Developing method, device, and image forming apparatus with magnet brush

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENITON

The present invention relates to a copier, printer, facsimile apparatus or similar image forming apparatus. More particularly, the present invention relates to a developing method capable of collecting a developer left on an image carrier after image transfer with a so-called cleanerless process and a developing device for practicing the same.

A developing system using a magnet brush is extensively applied to a photographic image forming apparatus of the type using a two-ingredient type developer, i.e., a toner and carrier mixture. In the magnet brush type developing system, a developer carrier conveys a developer deposited thereon in the form of a magnet brush and causes it to contact an image carrier, which carries a latent image thereon. An electric field is formed between the image carrier and a sleeve to which an electric bias is applied. The electric field causes the toner of the developer to selectively deposit on the latent image for thereby developing the latent image.

The developer carrier has a magnet roller accommodated in the sleeve, which is usually cylindrical. The magnet roller causes the developer deposited on the sleeve to rise in the form a magnet brush. The toner, which is charged to preselected polarity, deposits on the carrier present in the magnet brush. The magnet roller has a plurality of magnetic poles each being formed by a particular rod-like or similar magnet. Among the poles, a main pole is positioned on the surface of the sleeve in a developing region for causing the developer to rise. At least one of the sleeve and magnet roller moves relative to the other so as to cause the developer forming the magnet brush on the sleeve to move.

The developer brought to the developing region rises in the form of chains along magnetic lines of force issuing from the main pole of the magnet roller. The chains contact the surface of the image carrier while yielding. The chains feed the toner to the latent image while rubbing themselves against the latent image on the basis of a difference in linear velocity between the developer carrier and the image carrier. The developing region refers to a range over which the magnet brush on the developer carrier contacts the image carrier.

The image forming apparatus has customarily included a cleaner for collecting the toner left on the image carrier after the transfer of a toner image to a paper sheet or similar recording medium. Today, a cleanerless process is available that makes the cleaner unnecessary and thereby simplifies and miniaturizes the image forming apparatus.

Development using the toner and carrier mixture is superior to development using a single ingredient type developer, i.e., toner as to durability and reliability. However, development using the toner and carrier mixture needs a development gap as great as 500 μm or above between the image carrier and the developer carrier. This gap is as small as several micrometers in development using only toner. The cleanerless process cannot surely collect the toner from the non-image area of the image carrier unless the electric field between the non-image area and the developer carrier is intensified. This kind of development therefore needs a great difference in potential and therefore high charge potential.

High charge potential, however, increases electrostatic stress to act on the image carrier to thereby reduce the life of the image carrier. Further, high charge potential aggravates the production of ozone and nitrogen oxides, resulting in an offensive smell and the blurring of an image. If the charge potential is lowered to solve the above problems, then the magnet brush strongly rubs itself against the image carrier. This causes the trailing edge of an image to be lost (omission of a trailing edge hereinafter) and obstructs the faithful reproduction of horizontal lines and dots. The resulting image is noticeably dependent on direction.

Technologies relating to the present invention are disclosed in, e.g., Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication Nos. 7-84456, 8-160725, 9-236986, 2000-305360 and 2000-315001.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and an apparatus for development capable of insuring attractive images and surely collecting toner left on an image carrier with the cleanerless process.

It is another object of the present invention to provide an image forming apparatus including the above-described developing device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description taken with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1

is a view showing an image forming apparatus on which a developing device in accordance with the present invention is mounted;

FIG. 2

is a view showing a developing device embodying the present invention in detail;

FIG. 3

is a chart showing the magnetic force distribution and its size available with a developing roller included in the illustrative embodiment;

FIG. 4

is a chart showing the magnetic force distribution and its size available when an auxiliary magnetic pole P

1

a

is absent;

FIG. 5

is a chart showing a magnetic force distribution of a conventional developing roller for comparison;

FIG. 6

is a chart showing a relation between a main magnet and magnets adjoining it;

FIG. 7

is a view showing the size of the development gap and that of a nip;

FIG. 8

is a view showing the size of the development gap and that of the nip of a conventional arrangement for comparison;

FIG. 9

is view showing a modification of the illustrative embodiment including a leveling member;

FIG. 10

is a view showing another modification of the illustrative embodiment including a temporary collection roller;

FIG. 11

is a flowchart demonstrating an image forming mode unique to the illustrative embodiment;

FIG. 12

is a flowchart demonstrating a toner collecting mode also unique to the illustrative embodiment;

FIG. 13

is a block diagram schematically showing a control system included in the illustrative embodiment;

FIG. 14

is a view showing an alternative embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 15

is a chart showing the magnetic force distribution and the size thereof available with the alternative embodiment;

FIG. 16

is a table comparing examples and comparative examples as to half width;

FIG. 17

is a chart showing a relation between a main magnet and magnets adjoining it;

FIG. 18

is a view showing the size of the development gap and that of a nip;

FIG. 19

is a graph showing a relation between the development gap and the edge effect;

FIG. 20

is a view showing why the trailing edge of an image is lost;

FIG. 21

is a table listing experimental results conducted with the alternative embodiment for determining the obviation of the omission of a trailing edge;

FIG. 22

is a graph showing a relation between a ratio of a distance at the boundary of a nip to the development gap and the omission of a trailing edge; and

FIG. 23

is a view showing an image forming apparatus to which the present invention is applicable;

DECRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring to

FIG. 1

of the drawings, an image forming apparatus on which a developing device in accordance with the present invention is mounted is shown. As shown, the image forming apparatus includes a drum

1

that is a specific form of an image carrier. Arranged around the drum are a charger

2

, an exposing unit

3

, a developing device

4

, an image transferring device

5

, and a discharge lamp

8

. The charger

2

uniformly charges the surface of the drum

1

to preselected polarity. The exposing unit

3

scans the charged surface of the drum

1

with a laser beam imagewise for thereby forming a latent image on the drum

1

. The developing device

4

develops the latent image with toner to thereby form a corresponding toner image. The image transferring device

5

transfers the toner image from the drum

1

to a paper sheet or similar recording medium

6

. The discharge lamp

8

discharges the surface of the drum

1

after the image transfer from the drum

1

to the paper sheet

6

.

