Patent Grant
11412366
With the advent of mass market digital communications and content distribution, many access networks such as wireless networks, cable networks and DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) networks are pressed for user capacity, with, for example, EVDO (Evolution-Data Optimized), HSPA (High Speed Packet Access), LTE (Long Term Evolution), WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), and Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) wireless networks increasingly becoming user capacity constrained. Although wireless network capacity will increase with new higher capacity wireless radio access technologies, such as MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output), and with more frequency spectrum being deployed in the future, these capacity gains are likely to be less than what is required to meet growing digital networking demand.
Similarly, although wire line access networks, such as cable and DSL, can have higher average capacity per user, wire line user service consumption habits are trending toward very high bandwidth applications that can quickly consume the available capacity and degrade overall network service experience. Because some components of service provider costs go up with increasing bandwidth, this trend will also negatively impact service provider profits.
Various embodiments are disclosed in the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings.
The invention can be implemented in numerous ways, including as a process; an apparatus; a system; a composition of matter; a computer program product embodied on a computer readable storage medium; and/or a processor, such as a processor configured to execute instructions stored on and/or provided by a memory coupled to the processor. In this specification, these implementations, or any other form that the invention may take, may be referred to as techniques. In general, the order of the steps of disclosed processes may be altered within the scope of the invention. Unless stated otherwise, a component such as a processor or a memory described as being configured to perform a task may be implemented as a general component that is temporarily configured to perform the task at a given time or a specific component that is manufactured to perform the task. As used herein, the term “processor” refers to one or more devices, circuits, and/or processing cores configured to process data, such as computer program instructions.
A detailed description of one or more embodiments of the invention is provided below along with accompanying figures that illustrate the principles of the invention. The invention is described in connection with such embodiments, but the invention is not limited to any embodiment. The scope of the invention is limited only by the claims and the invention encompasses numerous alternatives, modifications and equivalents. Numerous specific details are set forth in the following description in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. These details are provided for the purpose of example and the invention may be practiced according to the claims without some or all of these specific details. For the purpose of clarity, technical material that is known in the technical fields related to the invention has not been described in detail so that the invention is not unnecessarily obscured.
There are many new types of digital devices where it is becoming desirable, for example, to connect these devices to wireless networks including wireless wide area networks (WWAN, such as 3G and 4G) and/or wireless local area (WLAN) networks. These devices include, for example, consumer electronics devices, business user devices, and machine to machine devices that benefit from flexible wide area data connections and the Internet. Example devices include netbooks, notebooks, mobile Internet devices, personal navigation (e.g., GPS enabled) devices, music and multimedia players, eReaders, industrial telemetry, automotive emergency response and diagnostics, 2-way home and industrial power metering and control, vending machines, parking meters, and many other devices. For example, it is highly advantageous to offer service usage and service billing plans for such devices that are more optimal for each type of device and each type of desired user experience. To accomplish this, more sophisticated service usage measuring and service usage billing systems are needed as compared to the conventional network based techniques in existence today. By providing more flexibility in service measurement and billing, more advantageous and cost effective service plans can be created for, for example, the new WWAN connected devices cited above for all three markets (e.g., consumer, business and machine to machine) that still maintain the necessary profit margins for the WWAN carriers to be successful with these various service businesses.
Accordingly, various embodiments disclosed herein provide for a new and flexible augmentation or replacement for existing carrier network service usage measurement, service usage accounting, and service usage billing systems and techniques.
A charging data record (CDR) is a term that as used herein defines a formatted measure of device service usage information, typically generated by one or more network functions or device functions that supervise, monitor, control, account for, charge for, report, synchronize usage accounting or records and/or bill for network access or other service or purchase transactions for the device. To simplify the discussion, the term charging data record or CDR is often used interchangeably herein to refer to several different types of service usage records. For example, the term CDR is used herein interchangeably with one or more of other industry terms or record types including, for example, CDRs, flow data records (FDRs), start/stop records, interim accounting records, IP data records (IPDRs), call data records, micro-CDRs, service charging bucket accounting records, record types that include usage information identifying QoS level, QoS class, and/or other QoS classifier, records that include usage information identifying traffic type or class or other traffic identifier, records that identify traffic protocol, records that identify usage or purchase transactions, records that report a purchase transaction, etc. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that in many of the embodiments the term CDR and/or many other terms can be interchanged for a given application or purpose. Any of these terms can refer in various embodiments to the lowest level of usage accounting records or can refer to various levels of charging record aggregation that may occur in the various network or device elements described herein.
CDRs typically form the basis for recording device network service usage, and often form the basis for billing for such usage. Various embodiments are provided herein for device assisted CDR creation, mediation, and billing. There are many limitations to the capabilities of service usage recording, aggregation and/or billing when CDRs are generated exclusively by network based functions or equipment. Accordingly, by either augmenting network based service usage measures with device based service usage measures, or by replacing network based service usage measures with device based service usage measures, it is possible to create a CDR generation, aggregation, mediation and/or billing solution that has superior or more desirable capabilities/features. While in theory, many of the service usage measures that can be evaluated on a device can also be evaluated in the network data path using various network equipment technologies including, for example, deep packet inspection (DPI), there are many examples where measuring service usage at the device is either more desirable or more practical, or in some cases it is the only way to obtain the desired measure. Such examples include but are not limited to the following:
For these and other reasons, it is desirable to provide a system/process that utilizes device assisted service usage measures that provides either an enhancement of existing network based service usage CDR system capabilities and techniques and/or a replacement for network based CDR system capabilities and techniques.
In some embodiments, techniques, such as a system and/or process, that utilize device assisted service usage measures include one or more of the following: (1) receiving a service usage measure from a device in communication with a wireless network, (2) verifying or protecting the validity of the service usage measure, (3) generating a CDR based on the service usage measure (e.g., device assisted CDR), (4) aggregating CDRs, and (5) mediating the CDR with network CDRs. In some embodiments, the techniques also include providing a design and provisioning of devices/network equipment to recognize the CDRs. In some embodiments, the techniques also include provisioning to recognize that the device belongs to a Device Assisted Services (DAS) device group and that corresponding CDRs should be accepted and mediated. In some embodiments, the device assisted CDRs are also generated using formats, network communications protocols, network device authentication and/or provisioning to allow device assisted CDRs into the network CDR system, encryption, and/or signatures as required by the network (e.g., to comply with network generated CDR requirements or based on any other network and/or service provider requirements and/or standards).
In some embodiments, mediation rules include multi device, multi user, single user devices, and/or intermediate networking devices that can be single user or multi user, as described herein.
In some embodiments, a device assisted CDR generator collects device based service usage measures that are used as the basis for, or as an enhancement (e.g., as a supplement or in addition) to, one or more (e.g., network generated) CDRs that provide one or more networking functions with properly formatted service usage reports that the network function(s) accepts as being transmitted from an authorized source, read, and utilized for helping to determine the service usage of a device or group of devices. In some embodiments, the network functions that the device assisted CDR generator shares CDRs with typically include one or more of the following: service usage/CDR aggregation and/or mediation servers, gateways, routers, communication nodes, Mobile Wireless Centers (MWCs, including HLRs), databases, AAA systems, billing interfaces, and billing systems. For example, the process of CDR creation in the CDR generator typically includes either using one or more device based measures of service usage, or one or more device based measures of service usage in combination with one or more network based measures of service usage, possibly processing one or more of such service usage measures according to a set of CDR creation, CDR aggregation, and/or CDR mediation rules to arrive at a final device usage measure that is, for example, then formatted with the proper syntax, framed, possibly encrypted and/or signed, and encapsulated in a communication protocol or packet suitable for sharing with network functions. In some embodiments, the CDR generator resides in the device. In some embodiments, the CDR generator resides in a network server function that receives the device assisted service usage measures, along with possibly network based usage measures, and then creates a CDR (e.g., in the service controller 122).
