Patent Grant
8824050
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
A portion of the material in this patent document is subject to copyright protection under the copyright laws of the United States and of other countries. The owner of the copyright rights has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the United States Patent and Trademark Office publicly available file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. The copyright owner does not hereby waive any of its rights to have this patent document maintained in secrecy, including without limitation its rights pursuant to 37 C.F.R. §1.14.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to improving natural lighting within buildings and more particularly to daylight harvesting for building interior illumination. More particularly, this invention relates to daylighting elements of a building such as glazed wall openings, windows, roof windows and skylights, as well as to various devices and glazing structures used for admitting and distributing daylight into the interior of a building, such as light shelves, light redirecting blinds or louvers, prismatic films and panels, and transparent plates and light guides employing total internal reflection surfaces.
2. Description of Background Art
Various optical structures for redistributing daylight into building interiors are known. At least some of such prior art devices employ planar transparent plates of glass or plastic materials which include reflective surfaces embedded between the opposing sheet surfaces and configured to reflect light by means of a total internal reflection (TIR). The use of TIR structures generally allows for much larger bend angles compared to refractive structures such as prismatic sheets or films. Large bend angles are particularly important for redistributing daylight in the interior of a building so that at least a portion of the incident daylight could be directed towards the upper portions of the interior, such as the ceiling of a room.
For example, one such light redirecting structure employing internal TIR surfaces is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 737,979 which shows a glass plate including a series of slots made in its body. The angle of these slots is such that daylight coming from any given principal direction from outside is reflected from the surface of the slot and is hereby redirected from its original propagation path. Another light redirecting structure is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,424,406 which describes optical diffuser plates made from transparent plastics and employing either thin strips of another plastic or hollows in the respective plates to deflect light.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,416,315 discloses a faceted reflector which includes a plurality of prismatic reflectors embedded in a carrier and reflecting light by total reflection at a part of the cavity interfaces. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,616,285, total reflection surfaces are formed by merging two optical bodies each having surface groves which interpenetrate into one another when such bodies are placed face-to face. U.S. Pat. No. 5,880,886 shows V-section grooves formed in a major face of a substantially flat and planar optical element. U.S. Pat. No. 4,557,565 discloses a planar solid transparent light deflecting panel or plate for transmitting sunlight into the interior of a building. The panel or plate is formed of a plurality of parallel identically spaced apart triangular ribs on one face. The ribs have specially selected slopes to totally internally reflect light when such panel or plate is placed over an opening such as window.
On the other hand, various methods of making the light redirecting TIR structures in such transparent plates have been proposed. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,989,952 discloses a method for producing a transparent light deflecting panel comprising making a series of parallel cuts in a sheet of transparent solid material with a laser cutting tool. Such panel can be positioned in an opening in the facade of a building to deflect incident daylight towards the ceiling thereby improving the natural lighting within the building. The transparent sheet is commonly acrylic and the laser tool is a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser.
CO2 laser cutting of rigid PMMA panels has generally demonstrated its ability to form relatively narrow channels suitable for TIR and light redirection purposes. However, it is fairly difficult to make the width of the channels less than 150 micrometers (μm) or so, given the finite diameter of the beam of CO2 lasers, fundamental and practical limitations of beam-focusing optics and hard-to-control excessive material evaporation in the process of ablative material removal. Since the minimum attainable width of the laser cut channels relates to the minimum acceptable thickness of the acrylic panel, due to the optical efficiency and structural considerations, such panels are more practical in thicknesses of 6 mm or more. However, a 6-mm acrylic panel can be fairly heavy for the typical sizes of wall windows which can translate into substantial material costs and difficulties in fixing the panel in a suspended position near the window.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,580,559 describes a method of forming internal TIR structures in transparent panels made from glass-like thermoplastic material such as PMMA by inducing parallel crazes in the thermoplastic material. An organic solvent is applied on the panel surface while a tensile stress is applied to a panel which results in generation of wedge-shaped deformations (crazes) which propagate within the material. However, such method of forming internal TIR structures offers little control over the spacing, depth and extent of the crazes, as well as can substantially compromise the structural integrity or rigidity of the panel.
Mechanical surface slitting of a sheet-form material using razor-sharp blades can be one way of making TIR channels or facets within the bulk material of an optically clear sheet. However, slitting of hard and brittle optical plastics such as polycarbonate, polystyrene, rigid PVC or polycarbonate with a blade is generally unfeasible considering the lack of sufficient plasticity of such materials and is usually ruled out for daylighting devices employing TIR surfaces. The blade penetration into such materials induces material chipping and/or smearing which makes it nearly impossible to form a smooth and narrow cut suitable for TIR functionality even assuming the ideal sharpness of the blade. Additionally, the blade thickness brings its own limitations on the minimum width of the cut in a rigid material.
The use of rigid transparent plates or panels as a substrate in which TIR surfaces can be formed is also deficient in that such devices are inherently inflexible which makes them difficult or impractical to be utilized in lightweight and compact daylighting systems. It is also difficult or impractical to incorporate rigid sheets or plates in retractable window coverings or use them for lamination onto a window pane or other substrates used in glazing.
Many daylighting systems would benefit from employing a sheet-form light redirecting TIR structure that can be sufficiently thin and flexible, resembling the behavior of a fabric, and that can be bent to tight radii or laminated onto a surface. Furthermore, many daylighting applications would also benefit from an efficient and low-cost method of making such flexible TIR sheet-form structures.
Accordingly, prior efforts have failed to provide a practical and cost-effective solution for admitting daylight into building interiors and providing uniform and efficient natural illumination using a relatively thin sheet material. These needs and others are met within the present invention, which provides an improved sheet-form structure for illuminating building interiors with sunlight and also provides a method of making the same. The improved sheet-form structure employs internal TIR surfaces to efficiently redirect light and is also thin, flexible and has a fabric-like behavior, all of which finds utility in various daylighting devices and systems.
The present invention solves a number of daylight harvesting and distribution problems within a thin and flexible sheet-form optical system which has a fabric-like behavior. Apparatus and method are described for directing and distributing daylight within building interior using an optically clear flexible sheet material in which light redirecting functionality is provided by an array of deep and narrow slits formed in a surface of the material. Daylight passes through the sheet-form material configured with internal TIR surfaces and is redirected into building interior at high deflection angles with respect to the incident direction.
A daylighting fabric including a soft and flexible sheet of optically clear material is described. The flexible sheet comprises a parallel array of deep and narrow slits formed in a broad-area surface of the sheet material. Each slit comprises two parallel or near-parallel walls permanently separated from each other by a layer of air. At least one of the walls of the slit is configured to reflect light by means of total internal reflection (TIR) in specular or near-specular regime. The surface of the wall may have a surface roughness which does not exceed a predetermined value.
A method of making the daylighting fabric and several embodiments of an apparatus for implementing such method are also described. The method includes a step of mechanical slitting a broad-area surface of the flexible sheet using a sharp blade or razor. The method further includes a step of stretching the flexible sheet along a direction which is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the slits. Such stretching results in the elongation of sheet material in the areas of the slits. The method of making the daylighting fabric further includes a step of irreversible separation of the opposing walls of the slits.
The invention is amenable to being embodied in a number of ways, including but not limited to the following descriptions.
At least one embodiment of the invention is configured as a daylighting fabric for illuminating a building interior with sunlight, comprising: (1) a soft and flexible sheet of optically transmissive material and (2) at least a first plurality of parallel slits formed in a surface of said sheet. Each of the slits includes a first wall and an opposing second wall extending generally parallel to the first wall. The first wall of each slit is spaced apart from the respective second wall by a predetermined distance and at least one of the first and second walls is configured for reflecting light by means of a total internal reflection. The device operates in response to daylight received on a surface of the sheet being angularly redirected by the plurality of slits and distributed from the opposing surface of the sheet into the building interior. In at least one implementation, the daylighting fabric is configured to intercept at least a portion of the incident beam and redirect such portion at a bend angle which is about two times of the incidence angle. In at least one implementation, the bend angles may exceed 90° for at least some incidence angles onto the surface of the sheet. In at least one implementation, the sheet of daylighting fabric is selected so that a parallel beam of light passing through the sheet can be split into two or more beams propagating generally into opposing directions from a normal to a sheet surface. In different implementations, either broad-area surface of the sheet may be configured for light input while the opposing surface may be configured for light output.
In at least one implementation, the soft and flexible sheet of optically transmissive material is made from a plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Such material is preferably optically clear or translucent and has a sheet thickness between 0.5 mm to 3.2 mm. In at least one implementation, the sheet of the daylighting fabric has a generally square or rectangular shape defined by a first broad-area surface and an opposing broad-area surface. In at least one implementation, the flexible sheet is configured for a generally unimpeded light passage along at least a direction which is perpendicular or near-perpendicular to the surface of the sheet. In at least one implementation, the flexible sheet is configured for a see-through appearance. In at least one implementation, the flexible sheet is configured for a see-through appearance and a privacy function.
Each slit formed in the flexible sheet is preferably deep and narrow and, according to an aspect, forms a high aspect ratio void in a surface of the sheet. In at least one implementation, each slit 6 extends through more half of the thickness of the sheet. In at least one implementation, each slit does not reach at the opposing surface of the sheet and extends into the sheet material to a depth which is 50% to 95% of the thickness of the sheet.
In at least one implementation, the first and second walls of the slits are separated from each other by a layer of ambient air. According to an aspect, each of the slit walls defines a TIR interface between the material of the sheet and the ambient air. According to another aspect the plurality of the slits may be viewed as a plurality of thin, two-sided TIR reflectors formed between opposing surfaces of the daylighting fabric. In at least one implementation, at least one of the first and second walls of each slit is configured to reflect light by a total internal reflection in a specular or near-specular regime.
In at least one implementation, the opposing walls of each slit are generally planar and extending generally parallel to each other and also perpendicular to a surface of the flexible sheet within a predetermined angular accuracy. In various implementations, the parallelism of the opposing walls of each slit should be within a few degrees, more particularly, within about six degrees, within two degrees and within one degree. In at least one implementation, each slits extends into the material of the flexible sheet generally perpendicular to the surface of the sheet. In at least one implementation, at least some slit extend into the material of the flexible sheet at a constant angle with respect to a surface normal of the sheet. In at least one implementation, at least some slits extend into the material of the flexible sheet at a variable angle with respect to a surface normal of the sheet. In at least one implementation, the distance between the opposing walls of the slits are preferably within a 5 μm to 100 μm range, and more preferably, within a 10 μm to 50 μm range.
In at least one implementation, the plurality of the slits is configured to provide a controlled spread of the parallel beam incident onto the light input surface of the flexible sheet.
