Patent Grant
10615016
The present inventive concepts relate to measuring isotope ratios using a mass spectrometer. In particular, the present inventive concepts relate to reducing or minimising space charge effects that may otherwise adversely affect the isotope ratio measurements.
Mass spectrometers may be used to measure isotope ratios, for example in carbon or oxygen containing compounds. This may be done, for example, to ascertain a geochemical origin of a sample. The compounds themselves, or their fragments, or their reaction products (e.g. their combustion or oxidation products) are ionised and the masses and the abundances of the resulting ions are measured. In this way, the ratio of isotopes present in the compounds such as 13C/12C or 18O/16O may be determined. This may be performed using solid, gaseous or liquid samples containing the compounds to be analysed, which are typically subject to a separation process prior to ionisation, such as by gas chromatography or liquid chromatography.
Accurate and precise isotope measurements are usually determined on magnetic sector mass spectrometers. However, recently it has been shown that Orbitrap™ mass spectrometers are capable of measuring precise and accurate isotope ratios (John Eiler, presentation at Clumped Isotope Workshop, January 2016; John Eiler et al. Poster at ASMS 2016 conference).
The guiding, and where present, confinement of ions produced in this process leads to space charge effects that have been found to affect the measured isotope ratios. That is, space charge effects affect the fractionation of the ions from the sample leading to different relative abundances of the isotopes being introduced into the mass spectrometer from their true relative abundances present in the compound. This leads to different isotope ratios being measured from one sample to the next due to variations in the experimental conditions.
A known technique for measuring isotope ratios is known as sample/reference bracketing and involves mass spectrometer measurements of ions generated from both a sample to be analysed and also from a reference with a known isotope ratio in an alternating manner (i.e. sample measurements are bracketed by reference measurements before and after). Space charge effects can lead to erroneous isotope ratio determinations, even for the known reference. As the space charge effects can vary from one fill of an ion storage device of the mass spectrometer with ions to the next fill, even the sample/reference bracketing technique cannot be used to correct these effects on the isotope ratio measured for the sample to be analysed. The present inventive concepts seek to address the problems of inaccuracies introduced into isotope ratio measurements because of space charge effects.
The space charge effects described above can occur within at least one ion optical device located upstream of a mass analyser of a mass spectrometer, typically located between the ion source and the mass analyser. The inventive concepts are useful with mass spectrometers in which ions generated by an ion source are passed to the mass analyser via at least one ion optical device having an ion transmission function that has a space charge dependent mass bias. For example, a quadrupole mass filter has been found to have such a transmission function. The mass bias means a difference between an observed isotope ratio of the ions and the true isotope ratio that varies with ion current. In terms of a mass filter, a mass bias can therefore be the difference between the isotope ratio of the ions transmitted by the mass filter and the isotope ratio of the ions as they enter the mass filter.
It is important to have a measure of the ion current through the at least one ion optical device having an ion transmission function that has a space charge dependent mass bias when measuring the isotope ratio. The measured “ion current” parameter can be a parameter that is representative of this ion current or the actual ion current. The representative parameter in some embodiments can be, for example, one of: the ion current at the ion source, an ion current through an ion optical device downstream of the ion source, such as a quadrupole mass filter or multipole (especially the at least one ion optical device having the space charge dependent mass bias), or a total ion current measured from a mass spectrum of the ions that may be collected by the mass analyser. Thus, measuring the ion current includes obtaining some measure of the ion current, not necessarily a direct or exact measure of the ion current.
Then the inventive concepts involve adjusting a measured isotope ratio based on a calibration relationship that relates ion current to isotope ratio. The inventive concepts preferably involve adjusting a measured isotope ratio using the calibration relationship to provide an adjusted measured isotope ratio at an adjusted ion current, i.e. adjusting the measured isotope ratio to an adjusted isotope ratio that would have been obtained had the adjusted ion current been used.
Accordingly, and from a first aspect, the present inventive concepts reside in a method of determining an isotope ratio of ions from a source (sample) of ions using mass spectrometry to obtain mass spectra of ions. Obtaining each mass spectrum comprises (i) generating ions from a first source of ions, (ii) guiding the generated ions through a device having a mass transfer function that varies with ion current, (iii) providing at least some of the ions to a mass analyser, (iv) using the mass analyser to obtain the mass spectrum of the ions provided to the mass analyser, and (v) determining the ion current of the ions provided to the mass analyser. Mass spectra are obtained in this way for different measured ion currents, for example either by controlling the ion current to vary or by allowing the ion current to drift or to change randomly.
Generating ions from the first source of ions may comprise generating ions from the same supply of atoms or molecules, for example a gas sample, for instance a source gas filling a chamber or a source gas provided from a gas bottle (which may be used to replenish a chamber), or a liquid sample. The first source of ions may comprise multiple batches of the same molecules or atoms, for example multiple containers such as gas bottles providing the same gas, or multiple containers holding liquid samples obtained from the same source. The batches of the first source of ions should all have the same composition and hence substantially the same isotope ratio.
Guiding the generated ions through a device having a mass transfer function that varies with ion current may include storing or trapping the ions in the device. The storing or trapping the ions in the device may typically be followed by transmitting the ions out of the device.
