1. Field of the Invention
The present application relates generally to a design structure and more specifically, to a design structure for a booth decoder.
2. Background of the Invention
In 1951, Andrew D. Booth, while doing research on crystallography at Birkbeck College in Bloomsbury, London invented an algorithm for performing multiplication of two signed numbers in two's complement notation. Booth used desk calculators that were faster at shifting than adding and created the algorithm to increase their speed.
Booth's multiplication algorithm may be described as follows. If x is the count of bits of the multiplicand, i.e. a quantity that is multiplied by another quantity (the multiplier), and y is the count of bits of the multiplier:
(1) Draw a grid of three lines, each with squares for x+y+1 bits. Label the lines respectively A (add), S (subtract), and P (product);
(2) In two's complement notation, fill the first x bits of each line with:
(3) Fill the next y bits of each line with:
(4) Fill the last bit of each line with a zero.
(5) Do the following two steps |y| (Absolute value of y) times:
(6) drop the last bit from the product for the final result.
The following is an example of the implementation of Booth's multiplication algorithm. Assume that one wants to find the result of 3×−4, where 3 is the multiplicand and −4 is the multiplier. Performing steps 1-4 of the Booth multiplication algorithm, the result achieved is as follows:
Performing the fifth step of Booth's algorithm requires four iterations through the loop as follows:
Thus, the product of 3×−4 is 1111 0100, which is equal to −12.
In order to understand why Booth's multiplication algorithm works, consider a positive multiplier consisting of a block of 1s surrounded by 0s, e.g., 00111110. The product is given by:
Mד00111110”=M×(25+24+23+22+21)=M×62
where M is the multiplicand. The number of operations can be reduced to two by rewriting the same product as:
Mד010000−10”=M×(26−21)=M×62
The product can be then generated by one addition and one subtraction of the multiplicand. This scheme can be extended to any number of blocks of 1s in a multiplier, including the case of a single 1 in a block.
Thus, Booth's multiplication algorithm follows this scheme by performing an addition when it encounters the first digit of a block of ones (01) and a subtraction when it encounters the end of the block of ones (10). This works for a negative multiplier as well. When the ones in a multiplier are grouped into long blocks, Booth's algorithm performs fewer additions and subtractions than a normal multiplication algorithm.
With regard to computer architecture, the Booth multiplication algorithm is a technique that allows for smaller, faster multiplication circuits in computing devices, by recoding the numbers that are multiplied. It is the standard technique used in chip design, and provides significant improvements over the “long multiplication” technique.
The standard “long multiplication” technique involves performing, for each column in the multiplier, a shift of the multiplicand by an appropriate number of columns and multiplying it by a value of the digit in that column of the multiplier to obtain a partial product. The partial products may then be added to obtain the final result. With such a system, the number of partial products is exactly the number of columns in the multiplier.
The number of partial products may be reduced by half by using a technique known as radix 4 Booth recoding. The basic idea is that instead of shifting and adding for every column of the multiplier term and multiplying by 1 or 0, every second column is taken and multiplied by ±1, ±12, or 0 to obtain the same results. Thus, to multiply by 7, one can multiply the partial product aligned against the least significant bit by −1, and multiply the partial product aligned with the third column by 2:
Partial Product 0=Multiplicand*−1, shifted left 0 bits (×−1).
Partial Product 1=Multiplicand*2, shifted left 2 bits (×8).
This is the same result as the equivalent shift and add method as shown below:
Partial Product 0=Multiplicand*1, shifted left 0 bits (×1).
Partial Product 1=Multiplicand*1, shifted left 1 bit (×2).
Partial Product 2=Multiplicand*1, shifted left 2 bits (×4).
Partial Product 3=Multiplicand*0, shifted left 3 bits (×0).
The halving of the number of partial products is important in circuit design as it relates to the propagation delay in the running of the circuit as well as the complexity and power consumption of the circuits.
Moreover, it is also important to note that there is comparatively little complexity penalty in multiplying by 0, 1 or 2. All that is needed is a multiplexer, or the equivalent, which has a delay time that is independent of the size of the inputs. Negating 2's complement numbers has the added complication of needing to add a “1” to the least significant bit, but this can be overcome by adding a single correction term with the necessary “1”s in the correct positions.
To Booth recode the multiplier term, the bits of the multiplier term are considered in blocks of three such that each block overlaps the previous block by one bit, as shown in
After having grouped the bits into three-bit blocks, the Booth decoder truth table shown in
As shown in
The partial product generating circuits PP1-PP3 receive the partial product information groups S1-S5 from the Booth decoders BD1-BD3, respectively, and an 8-bit multiplicand X (X0-X7). The partial product generating circuits PP1-PP3 output partial products SM1-SM3 to a partial product adder circuit ADD1. The partial product adder circuit ADD1 adds SM1-SM3 to output a multiplication result XY of the multiplier Y and the multiplicand X.
