Patent Application
20140248392
The present invention provides an oil containing edible product that is capable of increasing the bioavailability of one or more oil soluble micronutrients that are comprised in vegetables or fruit. The edible product according to the present invention comprises at least 4 wt. % of a glyceride component consisting of:
The present invention also relates to the use of the aforementioned edible product for increasing the bioavailability of one or more micronutrients that are comprised in a vegetable or a fruit, said use comprising consuming the edible product within 30 minutes of consuming said vegetable or fruit.
It is well-known that fruit and vegetables are an important source of micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals. It is less well-known, however, that following consumption of vegetables or fruit the human body is often capable of utilizing only a fraction of the micronutrients contained therein. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as the limited oral bioavailability of micronutrients that are contained in a particular vegetable or fruit. Here the term “oral bioavailability” refers to the fraction of the total amount of an ingested micronutrient that ultimately reaches the systemic circulation. Thus, an oral bioavailability of 20% means that only 20% of the ingested amount of micronutrient reaches the systemic circulation.
The oral bioavailability of a micronutrient that is contained within a vegetable or a fruit is determined by three successive processes. First the micronutrient must be released from the vegetable or fruit matrix into the juices of the gastrointestinal tract. The extent to which a micronutrient is released from a vegetable or fruit into the gastrointestinal tract determines its so called bioaccessibility. Secondly, the released nutrient must enter the intestinal epithelium where it is incorporated in chylomicrons which are transported via the lymph into the bloodstream near the heart (absorption). Finally, in order to reach the systemic circulation the micronutrient that has been transported into the portal vein must pass the liver without being metabolized. Consequently, oral bioavailability of a micronutrient is determined by its bioaccessibility, its absorption and its metabolization.
In case of vegetables and fruit limited bioavailability of micronutrients is strongly associated with limited absorption, especially in case the micronutrient is an oil-soluble micronutrient such an oil-soluble vitamin or provitamin. Hence, in order to effectively enhance the oral bioavailability of oil-soluble micronutrients in fresh vegetables and fresh fruit, the absorption of these micronutrients should be increased.
Odeberg et al. (Oral bioavailability of the antioxidant astaxanthin in humans is enhanced by incorporation of lipid based formulations, European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (2003) 19, 299-304) describe the results of a study that aimed to investigate whether the bioavailability of astaxanthin could be increased in humans by incorporating it into lipid formulations of different compositions. The authors observe that since in commercially available food supplements astaxanthin is present as a triglyceride rich algal meal, the investigation focussed on the effects of the addition of different surfactants. The highest bioavalability is observed with a formulation containing 32 wt. % algal meal (0.10% fat); 20% monodiglycerides; and 56% polysorbate 80.
Brown et al. (Carotenoid bioavailability is higher from salads ingested with full-fat than with fat-reduced salad dressing as measured with electrochemical detection, Am J Clin Nutr (2004); 80, 396-403) have reported that the results of a study that aimed to quantify the appearance of carotenoids in plasma chylomicrons after subjects ingested fresh vegetable salads with fat-free, reduced-fat and full-fat salad dressings. The authors found that after ingestion of salads with fat-free salad the appearance of carotenoids in plasma chylomicrons was negligible. After ingestion of the salads with reduced-fat salad dressing, the appearance of the carotenoids in plasma chylomicrons increased relative to that after ingestion of the salads with fat-free salad dressing. Similarly, the appearance of the carotenoids in plasma chylomicrons was higher after the ingestion of salads with full-fat than with reduced-fat salad dressing.
DE-A 1 692 590 describes a process for the preparation of sauces from aqueous solutions containing protein and at least 0.5 wt. % lipids, wherein:
Example 1 describes the preparation of a sour cream sauce that contains at least 15 wt. % of oil and 0.7 wt. % monoglycerides.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,803,087 describes a composition useful for incorporation into raw milk consisting essentially of an aqueous emulsion of
The Example of U.S. Pat. No. 4,803,087 describes an oil-and-water emulsion comprising 25 wt. % soybean oil, 4.5 wt. % polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, 4.5 wt. % glycerol monooleate, 2.0 wt. % glycerin and 3.0 wt. % vitamin A.
