

Example 13

The subject compound was prepared as in Example 10 except that in the first step of preparation of the chiral oxazolidine intermediate, n-propionyl chloride was substituted for n-butanoyl chloride.

Molecular Formula

C

35

H

47

F

2

N

3

O

6

Molecular Weight

643.34

Mass spec (M+Na+)

666.34

The compound formulae referred to in Examples 14-22 correspond to those recited in CHART A. Furthermore, the following examples relate to those compounds recited in CHART A where R

1

=—(CH

2

)3,5-difluorobenzyl, R

2

=Et, R

N

=N′,N′-dipropylisophthalamide, R

c

=anti-4-aminomethylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid, and PROTECTING GROUP is Boc. The identity of the R

2

substituent is determined by the starting material (i.e. compounds of formula (XIII)) used in the synthesis of the intermediate (VII) as is outlined in CHART B. The intermediate (VII), prepared according to CHART B, is then incorporated into the synthetic scheme for the preparation of hydroxyethylene compounds of formula (XII), as outlined in CHART A, by reaction with the epoxide (VI).

Example 14

(L)-[2-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-1-(methoxymethylcarbamoyl)-ethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (III)

(L)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-propionic acid (Synthetech Inc., II, 2.66 g, 8.83 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of dry THF (5 mL) and dry DMF (2 mL) at rt. 1,1-Carbonyldiimidazole (1.71 g, 10.6 mmol) was added in one portion to this solution. After gas evolution ceased, a solution of N-methyl-O-methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.955 g, 9.79 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (1.6 mL, 9.19 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) was added at rt by syringe. This was stirred at rt for 17 h, whereupon the reaction was quenched with 10% citric acid. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The organic extract was washed (saturated NaHCO

3

, saturated NaCl), dried (MgSO

4

), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (30% EtOAc/hexanes elution) to give an oil as product: M+Na+367.1.

Example 15

(L)-[1-(3,5-Difluorobenzyl)-2-oxoethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (IV)

(L)-[2-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-1-(methoxymethylcarbamoyl)-ethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (III, 2.56 g) was dissolved in dry THF (50 mL) and cooled to 0° C. To this mixture was added powder lithium aluminum hydride (285 mg) in portions over 5 min. The resulting suspension was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. Reaction was quenched at 0° C. by slow addition of saturated citric acid until gas evolution ceased, followed by dropwise addition of 10% aqueous citric acid (30 mL). This was then allowed to warm to rt. The layers were separated and the aqueous extracted with Et

2

O. The combined organic extracts were washed (saturated NaHCO

3

, saturated NaCl), dried (MgSO

4

), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a solid, which was used without further purification.

Example 16

(L)-[1-(3,5-Difluorobenzyl)allyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester(V)

Potassium hydride (35% suspension in mineral oil, 1.76 g) was suspended in a mixture of dry THF (20 mL) and DMSO (4 mL), and was cooled to 0° C. 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexamethyldisilazane (4.0 mL) was added by syringe, and the mixture was stirred for 45 min at 0° C. Methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (5.57 g) was added, and the resulting yellow slurry was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, whereupon the mixture was cooled to −78° C. A solution of (L)-[1-(3,5-Difluorobenzyl)-2-oxoethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (IV, 2.2 g) in THF (15 mL) at −78° C. was added by cannula. The resulting suspension was stirred at −78° C. for 15 min, then was allowed to warm to rt for 16 h. MeOH (2 mL) and half-saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (100 mL) were added, and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed (water, saturated NaCl) dried (MgSO

4

), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (10-20% Et

2

O/hexanes) to give a solid as product: M+Na+306.1.

Example 17

(1S, 2R)-[2-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-1-oxiranylethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (VI)

(L)-[1-(3,5-Difluorobenzyl)allyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester(V, 3.3 g) was dissolved in CH

2

Cl

2

(130 mL) and m-chloroperbenzoic acid (50-55% pure, 16.0 g) was added with stirring at rt. After 23 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with Et

2

O, washed (10% Na

2

SO

3

, saturated NaHCO

3

, saturated NaCl), dried (MgSO

4

), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a solid: M+Na+322.1.