After the charger

2

has uniformly charged the surface of the drum

1

with a charge roller, the exposing unit

4

exposes the charged surfaced of the drum

1

imagewise for thereby forming a latent image. The developing device

4

develops the latent image with toner to thereby form a corresponding toner image. The image transferring device

5

, including a belt by way of example, transfers the toner image from the drum

1

to the paper sheet

6

, which is fed from a sheet tray not shown. A peeler

16

peels off the paper sheet

6

electrostatically adhering to the drum

1

. A fixing unit

20

fixes the toner image on the paper sheet

6

. The discharge lamp

8

initializes the surface of the drum

1

in order to prepare it for the next image formation. The toner left on the drum

1

after the image transfer is conveyed by the drum

1

via the charging position and exposing position to the developing position. At the developing position, the toner is collected from the needless portions of the drum

1

at the same time as development (next development). The reference numeral

19

designates a registration roller pair for driving the paper sheet

6

such that the leading edge of the paper sheet

6

meets the leading edge of the toner image formed on the drum

1

.

FIG. 2

shows a specific configuration of the developing device

4

. As shown, the developing device

4

includes a developing roller

41

adjoining the drum

1

. The developing roller

41

and drum

1

form a developing region therebetween where a magnet brush contacts the drum

1

. The developing roller

41

includes a cylindrical sleeve

43

formed of aluminum, brass, stainless steel, conductive resin or similar magnetic material. A drive mechanism, not shown, causes the sleeve

43

to rotate clockwise, as viewed in

FIG. 2

, or in a direction of developer conveyance.

In the illustrative embodiment, the drum

1

has a diameter of 60 mm and moves at a linear velocity of 240 mm/sec. The sleeve

43

has a diameter of 20 mm and moves at a linear velocity of 600 mm/sec, which is 2.5 times as high as the linear velocity of the drum

1

. A development gap between the drum

1

and the sleeve

43

is 0.4 mm. For a mean carrier particle size of 50 μm, the development gap has customarily been about 0.65 nm to about 0.8 mm, which is ten times or more as great as the developer particle size. A required image density is achievable even if the ratio in linear velocity of the sleeve

43

to the drum

1

is reduced to 1.1.

A latent image whose potential is −800 V in a non-image portion and −150 V in an image portion is formed on the drum

1

. In this condition, by applying a bias of −600 V to the sleeve

43

, it is possible to collect toner from the drum

1

while executing development. If the mean carrier particle size is 50 m or less and if the development gap is 0.4 mm or less, then there can be obviated the omission of a trailing edge, a residual image ascribable to defective toner collection, and brush marks ascribable to a magnet brush.

Even when the potentials in the non-image portion and image portion are respectively −500 V and −100 V, the toner can be collected from the drum

1

if a bias of −400 V is applied to the sleeve

43

. In this case, if the mean carrier particle size is 50 μm or less and if the development gap is 0.35 mm or less, then there can be obviated the omission of a trailing edge, a residual image ascribable to defective toner collection, and brush marks ascribable to a magnet brush.

A doctor blade or metering member

45

is positioned upstream of a developing region in the direction of developer conveyance for regulating the height of a magnet brush formed on the sleeve

43

. A doctor gap between the doctor blade

45

and the sleeve

43

is selected to be 0.4 mm. A screw

47

is positioned at the opposite side to the drum

1

with respect to the developing roller

41

. The screw

47

scoops up the developer stored in a casing

46

to the developing roller

41

while agitating it.

A magnet roller

44

is held stationary within the sleeve

43

for causing the developer to form a magnet brush on the sleeve

43

. Specifically, the magnet roller

44

causes the carrier of the developer to rise on the sleeve

43

in the form of chains along magnetic lines of force normal to the sleeve

43

. The toner of the developer deposits on the carrier or chains, forming the magnet brush. The sleeve

43

conveys the magnet brush formed thereon in the clockwise direction.

The magnet roller

44

has a plurality of magnetic poles or magnets P

1

a

through P

1

b

and P

2

through P

6

. The pole or main pole P

1

b

causes the developer to rise in the developing region where the sleeve

43

and drum

1

face each other. The poles P

1

a

and P

1

c

help the main pole P

1

b

exert such a magnetic force. The pole P

4

scoops up the developer to the sleeve

43

. The poles P

5

and P

6

convey the developer to the developing region. The poles P

2

and P

3

convey the developer in a region following the developing region. All of the poles of the magnet roller

44

are oriented in the radial direction of the sleeve

43

. While the magnet roller

44

is shown as having eight poles, additional poles may be arranged between the pole P

3

and the doctor blade

45

in order to enhance the scoop-up of the developer and the ability to follow a black solid image. For example, two to four additional poles may be arranged between the pole P

3

and the doctor blade

45

.

As shown in

FIG. 2

, the poles P

1

a

through P

1

c

are sequentially arranged from the upstream side to the downstream side in the direction of developer conveyance, and each is implemented by a magnet having a small sectional area. While such magnets are formed of a rate earth metal alloy, they may alternatively be formed of, e.g., a samarium alloy, particularly a samarium-cobalt alloy. An iron-neodium-boron alloy, which is a typical rare earth metal alloy, has the maximum energy product of 358 kJ/m

3

. An ion-neodium-boron alloy bond, which is another typical rare earth metal, has the maximum energy product of 80 kJ/m

3

or so. Such magnets guarantee magnetic forces required of the surface of the developing roller

41

despite their small sectional area. A ferrite magnet and a ferrite bond magnet, which are conventional, respectively have the maximum energy products of about 36 kJ/m

3

and 20 kJ/m

3

. If the sleeve

43

is allowed to have a greater diameter, then use may be made of ferrite magnets or ferrite bond magnets each having a relatively great size or each having a tip tapered toward the sleeve

43

in order to reduce a half width.