In some embodiments, the device assisted CDR generator can reside in the service processor (e.g., service processor 115), for example, in the service usage history or billing server functions. In some embodiments, the device assisted CDR generator resides in the device itself, for example, within the service processor functions, such as the billing agent or the service monitor agent.
There are several factors that are considered in the various embodiments in order to create a useful, reliable, and secure device assisted CDR system, including, for example, but not limited to:
In some embodiments, verification of the relative accuracy of the device assisted service usage measure is provided. Given that, for example, the service usage measure is often being generated on an end user device or a device that is readily physically accessed by the general public or other non-secure personnel from a network management viewpoint, in some embodiments, the device agents used in one or more of the service processor 115 agents are protected from hacking, spoofing, and/or other misuse. Various techniques are provided herein for protecting the integrity of the agents used for generating the device assisted service usage measures.
In some embodiments, the service usage measures are verified by network based cross checks using various techniques. For example, network based cross checks can provide valuable verification techniques, because, for example, it is generally not possible or at least very difficult to defeat well designed network based cross checks using various techniques, such as those described herein, even if, for example, the measures used to protect the device agents are defeated or if no device protection measures are employed. In some embodiments, network based cross checks used to verify the device assisted service usage measures include comparing network based service usage measures (e.g., CDRs generated by service usage measurement apparatus in the network equipment, such as the BTS/BSCs 125, RAN Gateways 410, Transport Gateways 420, Mobile Wireless Center/HLRs 132, AAA 121, Service Usage History/CDR Aggregation, Mediation, Feed 118, or other network equipment), sending secure query/response command sequences to the service processor 115 agent(s) involved in device assisted CDR service usage measurement or CDR creation, sending test service usage event sequences to the device and verifying that the device properly reported the service usage, and using various other techniques, such as those described herein with respect to various embodiments.
In some embodiments, one or more of the following actions are taken if the device based service usage measure is found to be in error or inaccurate: bill the user for usage overage or an out of policy device, suspend the device, quarantine the device, SPAN the device, and/or report the device to a network administration function or person.
In some embodiments, the CDR syntax used to format the device assisted service usage information into a CDR and/or network communication protocols for transmitting CDRs are determined by industry standards (e.g., various versions of 3GPP TS 32.215 format and 3GPP2 TSG-X X.S0011 or TIA-835 format). In some embodiments, for a given network implementation the network designers will specify modifications of the standard syntax, formats and/or network communication/transmission protocols. In some embodiments, for a given network implementation the network designers will specify syntax, formats, and/or network communication/transmission protocols that are entirely different than the standards.
In some embodiments, within the syntax and formatting for the CDR the device assisted service usage is typically categorized by a transaction code. For example, the transaction code can be similar or identical to the codes in use by network equipment used to generate CDRs, or given that the device is capable of generating a much richer set of service usage measures, the transaction codes can be a superset of the codes used by network equipment used to generate CDRs (e.g., examples of the usage activities that can be labeled as transaction codes that are more readily supported by device assisted CDR systems as compared to purely network based CDR systems are provided herein).
In some embodiments, the device sends an identifier for a usage activity tag, an intermediate server determines how to aggregate into CDR transaction codes and which CDR transaction code to use.
In some embodiments, the device service processor 115 compartmentalizes usage by pre-assigned device activity transaction codes (e.g., these can be sub-transactions within the main account, transactions within a given bill-by-account transaction or sub-transactions within a bill-by-account transaction). The device implements bill-by-account rules to send different usage reports for each bill-by-account function. In some embodiments, the service controller 122 programs the device to instruct it on how to compartmentalize these bill-by-account service usage activities so that they can be mapped to a transaction code.
In some embodiments, the device reports less compartmentalized service usage information and the service controller 122 does the mapping of service usage activities to CDR transaction codes, including in some cases bill-by-account codes.
In some embodiments, the CDR sent to 118 or other network equipment, for example, can include various types of transaction codes including, for example, a raw device usage CDR, a bill-by-account (e.g., a sub-activity transaction code) CDR, a billing offset CDR, and/or a billing credit CDR. For example, the decision logic (also referred to as business rules or CDR aggregation and mediation rules) that determines how these various types of CDR transaction codes are to be aggregated and mediated by the core network and the billing system can be located in the network equipment (e.g., a network element, such as service usage 118), in the service controller 122, and/or in the billing system 123.
In some embodiments, the device assisted CDR generator uses the device assisted service usage measures to generate a CDR that includes service usage information, service usage transaction code(s), and, in some embodiments, network information context. In some embodiments, the service usage information, transaction code, and/or network information context is formatted into communication framing, syntax, encryption/signature, security and/or networking protocols that are compatible with the formatting used by conventional networking equipment to generate CDRs. For example, this allows networking equipment used for CDR collection, recording, aggregation, mediation, and/or conversion to billing records to properly accept, read, and interpret the CDRs that are generated with the assistance of device based service usage measurement. In some embodiments, the device assisted service measures are provided to an intermediate network server referred to as a service controller (e.g., service controller 122). In some embodiments, the service controller uses a CDR feed aggregator for a wireless network to collect device generated usage information for one or more devices on the wireless network; and provides the device generated usage information in a syntax (e.g., charging data record (CDR)), and a communication protocol (e.g., 3GPP or 3GPP2, or other communication protocol(s)) that can be used by the wireless network to augment or replace network generated usage information for the one or more devices on the wireless network.
In some embodiments, mediation rules include multi device, multi user, single user devices, intermediate networking devices that can be single user or multi user. For example, the device assisted CDRs can be formatted by the device assisted CDR generator to include a transaction code for one user account, even though the CDRs originate from multiple devices that all belong to the same user. This is an example for a multi-user device assisted CDR billing solution. In another example for a multi-user device assisted CDR billing solution, device assisted CDRs from multiple devices and multiple users can all be billed to the same account (e.g., a family plan or a corporate account), but the bill-by-account CDR transaction records can be maintained through the billing system so that sub-account visibility is provided so that the person or entity responsible for the main account can obtain visibility about which users and/or devices are creating most of the service usage billing. For example, this type of multi-user, multi-device device assisted CDR billing solution can also be used to track types of service usage and/or bill for types of service usage that are either impossible or at least very difficult to account and/or bill for with purely network based CDR systems. In some embodiments, bill-by-account CDR transaction records can be used to provide sponsored transaction services, account for network chatter, provide service selection interfaces, and other services for multi-user or multi-device service plans.
In addition to conventional single user devices (e.g., cell phones, smart phones, netbooks/notebooks, mobile internet devices, personal navigation devices, music players, electronic eReaders, and other single user devices) device assisted service usage measurement and CDRs are also useful for other types of network capable devices and/or networking devices, such as intermediate networking devices (e.g., 3G/4G WWAN to WLAN bridges/routers/gateways, femto cells, DOCSIS modems, DSL modems, remote access/backup routers, and other intermediate network devices). For example, in such devices, particularly with a secure manner to verify that the device assisted service usage measures are relatively accurate and/or the device service processor 115 software is not compromised or hacked, many new service provider service delivery and billing models can be supported and implemented using the techniques described herein. For example, in a WiFi to WWAN bridge or router device multiple user devices can be supported with the same intermediate networking device in a manner that is consistent and compatible with the central provider's CDR aggregation and/or billing system by sending device assisted CDRs as described herein that have a service usage and/or billing code referenced to the end user and/or the particular intermediate device.