In at least one implementation, each of the opposing broad-area surfaces of the flexible sheet is generally smooth. In at least one implementation, at least one of the opposing broad-area surfaces includes a plurality of surface relief features. In at least one implementation, such surface relief features are configured for diffusing light passing through the respective surface. In at least one implementation, the surface relief features are selected from the group of elements consisting of prism arrays, arrays of prisms, prismatic grooves, lens arrays, engineered surfaces, and surface relief types commonly referred to as “frosted-glass”, “prismatic”, “sanded”, “pebble”, “ice”, “matte”, “microprism”, and “microlens”. In at least one implementation, at least one of the surfaces of the flexible sheet includes an image print or pattern. Such print or pattern may have light diffusing and/or decorative functions.
In at least one implementation, at least a portion of the surface of the walls of the slits has a non-negligible surface roughness. According to an aspect, the surface roughness may be represented by a plurality of surface relief features formed in the respective wall of the slit. According to an aspect, the surface roughness may be characterized by a root-mean-square (RMS) roughness parameter Rq. In various implementations of daylighting fabric, the RMS roughness parameter Rq. is selected to be within a predefined range. In one implementation, it may be preferred that the RMS surface roughness Rq of at least a substantial portion of the surface of the slits is in the range between 0.01 μm (10 nm) and 0.1 μm (100 nm). In an alternative implementation, it is preferred that Rq is generally less than 0.05 μm and even more preferred that Rq is less than 0.03 μm. According to an aspect, it may be preferred that the sampling lengths for measuring such Rq parameter of the surface of slits are within the range of 20 μm to 100 μm. According to another aspect, it may be preferred that the surface profile roughness Rq does not exceed the prescribed values along a line which is either perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the respective slit or is disposed at a relatively low angle with respect to such axis.
In at least one implementation, each of the slits is formed mechanically using a sharp blade or razor. In one implementation, the radius of the curvature of the tip of such blade or razor in a transversal cross-section should preferably be on a sub-micron scale. In one implementation, it may be further preferred that such radius of curvature is less than 50 nanometers.
In at least one implementation, each of the slits formed in the flexible sheet extends substantially through the entire width of the sheet material. In at least one implementation, the length of each of the slits formed in the flexible sheet is less than the width of the sheet material. In at least one implementation, the plurality of slits is arranged in staggered rows and columns where each row is shifted relatively to the adjacent rows. In each row, the adjacent slits are separated by a spacing area of the uncut bulk sheet material.
In at least one implementation, the soft and flexible sheet further comprises a second plurality of parallel slits formed in a surface of the sheet and extending generally perpendicular to the first plurality of parallel slits. In alternative implementations, the second plurality of parallel slits can be formed in either the same surface as said first plurality of parallel slits or in the opposing surface. According to an aspect, the two pluralities of slits crossed at the right angle to each other forms a plurality of light-channeling cells. In at least one implementation, each of the light-channeling cells is configured to redirect and redistribute at least some off-axis rays entering onto a surface of the sheet.
The daylighting fabric may be operated in a number of ways. In at least one implementation, a sheet of the daylighting fabric is suspended within or in proximity of an opening in a building façade. In different implementations, such sheet may be positioned in a horizontal orientation, in a vertical orientation or at an angle with respect to the horizontal plane. In at least one implementation, a sheet of the daylighting fabric is laminated onto a surface of a window pane. In at least one implementation, a sheet of the daylighting fabric is positioned in an opening of a roof window or a skylight. In at least one implementation, a sheet of the daylighting fabric is configured to redirect daylight onto a ceiling of a room. In at least one implementation, a sheet of the daylighting fabric is stretched along a direction which is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the linear slits.
In at least one implementation, the surface of the sheet in which the plurality of slits is formed is facing the building interior. In at least one implementation, such surface is facing the source of daylight. In at least one implementation, the flexible sheet is positioned within a building interior above the eye height of the building occupants.
In at least one implementation, the flexible sheet includes one or more additional layers. Such layers may include light diffusing features, light filtering features, protective layers, or color filtering or tint features.
In at least one implementation, the sheet is adapted for being retained in either a planar configuration or in bent and/or rolled configurations. In at least one implementation, the sheet is adapted for being retained in a stretched state.
At least one embodiment of the invention is configured as a sheet-form light-redirecting structure employing a plurality of internal optical interfaces within the structure. Each of the optical interfaces is configured to reflect light by means of TIR and is defined by a surface which includes surface irregularities and can be characterized by an RMS surface profile roughness parameter. The RMS surface profile roughness parameter should preferably be measured along a reference line which is parallel or near-parallel to the plane of reflection. The roughness parameter of at least a substantial part of the surface area should be generally between 10 nanometers and 100 nanometers at a sampling length between 20 and 100 micrometers. In at least one implementation, each of the surfaces is generally planar and extends generally perpendicular to the prevailing plane of the sheet-form structure. In at least one implementation, each of the surfaces is generally planar and is disposed at an angle other than normal to the prevailing plane of the sheet-form structure. In at least one implementation, at least some of the surfaces have a curvilinear shape. According to an aspect, each of the TIR surfaces within the structure may be configured to reflect light in a specular or near specular while having a non-negligible surface roughness. According to another aspect, the light redirecting structure may be configured to redirect light by means of TIR while providing light diffusing function.
At least one embodiment of the invention is configured as a method for redirecting light comprising: (a) propagating the light in an optically transmissive material; (b) reflecting light by a total internal reflection at a plurality of optically-irregular surfaces distributed within the material; and (c) extracting the reflected light from a light output surface of the material. In at least one implementation, an RMS surface profile roughness parameter characterizing the relief of the optically-irregular surfaces is generally between 10 nanometers and 100 nanometers at a sampling length between 20 and 100 micrometers. In at least one implementation, the light output surface includes a plurality of surface relief features.
At least one embodiment of the invention is configured as a method for making a light-redirecting fabric from a flexible sheet of optically clear material comprising: (a) a step of forming a parallel array of slits in a surface of the flexible sheet by means of at least one blade or razor; (b) a step of elastic elongation of the sheet along a direction perpendicular to the slits; and (c) a step of making at least a portion of the elongation irreversible. In at least one implementation, the step of making at least a portion of the elongation irreversible includes elongation of the sheet in a plastic deformation mode. In at least one implementation of the method, the step of making at least a portion of the elongation irreversible includes annealing of the sheet at an elevated temperature. In at least one implementation, the elevated temperatures may be in the range between 60° C. and 150° C. In at least one implementation of the method, the blade or razor is of a rotary type. In at least one implementation, the method for making the light-redirecting fabric further includes a step of heating at least a surface portion of the sheet to a predetermined temperature. In at least one implementation, the relative irreversible elongation of the sheet does not exceed 10% of the original sheet length. In at least one implementation, the relative irreversible elongation of the sheet does not exceed 5% of the original sheet length. In at least one implementation, the elongation of the material in the areas of the slits during the step of making at least a portion of the elongation irreversible exceeds 100%.
At least one embodiment of the invention is configured as an apparatus for making a light-redirecting fabric from a flexible sheet of optically clear material comprising: (a) means for stretching the flexible sheet along a first direction and (b) means for mechanical slitting of a surface of the sheet along a second direction. In at least one implementation, the apparatus for making the light-redirecting fabric further includes a heat source configured for heating at least a portion of the sheet to a predetermined temperature. In at least one implementation, the means for mechanical slitting includes at least one slitting blade or razor. According to an aspect, each of the slitting blades or razors is configured to form slits which surface has a roughness below a predetermined threshold value. In at least one implementation, the means for mechanical slitting includes at least one rotary slitting blade. In at least one implementation, the rotary blade has the thickness of 0.3 mm or less. In at least one implementation, the means for mechanical slitting includes a plurality of blades arranged in one or more packs. The blades may be arranged within each pack at a constant spacing distance which is a predetermined factor of the nominal slit spacing.
In at least one implementation, the slitting blade or the pack of slitting blades is provided with a linear motion system which prevailing motion axis is positioned along the intended slitting direction. In at least one implementation, each of the blades or razors is positioned perpendicular to the surface of the sheet. In at least one implementation, one or more slitting blade or razor is positioned at an angle with respect to a normal to the surface of the sheet. In at least one implementation, the apparatus for making a light-redirecting fabric is provided with means for varying the tilt of the blade with respect to the surface of the sheet.
In at least one implementation, the means for stretching the flexible sheet include at least one roller or roll. In at least one implementation, the means for stretching the flexible sheet include at least two rollers disposed parallel to each other. In one implementation, the two rollers are made movable with respect to each other. In at least one implementation, at least one of the rollers is provided with a drive configured for rotating the roller in predefined angular increments. In an alternative implementation, the means for stretching the flexible sheet include one or more clamping bars.
In at least one implementation of the apparatus for making a light-redirecting fabric, the first and second directions are generally parallel to each other. In at least one implementation of the apparatus for making a light-redirecting fabric, the first and second directions are generally perpendicular to each other.
The present invention provides a number of beneficial elements which can be implemented either separately or in any desired combination without departing from the present teachings.
An element of the invention is an apparatus and method of collecting light over a given area and traveling in a first direction, and redirecting at least a portion of such light into a second direction which can have any desired angular relationship with the first direction.
Another element of the invention is the use of a soft and flexible sheet of an optically transmissive material which can also be transparent or translucent.
Another element of the invention is the use of plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) material in a sheet-form which can have a fabric-like behavior.
Another element of the invention is the use of a thin and flexible sheet which has a light redirecting function and which can be positioned within or in a vicinity of an opening in a building façade.
Another element of the invention is the use of a thin and flexible sheet which has a light redirecting function and which can be positioned within or at the exit aperture of a daylighting device or structure.
Another element of the invention is the inclusion of distributed deflecting means within the interior of the soft and flexible sheet.
Another element of the invention is the use of reflective means operating within the sheet and configured to reflect light by means of a total internal reflection.
Another element of the invention is the use of a parallel array of slits formed in a surface of the sheet to make the reflective means.
Another element of the invention is the use of slits which opposing walls are spaced apart from each other and separated by a layer of ambient air.
Another element of the invention is the use of a linear array of slits which span the surface of the sheet, or a portion thereof.
Another element of the invention is the use of total internal reflection surfaces which are irregular by optical standards.
Another element of the invention is the inclusion of surface relief features into at least one surface of the sheet to extract and/or diffuse the redirected light.
Another element of the invention is an apparatus for making a light redirecting system from a sheet of soft and flexible material.
Another element of the invention is the use of a blade or razor to form light reflecting surfaces in a sheet of optically transmissive material by means of creating linear slits.
Another element of the invention is the use of a blade or razor with a high edge quality to minimize the surface roughness of the slits.
Another element of the invention is the use of a blade or razor having a cutting edge with a tip radius (in a cross-section) on a submicron scale.
Another element of the invention is the use of a mechanical stretching of the sheet along a direction perpendicular to the slits to separate the opposing walls of the slits from each other.
Another element of the invention is the use of heat to aid the separation of the opposing walls of the slits.
A still further element of the invention is the use of slits is a surface of the sheet to form deep and narrow voids in the material of the sheet.