As shown in

FIG. 2

, d

1

and d

2

represent, respectively, a distance between the image carrier and the developer carrier at the nip, and the distance between the image carrier and the developer carrier at a closest point.

In the above specific configuration, the main pole P

1

b

and poles P

4

, P

6

, P

2

and P

3

are N poles while the poles P

1

a

, P

1

c

and P

5

are S poles. As shown in

FIG. 3

, the main magnet P

1

b

had a magnetic force of 85 mT or above, as measured on the developing roller

41

. It was experimentally found that if the main pole P

1

b

and auxiliary pole downstream of the main pole P

1

b

had a magnetic force of 60 mT or above, defects including the deposition of the carrier were obviated. The magnet P

2

downstream of the main magnet P

1

presumably helps the main magnet P

1

exert the main magnetic force. The deposition of the carrier occurred when the above magnetic force was less than 60 mT. Magnetic forces contributing to the deposition of the carrier are tangential to the developing roller

41

. While the magnetic forces of the magnets P

1

a

through P

1

c

must be intensified to intensify the tangential magnetic forces, the deposition of the carrier can be reduced only if any one of such magnetic forces is intensified. The magnets P

1

a

through P

1

c

each had a width of 2 mm while the magnet P

1

b

had a half width of 16°.

As shown in

FIG. 4

, only the auxiliary magnet P

1

c

may be positioned downstream of the main magnet P

1

b

. In this configuration, the half width of the main magnet P

1

b

is the same as in the configuration or

FIG. 3

; the magnetic force of the main pole P

1

b

decreases only by several percent. While the auxiliary magnet P

1

a

is absent at the upstream side of the main magnet P

1

b

, the magnetic force at the upstream side decreases to about 30 mT, as determined by experiments. However, this position is usually shielded by an inlet seal and not exposed to the image forming section, so that the developer can be fed to the main pole.

By reducing the width of the magnet, It is possible to further reduce the half width, as determined by experiments. When the main pole was implemented by a 1.6 mm wide magnet, the half width was as small as 12°. As

FIG. 3

indicates, the maximum magnetic force of the main magnet P

1

b

in the normal direction is 90 mT. In this case, the half width is 45 mT while its angular width is 25°. Half widths above 25° resulted in defective images. For comparison,

FIG. 5

shows a magnetic force distribution particular to the conventional magnet roller.

In the illustrative embodiment, the half width of each of the auxiliary magnets P

1

a

and P

1

c

is selected to be 35° or below. This half width cannot be reduced relatively because the magnets P

2

and P

6

positioned outside of the magnets P

1

a

and P

1

c

have great half widths.

FIG. 6

shows a positional relation between the main magnet P

1

b

and the auxiliary magnets P

1

a

and P

1

c

. As shown, the angle between the each of the auxiliary magnets P

1

a

and P

1

c

and the main magnet P

1

b

is selected to be 30° or below. More specifically, because the half width of the main pole P

1

a

is 16°, the above angle is selected to be 25°. Further, the angle between the transition point (0 mT) between the magnets P

1

a

and P

6

and the transition point (0 mT) between the magnets P

1

c

and P

2

is selected to be 120° or below. The transition point refers to a point where the N pole and S pole replace each other.

So long as the magnet brush contacts the drum

1

under the above conditions, the nip is greater than or equal to the particle size of the developer, but smaller than or equal to 2 mm, obviating the omission of a trailing edge. In addition, even a horizontal thin line and a single dot or similar small image can be sufficiently formed.

FIGS. 7 and 8

respectively show a condition particular to this specific configuration and a conventional condition for comparison.

As stated above, in the illustrative embodiment, the half width of the magnetic flux of the main pole and therefore the development gap is reduced. With this configuration, the illustrative embodiment forms a sufficiently strong electric field even at the boundary of the developing region. The magnet brush can therefore efficiently collect the toner left on the drum

1

after image transfer.

As shown in

FIG. 9

, the image forming apparatus may include a leveling member

7

. The leveling member lightly rubs itself against the toner left on the drum

1

after image transfer, preventing the toner from locally gathering on the surface of the drum

1

. This protects exposure from irregular screening and thereby insures adequate formation of a latent image. Further, at the developing position, the magnet brush can collect the toner with higher efficiency so as to reduce the possibility of a residual Image. The leveling member

7

should preferably be formed of a material that does not scratch the surface of the drum

1

. For example, the leveling member

7

may be implemented as a flexible sheet.

As shown in

FIG. 10

, the image forming apparatus may alternatively include a temporary collection roller

10

located downstream of the image transfer position. The temporary collection roller

10

extends in the axial direction of the drum

1

and is applied with a bias for collection. The roller

10

collects the toner left on the drum

1

after image transfer and then returns it to the drum

1

when the non-image area of the drum

1

arrives. That is the roller

10

causes the toner to again deposit on the drum

1

while being scattered, or distributed, on the surface of the drum

1

. This also protects exposure from irregular screening and thereby insures adequate formation of a latent image. Further, at the developing position, the magnet brush can collect the toner with higher efficiency so as to reduce the possibility of a residual image.

The temporary collection roller

10

is selectively driven by the drum

1

in contact therewith or by a drive source, as will be described specifically later. The roller

10

is elastic enough to protect the drum

1

from damage and should preferably be formed of sponge that easily retains the toner. Further, the material of the drum

10

should preferably belong to a charge series that allows the drum

10

to charge the toner to expected polarity in contact therewith.

FIG. 12

demonstrates an image forming mode practicable with the configuration shown in

FIG. 10

for forming a toner image in the usual manner. As shown, a bias is applied to the charger

2

(step S

1

), and exposure begins (step S

2

). Subsequently, a bias for development is applied to the developing device

4

(step S

3

) with the sleeve

43

being rotated (step S

4

). A bias for image transfer is applied to the image transferring device

5

(step S

5

). Further, a bias for toner collection is applied to the temporary collection roller

10

(step S

6

); if the toner is charged to negative polarity, then the bias is a positive bias. In this mode operation, the temporary collection roller

10

is caused to rotate by the drum

1

. When the image formation ends in a preselected period of time (step S

7

), all the operations in the steps S

1

through S

6

end (step S

8

). This is followed by a toner collecting mode that will be described hereinafter with reference to FIG.