The method further comprises determining an isotope ratio of ions provided to the mass analyser from each mass spectrum obtained in this way. Then, the method comprises using the isotope ratio and ion current determined for each mass spectrum to determine a calibration relationship that characterises the variation of the determined isotope ratios and the measured ion currents across the mass spectra. The method then comprises adjusting a measured isotope ratio obtained at a determined ion current by using the calibration relationship to adjust the measured isotope ratio to an adjusted isotope ratio corresponding to a selected ion current.
The measured isotope ratio that is adjusted may be one of the isotope ratios determined in the preceding method steps, or may be another measured isotope ratio, for example an isotope ratio determined either earlier or later, but that is preferably determined in the same way, i.e. using method steps (i) to (v) above.
The ions may be a first sample of ions, and an isotope ratio may be measured for a second sample of ions, different to the first sample of ions, in a similar manner to the first sample of ions. The isotope ratio measured for the second sample of ions may then be adjusted, as described immediately above.
Hence, the method may further comprise generating ions from a second source of ions (second sample); guiding the ions generated from the second source of ions through the device having the mass transfer function that varies with ion current; providing at least some of the ions generated from the second source of ions to the mass analyser; using the mass analyser to obtain a mass spectrum of the ions provided to the mass analyser that were generated from the second source of ions; determining the ion current of the ions provided to the mass analyser that were generated from the second source of ions; and determining an isotope ratio of ions provided to the mass analyser that were generated from the second source of ions from the mass spectrum. Generating ions from the second source of ions may comprise generating ions from the same supply of atoms or molecules, for example a gas sample, for instance a source gas filling a chamber or a source gas provided from a gas bottle (which may be used to replenish a chamber), or a liquid sample. The second source of ions may comprise multiple batches of the same molecules or atoms, for example multiple containers such as gas bottles providing the same gas, or multiple containers holding liquid samples obtained from the same source. The batches of the second source of ions should all have the same composition and hence substantially the same isotope ratio. The second source of ions may or may not have the same composition as the first source, and hence may or may not have the same isotope ratio.
Guiding the ions generated from the second source through a device having a mass transfer function that varies with ion current may include storing or trapping the ions in the device. The storing or trapping the ions in the device may typically be followed by transmitting the ions out of the device.
The adjusted ion current for the first sample of ions can be the same ion current as an ion current for which an isotope ratio has been measured for the second sample of ions.
Thus, the measured isotope ratio for the second sample of ions may also be adjusted using the calibration relationship to provide an adjusted measured isotope ratio at an adjusted ion current for the second sample of ions. The adjusted ion current for the first sample of ions is preferably the same as the measured or adjusted ion current for the second sample of ions. In alternative embodiments, the adjusted ion current for the first sample of ions and the adjusted ion current for the second sample of ions can be an arbitrary ion current, for example an arbitrary ion current selected from within the range spanned by the measured ion currents.
The first sample of ions can be ions of unknown isotope ratio, i.e. analyte ions. The second sample of ions can be ions of known isotope ratio, i.e. reference ions. In this way, in having the adjusted ion current for the first sample of ions the same as the measured or adjusted ion current for the second sample of ions, the space charge related mass bias effects are effectively removed as between the analyte ions and reference ions.
In another embodiment, the first sample of ions may be the reference ions and the second sample of ions may be the analyte ions. In this way, the ion current for the reference ions can be adjusted to the measured or an adjusted ion current of the analyte ions.
Based on the known isotope ratio of the reference ions, the measured or adjusted isotope ratio for the reference ions can be used to calibrate the adjusted isotope ratio of the analyte ions. Thus, the present inventive concepts extend known techniques that see isotope ratio measurements of reference ions used to calibrate isotope ratio measurements of analyte ions. In some embodiments, the deviation between the measured or adjusted isotope ratio for the reference ions and the known isotope ratio for the reference ions can be determined (e.g. as a fractional value), which can be used as calibration factor, and then the measured or adjusted isotope ratio for the analyte ions can be calibrated (corrected) by applying the calibration factor (for example by multiplying it by the calibration factor). By means of the present inventive concepts, the ion current used for the measured or adjusted isotope ratio for the analyte ions corresponds to the ion current at which the calibration factor is derived for the reference ions.
In some embodiments, it may be possible to have the adjusted ion current for the first sample of ions and the adjusted ion current for the second sample of ions to be an ideal ion current at which according to the calibration relationship the measured isotope ratio for the reference ions would be the same as the known isotope ratio. In such embodiments, no further correction may be needed to the adjusted isotope ratio for the analyte ions.
The calibration relationship preferably provides a gradient relating change in isotope ratio with change in ion current. Thus, correcting the measured isotope ratio may comprise adjusting an isotope ratio corresponding to a first ion current by using the gradient to provide an adjusted measured isotope ratio corresponding to a second, adjusted ion current. In a preferred step, the inventive concepts comprise measuring an isotope ratio of ions at each of a plurality of measured ion currents, thereby allowing the calibration relationship that relates change in ion current to change in isotope ratio to be determined. Measuring the isotope ratio of ions at each of a plurality of ion currents in this way means measuring the isotope ratio of ions from the same sample composition, i.e. having the same true isotope ratio but differing measured isotope ratios due to the dependence of the mass bias effect with ion current. The measuring an isotope ratio of ions at each of a plurality of ion currents may comprise measuring the isotope ratio at a plurality of ion currents for the first sample of ions or the second sample of ions described above or both, e.g. for the analyte ions and/or the reference ions.
