If the listings of applications provided above are inconsistent with the listings provided via an ADS, it is the intent of the Applicant to claim priority to each application that appears in the Domestic Benefit/National Stage Information section of the ADS and to each application that appears in the Priority Applications section of this application.
All subject matter of the Priority Applications and of any and all applications related to the Priority Applications by priority claims (directly or indirectly), including any priority claims made and subject matter incorporated by reference therein as of the filing date of the instant application, is incorporated herein by reference to the extent such subject matter is not inconsistent herewith.
In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented here.
The embodiments relate to curved or conformal surface scattering antennas. Surface scattering antennas are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0194399 (hereinafter “Bily I”), with improved surface scattering antennas being further described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0266946 (hereinafter “Bily II”). Surface scattering antennas that include adjustable radiative elements loaded with lumped elements are described in U.S. application Ser. No. 14/506,432 (hereinafter “Chen I”), while various holographic modulation pattern approaches are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/549,928 (“hereinafter Chen II”). All of these patent applications are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Turning now to a consideration of the curved or conformal embodiments, it is to be appreciated that any of the various approaches described in the above-mentioned patent applications can be implemented in a non-planar fashion. Thus, for example, the circuit board assemblies of Chen I's
In one approach, the antenna includes a one-dimensional waveguide that is bent to conform to general one-dimensional manifold. In another approach, the antenna includes a plurality of parallel one-dimensional waveguides (e.g. as depicted in Chen I's
In some approaches, the scattering elements of the curved or conformal antenna may be evenly spaced where the distances between elements are measured along direction(s) locally parallel to the one- or two-dimensional manifold on which the scattering elements reside. For example, for a curved one-dimensional manifold, the scattering elements may be positioned as if they were equally spaced along an inelastic string that is laid down to coincide with the manifold. In other approaches, the scattering elements of the conformal antenna may be evenly spaced when the distances between elements are measured along a some fixed direction, e.g. a direction perpendicular to a “broadside” beam direction of the antenna. For example, for a curved one-dimensional manifold defined by a function y=ƒ(x), the scattering elements may be equally spaced along the one-dimensional manifold with x coordinates x0, x0+a, x0+2a, etc. In yet other approaches, the scattering elements are positioned randomly or pseudo-randomly along the manifold.
In some embodiments, the curved antenna includes a plurality of lumped elements that are electrically connected to a semirigid or flexible curved circuit board. For example, a curved circuit board may implement a waveguide (e.g. a substrate-integrated waveguide, microstrip waveguide, or stripline waveguide) that is coupled to a plurality of subwavelength radiative elements such as patches or slots, and the patches or slots are loaded with lumped elements that are mounted to an upper surface of the circuit board. Various approaches may be used, alone or in combination, to preserve electrical connectivity between the lumped elements and the circuit board despite the bending or flexion of the board. In a first approach, the lumped elements are connected to an upper surface of the circuit board with an elastomeric conductive compound. In a second approach, the lumped elements are connected to an upper surface of the circuit board with flexible electrical contacts. For example, the lumped elements may have flexible metal feet that maintain a connection to the board despite flexion; or the lumped elements may be installed in sockets which are in turn electrically connected to the board, the sockets providing the desired flexion tolerance.
In a third approach, depicted in
Some embodiments provide methods of selecting or identifying an antenna configuration to provide a desired antenna radiation pattern. As discussed in the patent applications cited above, the guided wave or surface wave may be represented by a complex scalar input wave Ψin that is a function of position along the wave-propagating structure. To produce an output wave that may be represented by another complex scalar wave Ψout, a pattern of adjustments of the scattering elements may be selected that corresponds to a hologram function, i.e. an interference pattern of the input and output waves along the wave-propagating structure. For example, the scattering elements may be adjusted to provide couplings to the guided wave or surface wave that are functions of (e.g. are proportional to, or binary/grayscale step-functions of) an interference term given by Re[ΨoutΨ*in]. To determine the pattern of adjustment of the scattering elements, therefore, it may be desirable to know the input wave Ψin.