An AND gate 50 receives the least significant multiplier Y2i−1, the intermediate multiplier Y2i and the most significant multiplier Y2i+1 as inputs and provides a result of the logic operation as an output to an OR gate 51. A NOR gate 52 receives the least significant multiplier Y2i−1, the intermediate multiplier Y2i and the most significant multiplier Y2i+1 as inputs and outputs a result of the logic operation to the OR gate 51. The output of the OR gate 51 becomes the partial product information S1.
A NOR gate 53 receives the least significant multiplier Y2i−1 and the intermediate multiplier Y2i and outputs a result of the logic operation to a NAND gate 54. A NAND gate 56 receives the least significant multiplier Y2i−1 and the intermediate multiplier Y2i and outputs a result of the logic operation to a NOR gate 57. The NAND gate 54 further receives the most significant multiplier Y2i+1 and outputs a result of the logic operation as an inversion partial product information S2, and also outputs the partial product information S2 through an inverter 55. The NOR gate 57 further receives the most significant multiplier Y2i+1 and outputs a result of the logic operation as the partial product information S3, and also outputs the inversion partial product information S3 through an inverter 58.
An XOR gate 61 receives the least significant multiplier Y2i−1 and the intermediate multiplier Y2i and outputs a result of the logic operation to a NAND gate 59 and a NAND gate 63. The NAND gate 59 further receives the most significant multiplier Y2i+1 and outputs a result of the logic operation as the inversion partial product information S4, and also outputs the partial product information S4 through an inverter 60. The NAND gate 63 further receives the intermediate multiplier Y2i through an inverter 62 and outputs a result of the logic operation as the inversion partial product information S5 and also outputs the partial product information S5 through an inverter 64.
In this common static circuit design shown in
The illustrative embodiments provide a Booth decoder apparatus and method that reduces the size and gate delay of a Booth decoder circuit when compared to known mechanisms. In the illustrative embodiments, only one complex transmission gate is required to generate each control signal, shift and zero, with a simple inverter being used to generate the invert control signal. Moreover, in one illustrative embodiment, the complex transmission gate only requires 18 transistors and the delay is only 1-2 gate delay, approximately.
In one illustrative embodiment, the Booth decoder circuit comprises three circuits that run in parallel. A first circuit is used to generate a shift control signal output. A second circuit is used to generate a zero control signal output. A third circuit is used to generate an invert control signal output. The first and second circuits receive the three-bit block as an input and generate their respective outputs based on the setting of each of the bits, e.g., “0” or “1.” The third circuit receives only the most significant bit of the three-bit block as its input and generates an invert signal output based on the setting of the most significant bit, e.g., “0” or “1.”
The three circuits are configured so as to implement logical equations for the three control signals. That is, the three control signals, i.e. zero, shift, and invert, may be described using the following logic equations:
zero=A2*A1*A0+A2—b*A1—b*A0—b
shift=A2—b*A1*A0+A2*A1—b*A0—b
invert=A2
where A2, A1, and A0 are the three bits of the three-bit block (A2A1A0) input to the Booth decoder, A0 being the least significant bit and A2 being the most significant bit.
In one illustrative embodiment, in a first circuit for generating a shift control signal output, each bit of the three-bit block is input on an input signal line to an inverter and to one of two NAND gates. The output of the inverter is provided to the other of the two NAND gates. The output of the two NAND gates is input to a third NAND gate which outputs the shift signal output. The inverters and NAND gates are arranged such that a shift output signal is asserted, i.e. a logical “1,” when the three-bit block input is “011” or “100.” All other combinations of three-bit block input values result in the shift output signal not being asserted, i.e. a logical “0.” This circuit requires approximately 22 transistors and has a gate delay of approximately 3-4 gates.
In this illustrative embodiment, a second circuit for generating a zero control signal output has a similar configuration to the first circuit but with the inverted third bit input signal and the non-inverted third bit input signal being switched with respect to the two NAND gates. The inverters and NAND gates are arranged such that a zero output signal is asserted, i.e. a logical “1,” when the three-bit block input is “111” or “000.” All other combinations of bits in the three-bit block result in the zero output signal not being asserted, i.e. a logical “0.” This second circuit, as with the first circuit, requires 22 transistors and has a gate delay of approximately 3-4 gates.