12

. In the toner collecting mode, the temporary collection roller

10

returns the collected toner to the drum

1

and allows it to be collected by the developing device

4

.

As shown in

FIG. 12

, a bias for toner return

1

s applied to the temporary collection roller

10

(step S

1

); if the toner is charged to negative polarity, then the bias is a negative bias. At the same time, the previously mentioned drive source causes the roller

10

to rotate (step S

2

). A bias for toner collection, which causes the toner to move toward the sleeve

43

away from the drum

1

, is applied to the developing device

4

(step S

3

). At the same time, the sleeve

4

is caused to rotate (step S

4

) At this instant, a bias may be applied to the charger

2

in order to uniform the polarity and amount of charge deposited on the toner, if desired. When the toner collection by the developing device ends in a preselected period of time (step S

5

), all the operations in the steps S

1

through S

4

end (step S

6

).

The image forming mode and toner collecting mode may be executed in any suitable manner. For example, the two different modes may be executed alternately. Alternatively, the toner collecting mode may be executed every time the image forming mode is repeated ten consecutive times.

FIG. 13

shows a control system relating to the configuration of FIG.

10

. As shown, the control system includes a central controller

50

and a local control section

51

. The central controller

50

includes a CPU (Central Processing Unit), a ROM (Read Only Memory), a RAM (Random Access Memory) and so forth although not shown specifically. The central controller

50

stores a control program for executing the image forming mode and toner collecting mode described above. The local control section

51

includes a charge bias controller

52

, an exposure timing controller

53

, a development bias controller

54

, a sleeve drive controller

55

, an image transfer bias controller

56

, a temporary collection bias controller

57

, and a temporary collection roller drive controller

58

.

While the illustrative embodiment has concentrated on three magnets forming the main pole for development, the number of magnets for forming the main pole is open to choice so long as the sufficiently strong electric field can be formed at the boundary of the developing region.

Reference will be made to

FIG. 14

for describing an alternative embodiment of the present invention in which a single magnet forms the main pole for development. Symbols identical with the symbols of the previous embodiment designate identical structural elements. As shown, the developing device

4

includes the developing roller

41

adjoining the drum

1

. The developing roller

41

and drum

1

form a developing region therebetween where a magnet brush contacts the drum

1

. The developing roller

41

includes a cylindrical sleeve

43

formed of aluminum, brass, stainless steel, conductive resin or similar magnetic material. A drive mechanism, not shown, causes the sleeve

43

to rotate clockwise, as viewed in FIG.

14

.

In the illustrative embodiment, the drum

1

has a diameter of 60 mm and moves at a linear velocity of 240 mm/sec. The sleeve

43

has a diameter of 20 mm and moves at a linear velocity of 600 mm/sec, which is 2.5 times as high as the linear velocity of the drum

1

. The development gap between the drum

1

and the sleeve

43

is 0.4 mm. For a mean carrier particle size of 50 μm, the development gap has customarily been about 0.65 mm to about 0.8 mm, which is ten times or more as great as the developer particle size. A required image density is achievable even if the ratio in linear velocity of the sleeve

43

to the drum

1

is reduced to 1.1.

A latent image whose potential is −800 V in a non-image portion and −150 V in an image portion is formed on the drum

1

. In this condition, by applying a bias of −600 V to the sleeve

43

, it is possible to collect toner from the dru

1

m

1

while executing development. If the mean carrier particle size is 50 μm or less and if the development gap is 0.4 mm or less, then there can be obviated the omission of a trailing edge, a residual image ascribable to defective toner collection, and brush marks ascribable to a magnet brush.

Even when the potentials in the non-image portion and image portion are respectively −500 V and −100 V, the toner can be collected from the drum

1

if a bias of −400 V is applied to the sleeve

43

. In this case, if the mean carrier particle size is 50 μm or less and if the development gap is 0.35 mm or less, then there can be obviated the omission of a trailing edge of an image, a residual image ascribable to defective toner collection, and brush marks ascribable to a magnet brush.

The doctor blade or metering member

45

is positioned upstream of a developing region in the direction of developer conveyance for regulating the height of a magnet brush formed on the sleeve

43

. A doctor gap between the doctor blade

45

and the sleeve

43

is selected to be 0.4 mm. The screw

47

is positioned at the opposite side to the drum

1

with respect to the developing roller

41

. The screw

47

scoops up the developer stored in a casing

46

to the developing roller

41

while agitating it.

The magnet roller

44

is held stationary within the sleeve

43

for causing the developer to form a magnet brush on the sleeve

43

. Specifically, the magnet roller

44

causes the carrier of the developer to rise on the sleeve

43

in the form of chains along magnetic lines of force normal to the sleeve

43

. The toner of the developer deposits on the carrier or chains, forming the magnet brush. The sleeve

43

conveys the magnet brush formed thereon in the clockwise direction.

The magnet roller

44

has a plurality of magnetic poles or magnets P

1

through P

6

. The pole or main pole P

1

causes the developer to rise in the developing region where the sleeve

43

and drum

1

face each other. The pole P

4

scoops up the developer to the sleeve

43

. The poles P

5

and P

6

convey the developer to the developing region. The poles P

2

and P

3

convey the developer in a region following the developing region. All of the poles of the magnet roller

44

are oriented in the radial direction of the sleeve

43

. While the magnet roller

44

is shown as having six poles, additional poles may be arranged between the pole P

3

and the doctor blade

45

in order to enhance the scoop-up of the developer and the ability to follow a black solid image. For example, two or more additional poles may be arranged between the pole P

3

and the doctor blade

45

.