US 20080311211 describes an oil-in-water emulsion comprising an oil and a lipophilic additive (LPA). Example 5 describes an emulsion that was prepared by mixing 39 wt. % of soybean oil with 1.0 wt. % LPA (Dimodan U/J, Danisco, Danmark) to prepare the lipid phase. Next, 40 wt. % of this lipidic phase was added to 60% of a wt. % Na caseinate solution. The mixture was stirred with a propeller stirrer to yield a stable oil-in-water emulsion having a D32 of 13 μm.
The present inventors have succeeded in finding a new effective way to increase the bioavailability of oil-soluble nutrients that are contained in vegetables and fruit. The inventors have developed an oil containing edible product comprising a special glyceride component that is capable of substantially increasing the bioavailability of oil-soluble micronutrients contained in vegetables or fruits if the edible product is consumed together with these vegetables or fruit.
The special glyceride component that represent at least 4 wt. % of the edible product and that is believed to be responsible for the bioavailability enhancing properties of the edible product is composed of:
Thus, one aspect of the invention relates to the use of the above defined glyceride component for increasing the bioavailability of one or more micronutrients that are comprised in a vegetable or a fruit, said use comprising consuming an edible product containing at least 4 wt. % of said glyceride component within 30 minutes of consuming said vegetable or fruit
The inventors have unexpectedly discovered that the glyceride component specified above is more effective in enhancing the bioavailability of oil-soluble micronutrients in vegetables or fruit than any one of its glyceride constituents per se.
Although the inventors do not wish to be bound by theory, it is believed that the favorable effect of the glyceride component on the bioavailability of oil soluble nutrients contained in vegetables or fruit is largely attributable to the impact of glyceride component on the absorption of said micronutrients. The mechanisms by which the glyceride component stimulates the absorption of oil soluble nutrients into the gastrointestinal tract are not yet fully understood. However, it is believed that the favorable impact of the glyceride component on the absorption of oil soluble nutrients contained in vegetables or fruit is largely exerted after ingestion of such vegetables or fruit by a consumer.
In order for the present edible product to produce the desired bioavailability enhancing effect, said edible product should come into contact with a vegetable or a fruit no later than the moment when the vegetable or fruit reach the part of the intestines where absorption of oil soluble micronutrients takes place. Hence, the edible product should be combined with the vegetable or the fruit prior to consumption or, alternatively it can be consumed separately from the vegetable or the fruit, but within a period of 30 minutes from the moment that the vegetable or fruit was consumed.
Another aspect of the invention relates to an edible product that comprises 4-90 wt. % of a glyceride component and 10-96 wt % of other components, said glyceride component consisting of:
Edible products containing triglycerides and monoglycerides are well-known in the art. The edible product according to the present invention differs from most of these prior art products in that the glyceride component comprises a relatively high amount of monoglycerides, especially relative to the amount of diglycerides, and in that the glyceride component has a very low solid fat content at 10° C.
The invention also provides a salad comprising at least 50 wt. % of vegetable and/or fruit components and at least 3 wt. % of the aforementioned edible product.
Yet another aspect of the invention relates to a process of manufacturing the edible product of the present invention, said process comprising combining 76-97 parts by weight of a triglyceride component having a triglyceride content of 95-100 wt. % with 3-16 parts by weight of a monoglyceride component having a monoglyceride content of at least 70-100 wt. %.
Accordingly, one aspect of the invention relates to the use of a glyceride component for increasing the bioavailability of one or more micronutrients that are comprised in a vegetable or a fruit, said use comprising consuming an edible product containing at least 4 wt. % of said glyceride component within 30 minutes of consuming said vegetable or fruit, said glyceride component consisting of:
The term “oil” as used herein refers to a lipid material that can be liquid or solid at ambient temperature. Throughout this document, unless indicated otherwise, the terms “oil” and “fat” are used interchangeably.