A third circuit for generating an invert control signal output comprises an input signal line that receives the third bit, i.e. the most significant bit, of the three-bit block as an input. The signal line is coupled to an amplifier which outputs the input signal of the most significant bit of the three-bit block as an invert control signal output. Thus, the invert control signal output has the same state as the most significant bit's state, either high (logical “1”) or low (logical “0”).
In another illustrative embodiment, the circuitry for generating the shift and zero control signal outputs is made even smaller by utilizing a combination of inverters and switches. In this illustrative embodiment, in the first circuit for generating the shift signal output, each bit of the three-bit block is input on an input signal line to an inverter and two switches. The inverters and switches are arranged such that a shift output signal is asserted, i.e. a logical “1,” when the three-bit block input is “011” or “100.” All other combinations of three-bit block input values result in the shift output signal not being asserted, i.e. a logical “0.” These other combinations of the three-bit block input values are handled by a set of transistors which receive non-inverted and inverted input signals for the first and second bits of the three-bit block. This set of transistors operates to force the shift output signal to a logical “0” when the three-bit block input is not “011” or “100.”
Similarly, in the second circuit for generating the zero output signal, each bit of the three-bit block is input on an input signal line to an inverter and two switches. The inverters are arranged such that a zero output signal is asserted, i.e. a logical “1,” when the three-bit block input is “111” or “000.” All other combinations of bits in the three-bit block result in the zero output signal not being asserted, i.e. a logical “0.” These other combinations are again handled by a set of transistors which receive as inputs the non-inverted and inverted input signals for the first and second bits of the three-bit block.
The third circuit comprises a wire and amplifier. Thus, the third circuit receives as input the most significant bit state, i.e. logical “0” or “1”, and outputs an invert signal having the same logical state as the most significant bit state. Thus, if the most significant bit of the three-bit block is a logical “0,” the invert control signal will be a logical “0.” If the most significant bit of the three-bit block is a logical “1,” the invert control signal will also be a logical “1.”
With this above alternative embodiment, the number of transistors and the gate delay are reduced over the first embodiment that utilizes NAND gates. With the alternative embodiment, the circuitry required to provide the shift and zero control signals each require only 18 transistors and each has approximately 1-2 gate delay. Thus, with this alternative embodiment, the silicon area required to generate the circuitry is minimized, the power consumption is minimized, and the operation speed is increased over the first embodiment and known mechanisms.
Regardless of the particular embodiment utilized, the resulting shift, zero, and invert control signals are input to a Booth multiplexer circuit that generates partial products based on the state of the control signals. The zero signal indicates whether the multiplicand is zeroed before being used as a partial product. The shift signal is used as the control to a first 2-way multiplexer in the Booth multiplexer to thereby select whether or not the partial product bits are shifted left one position, i.e. doubled. Finally, the invert signal indicates whether or not to invert all of the bits to create a negative product (which must be corrected by adding “1” at some later stage). The invert signal may be provided to another 2-way multiplexer in the Booth multiplexer, which may be implemented as an XOR gate, for example.
Each three-bit block of the multiplier is provided to a corresponding Booth decoder and Booth multiplexer in the manner described above, to generate partial products. The partial products are then provided to a partial product adder circuit that adds the partial products to obtain the multiplication result.
Thus, the Booth decoder circuit according to the illustrative embodiments requires less circuit area and operates at a much faster speed than traditional Booth decoder circuitry, such as shown in
In one illustrative embodiment, an apparatus is provided that comprises a shift control signal generation circuit that receives a three-bit block of a multiplier as input and generates a shift control signal, a zero control signal generation circuit that receives the three-bit block of the multiplier as input and generates a zero control signal, and an invert control signal generation circuit that receives a most significant bit of the three-bit block of the multiplier as input and generates an invert control signal. The shift control signal, zero control signal, and invert control signal may be output by the apparatus for controlling generation of a partial product of a Booth multiplication operation.
The apparatus may further comprise a multiplexer coupled to the shift control signal generation circuit, the zero control signal generation circuit, and the invert control signal generation circuit. The multiplexer may receive the shift control signal, the zero control signal, and invert control signal and may generate the partial product of the Booth multiplication operation.
The shift control signal generation circuit may generate a logic “1” shift control signal when the three-bit block is either “011” or “100.” The zero control signal generation circuit may generate a logic “1” zero control signal when the three-bit block is either “000” or “111.” The invert control signal generation circuit may generate a logic “1” invert control signal when the most significant bit of the three-bit block is a logic “1.