Example 18

(1S,2S, 4R)-[1-(3,5-Difluorobenzyl)-4-((3aS, 8aR)-2,2-dimethyl-8,8a-dihydro-3aH-indeno[1,2-d]oxazole-3-carbonyl)-2-hydroxyhexyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (VIII)

(1S, 2S)-[2-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-1-oxiranylethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (VI, 113 mg) and 1-((3aS, 8aR)-2,2-Dimethyl-8,8a-dihydro-3aH-indeno[1,2-d]oxazol-3-yl)-butan-1-one (VII, 94 mg) were combined in dry THF (3 mL), and cooled to −78° C. To this solution was added BuLi (2.5 M in hexanes, 0.32 mL) over 5 min., whereupon the solution was allowed to warm to 0° C. for 1.5 h. The reaction mixture was partitioned between 0.5 N HCl (4 mL) and 1:1 EtOAc/hexanes (2×4 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO

4

), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (20-30% EtOAc/hexanes) to give an oil: MH+559.1.

Example 19

[2-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-1-(S)-(4-(R)-ethyl-5-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-2-(S)-yl)-ethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (IX)

(1S,2S, 4R)-[1-(3,5-Difluorobenzyl)-4-((3aS, 8aR)-2,2-dimethyl-8,8a-dihydro-3aH-indeno[1,2-d]oxazole-3-carbonyl)-2-hydroxyhexyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (VIII, 60 mg) was dissolved in 5:1 toluene/CH

2

Cl

2

(3 mL), and p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (23 mg) was added. This was stirred at rt for 18 h. The mixture was then filtered, and partitioned between half-saturated NaHCO

3

(3 mL) and 1:1 EtOAc/hexanes (2×3 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO

4

), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. Flash chromatography of the residue afforded desired product as a solid: MH+370.2.

Example 20

5S-[1S-Amino-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)ethyl]-3R-ethyldihydrofuran-2-one (X)

[2-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-1-(S)-(4-(R)-ethyl-5-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-2-(S)-yl)-ethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (IX, 313 mg) was dissolved in CH

2

Cl

2

(1 ML) at rt, whereupon CF

3

COOH (1 mL) was added. This was stirred at rt for 1 h, then concentrated under reduced pressure. This was used in the next reaction without further purification.

Example 21

N-{2-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-(1S, 2S, 4R)-[1-(4-ethyl-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-2-yl)]ethyl}-N′,N′-dipropylisophthalamide (XI)

5S-[1 S-Amino-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)ethyl]-3R-ethyldihydrofuran-2-one (X, 228 mg theoretical) was combined with triethylamine (0.7 mL) in dry DMF (2 mL) at 0° C. N,N-Dipropylisophthalamic acid (242 mg) was added and dissolved. 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole (224 mg) and 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (320 mg) were added in succession. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 5 min., then allowed to warm to rt for 4 h. This was then diluted with 10% citric acid, and extracted 3× with EtOAc. The combined organic extracts were washed (saturated NaHCO

3

, saturated NaCl), dried (MgSO

4

), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (40% EtOAc/hexanes elution) to give a solid: MH+501.3.

Example 22

4-(anti)-{[6-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoylbenzoylamino)-2-(R)-ethyl-4-(S)-hydroxyhexanoylamino]-methyl}cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (XII)

Anti-4-Aminomethylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid (57 mg) was suspended in 1,2-dichloroethane (2 mL), and cooled to 0° C. Trimethylaluminum (2.0 M in toluene, 0.21 mL) was added, followed by a solution of N-{2-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-(1S, 2S, 4R)-[1-(4-ethyl-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-2-yl)]ethyl}-N′,N′-dipropylisophthalamide (XI, 30 mg) in 1,2-dichloroethane (1 mL). This was then warmed to reflux for 1.5 h, whereupon the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., and the reaction quenched with 3 N HCl (2 mL). The slurry was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, and then extracted with 3×5 mL 10% iPrOH/CHCl

3

. The combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO

4

), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (5-10% MeOH/CH

2

Cl

2

elution) to give a solid: MH+658.4.

The compound formulae referred to in Examples 23-24 correspond to those recited in CHART B. Furthermore, the following examples relate to those compounds recited in CHART B R

2

=Et.