The term “monoglycerides” as used herein refers to 1-monoacylglycerols and 2-monoacylglycerols that contain a glycerol residue with two non-esterified hydroxyl groups.
The term “diglycerides” as used herein refers to 1,2-diacylglycerols, 2,3-diacylglycerols and 1,3-diacylglycerols that contain a glycerol residue with one non-esterified hydroxyl group.
The solid fat content at a temperature of t° C. (Nt) equals the solid fat content at a temperature of t° C. as measured by means of ISO 8292—Animal and vegetable fats and oils—Determination of solid fat content—Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance method.
The term “fatty acid” as used herein, unless indicated otherwise, refers to fatty acid residues contained in constituents of the glyceride component, i.e. triglycerides, diglycerides and monoglycerides.
Unless indicated otherwise, fatty acid concentrations are expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the fatty acids. Fatty acid concentrations are suitably determined by means of ISO 5509—Animal and vegetable fats and oils—Preparation of methyl esters of fatty acids and ISO 5508—Animal and vegetable fats and oils—Analysis by gas chromatography of methyl esters of fatty acids.
Unless indicated otherwise, the term “bioavailability” as used herein should be construed as “oral bioavailability”.
The term “consuming” as used herein refers to the ingestion of a material such as the present edible product, a vegetable or a fruit.
Whenever reference is made to “weight percentage” or “wt. %”, this should be construed as referring to % (ww).
Whenever a parameter, such as a concentration, a solid fat content or a ratio, is said to be less than a certain upper limit it should be understood that in the absence of a specified lower limit the lower limit for said parameter is 0.
The term “comprising” is used herein in its ordinary meaning and means including, made up of, composed of, consisting and/or consisting essentially of. In other words, the term is defined as not being exhaustive of the steps, components, ingredients, or features to which it refers.
Except in the operating and comparative examples, or where otherwise explicitly indicated, all numbers in this description indicating amounts or ratios of material or conditions of reaction, physical properties of materials and/or use are to be understood as modified by the word “about”.
The glyceride component contained in the edible product may have been incorporated therein as a single ingredient or the constituents of the glyceride component may have been separately introduced into the edible product. For instance, triglycerides and monoglycerides may have been added separately in the preparation of the edible product. Also, each of the constituents of the glyceride component may originate from two or more different sources. Thus, for instance, triglycerides contained in the glyceride component may originate from a vegetable oil and an oil-containing ingredient.
The inventors have found that the ability of the present edible product to enhance the bioavailablity of oil-soluble micronutrients in vegetables or fruit is dependent on the relative amounts of triglycerides, diglycerides and monoglycerides contained therein. Preferably, the glyceride component comprises at least 3.5 wt. %, more preferably at least 4 wt. % and most preferably at least 5 wt. % of monoglycerides. Typically, the amount of monoglycerides contained in the edible product does not exceed 12% by weight of the glyceride component.
The glyceride component may contain a small amount of diglycerides besides the main component triglycerides and monoglycerides. The diglyceride content of the glyceride component typically lies in the range of 0-6wt. %, more preferably in the range of 0-4 wt. %. Most preferably, the glyceride component contains 0-3 wt. % of diglycerides.
In accordance with a particularly preferred embodiment, monoglycerides and triglycerides are contained in the glyceride component in a weight ratio monoglyceride:triglycerides of less than 1:6, more preferably of less than 1:8. Typically, the latter weight ratio exceeds 1:30, more preferably it exceeds 1:25, and most preferably it exceeds 1:20.
Diglycerides and monoglycerides are preferably contained in the glyceride component in a weight ratio diglycerides:monoglycerides of less than 1:3, more preferably of less than 1:4, most preferably of less than 1:10.
The triglyceride content of the glyceride component preferably lies in the range of 80-97 wt. %, more preferably of 84-96 wt %.
The fatty acids contained in the glyceride component typically have a carbon chain length of 6-24. Preferably, at least 80 wt. % of the fatty acids contained in the glyceride component are C16-C20 fatty acids, more preferably C16-C18 fatty acids.