As shown in

FIG. 14

, the main pole P

1

is implemented by a magnet having a small cross-sectional area. While such a magnet is formed of a rate earth metal alloy, it may alternatively be formed of, e.g., a samarium alloy, particularly a samarium-cobalt alloy. An iron-neodium-boron alloy, which is a typical rare earth metal alloy, has the maximum energy product of 358 kJ/m

3

. An ion-neodium-boron alloy bond, which is another typical rare earth metal, has the maximum energy product of 80 kJ/m

3

or so. Such a magnet guarantees a magnetic force required of the surface of the developing roller

41

despite its small sectional area. A ferrite magnet and a ferrite bond magnet, which are conventional, respectively have the maximum energy products of about 36 kJ/m

3

and 20 kJ/m

3

. If the sleeve

43

is allowed to have a greater diameter, then use may be made of a ferrite magnet or a ferrite bond magnet having a relatively great size or having a tip tapered toward the sleeve

43

in order to reduce a half width.

In the illustrative embodiment, the poles P

4

, P

6

, P

2

and P

3

are N poles while the poles P

1

and P

5

are S poles. As shown in

FIG. 15

, the main magnet P

1

had a magnetic force of 85 mT or above, as measured on the developing roller

41

. It was experimentally found that if the main pole P

1

had a magnetic force of 60 mT or above, defects including the deposition of the carrier were obviated. The magnet P

2

downstream of the main magnet P

1

presumably helps the main magnet P

1

exert the main magnetic force. The deposition of the carrier occurred when the above magnetic force was less than 60 mT. The magnet P

1

had a width of 2 mm while the magnet P

1

had a half width of 22°.

By reducing the width of the magnet, it is possible to further reduce the half width, as determined by experiments. When the main pole was implemented by a 1.6 mm wide magnet, the half width was as small as 16°. Half widths above 25° resulted in defective images. For comparison,

FIG. 15

shows a magnetic force distribution particular to the conventional magnet roller.

FIG. 16

shows examples 1 through 5 and comparative examples 1 through 3 each showing a relation between the half widths of the poles P

1

through P

6

. The half width of the pole P

1

was used as a reference. In

FIG. 16

, symbol “-” indicates that a half width could not be determined. The polarities shown in

FIG. 16

are only illustrative. For example, the pole P

1

may be a S pole. Also, the poles P

1

through P

5

may be a N pole, a N pole, a N pole, a S pole and a N pole, respectively. In all of Examples 1 through 5, the pole P

1

exerts a weaker magnetic force than the other poles P

2

through P

5

in order to obviate defective images. Comparative Examples 1 through 3 brought about defects including the omission of a trailing edge and a poor horizontal/vertical ratio.

Further, as shown in

FIG. 17

, the angle between the transition point between the main pole P

1

and the pole P

2

and the transition point between the main pole P

1

and the pole

6

is selected to be 60° or below.

So long as the magnet brush contacts the drum

1

under the above conditions, the nip is greater than or equal to the particle size of the developer, but smaller than or equal to 2 mm, obviating the omission of a trailing edge. In addition, even a horizontal thin line and a single dot or similar small image can be sufficiently formed.

FIG. 18

shows a condition particular to this specific configuration.

FIG. 18

is contrastive to FIG.

8

.

When the root portion of the magnet brush where the brush starts rising under the action of the main magnet P

1

is 2 mm wide or less, the nip for development can be 2 mm wide or less.

Why the illustrative embodiment increases image density will be described hereinafter. The magnet roller of the illustrative embodiment reduces the height of the magnet brush to be formed by the main pole P

1

b

and reduces the nip width for development, as stated above. Therefore, when the sleeve

43

conveys the magnet brush via the main pole P

1

, the brush starts rising and moves away from the nip in a shorter period of time; the linear velocity ratio of the brush to the drum

1

was found higher at this position than at the other positions. As a result, the amount of developer to contact the drum

1

increases and increases image density. Moreover, the small nip width reduces the amount of developer to stay at a position immediately preceding the nip, thereby reducing countercharge. This prevents image density from decreasing and thereby enhances the developing ability of the developing device.

As stated above, even in the illustrative embodiment including only a single main pole, a sufficiently strong electric field can be formed at the boundary of the developing region as well. The magnet brush can therefore efficiently collect the toner left on the drum

1

.

In the illustrative embodiment, the leveling member

7

located downstream of the image transfer position prevents the toner from locally gathering on the drum

1

, as in the previous embodiment. This is also successful to achieve the advantages described in relation to the previous embodiment.

The illustrative embodiment may additionally include the temporary collection roller

10

located downstream of the image transfer position. The system for controlling the temporary collection roller

10

has been described with reference to

FIGS. 11 through 13

.

How the illustrative embodiment obviates the omission of a trailing edge, the defective reproduction of a horizontal line and irregular dots will be described hereinafter. When the development gap between the drum

1

and the sleeve

43

is great, various troubles occur because the edge effect is enhanced at the time of development. For example, solitary lines are thickened to an uncontrollable degree. Also, a portion around a high density portion is lost and left blank in an image. Further, solitary dots are reproduced in a size greater than the actual size, preventing tonality from being linearly reproduced on an area ratio basis. In addition, granularity is conspicuous in a halftone portion.

By reducing the development gap, it is possible to reduce the undesirable occurrence ascribable to the edge effect and therefore to output an attractive image desirable in uniformity and tonality. We experimentally found that when the gap was greater than the size of a string of ten carrier particles having a mean particle size, the edge effect was enhanced and made the various defects conspicuous.

For the experiments, use was made of a carrier implemented by a ferrite core coated with silicone rubber. Assuming a string of carrier particles, then electric resistance is determined by the total thickness of the coating layers and the number of points where the particles contact. A string of more than ten carrier particles increases substantial electric resistance and brings about the same situation as when the development gap is increased. This relation holds when the carrier particle size ranges from 30 μm to 60 μm, as determined by experiments.