In some embodiments, the device assisted CDRs generated for the intermediate networking device are associated with a particular end user in which there can be several or many end users using the intermediate networking device for networking access, and in some embodiments, with each end user being required to enter a unique log-in to the intermediate networking device. For example, in this way, all devices that connect using WiFi to the intermediate networking device to get WWAN access generate CDRs can either get billed to a particular end user who is responsible for the master account for that device, or the CDRs can get billed in a secure manner, with verified relative usage measurement accuracy to multiple end users from the same intermediate networking device. In another example, an end user can have one account that allows access to a number of intermediate networking devices, and each intermediate networking device can generate consistent device assisted CDRs with transaction codes for that end user regardless of which intermediate networking device the end user logs in on.
In some embodiments, some of the services provided by the intermediate networking device are billed to a specific end user device assisted CDR transaction code, while other bill-by-account services are billed to other transaction code accounts, such as sponsored partner transaction service accounts, network chatter accounts, sponsored advertiser accounts, and/or service sign up accounts. For example, in this manner, various embodiments are provided in which intermediate networking devices (e.g., a WWAN to WiFi router/bridge) can sold to one user but can service and be used to bill other users (e.g., and this can be covered in the first purchasing user's service terms perhaps in exchange for a discount), or such intermediate networking devices can be located wherever access is desired without concern that the device will be hacked into so that services can be acquired without charge.
In some embodiments, various types of service usage transactions are billed for on the intermediate networking device, to any of one or more users, in which the information required to bill for such services is not available to the central provider or MVNO network equipment, just as is the case with, for example, conventional single user devices. In view of the various embodiments and techniques described herein, those skilled in the art will appreciate that similar service models are equally applicable not just to WWAN to WiFi intermediate networking devices, but also to the Femto Cell, remote access router, DOCSIS, DSL and other intermediate WWAN to WiFi networking devices.
As shown in
In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) provides a device/network level service usage information collection, aggregation, mediation, and reporting function. In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) collects device generated usage information for one or more devices on the wireless network (e.g., devices 100); and provides the device generated usage information in a syntax and a communication protocol that can be used by the wireless network to augment or replace network generated usage information for the one or more devices on the wireless network. In some embodiments, the syntax is a charging data record (CDR), and the communication protocol is selected from one or more of the following: 3GPP, 3GPP2, or other communication protocols. In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) includes a service usage data store (e.g., a billing aggregator) and a rules engine for aggregating the collected device generated usage information. In some embodiments, the syntax is a charging data record (CDR), and the network device is a CDR feed aggregator, and the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) also aggregates CDRs for the one or more devices on the wireless network; applies a set of rules to the aggregated CDRs using a rules engine (e.g., bill by account, transactional billing, and/or any other billing or other rules for service usage information collection, aggregation, mediation, and reporting), and communicates a new set of CDRs for the one or more devices on the wireless network to a billing interface or a billing system (e.g., providing a CDR with a billing offset by account/service). In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) communicates a new set of CDRs for the one or more devices on the wireless network to a billing interface or a billing system. In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) communicates with a service controller to collect the device generated usage information for the one or more devices on the wireless network. In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) communicates with a service controller, in which the service controller is in communication with a billing interface or a billing system. In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) communicates the device generated usage information to a billing interface or a billing system. In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) communicates with a transport gateway and/or a Radio Access Network (RAN) gateway to collect the network generated usage information for the one or more devices on the wireless network. In some embodiments, the service controller 122 communicates the device generated service usage information to the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements).
In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) performs rules for performing a bill by account aggregation and mediation function. In some embodiments, the service controller 122 in communication with the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) performs a rules engine for aggregating and mediating the device generated usage information. In some embodiments, a rules engine device in communication with the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) performs a rules engine for aggregating and mediating the device generated usage information.
In some embodiments, the rules engine is included in (e.g., integrated with/part of) the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118. In some embodiments, the rules engine and associated functions, as described herein, is a separate function/device. In some embodiments, the service controller 122 performs some or all of these rules engine based functions, as described herein, and communicates with the central billing interface 127. In some embodiments, the service controller 122 performs some or all of these rules engine based functions, as described herein, and communicates with the central billing system 123.
In some embodiments, duplicate CDRs are sent from the network equipment to the billing system 123 that is used for generating service billing. In some embodiments, duplicate CDRs are filtered to send only those CDRs/records for devices controlled by the service controller and/or service processor (e.g., the managed devices). For example, this approach can provide for the same level of reporting, lower level of reporting, and/or higher level of reporting as compared to the reporting required by the central billing system 123.
In some embodiments, a bill-by-account billing offset is provided. For example, bill-by-account billing offset information can be informed to the central billing system 123 by providing a CDR aggregator feed that aggregates the device based service usage data feed to provide a new set of CDRs for the managed devices to the central billing interface 127 and/or the central billing system 123. In some embodiments, transaction billing is provided using similar techniques. For example, transaction billing log information can be provided to the central billing interface 127 and/or the central billing system 123.
In some embodiments, the rules engine (e.g., performed by the service usage 118 or another network element, as described herein) provides a bill-by-account billing offset. For example, device generated usage information (e.g., charging data records (CDRs)) includes a transaction type field (e.g., indicating a type of service for the associated service usage information). The rules engine can apply a rule or a set of rules based on the identified service associated with the device generated usage information to determine a bill-by-account billing offset (e.g., a new CDR can be generated to provide the determined bill-by-account billing offset). In some examples, the determined bill-by-account billing offset can be provided as a credit to the user's service usage account (e.g., a new CDR can be generated with a negative offset for the user's service usage account, such as for network chatter service usage, or transactional service usage, or for any other purposes based on one or more rules performed by the rules engine).
As another example, for a transactional service, a first new CDR can be generated with a negative offset for the user's service usage account for that transactional service related usage, and a second new CDR can be generated with a positive service usage value to charge that same service usage to the transactional service provider (e.g., Amazon, eBay, or another transactional service provider). In some embodiments, the service controller 122 generates these two new CDRs, and the service usage 118 stores, aggregates, and communicates these two new CDRs to the central billing interface 127. In some embodiments, the service controller 122 generates these two new CDRs, and the service usage 118 stores, aggregates, and communicates these two new CDRs to the central billing interface 127, in which the central billing interface 127 applies rules (e.g., performs the rules engine for determining the bill-by-account billing offset).
In some embodiments, the service controller 122 sends the device generated CDRs to the rules engine (e.g., service usage 118), and the rules engine applies one or more rules, such as those described herein and/or any other billing/service usage related rules as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the service controller 122 generates CDRs similar to other network elements, and the rules (e.g., bill-by-account) are performed in the central billing interface 127. For example, for the service controller 122 to generate CDRs similar to other network elements, in some embodiments, the service controller 122 is provisioned on the wireless network and behaves substantially similar to other CDR generators on the network) as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.
In some embodiments, the service controller 122 is provisioned as a new type of networking function that is recognized as a valid and secure source for CDRs by the other necessary elements in the network (e.g., the Service Usage History/CDR Aggregation and Mediation Server 118). In some embodiments, in which the network apparatus typically only recognize CDRs from certain types of networking equipment (e.g., RAN Gateway 410 or Transport Gateway 420 (as shown in
In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 discards the network based service usage information (e.g., network based CDRs) received from one or more network elements. In these embodiments, the service controller 122 can provide the device based service usage information (e.g., device based CDRs) to the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 (e.g., the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 can just provide a store, aggregate, and communication function(s)), and the device based service usage information is provided to the central billing interface 127 or the central billing system 123.
In some embodiments, the device based CDRs and/or new CDRs generated based on execution of a rules engine as described herein is provided only for devices that are managed and/or based on device group, service plan, or any other criteria, categorization, and/or grouping.