The shift control signal generation circuit and the zero control generation circuit may each comprise a plurality of inverters and a plurality of NAND gates coupled to respective ones of the plurality of inverters. With regard to the shift control signal generation circuit, a first NAND gate of the plurality of NAND gates may receive a first input signal corresponding to a least significant bit of the three-bit block, a second input signal corresponding to a middle bit of the three-bit block, and a third input signal corresponding to an inverted most significant bit of the three-bit block. A second NAND gate of the plurality of NAND gates may receive a fourth input signal corresponding to an inverted least significant bit of the three-bit block, a fifth input signal corresponding to an inverted middle bit of the three-bit block, and a sixth input signal corresponding to a most significant bit of the three-bit block.
With regard to the zero control signal generation circuit, a first NAND gate of the plurality of NAND gates may receive a first input signal corresponding to a least significant bit of the three-bit block, a second input signal corresponding to a middle bit of the three-bit block, and a third input signal corresponding to a most significant bit of the three-bit block. A second NAND gate of the plurality of NAND gates may receive a fourth input signal corresponding to an inverted least significant bit of the three-bit block, a fifth input signal corresponding to an inverted middle bit of the three-bit block, and a sixth input signal corresponding to an inverted most significant bit of the three-bit block.
The shift control signal generation circuit and the zero control signal generation circuit may each comprise a plurality of inverters and a plurality of switches coupled to respective ones of the plurality of inverters. The shift control signal generation circuit and the zero control signal generation circuit may each comprise a set of transistors. Respective ones of the transistors may be coupled to outputs of respective ones of the plurality of inverters and the plurality of switches.
The set of transistors, with regard to the shift control signal generation circuit, may cause the shift control signal to have a low state when the three-bit block is not “011” or “100.” The set of transistors, with regard to the zero control signal generation circuit, may cause the zero control signal to have a low state when the three-bit block is not “111” or “000.”
With regard to the shift control signal generation circuit, the plurality of inverters and plurality of switches may be configured such that the shift control signal has a high state when the three-bit block is “011” or “100.” With regard to the zero control signal generation circuit, the plurality of inverters and plurality of switches may be configured such that the zero control signal has a high state when the three-bit block is “111” or “000.”
With regard to each of the shift control signal generation circuit and the zero control signal generation circuit, a first switch of the plurality of switches may be opened and closed based on a first input signal corresponding to a least significant bit of the three-bit block, and a second switch of the plurality of switches may be opened and closed based on a second input signal corresponding to a middle bit of the three-bit block. A third switch of the plurality of switches may be opened and closed based on a third input signal corresponding to an inverted middle bit of the three-bit block, and a fourth switch of the plurality of switches may be opened and closed based on a fourth input signal corresponding to an inverted least significant bit of the three-bit block.
With regard to the shift control signal generation circuit, the first switch may receive an input signal corresponding to an inverted most significant bit of the three-bit block, the third switch may receive an input signal corresponding to the most significant bit of the three-bit block, the second switch may receive an output from the first switch, and the fourth switch may receive an output from the third switch. With regard to the zero control signal generation circuit, the first switch may receive an input signal corresponding to the most significant bit of the three-bit block, the third switch may receive an input signal corresponding to an inverted most significant bit of the three-bit block, the second switch may receive an output from the first switch, and the fourth switch may receive an output from the third switch.
With regard to the shift control signal generation circuit, a first transistor of the set of transistors may receive an input signal corresponding to an inverted least significant bit of the three-bit block, a second transistor of the set of transistors may receive an input signal corresponding to an inverted middle bit of the three-bit block, a third transistor of the set of transistors may receive an input signal corresponding to the middle bit of the three-bit block, and a fourth transistor of the set of transistors may receive an input signal corresponding to the least significant bit of the three-bit block. The first transistor may be in series with the third transistor, the second transistor may be in series with the fourth transistor, the first transistor may be parallel to the second transistor, and the third transistor may be parallel to the fourth transistor.
In yet another illustrative embodiment, a method of providing a Booth decoder circuit is provided. The method may comprise providing a shift control signal generation circuit that receives a three-bit block of a multiplier as input and generates a shift control signal, providing a zero control signal generation circuit that receives the three-bit block of the multiplier as input and generates a zero control signal, and providing an invert control signal generation circuit that receives a most significant bit of the three-bit block of the multiplier as input and generates an invert control signal. The shift control signal, zero control signal, and invert control signal may be output by the Booth decoder circuit for controlling generation of a partial product of a Booth multiplication operation.