According to a particularly preferred embodiment at least 80% wt. % of the fatty acids contained in the glyceride component are unsaturated C18 fatty acids, notably unsaturated C18 fatty acids selected from oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and combinations thereof.
The amount of saturated C16-C18 monoglycerides in the glyceride component preferably does not exceed 20%, most preferably it does not exceed 18% by weight of the monoglycerides. Expressed differently, the amount of saturated C16-C18 monoglycerides does not exceed 4%, more preferably does not exceed 2%, and most preferably does not exceed 1.5% by weight of the glyceride component.
In accordance with one embodiment of the use of the glyceride component in accordance with the present invention, the vegetable or fruit comprising the one or more oil soluble micronutrients is comprised within the same edible product as the glyceride component. An example of such a product is a dressing or a sauce that contains vegetable particles.
According to another, more preferred embodiment, the edible product and the vegetable or fruit are consumed separately, i.e. ingested separately, but the time period between these separate consumption events does not exceed 30 minutes. Here the time period between these consumption events is defined as the time period that starts with the end of the first event and that ends with the start of the other event.
According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the edible product is consumed within 20 minutes, most preferably within 10 minutes of consuming the vegetable or the fruit. It should be understood that in accordance with this embodiment, the edible product can be consumed prior or after consumption of the vegetable or the fruit.
According to yet another, particularly preferred embodiment, the edible product is combined with the vegetable or the fruit prior to consumption. Examples of this particular embodiment include the combination of a salad and a salad dressing, the combination of cooked vegetables and a sauce, and the combination of fruit and a dessert.
The edible product of the present invention can suitably be used to enhance the bioavailability of a wide range of oil-soluble micronutrients. Examples of such oil-soluble micronutrients include provitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin K, lutein, zeaxanthin and lycopene. Examples of provitamin A whose bioavailability can be enhanced effectively by using the present product include α-carotene, β-carotene, γ-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin.
The fruit or vegetable containing the oil soluble micronutrients can be fresh or cooked. According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the vegetable and/or fruit is fresh.
In accordance with a particularly preferred embodiment of the present use, the edible product is a salad dressing and the vegetable or fruit is a component of a salad. Advantageously, said salad dressing is combined with the salad prior to consumption. Preferably, the salad comprises at least 40 wt. %, more preferably at least 70 wt. % of one or more fresh vegetables selected from lettuce, tomato, carrot, beetroot and combinations thereof.
In accordance with the aforementioned use, the salad dressing can be combined with the salad in numerous ways. A convenient way of combining the dressing with the salad is to pour the salad dressing over a freshly prepared salad.
According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the edible product containing the glyceride component that is consumed in accordance with the present use is an edible product as defined below.
A further aspect of the invention relates to an edible product containing at least 4 wt. % of a glyceride component consisting of:
In accordance with a particularly preferred embodiment, the packaged edible product is a salad dressing and the one or more statements on the container indicate that the salad dressing can be used on a salad to increase the bioavailability of oil soluble micronutriens that are comprised in the vegetable or fruit components of the salad.
Another aspect of the invention relates to an edible product that comprises 4-90 wt. % of a glyceride component and 10-96 wt % of other components, said glyceride component consisting of:
The glyceride component contained in this edible product advantageously is a glyceride component as defined herein before.
Preferably, the edible product comprises 4-83 wt. % of the glyceride component and 17-96 wt. % of other components. Examples of other components that may contained in the edible product are water, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, salt, acids, flavours, colours and emulsifiers other than monoglycerides or diglycerides.
The benefits of the present invention are particularly appreciated in edible products containing low or moderate levels of glyceride component as in these products the ‘boosting effect’ of the monoglycerides on the bioavailability of lipophlic micronutrients is particularly valuable. Accordingly, the present product advantageously contains 5-65 wt. %, more preferably 5-45 wt. % and most preferably 5-30 wt. % of the glyceride component.
Besides the glycerides contained in the glyceride component, the edible product may contain other glycerides such as, for instance, glycerophosphoroplipids.