FIG. 19

shows a relation between the development gap and the edge effect. In

FIG. 19

, the abscissa indicates a development gap in terms of the number of carrier particles while the ordinate indicates a rank determined by the organoleptic estimation; rank

1

shows that no edge effect was observed while rank

5

shows that the edge effect was most conspicuous. For the estimation, use was made of carrier particle sizes of 30 μm and 60 μm. As

FIG. 19

indicates, the edge effect was enhanced without exception when the number of carrier particles exceeded ten.

On the other hand, assume that the development gap is sized to accommodate a string of less than three toner particles. Then, the gap obstructs the free movement of the carrier particles and thereby increases the frictional force of the magnet brush acting on the drum

1

. The magnet brush is therefore likely to cause brush marks to appear in an image or to scratch the drum

1

and cause stripes to appear in an image. Moreover, such a magnet brush reduces the life of the drum

1

.

A development gap greater than a string of three or more carrier particles, but smaller than a string of ten or less toner particles, has heretofore caused the trailing edge of an image to be lost or caused a horizontal line to be disconnected. This will be described specifically hereinafter. The toner moves between the magnet brush and the drum, developing a latent image. In the case of contact development, the toner moves mainly in the nip in which the drum

1

and magnet brush contact each other. This, however, causes the trailing edge of a solid image to be lost.

The omission of a trailing edge will be described with reference to FIG.

20

. As shown, the drum

1

and developing roller

41

, or sleeve

43

, rotate in directions a and b, respectively. The developing roller

41

moves at a higher linear velocity than the drum

1

. The magnet brush therefore always develops a latent image formed on the drum

1

, outrunning the latent image. When the magnet brush contacts the non-image portion or background of the drum

1

, the electric field formed in the developing region exerts a force in a direction c, forcing the toner present at the tip of the magnet brush away from the drum

1

. As a result, the longer the time during which the magnet brush remains in contact with the non-image portion, the lower the toner concentration around the drum

1

.

The magnet brush moves toward the downstream side of the developing region in accordance with the movement of the developing roller

41

and catches up with the image portion of the drum

1

. At this instant, the tip of the magnet brush low in toner concentration electrostatically attracts the toner deposited on the drum

1

in a direction d. Consequently, the toner present on the drum

1

decreases while the toner present at the tip of the magnet roller again increases. If the magnet brush restores the toner concentration, then it does not attract the toner away from the drum

1

even when further moved to the downstream side.

However, when the magnet brush remains in contact with the drum

1

only for a short period of time, the tip of the magnet brush low in toner concentration contacts the trailing edge of the image carried on the drum

1

. Consequently, the amount of the toner forming the image decreases with the result that the trailing edge of the image passed the developing region appears blurred.

In the developing region or nip, the size of the electric field differs from the point where the drum

1

and sleeve

43

are closest to each other to the point where they are remotest from each other, i.e., the boundary of the nip. In the illustrative embodiment, the drum

1

has a diameter of 60 mm while the sleeve

43

has a diameter of 20 mm. Further, the gap between the drum

1

and the sleeve

43

is 0.4 mm while the nip width is 4 mm. In these conditions, the distance between the drum

1

and the sleeve

43

is 0.4 mm at the center of the nip and 0.67 mm at the boundary of the nip. Assuming that the developer layer has a uniform width, then the field strength at the center of the nip and the field strength at the boundary of the nip have a ratio of about 1:0.6. Therefore, at the downstream side of the nip, opposite charge deposited on the carrier around the drum

1

collects the toner more than the electric field causes the toner to deposit on the drum

1

, resulting in the omission of a trailing edge.

By contrast, by reducing the nip width such that the gap ratio between the center and the boundary approaches

1

, it is possible to prevent the field strength from decreasing even at the boundary of the nip. Therefore, the carrier substantially does not collect the toner present on the drum

1

, so that the omission of a trailing edge is obviated.

FIG. 21

shows the results of experiments conducted to confirm the above occurrence.

To measure the nip width, while the drum

1

and sleeve

43

were held stationary, a bias for causing the toner to migrate from the sleeve

43

toward the drum

1

was applied. In this condition, the range of the drum

1

over which the toner deposited on the drum

1

was measured as a nip. More specifically, the above bias was applied to the sleeve

43

for about 1 second without the drum

1

being charged. The drum

1

was then pulled out to measure the width over which the toner deposited on the drum

1

in the direction of movement of the drum

1

. The boundary of the nip was determined by calculation using the drum diameter, sleeve diameter, development gap, and development nip. In any case, the ratio of the linear velocity of the sleeve

43

to that of the drum

1

was 2.5.

FIG. 22

shows the results of measurement. In

FIG. 22

, the abscissa indicates a ratio of the distance between the drum

1

and the sleeve

43

at the boundary of the nip, i.e., the development gap to the distance between the same at the center of the nip. The ordinate indicates the rank of the omission level of a trailing edge observed by eye; rank

5

indicates that no omission was observed while rank

1

indicates that omission was most conspicuous.

As

FIG. 22

indicates, the ratio in distance and the omission of a trailing edge are correlated, as expected. When the ratio in distance exceeds 1.5, the omission of a trailing edge is conspicuous and lowers image quality while aggravating the thinning of a horizontal line, rendering dots irregular and aggravating granularity. It follows that if the ratio in distance is 1.5 or below, then an image free from the omission of a trailing edge is attainable. By the same mechanism, there are insured the faithful reproduction of lines and stable reproduction of dots.

As stated above, in the illustrative embodiment, the half width of the magnetic flux of the main pole and therefore the development gap is reduced. Also, the ratio of the distance at the boundary of the nip to the development gap is selected to be 1.5 or below. Further, the development gap is so sized as to accommodate a string of three or more carrier particles, but accommodate a string of ten or Less carrier particles. With these conditions, the illustrative embodiment minimizes the disturbance to a toner image carried on the drum

1

ascribable to the magnet brush and reduces the edge effect. This successfully insures with the cleanerless process an image free from the omission of a trailing edge, desirable in the reproducibility of horizontal lines and the uniformity of dots, and low in granularity.