As shown,
In some embodiments, provisioning of various network equipment is provided to recognize a given device as belonging to a device group that supports a service usage and/or billing plan that relies upon and/or utilizes device assisted CDRs.
In some embodiments, the CDR formats, transaction codes, and CDR transmission destinations are programmed for each device that generates CDRs, including the service controller 122 (e.g., in some embodiments, the service controller 122 is the intermediary for CDRs) and/or service processor 115 (e.g., in some embodiments, the device sends CDRs to network CDR aggregation or billing interface 127/billing system 123 with no intermediate server function).
While
In some embodiments, device assisted CDRs are sent from the service controller 122 to CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 and communicated to the billing system 123, as shown in solid lines with arrows in
In some embodiments, service controller 122 sends DAS CDRs to billing for various uses by the billing system 123. In some embodiments, the billing system 123 uses DAS service usage CDRs to augment network based CDRs with bill-by-account transaction codes. In some embodiments, the billing system 123 implements aggregation and/or mediation rules to account for DAS CDR usage amount in a new bill-by-account transaction code and removes the same service usage amount from the bulk device account transaction code. In some embodiments, a first DAS CDR is sent for the new bill by account transaction code, and a second DAS CDR is sent to be used as a correction (credit) to the main device usage account transaction code, and the billing system 123 implements the rules to perform this mediation. In some embodiments, a first DAS CDR is used for a given bill-by-account transaction code, and a second is used as the main device account transaction code, in which the service controller 122 (or device) has already implemented the mediation rules so that the billing system 123 simply passes such DAS CDRs after aggregating them.
In some embodiments, charging records that include QoS tags are used to verify QoS policy adherence in the device. In some embodiments, charging records that include QoS tags are used to verify QoS policy adherence in other network elements (e.g., proxy router or server, other network elements that reserve, establish, provision or control QoS channels). In some embodiments, the QoS policies being verified are one or more of QoS level authorization policy, QoS request policy, QoS reservation policy, QoS provisioning policy, QoS control policy, QoS charging or accounting policy, QoS billing policy, QoS roaming policy, and/or QoS notification policy.
In some embodiments, a service controller (e.g., or other network element providing similar functions for this purpose) is used for collection, aggregation and/or transmission of QoS tagged usage records for the purpose of displaying to a user interface to inform a user of status of QoS related charging, accounting, service plan and/or billing. In some embodiments, the user interface is a device user interface. In some embodiments, the user interface is an web site user interface.
In some embodiments, a service controller (e.g., or other network element providing similar functions for this purpose) is used for collection, aggregation, and/or transmission of QoS tagged usage records for the purpose of synchronizing a user interface to inform a user of status of QoS related charging, accounting, service plan, and/or billing.
As shown in
As shown in
In some embodiments, the service control server link 1638 provides for securing, signing, encrypting and/or otherwise protecting the communications before sending such communications over the service control link 1653. For example, the service control server link 1638 can send to the transport layer or directly to the link layer for transmission. In another example, the service control server link 1638 further secures the communications with transport layer encryption, such as TCP TLS SSH version 1 or 2 or another secure transport layer protocol. As another example, the service control server link 1638 can encrypt at the link layer, such as using IPSEC, various possible VPN services, other forms of IP layer encryption and/or another link layer encryption technique.
As shown in
In some embodiments, the access control integrity server 1654 (and/or some other agent of service controller 122) acts on access control integrity agent 1694 reports and error conditions. Many of the access control integrity agent 1654 checks can be accomplished by the server. For example, the access control integrity agent 1654 checks include one or more of the following: service usage measure against usage range consistent with policies (e.g., usage measure from the network and/or from the device); configuration of agents; operation of the agents; and/or dynamic agent download.
In some embodiments, the access control integrity server 1654 (and/or some other agent of service controller 122) verifies device service policy implementations by comparing various service usage measures (e.g., based on network monitored information, such as by using IPDRs or CDRs, and/or local service usage monitoring information) against expected service usage behavior given the policies that are intended to be in place. For example, device service policy implementations can include measuring total data passed, data passed in a period of time, IP addresses, data per IP address, and/or other measures such as location, downloads, email accessed, URLs, and comparing such measures expected service usage behavior given the policies that are intended to be in place.
In some embodiments, the access control integrity server 1654 (and/or some other agent of service controller 122) verifies device service policy, and the verification error conditions that can indicate a mismatch in service measure and service policy include one or more of the following: unauthorized network access (e.g., access beyond ambient service policy limits); unauthorized network speed (e.g., average speed beyond service policy limit); network data amount does not match policy limit (e.g., device not stop at limit without re-up/revising service policy); unauthorized network address; unauthorized service usage (e.g., VOIP, email, and/or web browsing); unauthorized application usage (e.g., email, VOIP, email, and/or web); service usage rate too high for plan, and policy controller not controlling/throttling it down; and/or any other mismatch in service measure and service policy. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the access control integrity server 1654 (and/or some other agent of service controller 122) provides a policy/service control integrity service to continually (e.g., periodically and/or based on trigger events) verify that the service control of the device has not been compromised and/or is not behaving out of policy.
As shown in
As shown in
In some embodiments, the policy management server 1652 provides adaptive policy management on the device. For example, the policy management server 1652 can issue policy settings and objectives and rely on the device based policy management (e.g., service processor 115) for some or all of the policy adaptation. This approach can require less interaction with the device thereby reducing network chatter on service control link 1653 for purposes of device policy management (e.g., network chatter is reduced relative to various server/network based policy management approaches described above). This approach can also provide robust user privacy embodiments by allowing the user to configure the device policy for user privacy preferences/settings so that, for example, sensitive information (e.g., geo-location data, website history) is not communicated to the network without the user's approval. In some embodiments, the policy management server 1652 adjusts service policy based on time of day. In some embodiments, the policy management server 1652 receives, requests or otherwise obtains a measure of network availability and adjusts traffic shaping policy and/or other policy settings based on available network capacity.
As shown in
As shown in
As shown in
As shown in
As shown in
As shown in
As shown in
As shown in
In some embodiments, the service processor 115 and service controller 122 are capable of assigning multiple service profiles associated with multiple service plans that the user chooses individually or in combination as a package. For example, a device 100 starts with ambient services that include free transaction services wherein the user pays for transactions or events rather than the basic service (e.g., a news service, eReader, PND service, pay as you go session Internet) in which each service is supported with a bill by account capability to correctly account for any subsidized partner billing to provide the transaction services (e.g., Barnes and Noble may pay for the eReader service and offer a revenue share to the service provider for any book or magazine transactions purchased from the device 100). In some embodiments, the bill by account service can also track the transactions and, in some embodiments, advertisements for the purpose of revenue sharing, all using the service monitoring capabilities disclosed herein. After initiating services with the free ambient service discussed above, the user may later choose a post-pay monthly Internet, email and SMS service. In this case, the service controller 122 would obtain from the billing system 123 in the case of network based billing (or in some embodiments, the service controller 122 billing event server 1622 in the case of device based billing) the billing plan code for the new Internet, email and SMS service. In some embodiments, this code is cross referenced in a database (e.g., the policy management server 1652) to find the appropriate service profile for the new service in combination with the initial ambient service. The new superset service profile is then applied so that the user maintains free access to the ambient services, and the billing partners continue to subsidize those services, the user also gets access to Internet services and may choose the service control profile (e.g., from one of the embodiments disclosed herein). The superset profile is the profile that provides the combined capabilities of two or more service profiles when the profiles are applied to the same device 100 service processor. In some embodiments, the device 100 (service processor 115) can determine the superset profile rather than the service controller 122 when more than one “stackable” service is selected by the user or otherwise applied to the device. The flexibility of the service processor 115 and service controller 122 embodiments described herein allow for a large variety of service profiles to be defined and applied individually or as a superset to achieve the desired device 100 service features.