Example 23

N-(1S, 2R)-(2-Hydroxyindan-1-yl)-butyramide (XV)

(1S, 2R)-cis-1-Amino-2-indanol (XIV, 1.5 g) was dissolved with triethylamine (1.5 mL) in dry THF (45 mL), and cooled to 0° C. Butyryl chloride (XIII, 1.05 mL) was added by syringe, and the resultant solution stirred 0° C. for 20 min, whereupon the reaction mixture was partitioned between half-saturated NH

4

Cl (45 mL) and EtOAc (2×45 mL). The combined organic layers were dried dried (MgSO

4

), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a solid, which was taken to the next reaction without further purification.

Example 24

1-((3aS, 8aR)-2,2-Dimethyl-8,8a-dihydro-3aH-indeno[1,2-d]oxazol-3-yl)-butan-1-one (VII)

N-(1S, 2R)-(2-Hydroxyindan-1-yl)-butyramide (XV, 2.2 g) and 2-methoxypropene (5 mL) were combined with CH

2

Cl

2

(70 mL) at rt, and methanesulfonic acid (0.05 mL) was added. After 20 min at rt, the reaction mixture was partitioned between half-saturated NaHCO

3

(30 mL) and CH

2

Cl

2

(2×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried dried (MgSO

4

), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give an oil as product: MH+260.1.

Examples 25-30 recited below relate to the synthesis for N-terminus capping groups.

Example 25

Hydroxylated and Benzylated N-terminal Capping Groups

The making of hydroxylated and benzylated N-terminal capping groups from aromatic acetic acid starting materials is illustrated in Scheme III below. Moersch, G W and Zwiesler, M L. (

Synthesis

, 1971, 647-648, ref. 1 in Scheme III) demonstrate a synthesis useful for preparing an arylalkylhydroxycarboxylic acid N-terminus capping group. The procedure here provides alpha hydroxylation of 1-naphthylacetic acid, using lithium diethylamine and oxygen. Hon, Yung-Son, Chang, Rong-Chi, Chau, Tay-Yuan (

Heterocycles

, 1990, Vol. 31, No. 10, 1745-1750, ref. 2 in Scheme III) demonstrate a synthesis of the corresponding benzyl ether from the α-hydroxyaromatic by esterification of the carboxy function and etherification with benzyl bromide. Either the α-hydroxy acid or the benzyl ether derivative is suitable as a N-terminal cap.

Example 26

Preparation of Carboxybenzamides

Methyl isophthalate (Aldrich Chemical, Milwaukee, Wis., (1 equiv, 11.1 mmol) was dissolved in 50:50 THF : DMF (20 mL) before the addition of 1,1′carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) (1.2 equiv, 13.3 mmol) at ambient temperature. Upon addition of CDI, an evolution of gas (CO

2

), was observed. After gas evolution subsided (approximately one minute or less), the amine (1.2 equiv, 13.3 mmol) was added. After 12 h of stirring at ambient temperature, the reaction was partitioned between saturated aqueous NH

4

Cl and ethyl acetate, and the aqueous layer was extracted twice more with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were then washed with saturated aqueous solutions of NaHCO

3

and NaCl, and dried over anhydrous MgSO

4

or NaSO

4

. Filtration of the drying agent and removal of solvents in vacuo gave the crude white solid or clear oil. Purification of these compounds if needed was achieved via chromatography on silica gel with 30-40% ethyl acetate in hexanes.

The methyl isophthalate mono-alkyl or di-alkyl amide was then treated with LiOH.H

2

O (3 equiv, 33.3 mmol) in a minimum amount of 1:2:1 THF:MeOH:H

2

O and allowed to stir overnight at ambient temperature. After 12 h, the solvents were removed in vacuo and subsequently partitioned between H

2

O and ethyl acetate. If emulsions prohibit separation of the two layers, a small amount of brine was added to aid in separation. The aqueous layer was extracted once more with ethyl acetate (to remove any unreacted starting material). The aqueous layer was then acidified with concentrated HCl until pH≦3. The cloudy-white acidic aqueous solution thus obtained was then extracted three times with ethyl acetate. These combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous MgSO

4

or NaSO

4

. Filtration of the drying agent and removal of solvents in vacuo gave a solid. The mono- or di-alkyl amide isophthalate was used crude in the next reaction.