Accordingly, the method may comprise selecting the determined ion current of the ions from the second source of ions as the selected ion current, and wherein the step of adjusting the measured isotope ratio comprises adjusting the measured isotope ratio or ratios obtained for the ions from the first source of ions by using the calibration relationship to adjust the measured isotope ratio or ratios to an adjusted isotope ratio corresponding to the selected ion current. For example, one of the measured isotope ratios may be selected for correction.
In the above examples, the first source of ions may be a sample with an unknown isotope ratio (i.e. an “analyte”) and the second source of ions may be a reference with a known isotope ratio. In this case, the calibration relationship is determined for the sample, and the isotope ratio of the sample is adjusted to an isotope ratio corresponding to the ion current used when measuring the reference, or to an isotope ratio corresponding to an adjusted ion current used for the reference.
Alternatively, the first source of ions may be a reference with a known isotope ratio and the second source of ions may be a sample with an unknown isotope ratio. In this case, the calibration relationship is determined for the reference, and the isotope ratio of the reference is adjusted to an isotope ratio corresponding to the ion current used when measuring the sample, or to an isotope ratio corresponding to an adjusted ion current used for the sample. As the ion current used to correct the isotope ratio may be arbitrary, a further correction may be required. For example, a corrected isotope ratio of the sample may be provided by using a calibration factor based on the deviation of the adjusted reference isotope ratio and the known (true) value of the reference isotope ratio.
In a further example where the first source of ions may be a reference with a known isotope ratio and the second source of ions may be a sample with an unknown isotope ratio, the method may comprise using the calibration relationship to determine the ion current corresponding to the known isotope ratio of the reference. That is, the ion current that would have produced the known isotope ratio is determined. Then, this ion current is selected as the selected ion current for the step of adjusting the measured isotope ratio. In this example, the measured isotope ratio of the sample is adjusted to the selected ion current, thereby providing a corrected isotope ratio for the sample. In this example, there is then no need to further calibrate using the reference to obtain a corrected isotope ratio for the sample.
In other examples, a calibration relationship may be determined for the ions from both the first and second source of ions. Hence, the method may further comprise obtaining mass spectra of ions from a second source of ions. Obtaining each mass spectrum may comprise further steps of generating ions from the ions from the second source of ions, guiding the ions generated from the ions from the second source of ions through the device having the mass transfer function that varies with ion current, providing at least some of the ions generated from the ions from the second source of ions to the mass analyser, using the mass analyser to obtain a mass spectrum of the ions provided to the mass analyser from the ions from the second source of ions, determining the ion current of the ions provided to the mass analyser from the ions from the second source of ions, and determining the isotope ratio of ions provided to the mass analyser from the ions from the second source of ions from the mass spectrum. Generating ions from the second source of ions may comprise generating ions from the same supply of atoms or molecules, for example a gas sample, for instance a source gas filling a chamber or a source gas provided from a gas bottle (which may be used to replenish a chamber), or a liquid sample. The second source of ions may comprise multiple batches of the same molecules or atoms, for example multiple containers such as gas bottles providing the same gas, or multiple containers holding liquid samples obtained from the same source. The batches of the second source of ions should all have the same composition and hence substantially the same isotope ratio. The second source of ions may or may not have the same composition as the first source, and hence may or may not have the same isotope ratio. Guiding the ions generated from the second source through a device having a mass transfer function that varies with ion current may include storing or trapping the ions in the device. The storing or trapping the ions in the device may typically be followed by transmitting the ions out of the device. Then, the method may comprise using the determined isotope ratio and determined ion current for each mass spectrum obtained from the ions from the second source of ions to determine a sample calibration relationship that characterises the variation of the determined isotope ratios and the measured ion currents across the mass spectra obtained from the ions from the second source of ions. This is effectively repeating the steps performed on ions from the first ion source on ions from the second ion source.
Then, the method may comprise adjusting a measured isotope ratio or ratios of the ions from the second source of ions by using the calibration relationship determined for the ions from the second source of ions to adjust the measured isotope ratio or ratios to an adjusted isotope ratio for the ions from the second source of ions corresponding to the selected ion current that used when adjusting the measured isotope ratio or ratios of the ions from the first source of ions. Hence, adjusted isotope ratios are obtained for both the ions from the first and second source of ions that are adjusted to the same ion current. This then allows a calibration to be made, for example by providing a corrected isotope ratio of the sample by using a calibration factor based on the deviation of the adjusted reference isotope ratio and the known (true) value of the reference isotope ratio.
The step of determining the ion current of the ions provided to the mass analyser set out in any of the preceding paragraphs may comprise determining the total number of ions provided to the mass analyser from the mass spectrum. For example, the time during which the ions were provided to the mass analyser may be determined, and the ion current may then be calculated from the determined total number of ions and the determined time.
Alternatively, or in combination, the step of determining the ion current of the ions provided to the mass analyser set out in any of the preceding paragraphs may comprise determining the ion current using a charge collection device separate from the mass analyser. This may comprise providing ions to the charge collection device by repeating the step of generating ions and then providing the at least some ions to the charge collection device. Optionally, this may be done while the mass analyser is collecting a mass spectrum. For example, after providing ions to the mass analyser, more ions may be generated and guided to the charge collection device instead.