Further elements of the invention will be brought out in the following portions of the specification, wherein the detailed description is for the purpose of fully disclosing preferred embodiments of the invention without placing limitations thereon.
The invention will be more fully understood by reference to the following drawings which are for illustrative purposes only:
Referring more specifically to the drawings, for illustrative purposes the present invention is embodied in the apparatus and method generally shown in the preceding figures. It will be appreciated that the apparatus and method may vary as to configuration and as to details of the parts without departing from the basic concepts as disclosed herein. Furthermore, elements represented in one embodiment as taught herein are applicable without limitation to other embodiments taught herein, and in combination with those embodiments and what is known in the art.
The present invention particularly seeks to provide illumination components capable of receiving daylight entering building interiors through various openings, such as wall windows, roof windows, doors and skylights and redistributing such daylight for an improved daylighting efficiency, more uniform spatial distribution and reduced glare. Daylight is generally referred to both the direct and indirect sunlight striking the respective openings in buildings during the daytime. The direct sunlight represents a quasi-parallel beam from the sun and the indirect sunlight represents the diffuse solar radiation scattered out of the direct beam by the sky and various outdoor objects. While the operation of the following embodiments is primarily described by example of the direct sunlight, it should be understood that this invention may also be applied for admitting and redistributing the diffuse component of sunlight within a building interior.
The following embodiments of the present invention are generally directed to a flexible sheet-form optical article or system which may be configurable for light redirecting operation in response to the incident daylight and further configurable for a fabric-like behavior in response to its handling. Therefore, such optical article or system is hereinafter referred to as a “daylighting fabric”. It is noted, however, that the term “fabric” should be understood broadly, without particular regard to specific types of fabric produced by weaving or knitting textile fibers, as it mostly reflects the relatively soft and flexible feel of such sheet-form optical article and not its texture or composition. Accordingly, the term “fabric” should not be construed as limiting this invention in any way. As it will be understood from the following description, the term “fabric” may be particularly relevant in the context of the present invention considering that the disclosed optical articles and systems may be formed from various unwoven soft and flexible materials, such as, for example, sheets of flexible vinyl, that are commonly referred to as “fabric” in the art.
In contrast to the rigid (unplasticized) PVC which is a semi-crystalline polymer with a relatively high glass transition temperature and tensile modulus, soft PVC contains considerable amounts of plasticizing entities which lower its tensile modulus and also lower the glass transition temperature of the material to below room temperature which makes soft PVC to feel slightly rubbery.
There are currently hundreds of known PVC plasticizers and at least several dozens of suppliers. Some of the common chemical families used in plasticizing PVC include dialkyl orthophthalates, alkyl benzyl phthalates, dialkyl tere-phthalates, epoxides, aliphatic carboxylic diesters, polyester-type polymerics, phosphate esters, trimellitate esters, benzoate and dibenzoate esters, alkyl sulphonic esters of phenol and cresol, and miscellaneous-type plasticizers.
Other entities commonly added to PVC may also include stabilizers, pigments, fillers, lubricants, fire retardants, UV-stabilizers, antistatics additives, and the like. While pigments are often used in various PVC-based products, a pigment-free, clear formulation of PVC-P is preferred for sheet 4.
Clear and flexible PVC-P materials which may be suitable for sheet 4 are commonly available in the form of large-area sheets or rolls. Suitable material thicknesses may include the range from a fraction of a millimeter to several millimeters.
By way of example and not limitation, sheet 4 may be made from one of the several types of commercially available clear vinyl sheeting used for window glazing, tent windows, awnings, boat windows, totally transparent or slightly tinted curtains and the like. Since the plasticized vinyl available in thin flexible sheets possesses rubber-like flexibility, can be sewn and resembles fabric or cloth in its behavior, it is also often referred to as vinyl fabric. Sheets made from clear and flexible vinyl fabric and processed according to the teachings of at least some embodiments of the present invention may thus also exhibit the fabric-like feel and behavior. Accordingly, in the context of the present invention, the term “fabric” is particularly directed to include a flexible sheetform of soft and tough material, such as plasticized PVC sheeting, and more particularly include soft vinyl sheet material in the thickness range from 0.5 mm to 3.2 mm.
For instance, sheet 4 can be cut to size from a 30-, 40-, or 60-gauge (0.8 mm, 1 mm and 1.5 mm, respectively) clear vinyl fabric commercially available by the yard or by the roll from online retailers such as MyTarp.com, onlinefabricstore.net, or fabricscentral.com. In another non-limiting example, the material suitable for making sheet 4 may include flexible PVC sheeting and fabrics manufactured/distributed by Win Plastic Extrusions of Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, Plastic Film Corporation of Romeoville, Ill., Robeco of Garden City, N.Y., etc. In a yet further non-limiting example, sheet 4 may be made from coated flexible PVC sheeting such as the product marketed by Strataglass of Fort Lauderdale, Fla. under name Crystal Clear 20/20. Many of such clear and flexible vinyl sheeting products are made for outdoor use and are hence provided with UV inhibitors in the PVC formulation. Therefore, considering the intended exposure of the daylighting fabric to sunlight, such UV-treated compositions of clear and flexible PVC may be advantageously selected for making sheet 4.
It is noted, however, that suitable materials of sheet 4 are not limited to plasticized PVC. Any other suitable clear and flexible thermoplastic material having properties similar to PVC-P may be used for sheet 4. Particularly, such material should desirably share such properties of PVC-P as the combination of softness and toughness, relatively easy stretch, high degree of recovery, optical clarity, and resistance to sunlight. For instance, some formulations of polyethylene, polyolefin and other materials may potentially be used for making sheet 4. The material should be particularly suitable for mechanical slitting in a manner such that that the walls of the slits can obtain a relatively smooth and glossy surface when at least some types of slitting blades or razors are used.
Certain rigid and optical clear thermoplastic polymeric materials other than PVC may also be modified by plasticizers to change their processing characteristics and potentially make a clear, strong, tough and flexible material which is also suitable for slitting and obtaining a gloss surface finish within the slits. Such materials may particularly include but are not limited to PMMA (acrylic), polycarbonate, and polystyrene. The plasticization of such rigid polymers may conventionally include mixing the respective polymeric resin with a compatible plasticizer at elevated temperature and then allowing the mixture to cool to a temperature at which the material hardens and can be further processed. The plasticizers should preferably be selected so that the plasticized polymer will have a glass transition temperature lower than the room temperature. Alternatively, the respective plasticized polymer may be heated to above the glass transition temperature for processing so that it becomes suitable for mechanical slitting.
Sheet 4 comprises a plurality of deep and narrow slits 6 formed in surface 10. Slits 6 extend parallel to each other and also should preferably extend parallel to an edge of sheet 4. The spacing between slits 6 can be made constant so that the plurality of such slits forms an ordered parallel array. Slits 6 thus form periodic and narrow interruptions in otherwise smooth surface 10 and such interruptions are alternating with relatively broad spacing areas. Each slit 6 extends through more than half of the thickness of sheet 4 but does not reach at the opposing surface 12 which remains generally smooth and uninterrupted by the slits. Each slit 6 has a high aspect ratio which may be defined as the ratio between the depth of the slit and width of the slit at its base in surface 10. The aspect ratio of slits 6 should generally be greater than five and, more preferably, at least ten or more.
The distance between the opposing walls of each slit 6 is substantially less than the distance between adjacent slits. Such distance should also be preferably made as small as practically possible. At the same time, the opposing walls should not be touching each other in order to prevent optical contact between them. The distance between the opposing walls, which defines the thickness of the layer of air in between, should preferably be within a 5 μm to 100 μm range, and more preferably, within a 10 μm to 50 μm range. It is generally preferred that slits 6 are self-supporting when sheet 4 is deployed into a planar or nearly-planar form. To put it differently, it is preferred that sheet 4 should not generally require applying a constant external force to keep the slits from closing.
Sheet 4 may be made in the form of a large-format sheet or wound to a roll. It may also be cut to any size or shape using any suitable fabric cutting technique. In an end-use product, sheet 4 may conventionally have a rectangular or square shape and a generally flat, planar configuration during operation as a light redirecting component.
An example of a planar rectangular configuration of sheet 4 is shown in
Slits 6 may be conventionally formed in all of the available area of surface 10 so that they are uniformly distributed in parallel rows through the entire span of sheet 4, as shown, for example, in
Slits 6 may also be formed in surface 10 according to any other suitable pattern. For example, the spacing between slits 6 may be varied according to a predetermined sequence or pattern. In a non-limiting example, two or more areas of surface 10 having slits 6 may be separated from each other by one or more relatively broad spacing areas to form a striped pattern of slit and non-slit areas in sheet 4.
It is noted that suitable configurations of sheet 4 are not limited to square or rectangular shapes and may include any other shapes such as circular, oval, triangular, polygonal, and freeform shapes. It is also noted that, since sheet 4 is soft and flexible, it may also be bent to any suitable shape, wrapped around objects, etc.
A sheet of daylighting fabric 2 cut to the appropriate size and shape may be conventionally positioned in an immediate proximity of an opening in a building façade, such as a wall or door window. It may be positioned inside or outside of such opening, provided that at least a portion sheet 4 can be exposed to daylight. The inside location has an advantage of better protection of the material of the fabric from soiling and minimizing the material degradation from sunlight and elements. On the other hand, the outside location may be advantageous for intercepting more sunlight and potentially for more efficient daylight harvesting.
In order to be able to harvest the direct component of natural daylight, daylighting fabric 2 should be used in a part of the building façade which is illuminated by the direct sunlight during at least a portion of the daytime. Accordingly, unobstructed east, south and west facades may be generally suited for using daylighting fabric 2 for harvesting the direct sunlight. For maximum daylight capture, south, south-east and south-west facades may be more preferable.
In non-limiting example, by taking an exemplary case of the opening in a building façade being a vertical wall window, sheet 4 may be a suspended in a vertical position in front of the window and may cover the entire window area. Such sheet 4 may be conventionally attached to the top of the respective window frame or to the top of the respective opening in the wall. It should be understood, however, that sheet 4 may also be positioned at any other location of the respective window and cover only a portion of its area.
A large-area sheet of daylighting fabric 2 disposed in the path of ray 272 deflects such ray from its natural downward propagation direction and redirects it onto a ceiling of room 366. There are numerous ways of how daylighting fabric 2 may be positioned within or in a close proximity to such opening 500. For instance, it may be fixed in a suspended position by attaching the top edge of the respective sheet 4 to wall 847 above opening 500, laminated onto a window pane, stretched between two opposing rollers or bars, etc. The ceiling further scatters and redistributes daylight deflected by daylighting fabric 2 within room 366.