Example 27

Preparation of Carboxybenzamides

Methyl isophthalate (1 equiv, 11.1 mmol) was dissolved in 50:50 THF: DMF (20 mL) before the addition of 1,1′carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) (1.2 equiv, 13.3 mmol) at ambient temperature. Upon addition of CDI, evolution of gas (CO

2

), was observed. After gas evolution subsided (approximately one minute or less), the amine (1.2 equiv, 13.3 mmol) dissolved in DMF and diisopropylethyl amine (1.2 equiv, 13.3 mmol) was added. After 12 h of stirring at ambient temperature, the reaction was partitioned between saturated aqueous NH

4

Cl and ethyl acetate, and the aqueous layer was extracted twice more with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were then washed with saturated aqueous solutions of NaHCO

3

and NaCl, and dried over anhydrous MgSO

4

or NaSO

4

. Filtration of the drying agent and removal of solvents in vacuo gave a solid or oil. Purification of these compounds if needed was achieved via chromatography on silica gel with 30-40% ethyl acetate in hexanes.

The methyl isophthalate mono-alkyl or di-alkyl amide (1 equiv, 11.1 mmol) was then treated with LiOH.H

2

O (3 equiv, 33.3 mmol) in a minimum amount of 1:2:1 THF:MeOH:H

2

O and allowed to stir overnight at ambient temperature. After 12 h, the solvents were removed in vacuo and subsequently partitioned between H

2

O and ethyl acetate. If emulsions prohibit separation of the two layers, a small amount of brine was added to aid in separation. The aqueous layer was extracted once more with ethyl acetate (to remove any unreacted starting material). The aqueous layer was then acidified with concentrated HCl until pH≦3. The cloudy-white acidic aqueous solution thus obtained was then extracted three times with ethyl acetate. These combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous MgSO

4

or Na

2

SO

4

. Filtration of the drying agent and removal of solvents in vacuo gave a solid. The mono- or di-alkyl amide isophthalate was used crude in the next reaction.

Example 28

Preparation of Primary Amide

Methyl isophthalate (1 equiv, 11.1 mmol) was dissolved in 50:50 THF:DMF (20 mL) before the addition of 1,1′carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) (1.2 equiv, 13.3 mmol) at ambient temperature. Upon addition of CDI, an evolution of gas (CO

2

), was observed. After five minutes, ammonia gas was bubbled into the solution through a syringe needle for 1 h. Since the reaction was heating up due to an exotherm, the reaction was cooled to 0° C. for the duration of the hour. The reaction was then left stirring under a balloon of ammonia overnight at ambient temperature. After 12 h, the reaction was partitioned between saturated aqueous NH

4

Cl and ethyl acetate, and the aqueous layer was extracted twice more with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were then washed with saturated aqueous solutions of NaHCO

3

and NaCl, and dried over anhydrous MgSO

4

or NaSO

4

. Filtration of the drying agent and removal of solvents in vacuo gave a solid or oil. Purification via chromatography on silica gel with 5% isopropanol in chloroform gave the desired primary amide.

The methyl isophthalate primary amide (7.26 mmol) was then treated with LiOH.H

2

O (3 equiv, 21.8 mmol) in a minimum amount of 1:2:1 THF:MeOH:H

2

O and allowed to stir overnight at ambient temperature. After 12 h, the solvents were removed in vacuo and subsequently partitioned between H

2

O and ethyl acetate. The aqueous layer was extracted once more with ethyl acetate (to remove any unreacted starting material). The aqueous layer was then acidified with concentrated HCl until pH≦3. The cloudy-white acidic aqueous solution thus obtained was then extracted three times with ethyl acetate. These combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous MgSO

4

or NaSO

4

. Filtration of the drying agent and removal of solvents in vacuo gave a solid. The mono- or di-alkyl amide isophthalate was used crude in the next reaction.