The device having a mass transfer function that varies with ion current set out in any of the preceding paragraphs may comprise a mass filter, optionally a quadrupole mass filter. Then, step (iii) described above that comprises providing at least some of the ions to a mass analyser may comprise providing ions with masses (or m/z ratios) within a mass selection window of the mass filter. The step of guiding ions through the mass filter may include guiding isotopes of interest for which the isotope ratio is to be determined, setting a mass selection window of the mass filter to be centred around the masses of the isotopes of interest and to include the isotopes of interest, and allowing ions with masses within the mass selection window to exit the mass filter such that the at least some of the ions provided to the mass analyser are the ions allowed to exit the mass filter. The mass selection window may be set such that the centre mass value of the window is the average mass of the two isotopes of interest.
Optionally, any of the above methods may comprise controlling the mass spectrometer to provide a selected ion current such that the step of guiding the generated ions through the device having a mass transfer function that varies with ion current and/or the step of providing at least some of the ions to the mass analyser is performed using the selected ion current. In this way a preferred ion current may be selected for which space charge effects are reduced.
From a further aspect, the present inventive concepts reside in a method of determining an isotope ratio of ions using mass spectrometry comprising generating ions from a source of ions, and guiding the generated ions through a mass filter, optionally a quadrupole mass filter, having a mass transfer function that varies with ion current by setting a mass selection window of the mass filter to be centred around and to include the masses of isotopes of interest for which the isotope ratio is to be determined, introducing ions including the isotopes of interest into the mass filter, and allowing ions with masses within the mass selection window to exit the mass filter. The method further comprises providing at least some of the ions with masses within the mass selection window to a mass analyser, using the mass analyser to obtain a mass spectrum of the ions provided to the mass analyser, and determining an isotope ratio of ions provided to the mass analyser from the mass spectrum.
Generating ions from the source of ions may comprise generating ions from the same supply of atoms or molecules, for example a gas sample, for instance a source gas filling a chamber or a source gas provided from a gas bottle (which may be used to replenish a chamber), or a liquid sample. The source of ions may comprise multiple batches of the same molecules or atoms, for example multiple containers such as gas bottles providing the same gas, or multiple containers holding liquid samples obtained from the same source. The batches of the source of ions should all have the same composition and hence substantially the same isotope ratio.
Guiding the generated ions through a device having a mass transfer function that varies with ion current may include storing or trapping the ions in the device. The storing or trapping the ions in the device may typically be followed by transmitting the ions out of the device.
Optionally, the mass selection window is set to be centred around the isotopes of interest such that both isotopes sit at approximately the same position relative to the edges of the mass transfer function of the mass filter. The mass selection window may be set to be centred around the middle of the masses of the isotopes of interest. The centre of the mass selection window may be set midway between the masses of the two isotopes of interest.
The present inventive concepts also reside in a computer programmed to perform any of the above methods. The computer may be a controller operable to control a mass spectrometer. The computer may include a processing circuit coupled to an associated memory containing a computer program comprising computer program instructions that, when executed by the computer, cause the computer to control the mass spectrometer to perform any of the above methods.
The present inventive concepts also reside in a mass spectrometer comprising a device having a mass transfer function that varies with ion current, a mass analyser coupled to the device and a computer coupled to the mass analyser and programmed to perform any of the above methods. The computer may be a controller operable to control a mass spectrometer.
The present inventive concepts also reside in a computer program comprising computer program instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform any of the above methods, and a computer readable storage medium containing computer program instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform any of the above methods.
In order that the inventive concepts can be more readily understood, reference will now be made, by way of example only, to the accompanying drawings in which:
To provide background to the present inventive concepts, a typical mass spectrometer used to measure isotope ratios will first be explained.
The mass spectrometer 10 includes an ion source 20 which generates gas-phase ions. These pass through an ion source block 30 into an RF transmission device 40, which cools ions by collisions with gas. The cooled ions then enter a quadrupole mass filter 50, which is operated with a mass selection window set such that the mass filter 50 extracts only those ions within a desired mass selection window that contains the m/z ratios of interest (i.e. a window that contains the isotopes of interest). Ions with masses falling within the mass selection window then proceed into a linear trap 60 (typically, a C-trap), which stores ions in a trapping volume through application of an RF potential to a set of rods (typically quadrupole, hexapole or octapole). Alternatively, the linear trap 60 may be operated to guide ions rather than to trap ions.
The mass spectrometer also comprises a higher energy collision cell (HCD) cell 90 and a charge detection device 95. The HCD cell 90 may be used for collision-induced dissociation of ions. That is, ions may be passed from the linear trap 60 to the HCD cell 90 where they are fragmented by collision-induced dissociation. The fragmented ions may then be passed back to the linear trap 60 where they are stored or guided elsewhere. The charge detection device 95 is an “ion collector” which sits behind the HCD cell 90 and may be used to measure ions, for example with a Faraday cup. When a measure of ion current is needed, ions may be directed from the linear trap 60 and guided through the HCD cell 90 (with voltages on the HCD cell end electrodes set to transmit ions through it) and thus onto the charge collection device 95 located behind.
Ions, whether they are unfragmented or fragmented, may be stored in the linear trap 60 by holding the ions in a potential well, the bottom of which may be located adjacent to an exit electrode of the linear trap 60. Alternatively the ions may merely pass through the linear trap 60. While space charge effects will affect ions everywhere, these effects are felt most strongly where there is a greater ion flux. Hence, the effects are pronounced within the ion beam as it travels through the mass spectrometer 10, including while travelling through the mass filter 50 and linear trap 60. When ions are stored in the linear trap 60, these ions are particularly affected by the space charge effects.