As shown in
In some embodiments, device assisted services (DAS) techniques for providing an activity map for classifying or categorizing service usage activities to associate various monitored activities (e.g., by URL, by network domain, by website, by network traffic type, by application or application type, and/or any other service usage activity categorization/classification) with associated IP addresses are provided. In some embodiments, a policy control agent (not shown), service monitor agent 1696, or another agent or function (or combinations thereof) of the service processor 115 provides a DAS activity map. In some embodiments, a policy control agent, service monitor agent, or another agent or function (or combinations thereof) of the service processor provides an activity map for classifying or categorizing service usage activities to associate various monitored activities (e.g., by Uniform Resource Locator (URL), by network domain, by website, by network traffic type, by application or application type, and/or any other service usage activity classification/categorization) with associated IP addresses. In some embodiments, a policy control agent, service monitor agent, or another agent or function (or combinations thereof) of the service processor determines the associated IP addresses for monitored service usage activities using various techniques to snoop the DNS request(s) (e.g., by performing such snooping techniques on the device 100 the associated IP addresses can be determined without the need for a network request for a reverse DNS lookup). In some embodiments, a policy control agent, service monitor agent, or another agent or function (or combinations thereof) of the service processor records and reports IP addresses or includes a DNS lookup function to report IP addresses or IP addresses and associated URLs for monitored service usage activities. For example, a policy control agent, service monitor agent, or another agent or function (or combinations thereof) of the service processor can determine the associated IP addresses for monitored service usage activities using various techniques to perform a DNS lookup function (e.g., using a local DNS cache on the monitored device 100). In some embodiments, one or more of these techniques are used to dynamically build and maintain a DAS activity map that maps, for example, URLs to IP addresses, applications to IP addresses, content types to IP addresses, and/or any other categorization/classification to IP addresses as applicable. In some embodiments, the DAS activity map is used for various DAS traffic control and/or throttling techniques as described herein with respect to various embodiments. In some embodiments, the DAS activity map is used to provide the user various UI related information and notification techniques related to service usage as described herein with respect to various embodiments. In some embodiments, the DAS activity map is used to provide service usage monitoring, prediction/estimation of future service usage, service usage billing (e.g., bill by account and/or any other service usage/billing categorization techniques), DAS techniques for ambient services usage monitoring, DAS techniques for generating micro-CDRs (e.g., also referred to as service usage partition, service usage recording partition, service charging bucket, device generated CDRs, such as in the case where the device and not a network component are generating the usage records, ambient usage records, specialized service usage records, or other terms to indicate a service usage data record generated to provide a more refined or detailed breakdown of service usage for the device), and/or any of the various other DAS related techniques as described herein with respect to various embodiments.
In some embodiments, all or a portion of the service processor 115 functions disclosed herein are implemented in software. In some embodiments, all or a portion of the service processor 115 functions are implemented in hardware. In some embodiments, all or substantially all of the service processor 115 functionality (as discussed herein) is implemented and stored in software that can be performed on (e.g., executed by) various components in device 100. In some embodiments, it is advantageous to store or implement certain portions or all of service processor 115 in protected or secure memory so that other undesired programs (and/or unauthorized users) have difficulty accessing the functions or software in service processor 115. In some embodiments, service processor 115, at least in part, is implemented in and/or stored on secure non-volatile memory (e.g., non volatile memory can be secure non-volatile memory) that is not accessible without pass keys and/or other security mechanisms. In some embodiments, the ability to load at least a portion of service processor 115 software into protected non-volatile memory also requires a secure key and/or signature and/or requires that the service processor 115 software components being loaded into non-volatile memory are also securely encrypted and appropriately signed by an authority that is trusted by a secure software downloader function, such as service downloader. In some embodiments, a secure software download embodiment also uses a secure non-volatile memory. Those of ordinary skill in the art will also appreciate that all memory can be on-chip, off-chip, on-board and/or off-board.
In some embodiments, the service monitor agent and/or other agents implement virtual traffic tagging by tracking or tracing packet flows through the various communication stack formatting, processing and encryption steps, and providing the virtual tag information to the various agents that monitor, control, shape, throttle or otherwise observe, manipulate or modify the traffic. This tagging approach is referred to herein as virtual tagging, because there is not a literal data flow, traffic flow or packet tag that is attached to flows or packets, and the book-keeping to tag the packet is done through tracking or tracing the flow or packet through the stack instead. In some embodiments, the application interface and/or other agents identify a traffic flow, associate it with a service usage activity and cause a literal tag to be attached to the traffic or packets associated with the activity. This tagging approach is referred to herein as literal tagging. There are various advantages with both the virtual tagging and the literal tagging approaches. For example, it can be preferable in some embodiments, to reduce the inter-agent communication required to track or trace a packet through the stack processing by assigning a literal tag so that each flow or packet has its own activity association embedded in the data. As another example, it can be preferable in some embodiments, to re-use portions of standard communication stack software or components, enhancing the verifiable traffic control or service control capabilities of the standard stack by inserting additional processing steps associated with the various service agents and monitoring points rather than re-writing the entire stack to correctly process literal tagging information, and in such cases, a virtual tagging scheme may be desired. As yet another example, some standard communication stacks provide for unused, unspecified or otherwise available bit fields in a packet frame or flow, and these unused, unspecified or otherwise available bit fields can be used to literally tag traffic without the need to re-write all of the standard communication stack software, with only the portions of the stack that are added to enhance the verifiable traffic control or service control capabilities of the standard stack needing to decode and use the literal tagging information encapsulated in the available bit fields. In the case of literal tagging, in some embodiments, the tags are removed prior to passing the packets or flows to the network or to the applications utilizing the stack. In some embodiments, the manner in which the virtual or literal tagging is implemented can be developed into a communication standard specification so that various device or service product developers can independently develop the communication stack and/or service processor hardware and/or software in a manner that is compatible with the service controller specifications and the products of other device or service product developers.
It will be appreciated that although the implementation/use of any or all of the measurement points illustrated in
Referring to
As shown in
As shown in
Referring to
In some embodiments, device 100 includes a 3G and/or 4G network access connection in combination with the Wi-Fi LAN connection to the device 100. For example, the intermediate device or networking device combination can be a device that simply translates the Wi-Fi data to the WWAN access network without implementing any portion of the service processor 115 as shown in
Referring now to
As shown in
While the specific illustrations in
In some embodiments, the proxy server is used for one or more of the functions of: generating, collecting, aggregating, mediating and/or reporting service usage charging information. In some embodiments, the proxy server/router is used for one or more of collecting, aggregating, mediating and/or reporting service usage charging information in which a client device service processor assists in routing traffic to and/or from the proxy server. In some embodiments, the proxy server is used for one or more of the functions of: generating, collecting, aggregating, mediating and/or reporting service usage charging information and the policies controlling the device service processor and the proxy servers are coordinated and distributed by a service controller. In some embodiments, the proxy server/router is used for one or more of: collecting, aggregating, mediating and/or reporting service usage charging information where a client device service processor assists in routing traffic to and/or from the proxy servers and the service processors are coordinated and distributed by a service controller. In some embodiments, in which the proxy server is used in conjunction with a device service processor (e.g., or other client function), the service processor detects one or more types of ambient service activity or other special service activity and routes the traffic to the appropriate proxy server destination for that activity.