It is preferable that three or more carrier particles exist between the drum

1

and the sleeve

43

. If only two or less particles exist between the drum

1

and the carrier

43

, then the magnet disposed in the sleeve

43

exerts excessive restraint on the particles and thereby makes the magnet brush stiff. The stiff magnet brush would cause brush marks to appear in an image. On the other hand, the toner should preferably be transferred in a high ratio. For this purpose, an additive may be added to each toner particle whose circularity is 0.97 or above.

Reference will be made to

FIG. 23

for describing an image forming apparatus to which the illustrative embodiment is applied and implemented as an electrophotographic color copier by way of example. As shown, the color copier includes a color scanner or image reading device I, a color printer or image recording device II, and a sheet bank III.

The color scanner I includes a lamp

102

for illuminating a document G laid on a glass platen

101

. The resulting reflection from the document C is incident to a color image sensor

105

via mirrors

103

a

,

103

b

and

103

c

and a lens

104

. The color image sensor

105

reads color image data representative of the document G color by color, e.g., red (R), green (G) and blue (B) while converting them to corresponding image signals. Specifically, the color image sensor

105

includes R, G and B color separating means and a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) or similar photoelectric transducer and reads three different color image data at the same time. An image processing section, not shown, transforms the color image signals to black (Bk), cyan (C) magenta (M) and yellow (Y) color image data on the basis of a signal level.

More specifically, in response to a scanner start signal synchronous to the operation of the color printer II, optics made up of the lamp

102

and mirrors

103

a

through

103

c

sequentially scans the document G to the left, as viewed in FIG.

53

. The color scanner I outputs color data of one color every time the optics scans the document. By repeating such scanning four consecutive times, the color scanner I sequentially outputs color image data of four different colors. The color printer II forms a single toner image every time it receives the color image data of one color from the color scanner I. The color printer II transfers the resulting toner images of four different colors to an intermediate image transfer belt

261

, which will be described later, one above the other, thereby, completing a full-color image.

The color printer II includes the drum

1

, an optical writing unit

22

, a revolver or developing device

23

, an intermediate image transferring unit

26

, and a fixing unit

27

. The drum

1

is rotatable counterclockwise, as indicated by an arrow in FIG.

23

. Arranged around the drum

1

are a drum cleaner

201

, a discharge lamp

202

, a charger

203

, a potential sensor

204

, one of developing units arranged in the revolver

23

, a density sensor

205

, and the intermediate image transfer belt

261

included in the intermediate image transferring unit

26

.

The optical writing unit

22

transforms the color image data received from the color scanner I to an optical signal and scans the drum

1

in accordance with the optical signal, thereby forming a latent image on the drum

1

. The writing unit

22

includes a semiconductor laser or light source

221

, a laser driver, not shown, a polygonal mirror

222

, a motor

223

for driving the mirror

222

, an f/θ lens

224

, and a mirror

225

.

The revolver

23

includes a Bk developing unit

231

K, a C developing unit

231

C, a M developing unit

231

M and a Y developing unit

231

Y as well as a drive section for rotating the revolver

23

in a direction indicated by an arrow in FIG.

23

. The developing units

231

K through

231

Y each are constructed in the same manner as the developing device

4

shown in

FIGS. 1 and 2

. Specifically, the developing units

231

K through

231

Y each include a developing sleeve rotatable with a magnet brush formed thereon contacting the surface of the drum

1

and a paddle rotatable to scoop up and agitate a developer. In each of the developing units

231

K through

231

Y, the toner of the developer is charged to negative polarity by being agitated together with a ferrite carrier. A negative DC voltage Vdc on which an AC voltage Vac is superposed is applied to the developing sleeve as a bias for development. The bias biases the developing sleeve to a preselected potential relative to a metallic core included in the drum

1

.

While the copier is in a standby state, the revolver

23

is positioned such that the developing unit

231

K is located at a developing position where it faces the drum

1

. On the start of a copying operation, the color scanner I starts reading Bk color image data at preselected timing. The writing unit

22

starts forming a latent image on the drum

1

with a laser beam in accordance with the above color image data. Let this latent image be referred to as a Bk latent mage for convenience. This is also true with latent images corresponding to the other colors C, M and Y.

The Bk developing sleeve starts rotating before the leading edge of the Bk latent image arrives at the developing position. As a result, the Bk latent image is developed by Bk toner to become a Bk toner image. As soon as the trailing edge of the Bk latent image moves away from the developing position, the revolver

23

is rotated to locate the next developing unit (C developing unit) at the developing position. This rotation of the revolver

23

completes at least before the leading edge of a latent image derived from the next color data arrives at the developing position.

The intermediate image transferring unit

26

includes a belt cleaner

262

and a corona discharger

263

in addition to the intermediate image transfer belt

261

. The belt

261

is passed over a drive roller

264

a

, a roller

264

b

assigned to image transfer, a roller

264

c

assigned to belt cleaning, and a plurality of driven rollers. A motor, not shown, drives the belt

261

. The belt cleaner

262

includes an inlet seal, a rubber blade, a discharge coil, and a mechanism for moving the inlet seal and a rubber blade. While toner images of the second, third and fourth colors are sequentially transferred from the drum to the belt

261

after a toner image of the first color, the above mechanism maintains the inlet seal and rubber blade spaced from the belt

261

. The corona discharger

263

applies either a DC voltage or an AC-biased DC voltage to the belt

261

by corona discharge, causing a full-color image to be transferred from the belt

261

to a paper sheet or similar recording medium.

The color printer II additionally includes a sheet cassette

207

in addition to the previously mentioned sheet bank III. The sheet bank III includes sheet cassettes

30

a

,

30

b

and

30

c

each being loaded with a stack of paper sheets of particular size. Pickup rollers

28

,

31

a

,

31

b

and

31

c

are associated with the sheet cassettes

207

,

30

a

,

30

b

and

30

c

, respectively. Paper sheets are sequentially fed from designated one of the paper cassettes

207

and

31

a

through

31

c

by associated one of the pickup rollers

28

and

31

through

31

c

to a registration roller pair

29

. If desired, an OHP (OverHedad Projector) sheet, a relatively thick sheet or similar special sheet may be fed by hand from a manual feed tray

21

.