Redirecting daylight onto the ceiling has a number of advantages. For instance, considering that the incidence direction of daylight changes in a very broad angular during the daytime and seasonally, the large area of the ceiling and its typically uniform light scattering characteristics across the surface ensures that ray 272 is intercepted and properly scattered. Furthermore, since the ceiling is often painted white or in relatively light colors, it may generally have a higher albedo (reflection coefficient) than the floor or various objects in the room interior. As a result, the light energy of ray 272 may be scattered by the ceiling with a relatively low loss compared to scattering from other surfaces in room 366 and thus ensure a more complete sunlight harvesting for daylighting purposes. Additionally, it may be appreciated that the surface of a ceiling typically has very good light diffusing properties. Therefore, the reflection of light rays from the ceiling will be primarily of a diffuse type which may result in a relatively homogeneous light distribution in the room and in a reduced glare. A yet further advantage of redirecting daylight to the ceiling or upper portions of the room interior is that such redirection effectively creates a diffuse source of daylight within the room well above the eye height rather than allowing the direct daylight to reflect or scatter from the lower surfaces and produce blinding glare. A yet further advantage will be apparent when room 366 includes partitions or various tall objects which may partially or totally obstruct daylight penetration deep into the room interior if such daylight is not redistributed via the ceiling.
Accordingly, it will be appreciated that positioning daylighting fabrics 2 in a close proximity or within opening 500 may provide at least partial shading of the room interior and its occupants from the direct sunlight while using the ceiling to convert a substantial portion of the direct beam into diffuse daylight emanated from an overhead location and thus enhancing the overall daylighting level and improving light distribution in the room interior.
In operation, referring to
Each of walls 7 and 8 are configured to have a relatively smooth and glossy surface which is capable of reflecting light by means of total internal reflection (TIR) when the incidence angle of light rays onto the surface exceeds the critical TIR angle characterizing the material of sheet 4. Thus, each slit 6 forms a pair of internal TIR surfaces within sheet 4 and can be configured to redirect light at relatively high bend angles using TIR. Since the transversal width of slits 6 can be made very thin in comparison to the width of the spacing areas between adjacent slits, the light receiving aperture of such slits will primarily be defined by the TIR surfaces of their walls. Accordingly, according to one aspect, the plurality of slits 6 may be viewed as a plurality of thin, two-sided TIR reflectors formed between surfaces 10 and 12 of sheet 4.
When daylighting fabric 2 is used in conjunction with a vertical wall opening, the orientation of sheet 4 should be such that slits 6 extend generally parallel to the horizontal plane. In the embodiment illustrated in
In operation, referring further to
Ray bundle 202 refracts at surface 12 and enters the optically clear material of sheet 4. Since the refractive index of sheet 4 is greater than that of the ambient air, each ray in the ray bundle 202 undergoes a positive refraction and further propagates at a lower angle with respect to a normal 44 to surfaces 10 and 12.
As ray bundle 202 further propagates through the optically transmissive material of sheet 4, it strikes the surface of horizontally disposed wall 7 of one of the slits 6. Since wall 7 forms and optical interface between the high-index plasticized PVC material and low-index air, it may act as a TIR reflector for light rays striking its surface at an incidence angle greater than the critical TIR angle.
It may be shown that for the refractive indices typical for PVC material (n>1.5) and for the light path geometry illustrated in
Referring further to
For the purpose of this invention, the term “specular reflection” should be understood broadly and generally includes the type of reflection in which the reflected rays are distributed within a narrow angular range from the specular reflection angle. Accordingly, the specularly reflected light beam may include diffuse light rays which are deflected from the “ideal” direction of the specular reflection by a relatively small angle.
As ray bundle 202 reflects from the surface of wall 7 by means of TIR in a specular regime, the angle of reflection will be equal to the angle of incidence onto said surface. The spacing between adjacent slits 6 is such that most rays in the reflected ray bundle 202 can reach the light output surface 10 without being intercepted by an adjacent slit 6. Such rays can thus undergo refraction at surface 10 and emerge from the surface at a relatively high angle with respect to the horizontal plane. It will be appreciated that in the case of parallelism of surfaces 10 and 12 and when the respective wall 7 is perpendicular to such surfaces, the propagation direction of redirected rays will generally mirror the natural propagation direction of the beam of direct sunlight relatively to the horizontal plane.
According to one aspect of the operation of daylighting fabric 2, each wall 7 may act as a functional equivalent of a mirrored surface positioned parallel to the horizontal plane. The plurality of refractive walls 7 distributed within sheet 4 along a vertical direction may thus be viewed as an array of distributed reflectors inverting the propagation direction of daylight with respect to the horizontal plane. Therefore, when such daylighting fabric 2 is positioned in a vertical orientation on a path of the direct sunlight entering a room in a building, at least a portion of such beam may be redirected onto the ceiling of such room (see, e.g., the discussion in reference to
The use of TIR for redirecting ray bundle 202 by sheet 4 ensures a high bend angle and directing the beam of sunlight towards the ceiling rather than towards the floor which may be difficult to achieve using, for example, refractive-type light redirecting structures. Thus, in addition to the improved daylighting condition in the room, the glare and exposure of the unwanted parts of the interior to the direct sunlight may also be reduced with the use of daylighting fabric 2.
It is noted, however, that the spacing of slits 6 may be so selected that at least a portion of the high-elevation-angle beam may be allowed to continue propagate along the natural propagation direction upon exiting from surface 10. This is illustrated in
Such splitting of the parallel beam of direct sunlight onto at least two beams diverging from each other may be advantageously utilized to further improve the distribution of daylight in the building interior and reduce glare. The angle between the main bulk of rays in ray bundle 202 and ray 82 define the total beam spread of light emerging from sheet 4. It will be appreciated that such beam spread may be fairly broad, particularly for the direct sunlight incident from high elevation angles. By varying the relative distance between slits 6, the ratio between the intensity of the beam redirected upwards and the intensity of the beam directed downwards may be changed to a desired proportion for a given solar elevation angle thus providing additional control over daylight distribution.
In one embodiment, the relative density of slits 6 may be made sufficiently low to enable the passage of at least some rays through sheet 4 without any interaction with walls 7 or 8. In a non-limiting example, illustrating a rather extreme variation of daylighting fabric 2, slits 6 may be so sparsely populated in surface 10 that only a relatively small portion of the incident sunlight will be redirected onto the ceiling and most the incident light may pass through sheet 4 unaltered.
Conversely, in one embodiment, the relative density of slits 6 may also be made sufficiently high to cause multiple reflections from walls 7 and 8 for at least some rays propagating through sheet 4. Thus, the respective pairs of opposing walls 7 and 8 of adjacent slits 6 may act as short-distance waveguides for such rays. The multiple interactions of light rays with walls 7 and 8 may randomize the emergence angles from surface 10 thus homogenizing the light admitted into the building interior. It will be appreciated that any imperfections of the surfaces of walls 7 and 8, such as waviness or surface microrelief features may cause some spreading of the initially parallel beam over an angular range thus providing yet additional beam homogenization and further reducing glare.
Referring yet further to
A ray bundle 206 exemplifies the direct sunlight at even lower solar elevation angle and may represent, for example, clear-sky outdoor daylighting conditions in winter time in the northern hemisphere or late morning/early evening hours at low- and mid-latitude geographic locations. The low-angle ray bundle 206 is redirected into the building interior at a relatively oblique angle with respect to the horizontal plane and can penetrate considerable depth into the building. It will be appreciated that at even relative low solar elevation angles, the direct beam is still directed towards the upper portions of the building interior including walls and/or the ceiling thus resulting in a generally improved daylighting condition compared to the case when sunlight directly illuminates the floor area.
It will be appreciated that, while sheet 4 may be configured to efficiently redirect and redistribute the direct component of sunlight, it may also operate according to the same principles to admit and redistribute the diffuse (indirect) daylight into the building. Daylighting fabrics 2 may therefore be utilized to improve daylighting levels in building interiors even in overcast sky conditions.
The use of TIR to redirect at least a portion of light entering into the building interior through daylighting fabric 2 allows for a broader angular distribution of light compared to refractive diffusers and can help naturally illuminate portions of the building interior than would not otherwise be possible. It will be appreciated that, since TIR is practically lossless, sheet 4 may have fairly high light transmission which may be comparable to the transmission of a raw sheet of the same material.
It is noted that daylighting fabrics 2 may be configured for a see-through appearance. The combination of the thin form factor of slits 6, the transparency of the PVC-P material of sheet 4 and the parallelism and smoothness of surfaces 10 and 12 may provide for a generally interrupted passage of light along a direction perpendicular or near-perpendicular to the surface of the sheet.
This is illustrated in
On the other hand, since walls 7 and 8 of slits 6 are reflective, light rays passing through sheet 4 at certain angles may undergo one or more reflections from such walls. Accordingly, images viewed through sheet 4 at a sufficiently high angle from the horizontal plane may appear be somewhat distorted or otherwise may be visible with a reduced clarity. Accordingly, daylighting fabric 2 may also be configured to provide privacy for the occupants. In order to enhance the privacy function, sheet 4 may be further configured to distort the appearance of objects behind fabric 2 even more appreciably.
Design parameters that can be varied to control the see-through or privacy functionality of daylighting fabric 2 may include but are not limited to the width and/or depth of slits 6 relatively to the thickness of sheet 4, the density of slits 6 on surface 10, angles at which slits 6 extend into the material and surface roughness of the slits.
When an increased level of privacy is desired, any of the surfaces 10 and 12 may be patterned. Such pattern may be random or ordered and may also carry a decorative content such as images, silhouettes, geometric shapes or the like. Suitable patterns may be formed using conventional methods including but not limited to molding, calendering, micro-replication, embossing, imprinting, extrusion and the like.
In a further alternative, a pigment may be added to the material of sheet 4 in order to alter its color or transparency. Particularly, the material of sheet 4 may be made translucent so that at least some image details of the objects behind the sheet can be masked and/or blurred. In a yet further alternative, sheet 4 may include or used in conjunction with an external translucent privacy film or screen.
For decorative purposes, any suitable image or pattern may be printed on either surface of sheet 4. Suitable techniques may include but are not limited to digital printing, screen printing, stencil-printing, selective dyeing and painting. The print may be opaque in which case its total area should preferably occupy relatively small fraction of the surface of sheet 4 in order to not disrupt its daylighting operation. The print may also be made using transparent or semitransparent inks or dyes in which case the area of the print may be larger, up to the entire area of sheet 4. Various shapes may also be cut out of sheet 4 in order to provide a distinct ornamental appearance to daylighting fabric 2.
Referring yet further to
Obviously, a conventional cutting blade or razor generally cannot slit materials such as flexible PVC while producing the surface quality comparable to the optical mirrors and lenses, regardless of the blade sharpness. The conventional polishing techniques are neither available nor practical for improving the finish of the slit walls, considering the softness of the PVC-P material, the extremely narrow air space between walls 7 and 8 and the large number of slits 6 that may be formed in sheet 4. Therefore, the surfaces of walls 7 and 8 will rather have appreciable roughness and highly irregular microstructure compared to the optical-quality surfaces. Such microrelief may become readily evident when examining the surface of an individual slit with a microscope under 50×-1000× magnification.
