Electrophotographic photosensitive member

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention
The prevent invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising an aluminum substrate having an aluminum oxide film at its surface and a photosensitive layer formed thereon.
Heretofore, inorganic photosensitive materials such as selenium, cadmium sulfide, zinc oxide and amorphous silicon have been used for electrophotographic photosensitive members. However, these materials have problems of toxicity, inferior moisture resistance as photosensitive materials and high production costs.
In recent years, organic photosensitive members employing organic photoconductive materials have been widely used instead of the inorganic photosensitive members, since the organic photosensitive members have advantages that non-polluting materials can readily be selected and the production costs are low, and from the viewpoint of characteristics, a high photosensitivity and a high printing resistance are obtained.
Most organic photosensitive members placed in practical use are so-called laminated photosensitive members, each having at least a carrier generation layer and a carrier transport layer formed on an aluminum substrate. Such layers are usually laminated on the aluminum substrate by a dip coating method or a ring coating method.
To prevent the generation of a phenomenon such as black spots or background fogging due to local charging deficiency of the photosensitive member, various measures have been made for carrier injection from aluminum, for example, a method wherein a polyamide resin is coated as a blocking layer (intermediate layer) on an aluminum substrate as disclosed in JP-A-58-30757, and a method wherein an aluminum substrate is treated by anodization to form an alumite layer as disclosed in JP-B-7-27264.
The aluminum material used for such a photosensitive member is usually produced and processed by extrusion molding into a desired shape. However, by the progress of colored documents in business field in recent years, it has been difficult to disregard the influence of uneven density by dimensional inaccuracy in the processing of the aluminum substrate, whereby accuracy in processing has been demanded.
Further, as an organic photosensitive material formed on the substrate, a positive-charging type material which exhibits less ozone generation is favorable from the viewpoint of office environment, and a photosensitive material having phthalocyanine type photoconductive particles dispersed in a binder resin has been studied.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
However, the above conventional resin blocking layer as disclosed in JP-A-58-30757 has a problem that the electrical resistance is remarkably reduced at a high humidity.
Further, the above conventional alumite layer as disclosed in JP-B-7-27264 has a low impedance of from 1 to 200 K.OMEGA., whereby such a layer is not adequate as the measure for black spots or background fogging. If the degree of sealing of the alumite layer is increased for improvement of the impedance, there is a problem such that cracks tend to form in the alumite layer during the heating of the photosensitive layer for curing.
Further, phthalocyanine type photosensitive materials as disclosed in JP-A-1-169454 as the positive-charging type photosensitive material which exhibits less ozone generation, has a problem that the printing resistance is not sufficient.
Further, a laminated photosensitive member has a problem that the resolution of recorded images is inadequate.
The present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and it is an object of the present invention to obtain an electrophotographic photosensitive member excellent in printing resistance, by which black spots and background fogging are prevented.
The first electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention, comprises an aluminum substrate having an aluminum oxide film at its surface, and, formed sequentially on the substrate, an intermediate layer and a photosensitive layer which contains a photoconductive material, wherein the intermediate layer contains from 5 to 20 wt % of a photoconductive material and has a thickness of from 0.5 to 5 .mu.m, and the resistivity of a laminate of the aluminum oxide film and the intermediate layer is from 10.sup.9 to 3.times.10.sup.10 .OMEGA./3.14 cm.sup.2 when a DC voltage of 20 V is applied.
The second electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is the one in which the aluminum oxide film of the above first electrophotographic photosensitive member has a thickness of from 3 to 15 .mu.m.
The third electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is the one in which the aluminum material of the above first electrophotographic photosensitive member is one obtained by oxidizing the surface of an aluminum substrate of a cylindrical shape with a deviation from circular form, a deviation from cylindrical form and a coaxiality, each being at most 100 .mu.m.