Example 29

Preparation of Heterocyclic Amides

Methyl isophthalate (1.2 equiv, 2.78 mmol) was dissolved in dry CH2Cl2 and three drops of DMF (catalytic). The solution was cooled to 0° C. before the drop-wise addition of oxalyl chloride (2 equiv, 4.63 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. The mixture never dissolved. After 1 h, the solvents were removed in vacuo. The acid chloride was left under vacuum overnight.

The crude acid chloride (1 equiv, 2.78 mmol) was dissolved in dry CH

2

Cl

2

and cooled to 0° C. before the addition of NEt

3

(5 equiv, 11.6 mmol) and N-methyl piperidine (6 equiv, 13.9 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h before the solvents were removed in vacuo. The residue was diluted with H

2

O and ethyl acetate and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted twice more with ethyl acetate, and the combined organic extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO

3

, and dried over anhydrous MgSO

4

. Filtration of the drying agent and removal of solvents in vacuo gave the crude product.

The crude amide (1 equiv, 2.19 mmol) was then treated with LiOH.H

2

O (1 equiv, 2.19 mmol) in a minimum amount of 1:2:1 THF:MeOH:H

2

O and allowed to stir overnight at ambient temperature. After 12 h, the solvents were removed in vacuo and subsequently partitioned between H

2

O and ethyl acetate. The aqueous layer was extracted once more with ethyl acetate (to remove any unreacted starting material.) Removal of H

2

O from aqueous layer in vacuo gave a solid.

Example 30

Preparation of aromatic α-hydroxy acids (illustrated by the preparation with α-hydroxy-α-(2-biphenyl)acetic acid)

A solution of CH

2

Cl

2

(25 mL) and oxalyl chloride (2 mL, 21.16 mmol) was placed in a 100-mL round bottom flask kept under nitrogen. The oxalyl chloride solution was stirred at −50 to 60° C. Me

2

SO (2.5 mL, 35.82 mmol) was dissolved in CH

2

Cl

2

(5mL). The Me

2

SO was added dropwise to the stirred oxalyl chloride solution at −50 to −60° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 min and the 2-phenylbenzyl alcohol (16.28 mmol in 10 mL CH

2

Cl

2

) was added within 5 min; stirring was continued for an additional 60 min. TEA (11.30 mL, 81.4 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 60 min and then allowed to warm to room temperature. Water (60 mL) was then added and the aqueous layer was reextracted with additional CH

2

Cl

2

(60 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed with saturated NaCl solution (120 mL), and dried over anhydrous MgSO

4

. The filtered solution was concentrated in a rotary evaporator to dryness. The oil was chromatographed on silica gel (98: 2 hexanes: EtOAc) to give 1.

A mixture of 5.46 mmol of aromatic aldehyde(1) in 10 mL of CHCl

3

and β-cyclodextrins (CDs) (0.11 mmol) and triethylbenzylammonium chloride(TEBA)(0.273 mmol) in a flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer and dropping funnel was stirred for 20 minute at 50° C. Then 10 g of sodium hydroxide dissolved in 10 mL of water was added dropwise to the flask with stirring. After completion of this addition, the reaction was continued for 8 h with the temperature maintained at 50° C. Then enough of distilled water was added to dissolve the precipitate formed during the reaction, and the resulting solution was thoroughly washed with ether, adjusted to pH 3 with dilute hydrochloric acid and extracted with 3×30 mL of ether. The extract was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, then evaporated to dryness and the remaining precipitate was subjected to column chromatography on silica gel using DCM:MeOH:AcOH (95:5:1) to give 2.

Examples 31 and 32 recited below relate to the synthesis for N-terminus capping groups.

Example 31

1-Amino-3,5-cis,cis-dimethyl Cyclohexyldicarboxylate

To 10 g (47.85mmole) of dimethyl-5-isophthalate in 25 ml of acetic acid and 50 ml of methanol was added 5 g of 5% rhodium in alumina in a high-pressure bottle, which was saturated with hydrogen at 55 psi and shaken for one week of time.

The mixture was then filtered through a thick layer of Celite cake and rinse with methanol three times, the solvents was concentrated and the crude solid was triturated with diethyl ether and filtered again, it afforded 1-amino-3,5-cis,cis-dimethyl cyclohexyldicarboxylate, reverse phase HPLC has shown a purity of 94.4%.