Yet, it may be shown that, when special requirements are met for the slitting blade or razor and when appropriate slitting techniques are used, the surface roughness and other surface irregularities may be reduced to a level at which the surface will exhibit specular or near-specular TIR properties sufficient for the proper operation of the daylighting fabric. The importance of establishing the acceptable levels of surface roughness may be appreciated not only from the point of view of light directing functionality and optical efficiency but also from the point of view of finding the proper balance between the surface quality and the cost of tooling for making the daylighting fabric 2. For example, on one hand, inadequate quality of the slitting blade may create light diffusing surfaces lacking sufficient specular TIR properties of slits 6 and may thus impede their light redirecting operation. On the other hand, setting too stringent criteria for the material and edge sharpness of the blade may be cost prohibitive and thus impractical for processing sheet 4 on the industrial scale.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that, if a reflective surface is illuminated with a parallel beam of light, the reflectance may be divided into two components, one of which arises from specular reflection and the other from diffuse reflection or scattering. It is generally believed that a substantially smooth reflective surface will exhibit a predominantly specular reflection while a rough surface will scatter light in a diffuse regime.
While there is no firmly established criterion of an optically smooth surface, the so-called Rayleigh smooth surface criterion is often used in the field of optics. The Rayleigh criterion is given as
where Rq is the root mean square (RMS) roughness of the surface, λ is the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave and θi is the angle of incidence. The roughness parameter Rq commonly expresses a 2D roughness profile taken along a reference line across a portion of the surface.
In (J. Stover, Optical Scattering, Measurement and Analysis, 2nd ed., SPIE Press, 1995, p. 79), it is argued that the term “much less than” in the Rayleigh criterion should mean 0.01 for electromagnetic spectrum from UV to the mid-IR. For 0.5 μm wavelength and for the most part of the expected range of incidence angles, this would translate into the requirement of RMS roughness to be well below 10 nanometers (nm). Such surface roughness requirement is common for conventional optical mirrors, lenses and polished surfaces but is hardly feasible for mechanical slitting the soft PVC material of sheet 4 using blades or razors. A more conventional meaning of the term “much less than” of about 0.1 would yield maximum Rq values of around 40 nm. In (T. Vorburger, et al., Appl. Opt. 32(19), 3401-3408, 1993), the smooth surface regime was arbitrarily defined as Rq/λ<0.05, which translates into Rq values of less than 25 nm for a 0.5 μm wavelength. While there are clear indications in the art that the surface must meet certain maximum roughness criteria in order to be considered optically smooth, the significant bias between different estimated and the vagueness of the optically smooth surface definition still leave some uncertainty regarding the acceptable roughness levels.
In order to more accurately define the requirements for surface roughness that can be accepted for the TIR walls of slits 6, we now turn to defining the specular regime of reflection.
It is well known that the surface rms roughness is related to the amount of specularly reflected light. The relationship governing this may be found, for example in (P. Beckmann and A. Spizzichino, The Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from Rough Surfaces, Artech, Norwood, Mass., 1987, Chaps. 3-5) and can be written in the following form:
where PSpec is the flux reflected in the specular direction and PTot is the total reflected flux. The total reflected flux is a sum of PSpec and PScat, the latter being the light scattered away from the specular direction by the surface roughness irregularities: PTot=PSpec+PScat.
Considering that TIR is practically lossless, Eq. 1 can be rewritten in the following form for the case of the total internal reflection from walls 7 and 8 of slit 6:
where PSpec% is the specular TIR reflectivity expressed as a percentage of the incident flux. Accordingly,
PScat%=100%−PSpec%. (Eq. 3)
In
In
Referring further to
c illustrates the case of extreme, from the optical point of view, roughness of surface 201 where all reflected light is diffuse and there is no well defined specular component.
Obviously, the TIR walls of slits 6 formed by mechanical slitting generally cannot have ideally smooth surfaces operating strictly in the specular regime of reflection of
While the spectral lobe may have a considerably broader angular spread compared to the specular spike, at least a portion of its rays may still be confined within a relatively low angular range from the specular reflection direction. Although such rays may have a different propagation path compared to the rays reflected in a specula regime, the relatively low deflection angle may still permit for their redirection in a manner similar to the specular rays. Moreover, admitting such diffusely reflected light into a building interior may contribute to the overall beam spread and may thus further improve the overall daylighting conditions inside.
Accordingly, daylighting fabric 2 may be configured so that the surface of slits 6 includes regions having surface roughness resulting in a specular spike and a relatively narrow spectral lobe. In view of the above-described considerations, daylighting fabric 2 may be configured with the surface roughness of slits 6 being such that at least a substantial part of the light beam reflected from walls 7 and 8 is distributed within an narrow cone having a predetermined angular value γMAX. Angle γMAX may be defined from various considerations including but not limited to the geometry of the TIR channels formed by opposing walls 7 and 8 of the adjacent slits 6, refractive index of the material of sheet 4, the desired angular distribution of daylight to be admitted into the building interior, the relative proportion of light energy that daylighting fabric 2 may be allowed to reject, the anticipated range of solar elevation angles, etc.
An example of defining angle γMAX based on the consideration of minimizing the incident light rejection by sheet 4 is schematically illustrated in
Referring further to
Ray 222 is deflected by a relatively small angle and exits from the light output surface 10 of sheet 4 slightly above the exit point of ray 220 and at a different emergence angle than ray 222. Despite the difference in the light path from the specular beam, however, ray 222 still enters the building interior and is directed towards the ceiling area, albeit at a steeper angle to the horizontal plane compared to ray 220.
Ray 224, which is also deflected from the prevailing direction of ray 220, emerges from surface 10 at a lower point and at a lower angle with respect to the horizontal plane than the ray 220. Similarly, however, despite being deflected from the “ideal” direction, ray 224 also enters the building interior and is propagated towards a direction favorable for illumination purposes.
Accordingly, although rays 222 and 224 do not exactly follow the specular reflection direction of ray 220, their propagation paths generally conform to the intended operation of daylighting fabric 2. Additionally, such rays contribute to the angular spread of the beam admitted into the building and thus help reduce glare and promote a more uniform daylight distribution.
In contrast, ray 226 deviates from the path of beam 220 more considerably than, for example, ray 222. Ray 226 also strikes surface 10 at an angle greater than the critical angle of TIR at said surface which causes unwanted reflection back towards the light input surface 12. It will be appreciated that, unless ray 226 is eventually redirected back to surface 10 at a below-TIR incidence angle, at least a portion or even all of its energy may be lost due to attenuation in the material of sheet 4 or due to exiting towards the wrong side of the sheet.
Similarly, ray 228 is deflected by an even greater angle from the specular path of ray 220. Ray 228 encounters wall 8 of the adjacent top slit 6 and strikes its surface at an incidence angle which is lower than the TIR angle at said surface. Ray 228 may thus traverse the respective top slit 6 after which it may be reflected from surface 10 in the TIR mode and directed back towards the light input surface 12. Obviously, such ray may also be lost if not redirected back again to the light output surface 10 at an incidence angle that would permit ray passage into the building interior.
Based on the principles discussed in reference to
It may be appreciated that, since the amount of the specular component and the narrowness of angular distribution of the diffuse component strongly depend on the surface roughness of slits 6, selecting the appropriate range of RMS surface roughness parameter Rq is important for daylighting fabric 2 to operate properly.
Referring to Eq. 2 and
Assuming the reflective index of plasticized PVC used for making sheet 4 of about 1.52 and considering that walls of slits 6 are generally perpendicular to surface 12, it can be shown that the minimum incidence angle θi of light onto the TIR surfaces of the slits will be about 49°. In other words, the TIR surfaces of slits 6 can be expected to operate only in the incidence angle range from 49° to 90°. Since sheet 4 is further expected to operate only in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum corresponding to that of the daylight, the useful range of wavelengths may also be defined. Accordingly, the maximum roughness acceptable for the walls of slits 6 can now be estimated using Eq. 2.
As it is indicated by a reference threshold line 1032, a TIR surface which has RMS surface roughness Rq of about 0.055 which is 1/10th of the wavelength, reflects only about 50% of light in a specular TIR regime at 49° incidence angle. It can further be seen that at Rq below 0.03 μm (30 nanometers), as indicated by a reference threshold line 1034, more than 80% of light is reflected in the specular regime and less than 20% is hereby scattered or diffused. When Rq approaches 0.02 μm (20 nanometers), the efficiency of specular TIR becomes 90% or more for the entire range of the expected incidence angles onto the surface of slits 6.
It is noted that curve 1022 represents some of the lowest expected incidence angle θi of light rays onto the surface of slits 6 and hence some of the worst possible (from the point of view of light reflection in a specular regime) reflection condition. Such a low incidence angle θi may correspond, for example, to illumination of the light input surface of sheet 4 with a direct sunlight when sheet 4 is disposed vertically and when the sun is near its zenith. At higher incidence angles θi which may correspond, for example, to lower elevation angle of the sun, the relative amount of light reflected in a specular regime increases, as follows from Eq. 2. This can be illustrated by comparing curve 1024 (θi=68° to curve 1022 (θi=49°) in
Referring to curve 1024 of
The acceptable roughness may now be defined based on the estimates using Eq. 2 for the expected angular position of sheet 4 with respect to the incident sunlight. For example, when the daylighting fabric 2 employing sheet 4 in going to be used in a vertical orientation at higher latitudes (hence at lower solar elevation angles), the acceptable level of surface roughness may be higher than in the case of operating it at lower latitudes (and higher sun's elevations) since the specular reflectance grows with the growth of the incidence angles θi of light rays onto the surface of slits 6.
It is noted that, when determining the acceptable levels of surface roughness, the angular distribution of the diffuse component of the reflected light may also be taken into account. Particularly, even though the actual rms surface roughness of sits 6 may exceed a certain threshold based on estimates obtained from Eq. 2, at least a portion of the diffuse light may be distributed within a relatively narrow angular cone with respect to the direction of a specular reflection. Such portion of diffuse component may still be further directed by sheet 4 into the building interior in generally the same manner as the direct component. Moreover configuring the TIR surfaces of slits 6 to produce such narrowly-distributed diffuse light component may be preferred in at least some embodiments in order to homogenize the incident daylight and reduce glare (see, e.g., discussion in reference to
Accordingly, in one embodiment, it may be preferred that the RMS surface roughness Rq of at least a substantial portion of the surface of slits 6 is in the range between 0.01 μm (10 nm) and 0.1 μm (100 nm). In one embodiment, it may be preferred that Rq is generally less than 0.05 μm and even more preferred that Rq is less than 0.03 μm.