In some embodiments, one or more proxy servers or routers are used for one or more of: generating, collecting, aggregating, mediating and/or reporting service usage charging information in which the proxy server communicates with a client device UI for the purpose of informing the user of service status and/or receiving user feedback on service status.
In some embodiments, one or more proxy servers or routers are used for controlling service usage in accordance with a set of policies for specialized services that are programmed by a service design UI (VSP Interface 4910). In some embodiments, one or more proxy servers or routers are used for controlling service usage in accordance with a set of policies for specialized services that are programmed by a network element with a service design UI, and the policies controlling the device service processor and the proxy server are coordinated and distributed by a service controller.
In some embodiments, one or more proxy servers or routers are used for one or more of generating, collecting, aggregating, mediating and/or reporting service usage charging information in which a client device service processor assists in routing traffic to and/or from the proxy server and the policies controlling the device service processor and the proxy server are coordinated and distributed by a service controller.
In some embodiments, the proxy servers can be distributed and managed across diverse geographical separations so that the device traffic to the proxy server/routers does not need to traverse long distances before being connected through the proxy server/routers to the Internet, data, or phone network 120. For example, this geographic diversity or redundancy can be accomplished in a number of ways including using a redundant server or router architecture with a load balancer to determine the best hop to the nearest equipment location, coupled with a distributed data base to persist the device service state so that if a proxy server/router element goes down the device service may be effectively resumed by a different proxy server/router in the same data center or in a geographically diverse data center. In some embodiments, the device service state is persisted in this way by a distributed or redundant diversity data base. In some embodiments, the device service state is held by the service controller network, which in some embodiments, are also distributed and/or redundant. In some embodiments, the device service state is persisted by other network equipment elements. In some embodiments, the device service state is persisted by the device client software (e.g., service processor).
In some embodiments, it may not be possible to accurately identify every network service access attempt or service usage (e.g., or traffic access) as belonging to a given service usage partition (e.g., a given ambient service usage, background network chatter usage, user service plan usage, emergency service usage, and/or other type of service usage). As used herein, the terms service usage partition, service usage recording partition, service charging bucket, and micro-CDRs are used interchangeably. Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a service charging bucket for traffic that is allowed and not definitively identified as belonging to a known service charging bucket. This allows for techniques to employ an “allow but verify” approach to traffic that is likely to be legitimately associated with an ambient service or a user service or a network service that is intended to be allowed, but is not definitively identified as being associated with an allowed service.
As an example, there may be a web site access associated with an ambient service that does not have a reference identifier or other traffic parameter that allows the service processor to associate it with the correct ambient service. In this case, a set of rules can be applied to determine if it is likely that the web site access is a legitimate access given the access control policies that are in place, and if it is the access can be allowed and the traffic usage either recorded in the ambient service charging bucket that it is suspected to be associated with, or the traffic usage can be charged to a network chatter service usage bucket, or the traffic usage can be charged to the user service usage bucket, or the traffic usage may be recorded in a “not classified but allowed” service charging bucket. In some embodiments, in which such traffic is charged to the “not classified but allowed” service usage charging bucket, additional verification measures are employed to ensure that the amount of traffic that is not classified but allowed does not grow too large or become a back-door for service usage errors. For example, the access control policy rules for allowing unclassified traffic can be relatively loose as long as the amount of service usage charges accumulating in the not classified charging bucket remains within certain bounds, and/or the rate of service usage charged to the not classified bucket remains within certain bounds, but if the not classified traffic becomes large or the rate of not classified traffic growth becomes large then the rules governing when to allow not classified traffic can be tightened.
As another example, a browser application can access a web site that is known to be an ambient service website, and that web site might serve back a series of traffic flows, some of which are associated with the ambient service website through URL identifiers that are known to be part of the website, and other traffic can be associated with the ambient service website by virtue of a referring website tag or header, and some traffic can be returned to the same application with a relatively close time proximity to the other traffic as being identified as ambient traffic. In this example, as long as the not classified traffic service charging bucket does not exceed a given pre-set policy limit on its size, and/or does not grow faster than a given pre-set policy rate, and/or is received within a certain pre-set policy period of time difference from the time that other ambient service charging bucket traffic is received, then the not classified traffic is continued to be allowed. However, if the not classified traffic amount or rate of growth exceeds the pre-set policy limits, or if the period of time between when verified ambient service traffic is received and the not classified traffic is received exceeds policy limits, then the not classified traffic can be blocked or other action can be taken to further analyze the not classified traffic.
In some embodiments, it is important to provide a hierarchy of service usage charging rules for the various service usage partitions on a device. As an example, for a given service plan there can be two ambient service charging buckets, a network chatter (e.g., or network overhead) service charging bucket, and a user service plan service charging bucket and it is desirable to make sure that no ambient services or network overhead service or unclassified service is charged to the user service plan, and it is also desirable to ensure that all known ambient service traffic is charged to the appropriate ambient service partner, and it is desirable to ensure that no network overhead service or unclassified service is charged to ambient service partners. In such situations, a service charging bucket hierarchy can be provided as follows: determine if a traffic flow (e.g., or socket) is associated with network overhead, and if so allow it and charge that service bucket, then determine if a traffic flow (or socket) is associated with ambient service #1, and if so allow it and charge that service bucket, then determine if a traffic flow (or socket) is associated with ambient service #2, and if so allow it and charge that service bucket, then determine if a traffic flow (or socket) is associated with not classified traffic, and if so allow it and charge that service bucket, then if the traffic is not associated with any of the above service charging buckets allow it and charge it to the user service plan charging bucket. In another example, if the user has not yet chosen to pay for a user service plan, then the same hierarchical access control and service charging policy can be used except the final step would be: then if the traffic is not associated with any of the above service charging buckets block the traffic. Hierarchical service charging bucket identification such as depicted in these examples can be a crucial aspect of a robust access control policy and/or service charging policy system. Many other access control policy hierarchies and service charging bucket policy hierarchies will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.
In some embodiments, the not classified traffic is charged according to service charging rules that rely on the most likely candidate service charging bucket for the traffic. As another example, if the not classified traffic is being delivered to the same application as other known ambient service traffic and the time difference between delivery of the known ambient service traffic and the not classified traffic is small, then the not classified traffic can be charged to the ambient service in accordance with a pre-set charging policy rule specifying these conditions. Other embodiments that will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, another charging rule for not classified traffic could be to perform a pro-rata allocation of the not classified traffic to all of the other service charging buckets with the pro-rata allocation being based on the percentage of the total traffic used by the device for each service charging bucket. As another example, the not classified traffic can be charged to a subset of the service charging buckets for the device (e.g., all ambient services plus the network overhead service) in accordance with the pro-rata share for each service included in the pro-rata split.
In some embodiments, the user service plan agreement is structured so that the user acknowledges that ambient services in which the access connection to the service is sponsored, paid for, and/or partially subsidized by an entity other than the user are a benefit to the user, and/or the user acknowledges that there is no inherent right to free ambient services, and that the service usage accounting system may not always properly characterize usage for a sponsored or subsidized ambient service (e.g., or some other specialized service) in the correct accounting service charging bucket, and, thus, the user service plan account can be charged and/or billed with some of this traffic. By having the user acknowledge a service use agreement of this form then some ambient traffic can be charged to the user service plan account, including, for example, allowed but not classified traffic, excess ambient service usage beyond pre-set policy limits, ambient service usage during busy network periods or on congested network resources, and/or other criteria/measures. In some embodiments, the user might be notified that they are being charged for service activities that are sometimes subsidized or free to the user. As discussed above, it is important to ensure that a not classified service charging bucket does not become a back door for service charging errors or hacking. It will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the not classified service usage charges can be verified in a variety of manners, including, for example, observing the size of the not classified service charging bucket as compared to other service usage charges on the device (e.g., total device service usage, ambient service usage, user bucket service usage, and/or other criteria/measures), capping the not classified bucket, and/or capping the rate of growth of the not classified bucket.