On the start of an image forming cycle, the drum

1

is caused to start rotating counterclockwise by the motor. Likewise, the belt

261

is caused to start turning clockwise by the motor. A Bk toner image, a C toner image, a M toner image and a Y toner image are sequentially formed while the belt

261

is in rotation, and sequentially transferred to the belt

261

one above the other, completing a full-color image.

More specifically, the charger

203

uniformly charges the surface of the drum

1

to about −700 V by corona discharge. The semiconductor laser

221

scans the charged surface of the drum

1

by raster scanning in accordance with Bk color image data. As a result, the scanned or exposed portion of the drum

1

looses its charge in proportion to the quantity of incident light, so that a Bk latent image is formed. Bk toner deposited on the Bk developing sleeve contacts the Bk latent image and deposits only on the exposed portion of the drum

1

, thereby forming a corresponding Bk toner image. A belt transfer unit

265

transfers the Bk toner image from the drum

1

to the belt

261

, which is turning at the same speed as the drum

1

in contact with the drum

1

(primary image transfer).

The drum cleaner

201

removes some toner left on the drum

1

after the primary image transfer. The toner collected by the drum cleaner

201

is stored in a waste toner tank via a piping although not shown specifically.

After the formation and transfer of the Bk toner image, the color scanner I starts reading C image data at preselected timing. The laser

221

forms a C latent image on the drum

1

in accordance with the C image data. After the passage of the trailing edge of the Bk latent image, but before the arrival of the leading edge of the C latent image, the revolve

23

brings the developing unit

231

C to the developing position. The developing unit

231

C develops the C latent image with C toner for thereby forming a C toner image. After the trailing edge of the C latent image has moved away from the developing position, the revolver

23

is again rotated to bring the developing unit

231

M to the developing position. This rotation also completes before the leading edge of a M latent image arrives at the developing position. The procedure described above is repeated with M and Y color image data to thereby form a M and a Y toner image.

The B, C, M and Y toner images sequentially transferred from the drum

1

to the belt

261

one above the other, i.e., a full-color image is transferred to a paper sheet by the corona discharger

263

.

The paper sheet is fed from any one of the sheet cassettes and manual feed tray when the above-described image forming operation begins, and is waiting at the nip of the registration roller pair

29

. The registration roller pair

29

conveys the paper sheet such that the leading edge of the paper sheet meets the leading edge of the toner image conveyed by the belt

261

to the corona discharger

263

. The corona discharger

263

charges the paper sheet to positive polarity by corona discharge, thereby transferring the toner image from the belt

261

to the paper sheet (secondary image transfer). Subsequently, an AC+DC corona discharger, not shown, located at the left-hand side of the corona discharger

263

, as viewed in

FIG. 53

, discharges the paper sheet to thereby separate it from the belt

261

.

A belt

211

conveys the paper sheet carrying the toner image thereon to the fixing unit

27

. In the fixing unit

27

, a heat roller

271

and a press roller

272

fix the toner image on the paper sheet with heat and pressure. An outlet roller pair

32

drives the paper sheet coming out of the fixing unit

27

out of the apparatus. The paper sheet or copy is stacked on a copy tray, not shown, face up.

After the secondary image transfer, the drum cleaner

201

cleans the surface of the drum

1

with the brush roller and rubber blade. Subsequently, the discharge lamp

202

discharges the surface of the drum

1

. At the same time, the previously mentioned mechanism again presses the blade of the belt cleaner

262

against the surface of the belt

261

to thereby clean it.

In summary, it will be seen that the present invention provides a developing device for an image forming apparatus having various unprecedented advantages, as enumerated below.

(1) A magnet brush formed on a developer carrier efficiently collects toner left on an image carrier after image transfer. An image free from the omission of a trailing edge, the defective reproduction of a horizontal line, irregular dots and granularity is achievable with a cleanerless process.

(2) The flux density distribution of a main pole for development can have the half value of its flux density easily reduced by a simple configuration. This enhances efficient toner collection and image quality.

(3) A strong electric field that attracts the toner toward a developing device can be formed between the image carrier and the developer carrier, further enhancing efficient toner collection.

(4) It is possible to collect the toner deposited on the image carrier upstream of a developing region while developing a latent image. Therefore, development and toner collection can be effected at the same time, increasing the efficiency of an image forming process.

(5) The toner left on the image carrier is scattered, or distributed, to enhance efficient toner collection at a developing position. This obviates a residual image ascribable to defective toner collection.

(6) Irregular screening is obviated during exposure, so that a latent image can be formed in an adequate manner. Also, the toner can be collected more efficiently at the developing position. It follows that a residual image ascribable to defective toner collection is obviated.

Various modifications will become possible for those skilled in the art after receiving the teachings of the present disclosure without departing from the scope thereof.

Number	Name	Date	Kind
5075729	Hayashi et al.	Dec 1991	A
5196891	Shimazaki et al.	Mar 1993	A
5412454	Masumi	May 1995	A
5467176	Watanuki et al.	Nov 1995	A
5587774	Nagahara et al.	Dec 1996	A
5805960	Suzuki et al.	Sep 1998	A
6341207	Sasaki et al.	Jan 2002	B1

Number	Date	Country
7-084456	Mar 1995	JP
08-160725	Jun 1996	JP
09-236986	Sep 1997	JP
2000-305360	Nov 2000	JP
2000-315001	Nov 2000	JP

Developing method, device, and image forming apparatus with magnet brush

Information

Patent Number

Date Filed

Date Issued

Inventors

Original Assignees

Examiners

Agents

CPC

US Classifications

Field of Search

US

International Classifications

Abstract

Description

Claims

Priority Claims (1)

US Referenced Citations (7)

Foreign Referenced Citations (5)