In some approaches, the input wave Ψin may be analytically determinable. For example, for a linear waveguide with constant propagation characteristics along its length, the input wave may be an exponential function Ψin˜exp(−nωx/c)exp(−αx) of distance x along the waveguide, where n is an effective refractive index of the waveguide and α is an attenuation coefficient of the waveguide. When a radius of curvature of the curved antenna is much larger than a wavelength of the guided wave or surface wave, a linear or planar solution for the input wave Ψin may provide a good approximation of the input wave Ψin on the slightly curved manifold. Alternatively, in some approaches the input wave Ψin may be analytically expressed as a perturbation series in powers of a small parameter representing the small curvature of the manifold.
In other approaches, the input wave Ψin may be numerically determinable. For example, for a given waveguide geometry corresponding to a curved manifold, a full-wave simulator such as CST MICROWAVE STUDIO may be used to calculate the input wave Ψin as a function of position on the curved manifold.
In yet other approaches, the input wave Ψin may be experimentally determinable. For example, the scattering elements may be adjusted for maximal coupling to the input wave, and an evanescent probe may be scanned along the physical aperture of the antenna to measure the response of each scattering element and thereby determine the amplitude and phase of the input wave Ψin at the location of the scattering element. Alternatively, the curved antenna may be placed in a test environment with a measurement antenna in a proximity (near field or far field) of the curved antenna, and the signal received at the measurement antenna may be recorded for a series of adjustment patterns of the scattering elements. This series of adjustment patterns could be, for example, a “walking ones” pattern where each of the scattering elements is successively turned “on” (with all the other scattering elements “off”), or some other set of patterns. From this set of measurements with the measurement antenna, the input wave Ψin can be reconstructed.
In some approaches, the pattern of adjustments of the scattering elements may be determined by approximating the curved manifold of the antenna as a collection of piecewise linear or piecewise planar sections. Then, to obtain a desired far field radiation pattern R(θ, φ) , each section is configured as if it were a separate antenna providing that same radiation pattern, but taking into account the particular orientation of the section. For example, as shown in
In some approaches, the identifying of an antenna configuration includes applying one or more algorithms to reduce artifacts attributable to the discretization of the hologram function on the curved antenna. The antenna configuration may be regarded as a discretization of the hologram function because the adjustable scattering elements are positioned at a discrete plurality of locations and/or because each adjustable scattering element each has a discrete set of adjustments (i.e. a “binary” set of adjustments or a “grayscale” set of adjustments) used to approximate the function values of the hologram function. It will be appreciated that most or all of the approaches described in Chen II can be applied in the context of a curved antenna to reduce the discretization artifacts. For example, the locations of the scattering elements along the curved antenna may be actually or virtually dithered; the antenna configuration may be updated according to an error diffusion algorithm; the antenna configuration may be selected by exploring a neighborhood of beam directions and/or phases for a desired beam direction; the antenna configuration can be selected to optimize a desired cost function; etc.
An example illustrating the utility of an optimization approach is depicted in
With reference now to
In some approaches the curved antenna 700 may be a flexible curved antenna, i.e. an antenna capable of having a time-variable curvature, such as an antenna implemented with a flexible PCB laminate process. In these approaches the antenna optionally includes a set of strain gauges 701 mechanically coupled to the antenna to provide a readout of the instantaneous curvature of the antenna. The strain gauges 701 may in turn be coupled to the control circuitry 710, the control circuitry then being operable to provide an antenna configuration that depends upon the instantaneous curvature. For example, the control circuitry may include circuitry operable to calculate an antenna configuration according to one or more of the approaches described above, taking into account the instantaneous curvature of the flexible antenna. Alternatively, the storage medium may include a look-up table of antenna configurations that is further indexed by antenna curvature, the control circuitry then being operable to read an antenna configuration from the storage medium corresponding to the instantaneous antenna curvature.
The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those within the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment, several portions of the subject matter described herein may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), or other integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of a signal bearing medium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital Video Disk (DVD), a digital tape, a computer memory, etc.; and a transmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.).
In a general sense, those skilled in the art will recognize that the various aspects described herein which can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof can be viewed as being composed of various types of “electrical circuitry.” Consequently, as used herein “electrical circuitry” includes, but is not limited to, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry forming a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g., a general purpose computer configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein, or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein), electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of random access memory), and/or electrical circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, or optical-electrical equipment). Those having skill in the art will recognize that the subject matter described herein may be implemented in an analog or digital fashion or some combination thereof.
All of the above U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in any Application Data Sheet, are incorporated herein by reference, to the extent not inconsistent herewith.