When measuring the surface roughness parameter Rq, it is preferred that the sampling length is substantially greater than the wavelengths of the daylight. Particularly, it is preferred that the sampling length is at least 10 μm. On the other hand, it will be appreciated that macroscopic irregularities of the surface may have a certain impact on the measured roughness but may not necessarily influence the surface reflectance in a specular regime. In this view, selecting too long sampling lengths, in comparison to the size of the characteristic microstructures causing diffuse reflection, may potentially result in overestimating Rq for the purpose of calculating the specular reflectance due to the increased role of such macro irregularities. Accordingly, especially when macro-irregularities are present on the surface of the walls of slits 6, it may be preferred that surface roughness parameter Rq is measured over a sampling length which minimizes the impact of such non-indicative macro-relief and yet provides statistically meaningful results. Particularly, it may be preferred that the sampling lengths for estimating the characteristic Rq of the surface of slits 6 are selected to be within the range of 20 μm to 100 μm.
It is noted that the above criteria of surface roughness generally apply to the measure of the surface micro-irregularities in the plane of reflection. It will be appreciated that the roughness measured in an orthogonal plane may have less impact on the angular distribution of the reflected light in the plane of reflection, particularly for the case when the surface irregularities are greater than the wavelength of the incident light. This is illustrated in
Referring further to
Undulations 237 may exemplify surface irregularities formed by a slitting blade or razor used to produce slits 6 in the material of sheet 4. While the amplitude of such irregularities may be such that the RMS roughness measured along line 261 exceeds the maximum preferred roughness values, it should be understood that the roughness measured along line 260 is more relevant for determining the surface quality for the intended operation of the respective slit 6. Accordingly, in one embodiment, it may be preferred that the surface profile roughness Rq does not exceed the prescribed values along a line which is either perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 400 of the respective slit 6 or is disposed at a relatively high angle with respect to such axis.
It will be appreciated that the minimum requirements for the surface smoothness of slits 6, albeit significantly more relaxed compared to conventional optics, put fairly strict requirements on the hardware and the process used to produce such slits. Limiting the RMS surface roughness to only a few tens of nanometers requires a relatively high quality of the slitting blades or razors that may be used to produce such slits. Particularly, the cutting edge of the slitting blade should preferably be extremely sharp, finely polished or honed and essentially burr-free. The blade or at least its cutting edge area should also preferably be made from a stiff and hard material such as hardened carbon steel, tungsten carbide, diamond, certain ceramics, and the like. Hard coatings such as amorphous diamond, diamond-like carbon-(DLC) material, nitrides, carbides, oxides or ceramics may also be used to improve the hardness and strength of the blade's edge. In some implementations, the cutting edge of the slitting blade may also be provided with an outer layer of low-friction material, such as Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), in order to reduce the cutting friction of the blade with the material of sheet 4. If the tip of the slitting blade is rounded (in a transversal cross-section), the radius of the curvature of the tip in said cross-section should preferably be on a sub-micron scale. It may be further preferred that such radius of curvature is less than 50 nanometers.
a) through
Referring to
As discussed above, blade 9 should preferably be extremely sharp (with a sub-micron curvature radius of the tip), burr-free and made from a hard material. The walls of blade 9 at least near the cutting edge should also be highly polished to a very low level of surface roughness. In one embodiment, the RMS surface roughness of blade 9 near the cutting edge should preferably be below 100 nanometers and, even more preferably, below 50 nanometers.
Since such slitting does not generally result in material removal from the slit areas and since plasticized PVC generally has a high degree of recovery, the opposing walls of the newly formed slits 6 may tend to close upon each other after blade 9 is removed. Closing slits 6 may result in the opposing walls of such slits coming into an intimate optical contact with each other thus frustrating the total internal reflection which is required for light redirecting operation of daylighting fabric 2. In other words, even though the structure of sheet 4 may be significantly altered in the areas where slits 6 are formed (left of
Referring to
Referring to
It will be appreciated that, since the effective thickness of sheet 4 in the areas below slits 6 is substantially less than in the spacing areas, the elongation of sheet 4 will be highly disproportional along the stretch direction. The portions of sheet 4 having smaller thickness will generally experience greater stress levels and greater elongation than the thicker portions of the sheet. Accordingly, the elongation of sheet 4 will occur primarily due to the stretch deformation of the material in the areas of slits 6 and particularly in the areas below the tips of each slit 6. As a result, the distance between walls 7 and 8 of each slit 6 will increase in accordance with such elongation thus allowing the ambient air to fill the respective void.
In order to make the separation of walls 7 and 8 permanent, sheet 4 may be annealed at an elevated temperature. Such thermal annealing may at least partially relieve the stresses related to stretch elongation and can may therefore make at least a portion of the elongation irreversible. Such step is further illustrated in
d) schematically depicts the final step of making daylighting fabric 2 in which the tension load and heat source are removed and sheet 4 generally returns to its original shape while leaving deep and narrow channels or voids in surface 10 corresponding to slits 6. The permanent elongation of the material of sheet 4 in the areas just below each slit 6 prevents walls 7 and 8 of each slit from contacting each other and thus preventing the slits to close. Since the voids in the material of sheet 4 become self-supporting, a minimum distance and a minimum air gap between walls 7 and 8 required for TIR operation may now be maintained without an external load.
Considering that the processing step of
The term “elastic elongation” in relation to a stretch-tensioned sheet material is directed to mean a temporary elongation of the sheet as a result of pull stress in a particular direction. Once the stress is removed, the sheet may return to its original shape and length along such direction. The elastic elongation is also directed to mean that the applied stress is less than the elastic limit of the sheet material.
An area 23 immediately underneath slit 6 is characterized by a significantly reduced thickness of sheet 4 compared to the areas of the sheet between the slits. The reduced thickness translates into a reduced area of a cross-section of the material in a plane perpendicular to the force direction. Therefore, at a given stretch load, the stress applied to the material of sheet 4 in area 23 and the elongation of the sheet material in such area will be much greater than in the surrounding areas. At a certain combination of heat applied to area 23 by heat source 550 and the tension force applied to sheet 4 along directions 582 and 584, the material in area 23 may begin to flow in the plastic deformation mode along such directions, thus causing irreversible widening of slit 6.
The stress-strain curve of thermoplastic materials including flexible PVC typically features a plastic region, represented by a portion of curve 1010 between threshold lines 1012 and 1014, where the material draws and extends in a plastic deformation mode. “Plastic deformation” is the deformation that remains after a load is removed from the material. In contrast to the elastic deformation, plastic deformation is permanent and generally non-recoverable.
Accordingly, referring back to
At the same time, it is preferred that the pull force is substantially less than the force needed to exceed the yield stress σY of the respective plasticized PVC material at a nominal sheet thickness in order to avoid irreversible deformation in the spacing areas between slits 6. In other words, the elongation of sheet 4 in space areas between slits 6 should remain substantially elastic. A point 462 on curve 1010 of
It is noted that the appreciable viscous flow of material in areas 23 is not necessarily required to permanently separate walls 7 and 8 of slits 6. As discussed above in reference to
In other words, the elevated temperature may be used to convert the elastic elongation of the material in areas 23 into a plastic elongation without exceeding the respective εY and σY values in such areas. Accordingly, in one embodiment, sheet 4 may be stretched in the elastic mode under a constant load and then heated to a predetermined temperature and annealed for a period of time to complete the slit widening process. In one embodiment, the annealing temperatures may be in the range between 60° C. and 150° C.
In a different implementation of the method of making the daylighting fabric 2, the step of permanent separation of the walls of slits 6 may employ additional stretching of sheet 4 along directions 582 and 564. Particularly, instead of using heat source 550 to lower the yield strength σY of the material of sheet 4 at a given strain, sheet 4 may be further stretched beyond its yield strength σY in areas 23 at a constant temperature. The stretch load applied to sheet 4 should still be less than the breaking point σTS (see
In one embodiment, the viscoelastic behavior of plasticized PVC at large deformations may also be exploited. For instance, it was found that flexible PVC sheets may undergo a permanent deformation without appreciable material flow when strained past 100% or so. Accordingly, stretching the material of sheet 4 in areas 23 beyond such threshold may also be used for enabling plastic deformation in said areas and permanent widening of slits 6.
The amount of the desired widening of slits 6 depends on the required distance between walls 7 and 8 of the slits and may be controlled by the tension force, the amount of heat applied to sheet 4 and the duration of stretching in the plastic deformation or annealing mode. Since each area 23 may only need to be heated for a brief period of time at a constant tension, a series of areas 23 may be heated and/or annealed in a continuous process as the respective portions of sheet 4 are moved across the heat source 550. Such operation maybe performed during the slitting process or as a separate step following the slit formation.
The temperature regime and the tension of sheet 4 may be so selected that the planar shapes of surfaces 10 and 12 remain mostly unaltered and the material deformation is localized in relatively compact areas 23. It will be appreciated that when the elongation of sheet 4 in areas 23 is sufficiently small, only small portions of walls 7 and 8 near the tip of the respective slit 6 will experience distortions by the plastic deformation while the rest of their surfaces may substantially retain the planar shape and perpendicular orientation with respect to the surfaces 10 and 12 of sheet 4.
Referring to
A width WS of an individual slit 6 may be defined as the distance between walls 7 and 8 measured at a particular depth of the slit in a transversal cross-section (see
It is noted that the amount of relative stretching of sheet 4 in the elastic mode may have a very minimum impact on the width WS of slits 6, if any, due to the high recovery of at least some formulations of plasticized PVC. Therefore, slit width WS will be defined by the manner in which the step of permanent slit separation is performed.
The minimum practical value of width WS of slits 6 depends on several factors. One such factor is the requirement of maintaining the TIR interfaces between the material of sheet 4 and air at walls 7 and 8 of slits 6 and preventing the contact of the walls with each other. Additionally, it may be preferred that a minimum air gap between the walls 7 and 8 is maintained to prevent the frustrated total internal reflection which may result from the penetration of an evanescent wave from the material of sheet 4 into air. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art of optics that TIR may be frustrated due to the passage of the evanescent wave through an extremely thin air gap even if the adjacent TIR surfaces are not physically contacting each other. The penetration depth of the evanescent wave depends on the wavelength and the angle of incidence and is usually of the order of the wavelength.
An additional factor which may influence the selection of the desired minimum width of slits 6 is the possible unevenness and/or non-parallelism of walls 7 and 8. For example, if either one or both walls exhibit macroscopic surface irregularities, the minimum width should accommodate the height of such surface irregularities.
Yet additional factors requiring consideration for determining the minimum desired width of slits 6 may include the environment associated with the subsequent use of the formed sheet 4. For example, the thermal expansion or contraction of the material of sheet 4 or flexing the sheet as a whole may potentially cause distortions which can bring walls 7 and 8 in contact with each other during normal use if the width of slits 6 is inadequate.