The fourth electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is the one in which the photosensitive layer of the above first electrophotographic photosensitive member is a single layer comprising a metal-free phthalocyanine and a binder resin.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1(a) is a structural view of an aluminum substrate of the Examples of the present invention.
FIG. 1(b) is a cross-sectional view of the aluminum substrate of FIG. 1(a).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention comprises an aluminum substrate and, formed sequentially on the substrate, an intermediate layer and a photosensitive layer which contains a photoconductive material.
The aluminum substrate has an aluminum oxide film (hereinafter referred to as alumite layer) at its surface. The intermediate layer contains from 5 to 20 wt %, preferably form 10 to 15 wt %, of a photoconductive material and has a thickness of from 0.5 to 5 .mu.m, preferably from 1 to 3 .mu.m. The resistivity of the laminate of the aluminum oxide film and the intermediate layer (hereinafter referred to as alumite layer+intermediate layer) is from 10.sup.9 to 3.times.10.sup.10 .OMEGA./3.14 cm.sup.2, preferably from 2.times.10.sup.9 to 2.times.10.sup.10 .OMEGA./3.14 cm.sup.2 when a DC voltage of 20 V is applied.
By controlling the alumite layer+intermediate layer to have the above resistivity, a high breakdown voltage can be obtained, whereby black spots and background fogging can be prevented and the moisture resistance and printing resistance can be improved. By such effects, stable image quality can be obtained even in a continuous operation.
Further, the resistivity can be controlled by the intermediate layer, whereby cracks of the alumite layer at the time of curing the photosensitive layer can be prevented without increasing the degree of sealing of the alumite layer.
The above aluminum substrate is obtained by oxidizing the surface of the aluminum substrate by, for example, anodization to form an alumite layer which is an aluminum oxide film.
As the aluminum substrate, aluminum alloy materials such as a 3000 type alloy of aluminum/manganese and a 6000 series alloy of aluminum/magnesium/silicon, may, for example, be employed.
The alumite layer is formed by treating the aluminum substrate with a conventional method such as anodization treatment in an acid bath of, for example, sulfuric acid, chromic acid or oxalic acid. Among them, the anodization treatment in sulfuric acid provides most preferred results. In the case of anodization treatment in sulfuric acid, it is preferred to adjust the sulfuric acid concentration within a range of from 100 to 250 g/l, an aluminum ion concentration, from 1 to 15 g/l, a liquid temperature, at about 20.degree. C., and an electrolytic voltage, from 10-20 V. However, the conditions are not limited thereto.
Prior to the anodization treatment, the aluminum substrate is preferably subjected to degreasing treatment with a surfactant or an organic solvent or by electrolysis.
The alumite layer may be subjected to sealing treatment, as the case requires.
The sealing treatment may be made by a conventional method, preferably a sealing treatment method wherein the alumite layer is immersed in an aqueous solution containing nickel acetate as the main component. In the case where an aqueous nickel acetate solution is used, preferably, the concentration is within a range of from 3 to 20 g/l, pH is from 5 to 6, the treatment temperature is from 55.degree. to 95.degree. C., more preferably from 60.degree. to 90.degree. C., and the treatment time is at least 3 minutes.
Then, washing and drying are conducted. If the sealing treatment is excessively conducted at that time, cracks tend to form in the alumite layer during the heating of the photosensitive layer for curing. The cracks of the alumite layer cause the reduction of dielectric breakdown strength which leads to the reduction of printing resistance, and the carrier injection from the aluminum substrate which leads to the defects of black spots, such being undesirable. After the completion of the sealing treatment, the aluminum substrate is preferably kept with a drying agent such as silica gel, since an increase in the degree of sealing is thereby stopped.
The standard of the degree of sealing of the alumite layer may be represented by admittance (Y value) and is preferably within a range of from 80 to 200 .mu.S upon expiration of two days after the sealing treatment. The admittance was measured in accordance with JIS H8683. Namely, as a test liquid, a 3.5 wt % potassium sulfate aqueous solution is used, and measurement is made by using an apparatus for measuring the degree of alumite sealing (tradename: Anotest, manufactured by Fisher) with a measuring area of 29 mm.sup.2 and a measuring frequency of 1 KHz.