In some embodiments, it is important to verify not only that the total device service usage amount is correct, but that the service usage is being reported in the proper service charging buckets. For example, if the service processor software can be hacked so that it correctly reports the total service usage, but reports user service plan traffic under one or more ambient service buckets, then simply verifying that the total amount of service usage is correct will not be sufficient to prevent the device from obtaining free user service that can be charged to ambient service partners. There are a variety of direct and indirect embodiments to accomplish this verification of service charging bucket divisions. For example, in direct verification embodiments, one or more alternative measures of service usage are employed to cross-check the accuracy of the service charging bucket divisions. In indirect embodiments one of two classes of verification are employed: the size and rate of growth for service charging buckets is analyzed and compared to a pre-set group of policies to detect and/or modify service charging bucket growth that is out of policy; and/or the proper operation of the service processor elements involved in service charging bucket partitioning is verified.
Various embodiments involving direct verification of service charging bucket usage and/or accounting include the use of network based service usage measures such as CDRs, IPDRs, flow data records (e.g., FDRs—detailed reports of service usage for each service flow, such as network socket connection, opened and used to transmit data to or from the device), accounting records, interim accounting records or other similar usage records to verify that the device is within service policy and/or the device based service usage reports are accurate. Use of such network generated service usage records to directly verify service charging and/or proper service usage policy adherence are described herein. When network address destination and/or source information is available in these records, as described herein, this can be used in some embodiments, to verify the service charging bucket accounting provided by the device service processor. In some embodiments, some types of service usage records include real-time data but not necessarily all of the useful information needed to help verify service charging bucket accounting, while other types of service usage records provide more detail (e.g., IP address for destination and source) but do not always arrive in real-time. For example, in some embodiments, FDRs are created each time a new service flow (e.g., network socket connection) is opened and then closed. At the time the service flow is closed, a (e.g., possibly time stamped) data usage record indicating source address, destination address and amount of data transmitted is created and sent to a charging aggregation function in the network. The charging aggregation function can then forward the FDRs to the service controller for verification or direct accounting of service charging bucket accounting. By comparing the FDR addresses with known ambient service traffic address associations, the partitioning of service charging buckets between one or more ambient services and other services such as a user service plan service charging bucket may be verified. However, in some cases it can be a long period of time for an FDR to be generated when a device service flow (e.g., socket) remains open for a long period of time, as in the case for example with a long file download, a peer to peer connection with a socket keep alive, or a proxy server service with a socket keep alive. In such cases, it can be disadvantageous to have large amounts of data to be transferred without an FDR to confirm device service processor based reports, and in some cases this can provide an opportunity for service processor service reporting hacks. This can be remedied in a variety of ways by using other network reported service usage information to augment the FDR information. For example, start and stop accounting records can sometimes be obtained in some embodiments, from a network element such as a service gateway or the AAA servers (e.g., or other network equipment elements depending on the network architecture). Although start and stop records do not possess the detail of service usage information that FDRs, CDRs, IPDRs, interim accounting records or other service usage records posses, they do inform the service controller that a device is either connected to the network or has stopped connecting. If a device is connected to the network and is not transmitting device usage reports or heartbeats, then the service controller is alerted that an error or hacking condition is likely. As another example of how two or more types of network reported service usage information may be used to create a better real time or near real-time check on device service usage, if both FDRs and start/stop accounting records are available, the service controller can send a stop-then-resume service command to the device (e.g., or alternatively send a stop then resume service command to a network equipment element), which will cause the device to terminate all open service flows before re-initiating them, and once the service flows are stopped then the FDR flow records will be completed and transmitted for any service flows that were in process but unreported when the stop service command was issued. This will cause any long term open socket file transfers to be reported in the FDR flow records thus plugging the potential back door hole in the FDR service usage accounting verification method.
As another example showing how multiple types of network generated service usage accounting records may be used to complement each other and strengthen the verification of service charging bucket accounting partitions, interim data records can be used with FDRs. Interim data records are available in accordance with some embodiments, n which the interim data records are generated on a regularly scheduled basis by a network element (e.g., gateway, base station, HLR, AAA, and/or other network element/function). Interim data records are typically near real time records that report the aggregate traffic usage for the device as of a point in time, but often do not include traffic address information or other traffic details. In embodiments in which both interim accounting records and FDRs are available, when the interim accounting records are indicating service usage that is not being reported in the FDR stream this is evidence that a device has one or more long term socket connections that are open and are not terminating. In this case, the service controller can verify that the device based usage reports are properly accounting for the total amount of service usage reported by the interim accounting records, and/or the service controller can force an FDR report for the open sockets by issuing a stop-resume service command as similarly discussed above.
As described herein, other embodiments involving direct verification of service charging bucket accounting can be provided. One example is to route ambient service traffic to a proxy server or router programmed to support only the network access allowed for the ambient service and to account for the ambient service usage. Additional proxy servers or routers can be similarly programmed for each ambient service that is part of the device service plan, and in some embodiments, another proxy server or router is programmed to support traffic control and account for the user service plan service access. By comparing the service usage accounting for each of these proxy servers or routers, the device generated service charging bucket accounting can be directly verified. In some embodiments, the usage accounting provided by the proxy servers or routers is used directly for service usage accounting.
In some embodiments, ambient service partner feedback is used to verify service charging bucket accounting. For example, web servers used by ambient service partners to provide ambient services can identify a user device based on header information embedded in the HTML traffic, and then account for either the service used by the device during the ambient service sessions or account for the number of transactions the user completes. If service usage is recorded, then it can be reported to the service controller and be used directly to verify ambient service charging bucket accounting. If transactions are all that are recorded, then this can be reported to the service controller and the amount of ambient service used by the device can be compared with the number of transactions completed to determine if the ambient service usage is reasonable or should be throttled or blocked. It will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments can be provided that employ more than one type of network generated service usage records to verify service usage accounting and/or verify service charging bucket accounting.
Other embodiments involving indirect methods for verifying or controlling service charging bucket accounting include monitoring the size and/or growth rate of ambient service usage. In some embodiments, the access control policy rules call for restricting a given ambient service access when the amount of service usage charges accumulating in the ambient service charging bucket exceed a pre-set policy limit, and/or when the rate of service usage for the ambient service exceeds a pre-set policy limit. For example, once these limits are reached, the ambient service can be throttled back for a period of time, blocked for a period of time, or charged to the user service plan charging bucket. In some embodiments, before these actions are taken the user UI can be used to notify the user of the service policy enforcement action. In some embodiments, indirect verification of service charging bucket accounting includes the various techniques described herein for verifying proper operation of the service processor agent software and/or protecting the service processor agent software from errors, manipulation, or hacking.
In some embodiments, the device service processor directs traffic destined for a given ambient service to a proxy server or router programmed to support that ambient service, and any traffic control policies and/or access control policies for the ambient service are implemented in the proxy server or router. For example, in such embodiments the proxy server or router can be programmed to only allow access to one or more ambient services that are authorized by the device service plan, with the proxy server or router controlling device access so that other network destinations cannot be reached. Continuing this example embodiment, the proxy server or router can account for the ambient service usage in an ambient service charging bucket as discussed elsewhere. In such proxy server or router ambient service control embodiments, the same traffic association techniques described elsewhere that allow incoming traffic associated with an ambient service website or other service to be identified, allowed or blocked, potentially throttled, and accounted for in a service charging bucket can be implemented in the proxy server or router programming. Such proxy server or router embodiments can also implement user service plan service charging buckets, user service plan traffic controls, and user service plan access control as discussed herein. In some embodiments, the proxy server or router analyzes the HTML traffic content of the traffic flows as described herein to perform such associations, traffic control and/or service usage accounting. Similarly, in some embodiments, a proxy server or router can provide the “surf-out” capabilities described herein by performing the same surf-out traffic associations (e.g., HTML branch reference associations and/or other branch associations) described herein. It will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many of the adaptive ambient service control and service usage charging functions described herein for a service processor can be readily implemented with a proxy server or router that is appropriately programmed.