Accordingly, in one embodiment, it may be preferred that the minimum width of each slit 6 is at least 5 μm to 10 μm. However, it should be understood that this estimate is not prescriptive and should not be construed as limiting this invention in any way. The actual width WS may also be influenced by a number of other factors, particularly those related to the manufacturing process, tolerances, material properties of sheet 4, etc., and may generally exceed such minimum width. As a practical consideration, according to one embodiment, the minimum width of the active portion of each slits 6 may be preferred to be generally greater than 10 μm.
Referring to
A next step illustrated in
Various methods may be used for such tensioning. One method may include elongation of sheet 4 by moving rollers 552 and 554 further apart from each other, as indicated by directions 582 and 584. For instance, roller 554 may be fixed in a stationary position and the tension can be provided by moving roller 552 away from roller 554. It will be appreciated that, when at least some initial tension is applied, the total elongation of sheet 4 will be generally proportional to the increase in the distance between the rollers and the stress on sheet 4 will be defined by the pull force applied to roller 552.
Other methods of elastic stretch tensioning of sheet 4 may include employing an additional tensioning roller or a section of a web in which different tension can be created in said section compared to the rest of the web. It may be preferred that the method used for tensioning sheet 4 provides means for keeping the tension approximately constant regardless of the additional elongation of sheet 4 during the subsequent processing.
Referring further to
The penetration depth of blade 9 into sheet 4 is primarily defined by the desired depth of the slits 6 to be formed in the sheet. According to one embodiment, the slitting depth should be more than 50% and less than 95% of the thickness of the sheet material. Among different factors that may determine the desired cut depth can be the consideration of the residual stiffness and tear resistance of sheet 4. By way of example and not limitation and considering that the self-supporting large-area sheets of vinyl films in the thickness range of 2 to 10 mil (1 mil is 0.001 of an inch) are quite common, the depth of the cut may be up to 75-90% of the thickness of the sheet material if sheet 4 is at least 0.5 mm thick, so that at least 0.05 mm to 0.25 mm of the material remains available for holding the sheet together.
Roller 554 may be optionally provided with a heating element so that the heat can be transferred to the slitting area of sheet 4 in order to additionally soften the material in the respective area and aid the slitting process. A liquid lubricating agent may be optionally sprayed onto sheet or otherwise applied to surface 10 of sheet 4 or to the cutting edge of blade 9 in order to reduce the friction between the blade and the sheet material and to further promote the slitting process. The stretch tension applied along directions 582 and 584 may help pull the material apart in the area of the cut thus reducing the friction with blade 9 and further assisting the slitting process.
Referring to
The distance between slits 6 can be controlled by the feed increments provided by the respective drive of roller 554. In one embodiment, such feed increments can be made constant thus forming an array of slits 6 having a constant pitch. In one embodiment, the drive or roller 554 may be configured to provide variable feed increments thus varying the spacing between slits 6.
Referring yet further to
In one embodiment, heat source 550 may be particularly configured to heat the material of sheet 4 to a temperature at which the elasticity limit at a given strain in the thinned areas of sheet (such as areas 23 of
In one embodiment, heat source 550 may be configured to provide temperature sufficient for at least partial stress relaxation in areas 23 of sheet 4 and making at least a part of the elastic elongation in such areas permanent without an appreciable material flow. In one embodiment, heat source 550 and the feed rate of sheet 4 may be configured to provide the temperature and heating time for the respective portions of sheet 4 so as to cause both plastic deformation and thermal annealing of sheet 4 in the respective areas 23.
Accordingly, upon the completion of the process of forming slits 6 and heating the areas of such slits under a constant tension, an array of self-supporting voids in surface 10 of the sheet may be formed. Each of such voids formed by the respective slit 6 may thus be naturally filled with the ambient air and provide a pair of TIR interfaces suitable for light redirecting operation of sheet 4. The connected ends of the loop of sheet 4 may now be separated so that the sheet can take a generally planar form or can be wound into a roll for storage.
A rectangular sheet of 40-gauge (around 1 mm-thick) clear flexible vinyl (PVC) was formed into a loop and elastically stretched between two spaced apart, parallel rollers at a constant tension. A straight-edge rotary blade made from tungsten tool steel and manufactured by OLFA was used to produce an array of parallel slits in the flexible PVC sheet. The blade had the diameter of 28 mm and the thickness of around 0.3 mm (OLFA product number RB28). The blade was positioned perpendicular to the stretch direction on a linear guiding rail system and the slitting action was performed by a reciprocal movement of the blade through the entire width of the vinyl sheet using a linear actuator. The feed of the flexible vinyl sheet was performed by rotating the feed roller in small angular increments using a stepped drive coupled to the roller's axis. The depth of blade penetration into the sheet material was 0.75 mm which produced linear slits with nearly vertical walls and the depth of around 0.75 mm. The pitch or the slits was made constant with spacing between adjacent slits being around 0.5 mm.
The subsequent stretching and annealing the vinyl sheet in plastic deformation mode at an elevated temperature has permanently opened the slits by forming narrow, air-filled gaps between the walls of each slit. The slits remained open after the stretch load and the source of heat removed were removed.
The processed sheet was suspended in a window opening inside a room of a south-facing building façade and exposed to a beam of direct sunlight. The sheet has produced an extended bright spot on the ceiling of the room while casting a well defined shadow on the floor.
The processed sheet was then separated along linear slits in several areas selected for sampling which exposed the TIR surfaces of respective slits. The surface roughness of the slit walls was measured using Zeta 200 optical microscope/surface profiler from Nanoscience Instruments. The RMS surface roughness Rq parameter was measured along a profile direction which is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the respective slit. The measurements were made at 50 μm and 100 μm sampling lengths at different locations of the slit surface. The RMS roughness parameter Rq was found to be varying generally between 0.011 μm (11 nm) and 0.030 μm (30 nm) from sample to sample.
A rectangular sheet of 40-gauge clear flexible vinyl was prepared and processed in much the same manner as in Example 1 except that another cutting blade was used. The new blade was a 28-mm rotary tungsten steel/carbon steel blade manufactured by Kai Industries (part #C-280BL). Such blades yielded the RMS surface profile roughness parameter Rq in the range between 0.012 μm (12 nm) and 0.025 μm (25 nm), corresponding to the calculated specular TIR reflectivity of the slit surfaces of at least 85% for the entire targeted range of incidence angles θi (from 49° to 90°). When exposed to direct sunlight, the processed sheet has produced a similar bright spot on the ceiling by redirecting the respective beam form the original propagation direction.
Either one of the rollers 552 or 554 can be provided with a driving motor which should rotate the respective roller at a constant angular rate. Such rotation of the driving roller causes a constant-rate motion of the surface of sheet 4 with respect to blade 9. For slitting operation, blade 9 is initially positioned at one side of sheet 4 and lowered into the material of the sheet without touching the surface of roller 554, according to the desired depth of slits 6 and according to the desired remaining thickness of the material in the area of the slit. After blade 9 is lowered to the appropriate slitting depth, it is moved along direction 579 at a slow, constant speed. As blade 9 reaches the opposing side of sheet 4, a continuous spiral slit will be formed covering the entire surface 10 of the sheet. It will be appreciated that, when the loop of sheet 4 is subsequently cut along direction 579, the continuous spiral slit will be transformed into a linear array of parallel slits 6.
The subsequent steps of making the daylighting fabric 2 may include stretching sheet 4 in a direction perpendicular to slits 6 and applying heat to permanently separate the opposing walls each slit from one another by means of plastic deformation in areas 23 and/or by thermal annealing, as explained above in reference to
The method of making the daylighting fabric 2 is not limited to using a single blade. For example, multiple straight or rotary blades may be assembled into a pack which can cut multiple slits 6 in a single pass. Additionally, the method of making the daylighting fabric is not limited to processing individual large-format rectangular sheets and may be adapted to process a continuous sheet 4 from a web on a roll-to-roll basis.
The supply roll 572 may be provided with a controlled tensioning mechanism, such as an unwind brake commonly used for rolls tensioning in the film processing industry. Such mechanism may be configured to provide a constant slip tension so that sheet 4 can be unwound from the roll under a constant stretch tension.
Roll 574 may be provided with a torque drive mechanism configured to rewind sheet 4 from roll 572 to roll 574 in predefined, stepped increments. A support member 770 is positioned at a small distance from sheet 4 parallel to its surface on the opposite side from the pack of blades 9. Its function is to provide a solid guiding surface for slitting and prevent excessive sheet sagging under blade pressure.
The pack of blades 9 and support member 770 form a slitting block of the apparatus shown in
In operation, the pack of blades 9 makes a reciprocal motion perpendicularly to the feed direction so that each blade 9 penetrates through surface 10 into sheet 4 and forms a deep and narrow slit 6 which results in creating a parallel array of ten slits in a single pass. While being slit, sheet 4 may be pressed by blades 9 against support member 770 to ensure an even slitting pressure and a constant depth of the cut.
After each pass of blades 9 through sheet 4, roll 574 rewinds the sheet by a predetermined increment to expose the next uncut portion of the sheet. It may be appreciated that, the use of multiple blades may be advantageous compared to using a single blade in terms of speed of sheet 4 processing and may be preferred in the mass production environment.
Blades 9 may be spaced apart from each other by a constant or variable distance which may be selected depending on various factors including the properties of the material of sheet 4, the thickness of each blade and other considerations. Such blade spacing will, in turn, affect the increments at which sheet 4 needs to be rewound after each pass. This is illustrated in
Referring to
As illustrated in
d shows the results of the slitting operation of the sparsely populated pack of blades 9. At the following slitting step, sheet 4 may be fed by a larger increment which will expose the next uncut area of its surface 10.
e shows sheet 4 with the fully formed slits 6 after the previously discussed thermal annealing or plastic stretch-elongation of the sheet. The controlled plastic deformation at the tips of slits 6 results in a permanent separation of the opposing walls 7 and 8 of the slits and filling the respective openings with ambient air, thus providing permanent TIR interfaces for light redirecting operation.
It is noted that the number of blades 9 which may be included in the array for simultaneous making of a series of slits 6 in sheet 4 can be any other than those shown in
It is further noted that suitable means for stretching sheet 4 along a direction perpendicular to linear slits 6 is not limited to rollers or rolls such as those shown in
The foregoing embodiments are described upon the case where surface 12, which is generally smooth and uninterrupted by the slits, is configured for light input and the opposing surface 10 comprising slits 6 is configured for light output. However, this invention is not limited to this and can be applied to the case when surface 10 is configured for light input and surface 12 is configured for light output. It will be appreciated that, when both surfaces 10 and 12 are generally smooth, slits 6 are perpendicular to the prevailing plane of sheet 4 and the opposing walls of each slit are parallel to each other, the light redirecting operation of the daylighting fabric may be substantially the same regardless of which surface is facing inside or outside of the building interior. In other words, daylighting fabric 2 may be configured to be bifacial and fully operational in both orientations.