The intermediate layer is formed by coating a resin composition containing from 5 to 20 wt % of, for example, a phthalocyanine type photoconductive material on the alumite layer of the aluminum substrate, and heating it at from 120.degree. to 160.degree. C. for from 1 to 3 hours for curing so that the film thickness would be from 0.5 to 5 .mu.m.
When the amount of the photoconductive material of the intermediate layer is less than 5 wt %, the photosensitivity of the photoconductive member tends to be poor, and if it exceeds 20 wt %, it tends to be difficult to uniformly coat the composition as an intermediate layer. Further, if the thickness of the intermediate layer is less than 0.5 .mu.m, pinholes in the intermediate layer are hardly removed, and if it exceeds 5 .mu.m, the resistivity tends to be high, whereby the photosensitivity of the photosensitive member will decrease.
As the intermediate layer, in addition to the above, compositions having one or two or more of phthalocyanine type compounds such as metal-free phthalocyanine, titanyl phthalocyanine or copper phthalocyanine, dispersed in a binder resin, are excellent. Among them, a single layer type photosensitive layer obtained by using metal-free phthalocyanine (tradename: Fastogen Blue 8120-BS, manufactured by Dainippon Ink & Chemicals, Inc.) is particularly preferred in the stability of electrophotographic properties.
As the binder resin, thermoplastic resins such as a polyester resin or an epoxy resin are used alone or as a mixture of two more more of them, in the same manner as above. To these binder resins, a curing agent of a modified melamine resin or an epoxy resin may be added.
Further, to the intermediate layer, as the case requires, a silane coupling agent such as an epoxy silane coupling agent, a phenyl silane coupling agent or an alkyl silane coupling agent, may be added for the purpose of improving the adhesion property.
The resistivity of the alumite layer+intermediate layer formed above may be measured as follows.
Firstly, an aluminum electrode having a diameter of 20 mm is formed on the surface of the intermediate layer as a main electrode by vopor deposition. Then, the electrode is dried at 150.degree. C. for 2 hours and left to cool for 2 hours in a desiccator, and then the change of electric current value when a direct current voltage of 20 V is applied is measured by a pA meter (tradename: 4140B, manufactured by Yokogawa Hewlett Pakkard K.K.), followed by calculation of the resistivity from the value per minute.
Here, the alumite layer+intermediate layer having the resistivity of from 10.sup.9 to 3.times.10.sup.10 .OMEGA./3.14 cm.sup.2 when a DC voltage of 20 V is applied, is obtained by controlling the thickness of the alumite layer or the thickness of the intermediate layer. However, if the alumite layer is too thick, cracks are likely to form in the alumite layer due to the difference in the thermal expansion coefficient between aluminum and alumite during the curing of the photosensitive layer, whereby formation of black spots is caused by the carrier injection from the crack portion. Further, if the alumite layer is too thin, the breakdown voltage of the alumite layer is extremely reduced, whereby reduction of printing resistance of the photoconductive member is caused.
From such viewpoints, the alumite layer is preferably formed in a thickness within a range of from 3 to 15 .mu.m, particularly preferably from 4 to 9 .mu.m.
As the aluminum material, a cylindrical shape body is used. Each of the deviation from circular form, deviation from cylindrical form and coaxiality thereof, is preferably at most 100 .mu.m, particularly preferably at most 50 .mu.m.
When a photosensitive member prepared from the aluminum material with the deviation from circular form, deviation from cylindrical form and coaxiality, each being over 100 .mu.m, is applied to a printer, uneven density is formed in the printed matter, such being undesirable.
The deviation from circular form, deviation from cylindrical form and coaxiality as mentioned above may be obtained by subjecting a cylindrical shape body prepared by mandrel extrusion or port-hole extrusion to processing such as a cutting and grinding treatment, a blast treatment or a honing treatment.