One skilled in the art will recognize that the herein described components (e.g., steps), devices, and objects and the discussion accompanying them are used as examples for the sake of conceptual clarity and that various configuration modifications are within the skill of those in the art. Consequently, as used herein, the specific exemplars set forth and the accompanying discussion are intended to be representative of their more general classes. In general, use of any specific exemplar herein is also intended to be representative of its class, and the non-inclusion of such specific components (e.g., steps), devices, and objects herein should not be taken as indicating that limitation is desired.
With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations are not expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.
While particular aspects of the present subject matter described herein have been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that, based upon the teachings herein, changes and modifications may be made without departing from the subject matter described herein and its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as are within the true spirit and scope of the subject matter described herein. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the invention is defined by the appended claims. It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to inventions containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.”
With respect to the appended claims, those skilled in the art will appreciate that recited operations therein may generally be performed in any order. Examples of such alternate orderings may include overlapping, interleaved, interrupted, reordered, incremental, preparatory, supplemental, simultaneous, reverse, or other variant orderings, unless context dictates otherwise. With respect to context, even terms like “responsive to,” “related to,” or other past-tense adjectives are generally not intended to exclude such variants, unless context dictates otherwise.
While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, other aspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.
If an Application Data Sheet (ADS) has been filed on the filing date of this application, it is incorporated by reference herein. Any applications claimed on the ADS for priority under 35 U.S.C. §§ 119, 120, 121, or 365(c), and any and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applications of such applications, are also incorporated by reference, including any priority claims made in those applications and any material incorporated by reference, to the extent such subject matter is not inconsistent herewith. The present application claims the benefit of the earliest available effective filing date(s) from the following listed application(s) (the “Priority Applications”), if any, listed below (e.g., claims earliest available priority dates for other than provisional patent applications or claims benefits under 35 USC § 119(e) for provisional patent applications, for any and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applications of the Priority Application(s)). Priority Applications: The present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/506,432, entitled SURFACE SCATTERING ANTENNAS WITH LUMPED ELEMENTS, naming Pai-Yen Chen, Tom Driscoll, Siamak Ebadi, John Desmond Hunt, Nathan Ingle Landy, Melroy Machado, Jay McCandless, Milton Perque, David R. Smith, and Yaroslav A. Urzhumov as inventors, filed 3, Oct. 2014, which is currently co-pending or is an application of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date, and which is a non-provisional of U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/988,023, entitled SURFACE SCATTERING ANTENNAS WITH LUMPED ELEMENTS, naming Pai-Yen Chen, Tom Driscoll, Siamak Ebadi, John Desmond Hunt, Nathan Ingle Landy, Melroy Machado, Jay McCandless, Milton Perque, David R. Smith, and Yaroslav A. Urzhumov as inventors, filed 2, May 2014. The present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/549,928, entitled MODULATION PATTERNS FOR SURFACE SCATTERING ANTENNAS, naming Pai-Yen Chen, Tom Driscoll, Siamak Ebadi, John Desmond Hunt, Nathan Ingle Landy, Melroy Machado, Milton Perque, Jr., David R. Smith, Yaroslav Urzhumov as inventors, filed 21, Nov. 2014, which is currently co-pending or is an application of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date, and which is a non-provisional of U.S. Patent Application No. 62/015,293, entitled MODULATION PATTERNS FOR SURFACE SCATTERING ANTENNAS, naming Pai-Yen Chen, Tom Driscoll, Siamak Ebadi, John Desmond Hunt, Nathan Ingle Landy, Melroy Machado, Milton Perque, Jr., David R. Smith, Yaroslav Urzhumov as inventors, filed 20, Jun. 2014. The present application claims benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/992,699, entitled CURVED SURFACE SCATTERING ANTENNAS, naming Pai-Yen Chen, Tom Driscoll, Siamak Ebadi, John Desmond Hunt, Nathan Ingle Landy, Melroy Machado, Milton Perque, David R. Smith, and Yaroslav A. Urzhumov as inventors, filed 13, May 2014, which was filed within the twelve months preceding the filing date of the present application or is an application of which a currently co-pending priority application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20150318620 A1 | Nov 2015 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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61992699 | May 2014 | US | |
61988023 | May 2014 | US | |
62015293 | Jun 2014 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 14506432 | Oct 2014 | US |
Child | 14711569 | US | |
Parent | 14549928 | Nov 2014 | US |
Child | 14506432 | US |