The operation of the embodiment of
Accordingly, parallel light beams represented by ray bundles 202, 204 and 205 in
It will be appreciated that the surface relief features 5 which may be present on the surfaces of slits 6 and configured for beam spreading will not necessarily affect the transparency and see-through appearance of sheet 4 along a surface normal. Therefore, daylighting fabric 2 employing light-diffusing slits 6 may still be used in a manner which allows for viewing objects behind it, as indicated by the path of ray 980 in
Any conventional means used to pattern the surface of plastic sheets or films may be used to form the textured surface 10. Surface patterning is commonly incorporated in the processes of making sheets of films of a flexible material and may involve techniques such as extrusion, casting, molding, imprinting, calendaring, etching and the like. It is preferred, particularly for the case when sheet 4 is made from clear plasticized PVC, that the microstructured surface 10 is formed at the time of making sheet 4 so that slits 6 can be cut in the already patterned surface.
In operation, referring further to
Due to the presence of surface texture in sheet 4, the transparency of such embodiment of daylighting fabric 2 may be substantially reduced compared to the case when sheet 4 has generally smooth surfaces 10 and 12. This is illustrated by example of the path of ray 980 in
Either one of the surfaces 10 and 12 may be textured in order to enhance the light diffusing properties of daylighting fabric 2 and/or enhance its privacy functions. However, when such textured surface is configured for a broad-angle scattering, sheet 4 should preferably be used in an orientation where the textured surface is facing away from the source of daylight and towards the building interior. Such preference may be understood considering that the too high scattering angles may suppress TIR at slits 6 or otherwise cause unwanted TIR at the light output surface of sheet 4 (see, e.g., the discussion in reference to rays 226 and 228 of
It is noted that, when one of the surfaces of sheet 4 is textured and such textured surface is properly facing away from the source of daylight, the respective surface microstructure may be used to enhance the light throughput of daylighting fabric 2, especially in the case where the surfaces of slits 6 have some excessive roughness or waviness.
This is further illustrated in
Thus, as the example of
Referring further to
Daylighting fabric 2 may comprise any number of additional internal or external layers that can have various functions. For instance, referring to
Suitable configurations of sheet 4 are not limited to the perpendicular orientation of slits 6 with respect to the sheet surface. In one embodiment, one or more slits 6 may be formed at an angle with respect to a surface normal.
Surface 10 of
In operation, ray bundles 203 and 205 exemplifying a quasi-parallel beam of the direct sunlight strike surface 12 which refracts the respective light rays and admits them into the optically transmissive material of sheet 4. The spacing between slits 6 and the dihedral angle Ω of each slit are such that all rays of ray bundles 203 and 205 are intercepted by the respective walls 7. At least a substantial portion of the surface of walls 7 has the RMS surface roughness generally below 50 nm, and more preferably, below 30 nm. As a result, at least 85% of light incident onto walls 7 may be reflected in a specular regime by means of TIR.
Since each slit 6 is disposed at an angle with respect to the horizontal plane, the deflection angle of each ray is such that the respective light beams are reflected and redirected at greater angles with respect to such plane. Surface relief features 18 further scatter or diffuse the near-parallel beams of ray bundles 203 and 205 and result in surface 10 emitting generally divergent light beams towards the ceiling area. Features 18 may be configured to disperse light over a relatively broad angle so that the individual light beams reflected by respective slits 6 may superimpose on each other resulting in a uniform, diffuse beam of daylight distributed over the entire area of the building's interior.
Referring yet further to
In one embodiment, slope angle δ of slits 6 may be chosen randomly in a predetermined angular range. When sheet 4 is illuminated by a parallel beam of light, such as direct sunlight, the random orientation of slits 6 may result in a random orientation of the redirected light rays thus also providing additional light diffusing function.
It will also be appreciated that such staggered arrangement of slits 6 may also allow for each slit to extend through the entire thickness of the material of sheet 4 without losing the integrity of the sheet as a whole. The thickness of the material of sheet 4, the length of each slit 6 and the spacing distance between the slits may be selected so that the material in the spacing areas can support the shape of sheet 4.
It is noted that the arrangement of slits 6 of
Suitable implementations of daylighting fabric 2 are not limited to arranging slits 6 into a single array in which all such slits extend parallel to one particular reference line. Slits 6 may also be arranged in two or more arrays which may be adjacent to each other, spaced apart, overlapping or disposed in any angular position with respect of each other. In one embodiment, different arrays of slits 6 may be formed in the same surface of sheet 4. In one embodiment, different arrays of slits 6 may be formed in the opposing surface of sheet 4.
Since the walls of slits 6 of the respective arrays are separated from each other by a thin layer of air in both dimensions and can be configured to reflect light in a specular or near-specular TIR regime, the intersecting slits may thus form two-dimensional light-channeling cells. Such light-channeling cells may be configured to split an off-axis parallel beam into two or more beams propagating into opposing directions with respect to a normal to the light input surface of sheet 4.
This is illustrated in
Rays 82 and 84 of
It will be appreciated that the relative dimensions of cells 30 may be controlled by varying the density and/or depth of slits 6. Cells 30 may be particularly configured to have a relatively high aspect ratio by making slits 6 with the appropriately high density and depth, in which case at least some rays may even undergo multiple reflections from the opposing walls 7 and 8 of cells 30. Such kaleidoscopic reflections may result in a further randomization of the paths of off-axis rays thus improving the uniformity of beam splitting.
It should be noted that the operation of individual cells 30 is not limited to reflecting light from the opposing parallel TIR walls 7 and 8 in a single plane. For example,
It will be appreciated that, when cell 30 is configured accordingly and exposed to a beam of light which can be represented by a large number of parallel off-axis rays evenly distributed over the entrance aperture of the cell, such rays may randomly mix within cell 30 and emerge from surface 12 at random orientations. Accordingly, each cell 30 may be configured to operate similarly to a short-length kaleidoscopic light pipe and provide light diffusing functions by dispersing a parallel beam of light into different directions spanning across a broad angular range. Particularly, daylilghting fabric 2 employing perpendicular arrays of slits 6 may be used to improve the diffusion and distribution of daylight incident from different angles due to the diurnal and/or seasonal motion of the sun.
Daylighting fabric 2 may also be configured to combine the beam splitting or kaleidoscopic function of cells 30 with light diffusing functions of various surfaces of sheet 4 and/or slits 6. For example, walls 7 and 8 may be configured to include light-diffusing surface relief features 5 of
By way of example and not limitation, such configuration of daylighting fabric 2 may be incorporated into a skylight in a roof or ceiling of a building. This is illustrated in reference to
In order to be able to compare and contrast the present invention with typical light diffusing optical elements used in daylighting systems,
Due to the refractive nature of light redirection by microstructured surfaces, the bend angle provided by light diffusing panel 378 is limited to 30-45° or so. As a result, the full angular width of the diffuse beam is usually less than 90°. This is illustrated by a fan of rays 700 which represents the diffuse beam produced by panel 378 when illuminated by ray 280. Additionally, the intensity of such diffuse beam usually peaks along the continuation direction of the incident direct beam (corresponding to zero deflection angle) and fades considerably at larger deflection angles. The diffuse beam of panel 378 also tends to propagate generally towards the same direction as ray 280. All this results in the fan of rays 700 of
In contrast, referring now to
In operation, daylighting fabric 2 of
Sheet 4 is made from a soft, flexible and optically transmissive material, preferably clear plasticized PVC with the thickness between 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. Surface 12 of sheet 4 should preferably be made smooth and suitable for lamination onto another surface with a good physical and optical contact. Particularly, surface 12 may be configured to make sheet 4 attachable to a smooth glass surface by means of lamination. For this purpose, surface 12 may be optionally calendered using is a series of hard pressure rollers to enhance its smoothness. In order to further enhance the lamination efficiency and/or adhesion to glass, surface 12 may be specially treated for high surface energy or static cling properties. In order to further enhance the adhesion to a glass surface, a layer of optically-clear adhesive may be provided between surface 12 and the respective surface of pane 300. A low-tack adhesive may be selected to provide for a durable lamination and yet relatively easy removability of sheet 4 from pane 300. A moderate- to high-tack adhesive may be used if more permanent adhesion of sheet 4 to pane 300 is required by the specific application.
The size of sheet 4 may be selected to cover only a portion or the entire surface of pane 300. When the size of sheet 4 is selected to cover only a portion of the area of pane 300, such sheet may be laminated onto any suitable part of the window pane. Various considerations for positioning sheet 4 may include but are not limited to the exposure of the respective part of pane 300 to the direct sunlight, the desirability of view obstruction, privacy, ease of access, various environmental factors, etc. In one embodiment, sheet 4 may be positioned on the surface of window pane 300 so that it is generally above the eye height of the building occupants.
Surface 12 of sheet 4 in
In one embodiment, daylighting fabric 2 of
Referring to
Referring further to
In operation, referring yet further to
It is noted that the lamination of sheet 4 onto window pane 300 may be implemented in various alternative ways. For example, in one embodiment, sheet 4 may be applied to the outside surface 302 of pane 300. In one embodiment, sheet 4 may be laminated onto pane 300 with its surface 10 facing towards the pane. It will be appreciated that in such a case, slits 6 made in surface 10 can be fully or partially encapsulated by the contact of surfaces 304 and 10 and may at least partially be isolated from the environment. Such configuration may be advantageously selected, for example, in a situation where the contamination of slits 6 with dust and/or unwanted residues or moisture can be a concern.
Furthermore, sheet 4 may be laminated onto pane 300 as a secondary layer. For instance, a window film may be laminated onto a surface of pane 300 first and then sheet 4 may be laminated onto such window film. In one embodiment, the window film may be additionally configured for suitable light filtering properties, such as blocking the infra-red or ultra-violet rays, etc. In one embodiment, such window film may also be configured to provide a certain tint to the sunlight admitted into the building interior. It will be appreciated that many window panes include some form of coatings, such as those found in low-emissivity windows. Accordingly, sheet 4 may be laminated onto such coated windows either directly or by means of any number of intermediate layers while maintaining the same basic configuration and operation principles.
It is also noted that the embodiment shown in
Further details of the structure and operation of the daylighting fabric 2 and the method and apparatus for making the same, as shown in the drawing figures, as well as their possible variations will be apparent from the foregoing description of preferred embodiments. Although the description above contains many details, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but as merely providing illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments of this invention. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of the present invention fully encompasses other embodiments which may become obvious to those skilled in the art, and that the scope of the present invention is accordingly to be limited by nothing other than the appended claims, in which reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless explicitly so stated, but rather “one or more.” All structural, chemical, and functional equivalents to the elements of the above-described preferred embodiment that are known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the present claims. Moreover, it is not necessary for a device or method to address each and every problem sought to be solved by the present invention, for it to be encompassed by the present claims. Furthermore, no element, component, or method step in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or method step is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for.”
This application claims priority from U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/621,332 filed on Apr. 6, 2012, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/691,264 filed on Aug. 21, 2012, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/775,678 filed on Mar. 10, 2013, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
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