As the photosensitive layer of the present invention, various organic photoconductive layers may be used. It is preferred to use a single layer type photosensitive layer having one or a mixture of two or more of phthalocyanines such as metal-free phthalocyanine, titanyl phthalocyanine or copper phthalocyanine as a carrier generating material, dispersed in a binder resin.
As the binder resin, a polyester resin, a polycarbonate resin, a polyvinyl butyral resin, an epoxy resin and a polystyrene resin may, for example, be used alone or in combination. Particularly, by employing the same resin as the intermediate layer, the photosensitive layer is readily integrated with the intermediate layer.
When the photosensitive layer is a single layer comprising a metal-free phthalocyanine and a binder resin, the resolution and the image quality are high, the printing resistance is excellent and the generation of ozone can be reduced.
Further, to the photosensitive layer of the present invention, a silicone type compound, an ozone-degradable compound and an antioxidant may, for example, be added for the purpose of improving the printing resistance, as the case requires.
In the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention, a protective layer of, for example, an acrylic resin, a silicone resin, an epoxy resin, an isocyanate resin or a polyester resin may be formed for the purpose of protecting the member from mechanical friction in the development, transfer and cleaning steps.
Further, to the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention, an electron receiving substance such as tetracyanoethylene or tetracyanoquinodimethane may be added to improve the photosensitivity.
EXAMPLE 1
An aluminum material of a cylindrical shape having its surface mirror finished, with a diameter of 96 mm, a length of 366 mm, a thickness of 1.5 mm and a thickness of socket joint portion of 1.0 mm, which has a deviation from circular form, a deviation from cylindrical form and a coaxiality, each being at most 100 .mu.m, was used.
FIG. 1 is a view illustrating the structure of the aluminum material used for an electrophotographic photosensitive member of the Examples of the present invention and explaining the methods for measuring the deviation from circular form, deviation from cylindrical form and coaxiality. FIG. 1(a) is a transverse cross-sectional view of the cylindrical aluminum material, and FIG. 1(b) is a cross-sectional view of the aluminum material of FIG. 1(a) at the I--I line. In FIG. 1(a), the units of the numerical values are mm, and A, B and C indicate the positions on the circumference of the outer surface of the cylinder at which the deviation from circular form and the deviation from cylindrical form were measured. The coaxiality was determined as follows. A reference axis was fixed based on measurement points Y.sub.1 to Y.sub.8 located along the inner surface of the cylinder at the circumferences A and C. Measurement points x.sub.1 to x.sub.8 located along the circumferences A, B and C were measured to determine the center thereof. The coaxiality was determined as a deviation of the center from the reference axis.
In this Example, the circumference B was. located at the center portion of the aluminum substrate, and each of the circumferences A and C was located at the point 10 mm inside from each of the both ends of the cylinder, as indicated in FIG. 1(a).
The coaxiality was measured at the above measurement points in accordance with JIS B0621, at a 3-dimensional measurement pressure of 0.1N, under the conditions of 20.degree. .+-.0.5.degree. C., 50 .+-.10% RH and the degree of cleanness at the class of 10,000. Further, the deviation from circular form and the deviation from cylindrical form were measured in accordance with JIS B0621. The deviation from circular form, the deviation from cylindrical form and the coaxiality are shown in Table 1.
The deviation from circular form and the deviation from cylindrical form were measured by an apparatus for measuring the deviation from circular form (tradename: Loncom 52B-510, manufactured by Tokyo Seimitsu K.K.) and the coaxiality was measured by a super precise 3-dimensional measuring apparatus (tradename: PMM654, Leitz).