Example 32

1-Amino-3,5-cis,cis-dimethoxy Cyclohexane

To 10 g (65.36mmole) of 3,5-dimethoxyaniline was reacted as described in the procedure above and afforded 1-amino-3,5- cis,cis-dimethoxy cyclohexane.

Following the general procedure as outlined in Examples 14-22 and making non-critical variations the following substitute amines of formula (XII) are obtained. These substitute amines of formula (XII) are listed in Tables 2, 3, and 4 as Examples.

TABLE 2

Example

MH+

C-terminus (X)

N-[(1S,2S,4R)-1-(3,5-Difluorobenzyl)-4-(syn, syn)-(3,5-dimethoxycyclohexylcarbamoyl)-2-hydroxyhexyl]-N,N- dipropylisophathalamide

33

660.4

6-[6-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoylbenzoylamino)-2-

34

632

NH(CH

2

)

5

CO

2

H

(R)-ethyl-4-(S)-hydroxyhexanoylamino]-hexanoic acid

5-[6-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoylbenzoylamino)-2-

35

618.3

NH(CH

2

)

4

CO

2

H

(R)-ethyl-4-(S)-hydroxyhexanoylamino]-pentanoic acid

4-[6-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoylbenzoylamino)-2-

36

603.7

NH(CH

2

)

3

CO

2

H

(R)-ethyl-4-(S)-hydroxyhexanoylamino]-butyric acid

3-[6-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoylbenzoylamino)-2-

37

590.3

NH(CH

2

)

2

CO

2

H

(R)-ethyl-4-(S)-hydroxyhexanoylamino]-propionic acid

8-[6-(3,5-Difluorophenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoylbenzoylamino)-2-

38

660.4

NH(CH

2

)

7

CO

2

H

(R)-ethyl-4-(S)-hydroxyhexanoylamino]-octanoic acid

8-[6-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoyl-benzoylamino)-2-

39

674.4

NH(CH

2

)

7

CO

2

Me

(R)-ethyl-4-(S)-hydroxy-hexanoylamino]-octanoic acid methyl ester

N-[4-(R)-Butylcarbamoyl-1-(S)-(3,5-difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-

40

574.3

NHBu

hexyl]-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide

N-[1-(S)-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-4-(R)-isobutylcarbamoyl-

41

574.5

NHiBu

hexyl]-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide

N-[4-(R)-Benzylcarbamoyl-1-(S)-(3,5-difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-

42

608.3

NHBn

hexyl]-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide

N-[4-(R)-(Cyclohexylmethyl-carbamoyl)-1-(S)-(3,5-difluoro-benzyl)-2- (S)-hydroxy-hexyl]-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide

43

614.3

N-[1-(S)-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-4-(R)-(piperidine-1- carbonyl)-hexyl]-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide

44

586.3

N-[1-(S)-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-4-(R)-(2-dimethylamino-ethylcarbamoyl)- 2-(S)-hydroxy-hexyl]-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide

45

589.3

N-[4-(R)-(Butyl-methyl-carbamoyl)-1-(S)-(3,5-difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)- hydroxy-hexyl]-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide

46

588.1

N-[1-(S)-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-4-(R)-(3-hydroxy- propylcarbamoyl)-hexyl]-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide

47

576.3

4-([6-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoyl-benzoylamino)- 2-(R)-ethyl-4-(S)-hydroxy-hexanoylamino]-methyl)- cyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester

48

672.0

N-[1-(S)-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-4-(R)-(3-dimethylamino- propylcarbamoyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-hexyl]-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide

49

608.0

TABLE 3

Example

MH+

X

4-(anti)-([6-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoyl-benzoylamino)-2-

50

658.4

Et

(R)-ethyl-4-(S)-hydroxy-hexanoylamino]-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

4-(anti)-([6-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoyl-benzoylamino)-4-

51

644.3

Me

(S)-hydroxy-2-(R)-methyl-hexanoylamino]-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

4-(anti)-([6-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoyl-benzoylamino)-4-

52

672.3

nPr

(S)-hydroxy-2-(R)-propyl-hexanoylamino]-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