In accordance with another preferred embodiment, the edible product contains at least 0.7 wt. %, more preferably at least 0.9 wt. % and most preferably at least 1.2 wt. % of monoglycerides. The monoglyceride content of the edible product usually does not exceed 14 wt. %. Most preferably, the edible product contains not more than 7% of monoglycerides by weight of the edible product.
In accordance with a particularly preferred embodiment, the glyceride component contains less than 20%, more preferably les than 18 wt. % saturated C16-C18 monoglycerides by weight of the monoglycerides.
The edible product typically contains less than 2.0%, more preferably less than 1.0 wt. % and most preferably less than 0.5 wt. % saturated C16-C18 monoglycerides.
According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the edible product comprises 4-85 wt. % of an oil phase and 15-96 wt. % of an aqueous phase, wherein the oil phase and the aqueous phase together represent at least 70 wt. %, more preferably at least 80 wt. % and most preferably at least 90 wt. % of the product. This edible product may be provided in the form of an emulsion, especially an oil-in-water emulsion or in the form a non-emulsified product wherein the oil phase is ‘sitting on’ the aqueous phase.
As explained herein before, the benefits of the present invention are particularly pronounced in edible products having a low or moderate oil content. Thus, it is preferred that the oil phase represents not more than 65 wt. %, even more preferably not more than 45 wt. % and most preferably not more than 30 wt. % of the edible product.
The glyceride component typically represents at least 90 wt. %, more preferably at least 95 wt. % of the oil phase comprised in the edible product.
The above described edible product preferably contains an acidified continuous aqueous phase having a pH of less than 6.0, more preferably of 1.5-5.5.
In the embodiment wherein the edible product is an oil-in-water emulsion the dispersed oil phase typically has a volume weighted average diameter of less than 40 μm, more preferably of 0.1-30 μm and most preferably of 0.5-20 μm.
Unlike the emulsions described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,803,087 the oil-in-water emulsion according to the present invention preferably contains less than 1.4 wt. %, more preferably less than 1.0 wt. %, even more preferably less than 0.5 wt. % of an emulsifying agent selected from polyoxyethylene sorbitan oleates, polyoxyethylene sorbitan stearates and mixture thereof. Most preferably, the emulsion does not contain the latter emulsifying agent.
Examples of edible products encompassed by the present invention include: dressings (including salad dressings), mayonnaise, cooking oils, kitchen fats (e.g. kitchen margarine), sauces, soups, spreads and desserts (e.g. ice cream). Preferably, the edible product is selected from the group consisting of dressings, mayonnaise, sauces and desserts. Even more preferably, the edible product is a dressing or a mayonnaise. Most preferably, the edible product is a dressing, especially a salad dressing.
It is preferred that the salad dressing of the present invention can be poured over a freshly prepared salad. Hence, according to a preferred embodiment, the salad dressing is pourable at ambient temperature so it can be dispensed from a bottle or another container. In order to ensure that the dressing will cling to the salad, it is advantageous to incorporate one or more viscosifiers in the dressing. Advantageously, the dressing of the present invention has a viscosity of at least 200 mPa·s, said viscosity being determined by Brookfield rheometer, spindle RV3, 30 rpm, 20° C. Even more preferably, the dressing has a viscosity of at least 350 mPa·s.
In accordance with one advantageous embodiment, the dressing of the present invention is an oil-in-water emulsion. According to an alternative embodiment, the dressing is non-emulsified and comprises a layer of aqueous phase and a layer of oil phase. The latter type of dressing is usually shaken to produce an emulsion before it is applied onto a salad.
The aqueous phase of the dressing of the present invention preferably has been acidified. Typically, the aqueous phase of the dressing has a pH in the range of 2.0-5.5, more preferably of 2.5-5.0. Food grade acids that may suitably be applied in the edible product include acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, sorbic acid, phosphoric acid, malic acid, benzoic acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid and combinations thereof. Most preferably, the acid is selected from acetic acid, citric acid and combinations thereof. According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the dressing contains at least 0.1 g/l of a food-grade acid as described herein before.