Ions exit the linear trap 60 orthogonally into a lens arrangement 70, for example by switching off the RF trapping voltage and applying a DC pulse to one or more electrodes of the linear trap 60. Ions pass through the lens arrangement 70 along a line that is curved to avoid gas carry-over, and into an electrostatic trap 80 (also known as a mass analyser). In
The ions arrive at the entrance to the mass analyser 80 as a sequence of short, energetic packets, each packet comprising ions of a similar m/z ratio.
The ions enter the mass analyser 80 as coherent bunches and are squeezed towards the central electrode 84. The ions are then trapped in an electrostatic field such that they oscillate along the central electrode 84 with the frequencies depending on their m/z ratios. Image currents are detected by the first outer electrode 82 and the second outer electrode 83, providing first harmonic transient signal and second harmonic transient signal respectively. These two signals are then processed by a differential amplifier and provide a transient image current signal (herein referred to as the transient).
Therefore, the transient comprises a superposition of one or more periodic signals (or harmonic spectral components). Each periodic signal corresponds to the oscillation of a respective coherent packet of ions within the mass analyser with a respective characteristic frequency determined by the mass-to charge (m/z) ratio of the ions. In this way, ions corresponding to the different isotopes of interest may be detected at the same time. Fourier transform processing of the transient signal enables the frequencies, and in turn the m/z ratio, of the ions to be determined and a mass spectrum obtained. The total number of ions provided to the mass analyser 80 may also be found, from which the ion current may be determined.
Further description of Orbitrap-type mass spectrometers may be found in commonly assigned WO-A-02/078046, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. It will be appreciated that the mass spectrometer 10 outlined above serves merely as an example as to how the mass spectrum may be generated. The embodiments of the inventive concepts presented below may use any suitable mass spectrum produced by any mass spectrometer 10. In particular whilst the mass spectrometer 10 described above is an Orbitrap™ mass spectrometer 10, which is an example of a mass spectrometer 10 that uses an orbital trapping electrostatic trap, the embodiments of the inventive concepts described below are not limited to such a mass spectrometer 10.
The Orbitrap™ mass spectrometer 10 is suitable for interfacing to a gas chromatography or liquid chromatography system. The ion source 20 shown in
In another preferred set-up, a Q Exactive™ GC gas chromatography mass spectrometer 10 as shown in
As noted above, the mass filter 50 is operated according to a mass selection window. Namely, upper and lower limits are set for the masses that the mass filter 50 allows to pass, such that the mass filter 50 acts as a bandpass filter. As shown in
Whilst not being bound by any theory, the reasons for this distortion of the transmission window shape might lie not only in the operation of the mass filter 50 itself, but also in the preceding ion optics, especially if the optics include an RF transmission device 40 like that described above that uses collisional cooling with low speed of ion transport. This inadvertently results in higher space charge densities and hence increased emittance of the ion beam as seen at the entrance to the mass filter 50. Generally, mass filters 50 with ion energies of few eV are more susceptible to this effect as compared to, for example, high-energy selectors like magnetic sector mass filters. These increased space charge effects then also give rise to worse space charge effects in the linear trap 60.
Thus, variations in ion flux leads to variations in the mass transmission function of the mass filter 50 which means the relative numbers of ions for the different isotopes can be affected differently. This leads to differences in the isotope ratio determined when the same sample is measured with different ion fluxes.
It can be beneficial, therefore, to control the ion current and hence ion flux. For example, using automatic gain control (AGC)-like functionality that adjusts the ion source tuning and front end ion optics tuning (upstream of the mass filter 50 and/or other RF transmission devices such as the RF transmission device 40) to keep the ion beam flux passing the RF transmission device 40 and mass filter 50 constant could be used to compensate for the effect. However, complete control of ion flux in practice is difficult to achieve. To take account of the effect fully, for example, precise so-called pressure-balancing would need to be performed, i.e. the sample and reference would need to get adjusted in intensity to match within a low to sub-percent range. An example of this technique is provided in Improvements in Mass Spectrometers for the Measurement of Small Differences in Isotope Abundance Ratios by C. R. McKinney, J. M. McCrea, S. Epstein, H. A. Allen, and H. C. Urey, Review of Scientific Instruments 21, 724 (1950), the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. This is impractical for many measurements and impossible for signals that are not stable by their very nature, e.g. for low sample quantities that get quantitatively consumed during the measurement, or for transient signals, as in GC/MS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry) or LC/MS (liquid chromatography mass spectrometry).
In addition, it has been appreciated that, in theory in an ideal situation, the measured isotope ratio should not change if the transmissions of both isotopes are balanced equally either side of the centre point of the mass selection window, i.e. if the mass selection window is chosen to be centered around the isotopes of interest such that both isotopes sit at approximately the same position relative to the edges of the transmission function. This is because the rounding of the transmission function should alter equally at both edges so as to be symmetric and thus affect both isotopes equally. In that case, as the transmission function of the mass filter 50 varies with ion flux, the transmissions of both isotopes should be equally affected as the corners of the transmission function increase or decrease in curvature: as the change in the transmission of both isotopes is matched, the isotope ratio should not change.
A feature of the inventive concepts is, therefore, that the mass selection window of the mass filter 50 is preferably selected to be centred on the middle of the masses of the isotopes of interest. More preferably, the centre of the mass selection window is midway between the masses of the two isotopes of interest. Assuming symmetry in the transmission function, this means the variation in transmission with ion flux should be the same or very similar for both isotopes. This special selection of the mass selection window to be centred on the centre mass of the isotopes increases robustness against the ion flux/current dependence.