In another illustrative embodiment, a design structure embodied in a machine readable medium for designing, manufacturing, or testing an integrated circuit is provided. The design structure may be encoded on a machine-readable data storage medium and may comprise elements that, when processed in a computer-aided design system, generates a machine-executable representation of a booth decoder. The design structure may be a hardware description language (HDL) design structure. The design structure may comprise a netlist and may reside on a storage medium as a data format used for the exchange of layout data of integrated circuits.
In yet another illustrative embodiment, a method in a computer-aided design system for generating a functional design model of a booth decoder is provided.
These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be described in, or will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of, the following detailed description of the exemplary embodiments of the present invention.
The invention, as well as a preferred mode of use and further objectives and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
As stated above, the illustrative embodiments provide a Booth decoder circuit that reduces the size and gate delay of the Booth decoder circuit when compared to known mechanisms. For example, in one illustrative embodiment, only one complex transmission gate is required to generate each control signal, i.e. shift, zero, and invert. This greatly reduces the delay when compared to the prior art Booth decoder mechanisms such as shown in
The Booth decoders 410-430 operate on their respective three-bit blocks to each generate a shift control signal output (shift), zero control signal output (zero), and invert control signal output (invert). These control signals are input to respective Booth multiplexers 440-460. The Booth multiplexers 440-460 operate on these control signals to generate partial products which are output to the partial product adder circuit 470. The partial product adder circuit 470 adds the partial products, in a manner generally known in the art, to thereby obtain the multiplication result.
The Booth decoders 410-430 operate on the three-bit blocks in such a manner as to obtain the shift, zero, and invert control signals in accordance with the partial product truth table illustrated in
The zero signal indicates whether the multiplicand is zeroed before being used as a partial product. The shift signal is used as the control to a 2-way multiplexer in the Booth multiplexer 440-460 to thereby select whether or not the partial product bits are shifted left one position, i.e. doubled. Finally, the invert signal indicates whether or not to invert all of the bits of the partial product to create a negative partial product (which must be corrected by adding “1” at some later stage). The invert signal may be provided to another 2-way multiplexer in the Booth multiplexer 440-460, which may be implemented as an XOR gate, for example.
Based on the three-bit block input to the Booth decoders 410-430, the Booth decoders 410-430 generate the shift, zero, and invert control signals which are input to corresponding Booth multiplexers 440-460. The Booth multiplexers 440-460 operate on these control signal inputs in accordance with the partial product truth table shown in
If the zero control signal is low, the shift control signal is high, and the invert control signal is low, then the partial product is +2B (i.e. 2*multiplicand). If the zero control signal is low, the shift control signal is high, and the invert control signal is high, then the partial product is −2B (i.e. −2*multiplicand). If both the zero and shift control signals are low and the invert control signal is high, then the partial product is −1B (i.e. −1*multiplicand).
These partial products that are generated by the Booth multiplexers 440-460 are output to a partial product adder circuit 470. The partial product adder circuit 470 adds these partial products together to obtain the multiplication result in accordance with Booth's multiplication algorithm. In one illustrative embodiment, the partial product adder circuit 470 is the same partial product adder circuit as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,748,517. Of course, other partial product adder circuits that may combine partial products of the Booth multiplication algorithm to generate a multiplication result may be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
In the illustrative embodiments, the Booth decoder circuits 410-430 each comprise three circuits that run in parallel. A first circuit is used to generate the shift control signal output. A second circuit is used to generate the zero control signal output. A third circuit is used to generate the invert control signal output. The first and second circuits receive the three-bit block as an input and generate their respective outputs, i.e. shift and zero control signals, based on the setting of each of the bits, e.g., “0” or “1.” The third circuit receives only the most significant bit of the three-bit block as its input and generates the invert signal output based on the setting of the most significant bit, e.g., “0” or “1.”
The three circuits are configured so as to implement logical equations for the three control signals. That is, the three control signals, i.e. zero, shift, and invert, may be described using the following logic equations:
zero=A2*A1*A0+A2—b*A1—b*A0—b
shift=A2—b*A1*A0+A2*A1—b*A0—b
invert=A2
where A2, A1, and A0 are the three bits of the three-bit block (A2A1A0) input to the Booth decoder 410-430, A0 being the least significant bit and A2 being the most significant bit. A2_b, A1_b, and A0_b, are the inverted A2, A1, and A0 values. Thus, if A2 is “1” then A2_b is “0.”
In one illustrative embodiment, the three circuits are configured to include NAND gates such that only approximately 4 to 6 gate delay is experienced when generating control signals. In an alternative embodiment, the three circuits are configured to utilize switches and a set of transistors such that only approximately 1 to 2 gate delay is experienced when generating the control signals.
