Claims
- 1. A method for inducing or enhancing the threshold voltage of an electrophoretic display, which method comprises adding a threshold promoter into an electrophoretic fluid which comprises charged pigment particles or pigment-containing microparticles dispersed in a dielectric solvent or solvent mixture, wherein said threshold promoter is represented by one of the following formulas:
- 2. The method of claim 1 wherein Q in —Q—L or Q′ in —Q′—L′— is independently absent, ether (—O—), thioether (—S—), amide (—CON<, —CONR12— or —R12NCO—), imide [(—CO)2N—], urea (—R12NCONR13—), thiourea (—R12NCSNR13—), urethane (—OCONR12— or —R12NCOO—), thiourethane (—OCSNR12— or —R12NCSO—), ester (—COO— or —OOC—), carbonate [—OC(O)O—], imine (═N—) or amine (—NR12—) wherein R12 and R13 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, polyether and derivatives thereof.
- 3. The method of claim 1 wherein m and m′ are independently 1 or 2.
- 4. The method of claim 1 wherein q and q′ are independently 1 or 2.
- 5. The method of claim 1 wherein X and Y are independently —OH, —SH, —NH2, —NH—, ═N—, >N+<, ═N+<, —CO—, —COO—, —OCO—, —COO−, —COOH, —COOCO—, —O—, —CONR8—, —CONH2, —OCONR8—, —NR8COR9, —R8NCONR9—, —CONR8CO—, —OCOO—, —SO—, —SO2—, —SO2−, —SO3−, —SO4−, —SO2H, —SO3H, —PO4H2, —PO4−2, —PO4H−, —PO3H2, —PO3H−, —SO2NH—, —SO2NR8—, pyridinium or quaternary ammonium salt, metal or metal ions or chelated derivatives thereof (in which R8 and R9 are independently hydrogen, alkyl or fluorinated alkyl of 1 to 30 carbon atoms).
- 6. The method of claim 5 wherein X or Y is a pyridinium salt formed with a counterion selected from a group consisting of F−, Cl−, Br−, I−, NO3−, NO2−, CO3=, SO3=, SO4=, PO3=, PO43−, MnO4−, Cr2O7=, CrO3=, BF4−, PF6−, AsF6− or SbF6−; optionally fluorinated aliphatic carboxylates or sulfonates; anions of optionally fluorinated sulfonyl imides; anions of optionally fluorinated aromatic carboxylates or sulfonates and fluoropolyether substituted carboxylates or sulfonates.
- 7. The method of claim 6 wherein said optionally fluorinated aliphatic sulfonate is CaHbF(2a+1−b)SO3− wherein a is 1-30 and b is 0-61.
- 8. The method of claim 6 wherein said optionally fluorinated aliphatic carboxylates is CaHbF(2a+1−b)CO2− wherein a is 1-30 and b is 0-61.
- 9. The method of claim 6 wherein said counterion is F(C3F6O)dCF(CF3)CO2−, F(C3F6O)dCF2CF2CO2−, CF3O(C2F4O)dCF2CO2−, F(C2F4O)dCF2CO2−, F(C3F6O)dCF(CF3)SO3−, F(C3F6O)dCF2CF2SO3−, CF3O(C2F4O)dCF2SO3− or F(C2F4O)dCF2SO3− wherein d is 1-20.
- 10. The method of claim 5 wherein said pyridinium salt is formed with an anion of Krytox® acid.
- 11. The method of claim 1 wherein R is fluorinated alkyl or fluorinated aryl.
- 12. The method of claim 1 wherein R is a polymeric or oligomeric chain represented by the following formula:
- 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the open substituent positions are fluorine or fluorinated alkyl.
- 14. The method of claim 1 wherein said threshold promoter is represented by Formula T-1:
- 15. The method of claim 14 wherein R is a fluorinated alkyl.
- 16. The method of claim 14 wherein R is a fluoropolyether.
- 17. The method of claim 14 wherein R is a polymeric or oligomeric chain of Formula (R).
- 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the open substituent positions on the main chain of Formula (R) are fluorine or fluorinated alkyl.
- 19. The method of claim 14 wherein m is 2, q is 1, L is a straight or branched alkylene or alkylphenylene chain optionally interrupted by one or more nitrogen atoms.
- 20. The method of claim 19 wherein L is a straight or branched alkylene chain optionally interrupted by one or more nitrogen atoms.
- 21. The method of claim 1 wherein said threshold promoter is represented by Formula T-2:
- 22. The method of claim 21 wherein R is a fluorinated alkyl.
- 23. The method of claim 21 wherein R is a fluoropolyether.
- 24. The method of claim 21 wherein R is a polymeric or oligomeric chain of Formula (R).
- 25. The method of claim 24 wherein the open substituent positions on the main chain of Formula (R) are fluorine or fluorinated alkyl.
- 26. The method of claim 21 wherein L and L′ are independently a straight or branched alkylene chain optionally interrupted by one or more nitrogen atoms.
- 27. The method of claim 21 wherein Y is —OH.
- 28. The method of claim 1 wherein said threshold promoter is a pyiridium salt.
- 29. The method of claim 28 wherein said pyridinium salt has a counterion selected from a group consisting of CaF2a+1SO3−, F(C3F6O)dCF(CF3)CO2— and F(C2F4O)dCF2CO2— in which a is 1-12 and d is 1-20.
- 30. An electrophoretic fluid comprising charged pigment particles or pigment-containing microparticles dispersed in a dielectric solvent or solvent mixture and a threshold promoter of the following formula:
- 31. The electrophoretic fluid claim 30 wherein said threshold promoter is represented by Formula T-1:
- 32. The method of claim 31 wherein R is a fluorinated alkyl.