TABLE 1______________________________________Aluminum material (Aluminum substrate a)______________________________________ Deviation from circular form A (.mu.m) 25.3 B (.mu.m) 12.5 C (.mu.m) 32.1 Deviation from 32.1 cylindrical form Coaxiality A (.mu.m) 19.2 B (.mu.m) 11.1 C (.mu.m) 20.3______________________________________
The above aluminum material was degreased and washed at 55.degree. C. for 10 minutes with the one having a degreasing agent (tradename: DK Beclear CW-4130, manufactured by Daiichi Kogyo Pharmacy K.K.) diluted with water to a concentration of 15%, and washed with water and then subjected to etching, followed by washing with water. Then, the above degreased and washed aluminum material was subjected to anodization at a DC voltage of 20 V for 15 minutes with a sulfuric acid solution of 160 g/l as an electrolytic solution to form an alumite layer as an anodized film having an average film thickness of 7 .mu.m at the surface of the aluminum material. The thus obtained aluminum substrate was used as an aluminum substrate a.
Then, after washing, the aluminum substrate was immersed in an aqueous solution of a sealing agent comprising nickel acetate as the main component in an amount of 8 g/l at 68.degree. C. for 5 minutes for sealing treatment, and washed with pure water, followed by drying. The admittance after two days was 125 .mu.S.
On the other hand, 5 g of a metal-free phthalocyanine (tradename: Fastogen Blue 8120-BS, Dainippon Ink & Chemicals, Inc.), 9 g of a polyester resin (tradename: Almatex P-645, manufactured by Mitsui Toatsu Chemical Co.), 55 g of a polyester resin (tradename: Viron RV-200, a toluene/methyl ethyl ketone(MEK) solution having a solid content of 30%, manufactured by Toyo Boseki K.K.), 8 g of a butylated melamine resin (tradename: Yuban 20HS, manufactured by Mitsui Toatsu Chemical Co.), 170 g of toluene, 40 g of MEK and 100 g of glass beads having a diameter of 1 mm, were mixed and subjected to dispersion treatment by grinding with a paint shaker for 3 hours. The aluminum substrate a having an alumite layer at its surface, was immersed in this dispersion for coating, and then heated at 150.degree. C. for 3 hours for curing to form an intermediate layer of about 1.5 .mu.m on the alumite layer.
The resistivity of the above alumite layer+intermediate layer when a DC voltage of 20 V was applied, was 4.5.times.10.sup.9 .OMEGA./3.14 cm.sup.2.
Further, continuity test of the alumite layer+intermediate layer was conducted with a pinhole tester (tradename; Pinhole Detector TYPE TRD, manufactured by Sanko K.K.). The measured potential was 1.5 kV.
On the other hand, 9 g of a metal-free phthalocyanine (tradename; Fastogen Blue 8120-BS, Dainippon Ink & Chemicals, Inc.), 9 g of a polyester resin (tradename: Almatex P-645, Mitsui Toatsu Chemical Co.), a polyester resin (tradename: Viron RV-200, a toluene/methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) solution having a solid content of 30%, manufactured by Toyo Boseki K.K.), 8 g of a butylated melamine resin (tradename: Yuban 20HS, manufactured by Mitsui Toatsu chemical Co.), 130 g of toluene, 30 g of MEK and 80 g of glass beads having a diameter of 1 mm, were mixed and subjected to dispersion treatment by grinding by a paint shaker for 2 hours.
The above aluminum substrate a having the intermediate layer formed thereon was immersed in this dispersion for coating, and then heated at 150.degree. C. for 3 hours for curing to form a photosensitive layer of about 15 .mu.m, to produce the electrophotographic photosensitive member of this Example of the present invention. This electrophotographic photosensitive member is referred to as photosensitive member A.
EXAMPLES 2 to 7
Aluminum substrates b to g were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the thickness of the alumite layer, the sealing treatment conditions of the alumite layer, the thickness of the intermediate layer and the phthalocyanine amount and the deviation from circular form, deviation from cylindrical form and coaxiality of the aluminum material, were changed as indicated in Table 2.