The experiment was repeated using a nearly symmetrical mass selection window, i.e. with the mass selection window centred on the average mass of the two Xe isotopes, and
However, in practice, the transmissions of isotopes are not perfectly matched on either side of the centre point of the transmission window, i.e. the transmission function is not exactly symmetrical. Any transmission function is likely to display some second order structure that makes it more complex than just a slightly skewed ‘bell’. Therefore, transmission of one isotope is affected more than the other isotope as the ion flux varies leading to change in the isotope ratio determined, even when the mass selection window is selected such with a centre mass occupying the middle of the two mass peaks of interest.
Another feature of the inventive concepts is, therefore, to calibrate the dependence of the measured isotope ratio on the ion current. This allows an ion current and isotope ratio to be measured and then adjusted to an isotope ratio for some other ion current based on the calibration. The other ion current may be an idealised ion current, may be the ion current used to measure another isotope ratio or may be an arbitrary ion current. The latter two examples are useful in sample/reference bracketing as it allows the isotope ratios for the sample and reference to be determined for the same ion current thereby removing any dependence upon ion current/flux caused by space charge effects.
Measuring the dependency of the isotope ratio on the ion current for a standard sample gives a curve trend similar to those of
Specifically, the ion current and isotope ratio may be measured from a reference or a sample to be analysed. A calibration relationship may then be determined and applied to convert the isotope ratio for the measured ion current to an isotope ratio for a different ion current. For example, the calibration relationship may be applied to convert a measured isotope ratio determined for a measured ion current to the equivalent isotope ratio that corresponds to an ion current used for another measurement of isotope ratio so as to allow direct comparison of the two measured isotope ratios. Alternatively, the calibration relationship can be used to correct the measured isotope ratio to the equivalent isotope ratio that would have been observed at the ion flux for which the calibration relationship is most precisely determined. This may correspond to the part of the data showing least scatter, e.g. the least scatter of data points about the line shown in
An example of a calibration is shown in
The average 13C/12C ratio for each gas was measured, and the results are shown in
In this example, the measured 13C/12C ratio for each block was adjusted by shifting the measured isotope ratios to the equivalent ratio value for zero total ion current. This form of correction effectively sees the isotope ratio corrected back to a theoretical ion current of zero where no space charge effects could arise. Fitting the data produced the line shown in
With the calibration performed, subsequent measurements of isotope ratio and total ion current may be taken and the isotope ratio adjusted to an equivalent zero total ion current value using the gradient found in the calibration.
The calibration method need not be used in combination with the AGC-like current control and/or mass selection window centring techniques described above. Namely, to overcome the need for precise matching of signal intensities of sample and reference, it has been demonstrated that one can measure the dependency of the isotope ratio on ion current and then use the measured slope of the dependency to calibrate subsequent measurements. This improves the accuracy of the measurements significantly, even without the use of AGC-like current control and mass selection window centring.
The isotope ratio that is measured and corrected may be the isotope ratio (R) per se, or the isotope ratio expressed in another way such as the standard delta notation (δ-notation). The isotope ratio is generally the ratio of the heavy to light isotope (R), such as:
Alternatively, the isotope ratio could be the ratio of the light to heavy isotope. The measured isotope ratio can be calculated as delta notation (δ-notation), with the correction being performed using the values in δ-notation. The general way of reporting stable isotope ratios from Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) analysis is using delta notation. The δ-value is the stable isotope ratio of an unknown sample relative to a reference (material) of known isotope value, calculated as:
Thus, herein the term isotope ratio means either the isotope ratio (R) or a value that represents the isotope ratio, such as the δ-value for example.
Optionally, the method may start with step 100 where a mass selection window is chosen. That is, the mass selection window of a mass filter 50 used to fill a mass analyser 80, for example like those of the mass spectrometer 10 of
The optional step 100 of choosing the mass selection window need not be performed in accordance with the method described above. The mass selection window may be fixed, or the width may be fixed and the centre chosen, or the centre may be fixed and the width may be chosen.
Step 300 sees a collection of data, namely the collection of mass spectra from ions passed to a mass analyser, for example a mass analyser 80 of a mass spectrometer 10 like that of
Collecting mass spectra 300 comprises determining the total number of ions of each isotope of interest for fills of the mass analyser 80 with differing numbers of ions (e.g. different total ion currents). This may be performed in combination with controlling the ion current when filling the linear trap 60 as described above with respect to step 200. For example, different total ion currents including and spread about an optimum ion current may be made, with the control of the ion current allowing the target total ion current for each fill to be achieved more precisely. Mass spectra may be collected from more than one source, for example from a sample and a reference such as by using the sample/reference bracketing method described above. Mass spectra may be determined for differing numbers of ions for all or some of the different sources, as will be explained in more detail below.
Collecting mass spectra may comprise determining the abundances of ions with different m/z values. As the m/z values of the isotopes of interest are known, the abundance of each isotope of interest may be determined.
Step 400 sees a determination of at least one corrected isotope ratio. As noted above, step 300 sees the abundance of each isotope of interest determined such that the isotope ratio for each fill may be determined. However, as discussed above, each isotope ratio may be affected by space charge effects, and the ratios will be affected differently for different total ion currents. Step 400 sees the isotope ratios that were determined for a source (sample or reference) using different ion currents used in a calibration to allow an adjusted isotope ratio to be determined. How this is done is described next with reference to
In a contemplated embodiment, the charge detection device 95 of
In another contemplated embodiment, the mass analyser 80 is used to measure the ion current. For example, the total charge delivered to the mass analyser 80 may be obtained from the total number of ions detected by the mass analyser 80. This total charge allows the ion current into the mass analyser 80, and thus through the mass filter 50, to be calculated.