Thus, the three circuits of the illustrative embodiment may increase the speed of the Booth decoder circuits by reducing the delay when compared to known Booth decoder circuits, such as illustrated in
The three circuits that make up the Booth decoder of the illustrative embodiments will now be described in detail with regard to two alternative embodiments illustrated in
For example, the A0 input signal is provided to NAND gate 540, and the inverted A0 input signal is provided to NAND gate 550. Similarly, the A1 input signal is provided to the NAND gate 540, and the inverted A1 input signal is provided to NAND gate 550. However, the A2 input signal is provided to the NAND gate 550, and the inverted A2 input signal is provided to the NAND gate 540.
As is generally known, a NAND gate, or “Not-AND” gate, has a high output when the inputs to the NAND gate are not all high and a low output when the inputs are all high. Thus, the output of NAND gate 540 is low when A0, A1, and the inverted A2 input signal are all high, i.e. when the three-bit block inputs A2A1A0 are “011.” Similarly, the output of NAND gate 550 is low when the inverted A0 and A1 signals and the non-inverted A2 signal are all high, i.e. when the three-bit block inputs A2A1A0 are “100.” For all other combinations of bits in the three-bit block, the outputs of these NAND gates 540 and 550 will be high.
The outputs from the NAND gates 540 and 550 are provided to a third NAND gate 560. The third NAND gate 560 outputs a low shift control signal when the two outputs of the NAND gates 540 and 550 are high and outputs a high shift control signal when at least one of the two outputs of the NAND gates 540 and 550 is low. Thus, when the three-bit block inputs A2A1A0 are “011” or “100,” the NAND gate 560 will output a high shift control signal. For all other combinations of bits in the three-bit block, the NAND gate 560 will output a low shift control signal since the output from the NAND gates 540 and 550 will both be high.
For example, the A0 input signal is provided to NAND gate 640, and the inverted A0 input signal is provided to NAND gate 650. Similarly, the A1 input signal is provided to the NAND gate 640, and the inverted A1 input signal is provided to NAND gate 650. However, the A2 input signal is provided to the NAND gate 640, and the inverted A2 input signal is provided to the NAND gate 650.
The output of NAND gate 640 is low when the A0, A1, and A2 input signals are all high, i.e. when the three-bit block inputs A2A1A0 are “111.” Similarly, the output of NAND gate 650 is low when the inverted A0, A1 and A2 signals are all high, i.e. when the three-bit block inputs A2A1A0 are “000.” For all other combinations of bits in the three-bit block, the outputs of these NAND gates 640 and 650 will be high.
The outputs from the NAND gates 640 and 650 are provided to a third NAND gate 660. The third NAND gate 660 outputs a low shift control signal when the two outputs of the NAND gates 640 and 650 are high and outputs a high shift control signal when at least one of the two outputs of the NAND gates 640 and 650 is low. Thus, when the three-bit block inputs A2A1A0 are “111” or “000,” the NAND gate 660 will output a high shift control signal. For all other combinations of bits in the three-bit block, the NAND gate 660 will output a low shift control signal since the output from the NAND gates 640 and 650 will both be high.
The combination of these three circuits 500, 600, and 700 provides all of the possible combinations of shift, zero, and invert control signals required to provide the necessary partial products set forth in the partial product truth table of
As shown in
The third switch 860 is turned on or off based on the state of the input signal corresponding to the first bit (A0) of the three-bit block. If the A0 input signal is high (logic “1”), then the third switch 860 is turned on and the inverted A2 signal is output as the shift output signal of the shift output signal generation circuit 800. Thus, the inverted A2 signal is only provided as the shift output signal when the A0 and A1 signals are high (logic “1”).
The A2 signal provided to the second switch 850 is output by the second switch 850 to the fourth switch 870 only when the inverted A1 signal, output by the inverter 820, is high. The A2 signal is output by the fourth switch 870 only when the inverted A0 signal, output by the inverter 830, is high. Thus, the A2 signal is output as the shift output signal only when both the A0 and A1 signals are low (logic “0”). Thus, the A2 signal is output as the shift output signal when the three-bit block input is “x00” and the inverted A2 signal is output as the shift output signal when the three-bit block input is “x11,” where “x” may be either a “0” or a “1.” The shift output signal is thus, only high when the three-bit block input is “011” or “100.”