The admittance (Y value) of the alumite layer, the resistivity and the potential measured by continuity test of the alumite layer+intermediate layer, and the deviation from circular form, deviation from cylindrical form and coaxiality of the aluminum substrate, were measured in the same manner as in Example 1,and the results are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Examples 2 3 4 5 6 7__________________________________________________________________________Aluminum substrate No. b c d e f gThickness of alumite 3.8 6.8 7.7 8.9 12 7.2layer (.mu.m)Sealing ConditionsConcentration 12 10 8 13 8 8of sealingliquid (g/l)Treatment 60 75 77 67 65 68temperature (.degree.C.)Treatment 5 5 6 3 4 5time (min.)Admittance (.mu.S) 130 109 98 138 155 118Deviation from circular formA (.mu.m) 33.2 23.1 43.2 22.5 22.9 205B (.mu.m) 10.3 11.8 18.3 12.8 9.2 138C (.mu.m) 22.2 19.1 31.6 28.2 25.1 182Deviation from 33.2 23.1 43.2 28.2 25.1 205cylindrical form (.mu.m)CoaxialityA (.mu.m) 23.2 21.5 27.7 25.2 24.1 183B (.mu.m) 12.8 13.2 15.7 9.2 11.2 132C (.mu.m) 25.5 22.9 28.8 24.1 24.7 201Phthalocyanine amount 6.5 18 20 16 20 15(parts by weight)Thickness of intermediate 3.2 1.2 0.8 1.0 0.6 1.6layer (.mu.m)Resistivity (.OMEGA./3.14 cm.sup.2) 3.5 .times. 10.sup.9 5.5 .times. 10.sup.9 2.5 .times. 10.sup.9 3.6 .times. 10.sup.9 2.2 .times. 10.sup.9 4.2 .times. 10.sup.9Potential measured by 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.5continuity test (kV)__________________________________________________________________________
Then, using the above aluminum substrates b to g, photosensitive members B to G, were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 1 to 4
Aluminum substrates h to k were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the thickness of the alumite layer of the aluminum substrate, the sealing treatment conditions of the alumite layer or the thickness of the intermediate layer and the phthalocyanine amount, and the deviation from circular form, deviation from cylindrical form and coaxiality of the aluminum material, were changed as indicated in Table 3.
The admittance (Y value) of the alumite layer, the resistivity and the potential measured by continuity test of the alumite layer+intermediate layer, and the deviation from circular form, deviation from cylindrical form and coaxiality of the aluminum substrate were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, and the results are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3______________________________________ComparativeExamples 1 2 3 4______________________________________Aluminum substrate h i j kNo.Thickness of alum- 7.0 18.0 7.2 5.8ite layer (.mu.m)Sealing conditionsConcentration No 30 10 13of sealing sealingliguid (g/l) treatmentTreatment 95 55 60temperature (.degree.C.)Treatment 30 2 7time (min.)Admittance (.mu.S) 185 18.6 155 105Deviation fromcircular formA (.mu.m) 15.9 31.8 43.6 32.5B (.mu.m) 9.3 18.8 20.7 20.1C (.mu.m) 27.6 31.9 33.3 30.2Deviation from 27.6 31.9 43.6 32.5cylindrical form(.mu.m)CoaxialityA (.mu.m) 22.7 30.2 32.2 29.2B (.mu.m) 13.4 13.8 11.9 13.7C (.mu.m) 26.2 22.6 27.3 25.9Phthalocyanine No 3 30amount (parts intermediateby weight) layerThickness of inter- 6 0.4mediate layer (.mu.m)Resistivity 4.5 .times. 10.sup.6 6.5 .times. 10.sup.10 2.1 .times. 10.sup.13 6.6 .times. 10.sup.8(.OMEGA./3.14 cm.sup.2)Potential measured <0.3 1.7 >2 0.8by continuity test(kV)______________________________________
Then, using the above aluminum substrates h to k, photosensitive members H to K were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1. In the photosensitive member I, cracks formed in the alumite layer after heating for curing.