Next, at step 321, data are collected from the sample to be analysed across a range of ion currents, each of which is measured. These currents may be measured as described in the preceding pair of paragraphs. Optionally, experimental conditions may be used that result in ion currents that vary around the ion current used for collecting data from the reference in step 311.
Then, at step 331, data are collected from the reference using a single ion current that is measured. Essentially, step 331 is a repeat of step 311. Together, steps 311, 321 and 331 form an example of sample/reference bracketing where an analysis of a sample is bracketed by measurements taken from a reference with a known isotope ratio.
With the data collection 300 completed, the method may progress to determining a corrected isotope ratio 400, as will now be explained.
The first part of step 400 sees an average reference isotope ratio and average reference ion current determined at step 411. That is, the data collected at step 311 are used to determine the isotope ratio of the reference. For example, and as described above, the abundance of each isotope of interest may be determined (and hence the isotope ratio by dividing one isotope's abundance by the other). This is repeated for the data collected at step 331. Then, the pair of isotope ratios are averaged to obtain an average reference isotope ratio, and the average value of the pair of ion currents determined at steps 311 and 331 is determined to provide an average reference ion current.
Next, at step 421, the uncorrected isotope ratios for the data collected from the sample are determined. As described above, the abundance of each isotope of interest may be determined (and hence the isotope ratio by dividing one isotope's abundance by the other). This is performed across all or some of the fills that correspond to the different total ion currents. Hence, a set of measured isotope ratios are determined for different total ion currents.
The relationship governing the variation in measured isotope ratio with total ion current for the sample can then be determined at step 431 in any standard way, for example through fitting. One way of determining the relationship may be appreciated from a consideration of the graph of
With the gradient determined at step 431, the method may proceed to step 441 where the already collected data from step 321 may be used to obtain an adjusted sample isotope ratio. The adjusted sample isotope ratio corresponds to the sample isotope ratio that would have been obtained if an ion current equal to the average reference ion current had been used. For example, one of the measured sample isotope ratios may be selected for adjustment. To adjust the ratio, its value is multiplied by the product of the gradient found at step 431 and the difference in total ion current (i.e. the difference between the ion current used for that measured isotope ratio and the average reference ion current). This effectively sees the measured ratio value adjusted to the ratio value appearing at the average reference ion current. This may be envisaged by taking a datum point from
Other methods of implementing step 441 are possible. For example, more than one measured isotope ratio may be used, including all available measured isotope ratios. Each measured ratio may be adjusted to the average reference ion current as described above, and then an average of these ratios taken to obtain a single adjusted isotope ratio value. Alternatively, an average may be obtained first by averaging the datum points to obtain an average measured sample isotope ratio and corresponding average sample total ion current. Then the average sample isotope ratio value may be multiplied by the product of the gradient and the difference in total ion current (i.e. the difference between the average sample ion current and the average reference ion current).
With step 441 completed, isotope ratios for the sample and the reference have been determined for a common ion current which removes the variation due to space charge effects. A further correction may now be performed at step 451 to remove errors arising from other effects within the mass spectrometer 10. This correction is performed using the known isotope ratio for the reference, i.e. variations between the average reference isotope ratio and the known reference isotope ratio may be corrected, and the same correction applied to the adjusted sample isotope ratio.
An alternative embodiment of determining a corrected isotope ratio of a sample is shown in
As before, the method may be preceded by step 100 and/or step 200. In any event, data is collected at step 300. First, at step 312, data are collected from a reference across a range of ion currents each of which is measured. These currents may be measured as described above with respect to the embodiment of
With the data collection 300 completed, the method may progress to determining a corrected isotope ratio 400, as will now be explained.
The first part of step 400 sees the sample isotope ratio and sample ion current determined at step 412. That is, the data collected at step 322 are used to determine the isotope ratio of the sample. Next, at step 422, the uncorrected isotope ratios for the reference are determined. This is performed across all or some of the fills that correspond to the different total ion currents used in steps 312 and 332. Hence, a set of measured isotope ratios are determined for different total ion currents. The relationship governing the variation in measured isotope ratio with total ion current can then be determined at step 432 in any standard way, for example through fitting as was explained with reference to step 431 of
With the gradient determined at step 432, the method may proceed to step 442 where the already collected data from steps 312 and 332 may be used to obtain an adjusted reference isotope ratio. The adjusted reference isotope ratio corresponds to the reference isotope ratio that would have been obtained if an ion current equal to the sample ion current had been used. For example, one of the measured reference isotope ratios may be selected for adjustment. To adjust the ratio, its value is multiplied by the product of the gradient found at step 432 and the difference in total ion current (i.e. the difference between the ion current used for that measured isotope ratio and the sample ion current). This effectively sees the measured ratio value adjusted to the ratio value appearing at the sample ion current. Other methods of implementing step 442 are possible as has been explained above for step 441.