- 33. The method of claim 31 wherein R is a fluoropolyether.
- 34. The method of claim 31 wherein R is a polymeric or oligomeric chain of Formula (R).
- 35. The method of claim 34 wherein the open substituent positions on the main chain of Formula (R) are fluorine or fluorinated alkyl.
- 36. The electrophoretic fluid of claim 31 wherein m is 2, q is 1, L is a straight or branched alkylene, alkylphenylene, fluorinated alkylene or fluorinated alkylphenylene chain optionally interrupted by one or more nitrogen atoms.
- 37. The method of claim 36 wherein L is a straight or branched alkylene chain optionally interrupted by one or more nitrogen atoms.
- 38. The electrophoretic fluid of claim 30 wherein said threshold promoter is represented by Formula T-2:
- 39. The method of claim 38 wherein R is a fluorinated alkyl.
- 40. The method of claim 38 wherein R is a fluoropolyether.
- 41. The method of claim 38 wherein R is a polymeric or oligomeric chain of Formula (R).
- 42. The method of claim 41 wherein the open substituent positions on the main chain of Formula (R) are fluorine or fluorinated alkyl.
- 43. The method of claim 38 wherein Y is —OH.
- 44. The electrophoretic fluid of claim 38 wherein said pyiridium ion is reacted with a counterion selected from a group consisting of CaF2a+1SO3−, F(C3F6O)dCF(CF3)CO2— and F(C2F4O)dCF2CO2— in which a is 1-12 and d is 1-20.
- 45. The electrophoretic fluid of claim 30 wherein the threshold promoter is present in the amount of from about 0.1% by weight to about 20% by weight based upon the total amount of pigment particles.
- 46. The electrophoretic fluid of claim 45 wherein the threshold promoter is present in the amount of from about 0.2% by weight to about 5% by weight based upon the total amount of pigment particles.
- 47. The electrophoretic fluid of claim 30 wherein said pigment particles are white pigment particles.
- 48. The electrophoretic fluid of claim 30 wherein said dielectric solvent is a halogenated solvent.
- 49. The electrophoretic fluid of claim 48 wherein said dielectric solvent is a fluorinated solvent.
- 50. The electrophoretic fluid of claim 49 wherein said dielectric solvent is a perfluorinated solvent.
- 51. The electrophoretic fluid of claim 30 wherein said threshold promoter is adsorbed or chemically bonded on the surface of the particles.
- 52. The electrophoretic fluid of claim 30 wherein said threshold promoter is adsorbed or chemically bonded on the surface of an electrode conductor.
- 53. The electrophoretic fluid of claim 30 wherein said threshold promoter is adsorbed or chemically bonded on the surface of an electrode protection layer.
- 54. The electrophoretic display of claim 30 wherein said dielectric solvent or solvent mixture is colored by a Si phthalocyanine or naphthalocyanine dye, a Cu phthalocyanine or naphthalocyanine dye or a mixture thereof.
- 55. An electrophoretic display comprising display cells filled with an electrophoretic fluid comprising charged pigment particles or pigment-containing microparticles dispersed in a dielectric solvent or solvent mixture and a threshold voltage promoter of the formula:
- 56. The display of claim 55 wherein said threshold promoter is represented by Formula T-1:
- 57. The method of claim 56 wherein R is a fluorinated alkyl.
- 58. The method of claim 56 wherein R is a fluoropolyether.
- 59. The method of claim 56 wherein R is a polymeric or oligomeric chain of Formula (R).
- 60. The method of claim 59 wherein the open substituent positions on the main chain of Formula (R) are fluorine or fluorinated alkyl.
- 61. The display of claim 56 wherein m is 2, q is 1, L is a straight or branched alkylene, alkylphenylene, fluorinated alkylene or fluorinated alkylphenylene chain optionally interrupted by one or more nitrogen atoms.
- 62. The display of claim 61 wherein L is a straight or branched alkylene chain optionally interrupted by one or more nitrogen atoms.
- 63. The display of claim 55 wherein said threshold promoter is represented by Formula T-2:
- 64. The method of claim 63 wherein R is a fluorinated alkyl.
- 65. The method of claim 63 wherein R is a fluoropolyether.
- 66. The method of claim 63 wherein R is a polymeric or oligomeric chain of Formula (R).
- 67. The method of claim 66 wherein the open substituent positions on the main chain of Formula (R) are fluorine or fluorinated alkyl.
- 68. The method of claim 63 wherein Y is —OH.
- 69. The display of claim 63 wherein said pyiridium ion is reacted with a counterion selected from a group consisting of CaF2a+1SO3−, F(C3F6O)dCF(CF3)CO2− and F(C2F4O)dCF2CO2− in which a is 1-12 and d is 1-20.
- 70. The electrophoretic display of claim 55 which is prepared by the microcup technology.
- 71. The electrophoretic display of claim 55 which is prepared by the microencapsulation process.
- 72. The method of claim 1 wherein said threshold promoter is represented by Formula T-4:
- 73. The method of claim 72 wherein X and Y are independently hydroxyl.
- 74. The method of claim 73 wherein L and L′ are independently an alkylene chain optionally interrupted by one or more nitrogen atoms, m, m′, q and q′ are all 1.
RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application claims the priority under 35 USC 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Applications No. 60/417,762, filed Oct. 10, 2002. The whole content of the provisional application is incorporated into this application.
Provisional Applications (1)
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Number |
Date |
Country |
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60417762 |
Oct 2002 |
US |