The photosensitive members A to K prepared as above were fitted in a laser printer with a resolution of 600 dpi, and evaluations were conducted with respect to defects of black spots in white solid images under various environmental conditions, uneven density in black solid images at 25.degree. C. and 55% RH, and printing resistance at 35.degree. C. and 85% RH. The results are shown in Table 4. In the table, ".largecircle." indicates no defects of black spots, ".DELTA." indicates partial defects of black spots, and "X" indicates defects of black spots in entire area.
TABLE 4______________________________________ Presence or absence PrintingPhoto- of defects of black Uneven resistancesensi- spots density (numbertive 10.degree. C. 25.degree. C. 35.degree. C. 25.degree. C. ofmember 30% RH 55% RH 80% RH 55% RH cycle)______________________________________Example1 A .largecircle. .largecircle. .largecircle. .largecircle. >30,0002 B .largecircle. .largecircle. .largecircle. .largecircle. >30,0003 C .largecircle. .largecircle. .largecircle. .largecircle. >30,0004 D .largecircle. .largecircle. .largecircle. .largecircle. >30,0005 E .largecircle. .largecircle. .largecircle. .largecircle. >30,0006 F .largecircle. .largecircle. .largecircle. .largecircle. >30,0007 G .largecircle. .largecircle. .largecircle. X >30,000ComparativeExample1 H .DELTA. .DELTA. X .largecircle. 1,7002 I Evaluation was impossible by the formation of cracks on the oxide film3 J Evaluation was impossible by inadequate photosensitivity4 K .largecircle. .largecircle. X .largecircle. 5,900______________________________________
From the above results, the photosensitive members A to G obtained in Examples 1 to 7 are excellent in the printing resistance and show no defects of black spots even at a high humidity, whereby these are excellent in the moisture resistance, and the photosensitive members A to F obtained in Examples 1 to 6 show no uneven density.
On the other hand, for example, when no intermediate layer is formed or the resistivity departs from the predetermined range, the formation of defects of black spots is remarkable particularly at a high temperature and a high humidity, whereby these are inferior in the printing resistance and moisture resistance.
The first electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention comprises an aluminum substrate having an aluminum oxide film at its surface, and, formed sequentially on the substrate, an intermediate layer and a photosensitive layer which contains a photoconductive material, wherein the intermediate layer contains from 5 to 20 wt % of a photoconductive material and has a thickness of from 0.5 to 5 .mu.m, and the resistivity of a laminate of the aluminum oxide film and the intermediate layer is from 10.sup.9 to 3.times.10.sup.10 .OMEGA./3.14 cm.sup.2 when a DC voltage of 20 V is applied, and shows effects such that black spots and background fogging are prevented and moisture resistance and printing resistance are improved.
The second electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is the one wherein the alumite layer of the first electrophotographic photosensitive member has a thickness of from 3 to 15 .mu.m, and shows an effect such that the above specific resistivity can readily be obtained.
The third photographic photosensitive member of the present invention is the one wherein the aluminum substrate of the above first or second electrophotographic photosensitive member is one obtained by oxidizing the surface of an aluminum material of a cylindrical shape with a deviation from circular form, a deviation from cylindrical form and a coaxiality, each being at most 100 .mu.m, and shows an effect such that the formation of uneven density of printed matter can be prevented.
The fourth electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is the one wherein the photosensitive layer of the first, second or third electrophotographic photosensitive member is a single layer comprising a metal-free phthalocyanine and a binder resin, and shows effects such that image quality is high, printing resistance is excellent, and generation of ozone can be reduced.

Number	Name	Date
4800144	Ueda et al.	Jan 1989
5132196	Hirayama et al.	Jul 1992
5464718	Kashizaki et al.	Nov 1995

Number	Date	Country
A-58-30757	Feb 1983	JPX
B-7-27264	Mar 1995	JPX

Electrophotographic photosensitive member

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