The other three-bit block combinations, i.e. “x10” and “x01,” are handled by the set of transistors 880-895. The transistors 880-895 are provided for driving the shift output signal down (i.e. logic 0) when one of the A0 or A1 signals is low and the other is high. The set of transistors 880-895 are configured as pairs of transistors provided in series wherein one of the transistors in the pair is coupled to one of the inverters 820 or 830 and the other transistor in the pair receives one of the input signals A0 or A1. Thus, for example, taking the pair of transistors 880 and 885, the transistor 880 receives as an input the inverted A0 input signal from inverter 830 while inverter 885 receives as an input the A1 input signal. Thus, if the A0 input signal is low (logic “0”) and the A1 input signal is high (logic “1”), then the inputs to transistors 880 and 885 are both high thereby driving the output signal to ground and making the shift output signal a logic “0,” i.e. driving the shift output signal to a low state. Similarly, if the A0 input signal is high (logic “1”) and the A1 input signal is low, then the second pair of transistors 890 and 895 also drive the shift output signal low (logic “0”). As a result, the shift output signal generation circuit 800 only outputs a high (logic “1”) shift output signal when the three-bit block input is “011” or “100.”
As shown in
The fourth switch 970 is turned on or off based on the inverted state of the input signal corresponding to the first bit (A0) of the three-bit block, as provided by inverter 930. If the A0 input signal is low (logic “0”), then the fourth switch 970 is turned on and the inverted A2 signal is output as the zero output signal of the zero output signal generation circuit 900. Thus, the inverted A2 signal is only provided as the zero output signal when the A0 and A1 signals are low (logic “1”).
The A2 signal provided to the first switch 940 is output by the first switch 940 to the third switch 960 only when the A1 signal is high. The A2 signal is output by the third switch 960 only when the A0 signal is high. Thus, the A2 signal is output as the zero output signal only when both the A0 and A1 signals are high (logic “1”). Thus, the A2 signal is output as the zero output signal when the three-bit block input is “x11” and the inverted A2 signal is output as the zero output signal when the three-bit block input is “x00,” where “x” may be either a “0” or a “1.” The zero output signal is thus, only high when the three-bit block input is “111” or “000.”
The other three-bit block combinations, i.e. “x10” and “x01,” are handled by the set of transistors 980-995. The transistors 980-995 are provided for driving the zero output signal down (i.e. logic 0) when one of the A0 or A1 signals is low and the other is high. The set of transistors 980-995 are configured as pairs of transistors provided in series wherein one of the transistors in the pair is coupled to one of the inverters 920 or 930 and the other transistor in the pair receives one of the input signals A0 or A1. Thus, for example, taking the pair of transistors 980 and 985, the transistors 980 receives as an input the inverted A0 input signal from inverter 930 while inverter 985 receives as an input the A1 input signal. Thus, if the A0 input signal is low (logic “0”) and the A1 input signal is high (logic “1”), then the inputs to transistors 980 and 985 are both high thereby driving the output signal to ground and making the zero output signal a logic “0,” i.e. driving the zero output signal to a low state. Similarly, if the A0 input signal is high (logic “1”) and the A1 input signal is low, then the second pair of transistors 990 and 995 also drive the zero output signal low (logic “0”). As a result, the zero output signal generation circuit 900 only outputs a high (logic “1”) zero output signal when the three-bit block input is “111” or “000.”
The combination of these three circuits provides all of the possible combinations of shift, zero, and invert control signals required to provide the necessary partial products set forth in the partial product truth table of
As shown in
With the depicted circuitry in
If the shift control signal is not asserted, i.e. is low (logic “0”), then switch 1130 is turned on and switch 1120 is turned off causing a non-shifted output, or 1B, to be provided to the XOR gate 1150. This is denoted “B(i)” in
If the invert signal input is asserted, i.e. is high (logic “1”), then a negative 1B or 2B output (depending on whether the shift signal input was asserted) is generated at the XOR gate 1150. If the invert signal input is not asserted, then a positive 1B or 2B output is generated at the XOR gate 1150.
The zero control signal input is inverted by the inverter 1140. Thus, if the zero control signal input is asserted, then the input to AND gate 1160 is a logic low which causes the AND gate 1160 to output a “0” output signal PP(i). If the zero control signal input is not asserted, then the input to AND gate 1160 is a logic high which causes the AND gate 1160 to output the input signal from XOR gate 1150 as the output signal PP(i).