With step 442 completed, isotope ratios for the sample and the reference have been determined which removes the variation due to space charge effects. A further correction may now be performed at step 452 to remove errors arising from other effects within the mass spectrometer 10, as was done in step 451 of
Another alternative embodiment of determining a corrected isotope ratio of a sample is shown in
As before, the method may be preceded by step 100 and/or step 200. In any event, data is collected at step 300. First, at step 313, data are collected from a reference across a range of ion currents each of which is measured. These currents may be measured as described above with respect to the embodiment of
With the data collection 300 completed, the method may progress to determining a corrected isotope ratio 400, as will now be explained.
The first part of step 400 sees uncorrected isotope ratios for the sample determined at step 413. This is performed across all or some of the fills that correspond to the different total ion currents used in steps 313 and 333. Hence, a set of measured sample isotope ratios are determined for different sample ion currents. The relationship governing the variation in measured sample isotope ratio with sample ion current can then be determined at step 423 in any standard way, for example through fitting as was explained with reference to step 431 of
Next, at step 433, the uncorrected isotope ratios for the reference are determined. This is performed across all or some of the fills that correspond to the different total ion currents used in steps 313 and 333. Hence, a set of measured reference isotope ratios are determined for different reference ion currents. The relationship governing the variation in measured reference isotope ratio with reference ion current can then be determined at step 443 in any standard way, for example through fitting as was explained with reference to step 431 of
At step 453, an adjusted ion current is determined (i.e. the ion current to which the sample and reference isotope ratios will be adjusted). The adjusted ion current may be determined in many different ways. For example, an arbitrary value may be chosen. This value may be chosen to lie within the range of ion currents during the data collection of steps 313, 323 and 333. Alternatively, an adjusted ion current outside of this range may be selected. An adjusted ion current of zero may be selected.
The adjusted ion current need not be arbitrarily determined, but may be calculated. Two different embodiments are particularly contemplated.
In a first example, an adjusted ion current corresponding to the least variation in the measured data is determined. This adjusted ion current will be referred to as the “least variation” ion current below.
In a second example, the adjusted ion current is calculated to be the ion current at which the known isotope ratio of the reference would be obtained. That is, the reference gradient found in step 443 is used to determine the ion current value that corresponds to the known isotope ratio of the reference. This adjusted ion current will be referred to as the “known ratio” ion current below.
With the gradients determined at steps 423 and 443, and the adjusted ion current determined at step 453, the method may proceed to step 463 where the already collected data from steps 313, 323 and 333 may be used to obtain both an adjusted reference isotope ratio and an adjusted sample isotope ratio. The adjusted reference and sample isotope ratios correspond to the reference and sample isotope ratios that would have been obtained if an ion current equal to the adjusted ion current had been used. The adjustment is performed as has been explained above. For example, one of the measured reference isotope ratios may be selected for adjustment. To adjust the ratio, its value is multiplied by the product of the gradient found at step 443 and the difference in ion current (i.e. the difference between the ion current used for that measured isotope ratio and the adjusted ion current). Other methods of implementing step 442 are possible as has been explained above for step 441 of
With step 463 completed, isotope ratios for the sample and the reference have been determined for a common ion current which removes the variation due to space charge effects. Moreover, correcting both the sample and reference isotope ratios provides better results as more data are used which allows better removal of noise in the data which would otherwise not be removed if using a single ion current for just the sample or reference.
A further correction may now be performed at step 473 to remove errors arising from other effects within the mass spectrometer 10, as was done in step 451 of
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that variations may be made to the above embodiments without departing from the scope of the inventive concepts that are defined by the appended claims.
The embodiments of
It will also be appreciated that the order of some of the steps of
Although the mass spectrometer of
For example, the present inventive concepts may be used in other instruments more generally comprising an ion optical device having a space charge dependent mass transmission function (i.e. a transmission function having a mass bias that is space charge dependent). The mass analyser for the isotope ratio measurement does not need to be an Orbitrap™ mass spectrometer, comprising an orbital trapping mass analyser. For example the present inventive concepts may be used in mass spectrometers comprising a magnetic sector mass analyser, for example of a type as commonly used for isotope ratio mass spectrometry.
For example, ion selection or mass selection devices may be chosen from quadrupole mass filters, Wien filters, electrostatic filters, other multipole types of mass filters, time-of-flight mass filters, ion trap (linear or quadrupole) mass filters, any other types of filter that implement ion selection based on other physical properties such as ion mobility drift time or field-asymmetric ion mobility, and any other devices that are capable of discriminating ions based on chemical or physical properties.
The mass analyser for the isotope ratio measurement does not need to be an Orbitrap™ mass spectrometer comprising an orbital trapping mass analyser, for example the present inventive concepts may be used in other magnetic sector mass analysers like those as commonly used for isotope ratio mass spectrometry.
Mass analysers may be chosen from electrostatic trap mass analysers, especially orbital trapping electrostatic trap mass analysers (for example Orbitrap™ devices), magnetic sector mass analysers, time-of-flight mass analysers, ion trap mass analysers, Fourier transform (FT) mass analysers, e.g. ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) mass analysers), quadrupole mass analysers, or other orbital trapping mass analysers (e.g. Cassini traps).
In addition to applying the calibration correction according to the present inventive concepts to mass spectrometry data as it is being collected, the correction can also be applied to historic data. Also, the calibration correction according to the present inventive concepts may be obtained for one compound and then used with respect to other compounds and classes of compounds.
It will be appreciated that steps of the method may be performed in an order other than stated in the examples above, unless indicated or required otherwise.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/697,644 filed on Sep. 7, 2017, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,199,207 on Feb. 5, 2019, the disclosure and content of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
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