According to yet another advantageous embodiment of the present invention, the aqueous phase of the dressing contains 0.01-10 wt. %, more preferably 0.05-5 wt. % of protein. Examples of proteins and protein sources that may suitably be incorporated in the aqueous phase include milk protein, egg protein, rice protein, corn protein, soy protein, mustard flour, gelatin, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the aqueous phase of the dressing contains a protein or protein source selected from milk protein, egg protein and mustard protein. The inclusion of protein not only has a favorable impact on the taste and texture of the dressing but is also believed to further boost the advantageous bioavailability enhancing effect of the dressing.
Yet another aspect of the invention relates to a salad comprising at least 50 wt. % of vegetable and/or fruit components and at least 3 wt. % of an edible product according to the present invention.
Particularly preferred is a salad that comprises at least 40 wt. %, preferably at least 70 wt. % of one or more vegetables selected from lettuce, tomato, carrot, beetroot and combinations thereof.
The present invention also provides a process of manufacturing an edible product as defined herein before, said process comprising combining 76-97 parts by weight of a triglyceride component having a triglyceride content of 95-100 wt. % with 3-16 parts by weight of a monoglyceride component having a monoglyceride content of 70-100 wt. %.
The invention is further illustrated by means of the following, non-limiting examples.
The effect of the glyceride composition of the oil phase of salad dressings on the bioaccessibility of lipophilic micronutrients (β-carotene) contained in a salad was assessed in an in vitro bioaccessibility test. Basic low fat salad dressings were prepared in accordance with the recipe described in Table 1.
Seven dressings were prepared using the seven different glyceride components depicted in Table 2.
# Dimodan ® U/J (Danisco) - Distilled monoglyceride made from sunflower oil; contains at least 90 wt. % monoglyceride, 100% fat of which 15 g saturated fat
Also a control a dressing was used having a composition as described in Table 1, but wherein the glyceride component had been replaced by aqueous phase.
The effect of these different dressings on the bioaccessibility of the β-carotene contained in a salad was assessed by adding these dressings to Romaine Lettuce green leafy vegetables and by subjecting samples of these salads to an in vitro bioaccessibility test as described hereinafter.
Salad samples were prepared by adding 200 grams Romaine Lettuce+200 grams of water in a blender and processing them until salad particles were obtained which were comparable to the size after normal chewing. 50 grams of this salad mixture (comprising 25 grams salad) was then put into the reaction vessel of the in vitro digestion model. To this 10 grams of the salad dressing was added by separately pipetting the aqueous phase and the oil phase of the dressing.
Effects on bioaccessibility were evaluated by determining the β-carotene content of the vegetable and by measuring the in vitro extraction of β-carotene in digestive juices. Artificial digestive juices were prepared based on human physiology and added to the products, mixed and incubated for 30 minutes at physiological pH (7.5). The fraction of β-carotene that is released from the salad components into the aqueous volume (dissolved or solubilised in mixed micelles) of the digestive juices after centrifugation and filtration represents the bioaccessible fraction. The relative in vitro accessibility of β-carotene can be calculated as the in vitro accessible amount over the total amount of β-carotene present in the vegetable and expressed as a percentage. The results obtained are summarized in Table 3.
These results indicate that a dressing in which the oil phase consists of triglycerides and at least 3 wt. % of monoglycerides is substantially more effective in enhancing the bioavailability of the β-carotene contained in a salad than a salad dressing comprising an oil phase that consists of triglycerides and less than 2 wt. % of monoglycerides.
A recipe for a non-emulsified salad dressing that can be used to enhance the bioavailability of lipophilic micronutrients in salad components is described in Table 4.
# Dimodan ® U/J (Danisco) - Distilled monoglycende made from sunflower oil; contains at least 90 wt. % monoglyceride, 100% fat of which 15 g saturated fat
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 11186530.9 | Oct 2011 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2012/070176 | 10/11/2012 | WO | 00 | 4/15/2014 |