As shown in
The Booth decoder circuit according to the illustrative embodiments as shown above in
The multiplier circuitry of the illustrative embodiments, which may comprise any number of Booth decoders and Booth multiplexers such as those described above with regard to
Accordingly, blocks of the flowchart illustration support combinations of means for performing the specified functions, combinations of steps for performing the specified functions and program instruction means for performing the specified functions. It will also be understood that each block of the flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based computer systems which perform the specified functions or steps, or by combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
As shown in
The shift control signal generation device, zero control signal generation device, and invert control signal generation device of each of the Booth decoders generate respective output control signals based on the three-bit block inputs (step 1260). The shift, zero, and invert output control signals of each of the Booth decoders are provided to corresponding Booth multiplexers which generate partial products (step 1270). The partial products are provided to a partial product adder which adds the partial products to generate the multiplication result (step 1280). The multiplication result is then output as the output of the multiplication device (step 1290). The operation then terminates.
Thus, the illustrative embodiments provide a Booth decoder circuit that reduces the number of complex gate elements and transistors required to perform Booth's multiplication algorithm. In so doing, the Booth decoder circuit reduces the area on the chip required for fabrication of the Booth decoder circuit, reduces the power consumed by the Booth decoder circuit, and increases the speed at which the Booth decoder circuit operates when compared to known Booth decoder mechanisms.
The circuit as described above may be part of the design for an integrated circuit chip. The chip design may be created in a graphical computer programming language, and stored in a computer storage medium (such as a disk, tape, physical hard drive, or virtual hard drive such as in a storage access network). If the designer does not fabricate chips or the photolithographic masks used to fabricate chips, the designer transmits the resulting design by physical means (e.g., by providing a copy of the storage medium storing the design) or electronically (e.g., through the Internet) to such entities, directly or indirectly. The stored design may then be converted into the appropriate format (e.g., GDSII) for the fabrication of photolithographic masks, which typically include multiple copies of the chip design in question that are to be formed on a wafer. The photolithographic masks may be utilized to define areas of the wafer (and/or the layers thereon) to be etched or otherwise processed.
The resulting integrated circuit chips can be distributed by the fabricator in raw wafer form (that is, as a single wafer that has multiple unpackaged chips), as a bare die, or in a packaged form. In the latter case the chip may be mounted in a single chip package (such as a plastic carrier, with leads that are affixed to a motherboard or other higher level carrier) or in a multichip package (such as a ceramic carrier that has either or both surface interconnections or buried interconnections).
In any case, the chip may then be integrated with other chips, discrete circuit elements, and/or other signal processing devices as part of either (a) an intermediate product, such as a motherboard, or (b) an end product. The end product can be any product that includes integrated circuit chips, ranging from toys and other low-end applications to advanced computer products having a display, a keyboard or other input device, and a central processor. Moreover, the end products in which the integrated circuit chips may be provided may include game machines, game consoles, hand-held computing devices, personal digital assistants, communication devices, such as wireless telephones and the like, laptop computing devices, desktop computing devices, server computing devices, or any other computing device.
Design process 1310 preferably employs and incorporates hardware and/or software modules for synthesizing, translating, or otherwise processing a design/simulation functional equivalent of the components, circuits, devices, or logic structures shown in
Design process 1310 may include hardware and software modules for processing a variety of input data structure types including netlist 1380. Such data structure types may reside, for example, within library elements 1330 and include a set of commonly used elements, circuits, and devices, including models, layouts, and symbolic representations, for a given manufacturing technology (e.g., different technology nodes, 32 nm, 45 nm, 90 nm, etc.). The data structure types may further include design specifications 1340, characterization data 1350, verification data 1360, design rules 1370, and test data files 1385 which may include input test patterns, output test results, and other testing information. Design process 1310 may further include modules for performing standard circuit design processes such as timing analysis, verification, design rule checking, place and route operations, etc.
Design process 1310 employs and incorporates well-known logic and physical design tools such as HDL compilers and simulation model build tools to process design structure 1320 together with some or all of the depicted supporting data structures to generate a second design structure 1390. Similar to design structure 1320, design structure 1390 preferably comprises one or more files, data structures, or other computer-encoded data or instructions that reside on transmission or data storage media and that when processed by an ECAD system generate a logically or otherwise functionally equivalent form of one or more of the embodiments of the invention shown in
Design structure 1390 may also employ a data format used for the exchange of layout data of integrated circuits and/or symbolic data format (e.g. information stored in a GDSII (GDS2), GL1, OASIS, map files, or any other suitable format for storing such design data structures). Design structure 1390 may comprise information such as, for example, symbolic data, map files, test data files, design content files, manufacturing data, layout parameters, wires, levels of metal, vias, shapes, data for routing through the manufacturing line, and any other data processed by semiconductor manufacturing tools to fabricate embodiments of the invention as shown in
The description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, and is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention, the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 11426652 | Jun 2006 | US |
Child | 12127064 | US |