4-(anti)-([6-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoyl-benzoylamino)-4-

53

686.3

iBu

(S)-hydroxyl-2-(R)-isobutyl-hexanoylamino]-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

4-(anti)-([6-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoyl-benzoylamino)-4-

54

630.3

H

(S)-hydroxy-hexanoylamino]-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

4-(anti)-([2-(R)-Benzyl-6-(3,5-difluoro-phenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoyl-

55

720.3

Bn

benzoylamino)-4-(S)-hydroxy-hexanoylamino]-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic

acid

TABLE 4

Example

MH+

X

Y

4-(anti)-([6-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoyl- 5-methyl-benzoylamino)-2-(R)-ethy-4-(S)-hydroxy- hexanoylamino]-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

56

672.2

Et

4-(anti)-([6-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-5-(S)-(3-dipropylcarbamoyl- 5-methyl-benzoylamino)-2-(R)-ethyl-4-(S)-hydroxy- hexanoylamino]-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester

57

686

Et

N-[1-(S)-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-4-(R)-(2- morpholin-4-yl-ethylcarbamoyl)-pentyl]-5-methyl-N,N- dipropyl-isophthalamide

58

631.2

Me

N-[1-(S)-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-4-(R)- isobutylcarbamoyl-pentyl]-5-methyl-N,N-dipropyl- isophthalamide

59

574.3

Me

N-[4-(R)-(2-Diethylamino-ethylcarbamoyl)-1-(S)-(3,5-difluoro- benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-pentyl]-5-methyl-N,N-dipropyl isophthalamide

60

617.3

Me

N-[1-(S)-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-4-(R)- [(tetrahydro-furan-2-ylmethyl)-carbamoyl]-pentyl)-5-methyl- N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide

61

602.3

Me

N-[4-(R)-(Adamantan-2-ylcarbamoyl)-1-(S)-(3,5-difluoro- benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-pentyl]-5-methyl-N,N-dipropyl- isophthalamide

62

652.3

Me

N-[1-(S)-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-4-(R)-methyl-5- morpholin-4-yl-5-oxo-pentyl]-5-methyl-N,N-dipropyl- isophthalamide

63

588.3

Me

N-[4-(R)-Benzylcarbamoyl-1-(S)-(3,5-difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-

64

608.3

NHBn

Me

hydroxy-pentyl]-5-methyl-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide

N-[1-(S)-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-4-(R)-(4-fluoro-

65

626.3

NH—(4-F)—Bn

Me

benzylcarbamoyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-pentyl]-5-methyl-N,N-

dipropyl-isophthalamide

TABLE 5

Example

MH+

X

N-[1-(S)-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-4-(R)-phenethylcarbamoyl- pentyl]-5-methyl-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide

66

622.3

N-[1-(S)-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-4-(R)-[(furan-2-ylmethyl)-carbamoyl]-2-(S)- hydroxy-pentyl)-5-methyl-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide

67

598.3

N-[1-(S)-(3,5-Difluoro-benzyl)-2-(S)-hydroxy-4-(R)-(prop-2-ynylcarbamoyl)- pentyl]-5-methy-N,N-dipropyl-isophthalamide

68

556.3

Example 69

Benzyl (1S)-2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-1-[(2R)-oxiranyl]ethylcarbamate (VI)

Following the general procedure of EXAMPLE 17 and making non critical variations but starting with the alcohol (IV) Benzyl (1S, 2R)-3-chloro-1-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-2-hydroxypropylcarbamate, the title compound is obtained.

While this invention has been described with respect to various specific examples and embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereby and should only be construed by interpretation of the scope of the appended claims.

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Compounds to treat Alzheimer's disease

Information

Patent Number

Date Filed

Date Issued

Inventors

Original Assignees

Examiners

Agents

CPC

US Classifications

Field of Search

US

International Classifications

Abstract

Description

Claims

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

US Referenced Citations (93)

Foreign Referenced Citations (60)

Non-Patent Literature Citations (86)

Provisional Applications (1)

Entry
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Compounds to treat Alzheimer&#x00027;s disease

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Compounds to treat Alzheimer's disease