In some embodiments, routing of device traffic for one or more ambient services and/or user service plan services to a proxy server or router is accomplished by the device service processor using the device service processor traffic control embodiments described herein. In some embodiments, routing of device traffic for one or more ambient services and/or user service plan services to a proxy server or router is accomplished by dedicated network equipment such as the gateways (e.g., SGSN, GGSN, PDSN, or PDN), home agents, HLRs or base stations, with the network equipment being provisioned by a service controller (e.g., or other interchangeable network element with similar functions for this purpose) to direct the device traffic to the proxy server or router. In some embodiments, the ambient service traffic or the user service plan traffic is controlled by the proxy server according to a service plan policy set supplied by the service controller (e.g., or equivalent network function for this purpose). The traffic control service policy thus implemented by the proxy server can control traffic based on one or more of the following: period of time, network address, service type, content type, application type, QoS class, time of day, network busy state, bandwidth, and data usage.
In some embodiments, a proxy server or router is used to verify accounting for a given service, for example, an ambient service. In some embodiments, this is accomplished by the device service processor directing the desired service flows to a proxy server or router programmed to handle the desired service flows, with the proxy server or router being programmed to only allow access to valid network destinations allowed by the access control policies for the desired service, and the proxy server or router also being programmed to account for the traffic usage for the desired services. In some embodiments, the proxy service usage accounting may then be used to verify device based service usage accounting reported by the service processor. In some embodiments, the accounting thus reported by the proxy server or router can be used directly to account for service usage, such as ambient service usage or user service plan service usage.
In some embodiments, in which a proxy server is used for device service usage accounting, the proxy server maintains a link to the device service notification UI via a secure communication link, such as the heartbeat device link described herein. For example, the proxy server or router can keep track of device service usage versus service plan usage caps/limits and notify the user device UI through the device communication link (e.g., heartbeat link) between the service controller and the device. In some embodiments, the proxy server/router communicates with a device UI in a variety of ways, such as follows: UI connection through a device link (e.g., heartbeat link), through a device link connected to a service controller (e.g., or other network element with similar function for this purpose), presenting a proxy web page to the device, providing a pop-up page to the device, and/or installing a special portal mini-browser on the device that communicates with the proxy server/router. In some embodiments, the UI connection to the proxy server/router is used as a user notification channel to communicate usage notification information, service plan choices, or any of the multiple services UI embodiments described herein.
In some embodiments, for the proxy server/router techniques for implementing service traffic/access controls and/or service charting bucket accounting, it is desirable to have the same information that is available to the service processor on the device, including, for example, application associated with the traffic, network busy state, QoS level, or other information about the service activity that is available at the device. For example, such information can be used to help determine traffic control rules and/or special services credit is due (e.g., ambient services credit). In some embodiments, information available on the device can be communicated to the proxy server/router and associated with traffic flows or service usage activities in a variety of ways. For example, side information can be transmitted to the proxy server/router that associates a traffic flow or service activity flow with information available on the device but not readily available in the traffic flow or service activity flow itself. In some embodiments, such side information may be communicated over a dedicated control channel (e.g., the device control link or heartbeat link), or in a standard network connection that in some embodiments, can be secure (e.g., TLS/SSL, or a secure tunnel). In some embodiments, the side information available on the device can be communicated to the proxy server/router via embedded information in data (e.g., header and/or stuffing special fields in the communications packets). In some embodiments, the side information available on the device can be communicated to the proxy server/router by associating a given secure link or tunnel with the side information. In some embodiments, the side information is collected in a device agent or device API agent that monitors traffic flows, collects the side information for those traffic flows, and transmits the information associated with a given flow to a proxy server/router. It will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that other techniques can be used to communicate side information available on the device to a proxy server/router.
For example, just as the hierarchy of charging rules can be important for implementations in which the service processor is creating the service charging bucket accounting, it can also important in implementations that use a proxy server or router for service charging bucket accounting. Accordingly, various embodiments described herein for creating a hierarchy of service usage charging rules can be applied to proxy server or proxy router embodiments. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the service charging bucket embodiments and traffic control and access control embodiments described herein for allowed but not classified buckets apply equally to the proxy server/router embodiments. For example, pre-defined service policy rules can be programmed into the proxy server/router to control the traffic flows and/or place usage limits or access limits on an ambient service, or a user service plan service. It will also now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments described herein disclosing an initial allowed service access list, temporarily allowing additional service activities until they are determined to be allowed or not allowed, expanding the allowed service activity list, maintaining a not allowed service activity list and expanding the not allowed service activity list also apply equally to proxy server/router embodiments. Similarly, it will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the proxy/server router embodiments can be employed to directly generate the service charging bucket (or micro-CDR) usage reports used to provide further detail and/or billing capabilities for service usage. In some embodiments, in which the device service processor directs traffic to a proxy server/router, there are advantageous design feature embodiments available that can reduce the need to provision network to detect and force specialized device service traffic to the appropriate proxy server/router. For example, this can be done by creating a “usage credit” system for the services supported by the proxy server/outer. Total service usage is counted on the one hand by the device service processor, or by other network equipment, or by both. Credit on the other hand for ambient service or other specialized access service usage that is not charged to the user is then provided for services that the device directs through the proxy server/router destination (e.g., URL or route hop) supporting the particular ambient service or other specialized access service. If the device correctly directs traffic to the proxy server/router, then the counting and/or access rules are correctly implemented by the proxy server/router. The service can be thus controlled and/or accounted for. When the service is accounted for, the proxy server/router reports the service charging bucket accounting back to the service controller (e.g., or other network equipment responsible for service charging bucket/micro CDR mediation) and the user service plan service charging bucket account can be credited for the services. Traffic that reaches the proxy server/router is controlled by the access rules and/or traffic control rules and/or QoS control rules of the proxy server/router programming, so there is no question regarding the type of service that is supported with the service charging buckets that are reported to mediation functions (e.g., mediation functions can be performed by one or more of service controller, usage mediation, billing, AAA, and/or HLR/home agent). As the proxy server/router is in the network and can be physically secured and protected from hacking, there is high confidence that the service control and/or charging rules intended for ambient services or some other specialized service are properly implemented and that the proxy server/router connection is being used for the intended service and not some other unintended hacked service. If the device is somehow hacked or otherwise in error so that the traffic is not directed through the appropriate proxy server/router, then the proxy server/router does not log the traffic in micro CDRs/buckets and no specialized service usage credit is sent to the mediation functions, so there is no usage credit deducted from the device user service plan service usage totals. Thus, the user pays for the services when the device is hacked to avoid the proxy server/router. The user account service agreement can specify that if the user tampers with software and traffic is not routed to servers then credit will not be provided and user plan will be charged.
In some proxy server/router embodiments, the usage credit is sometimes recorded by the proxy server/router detecting which device is performing the access. Device identification can be accomplished in a variety of ways including a header/tag inserted into the traffic by the device, a route in the network specified for that device, a secure link (e.g., TLS/SSL, IP Sec, or other secure tunnel), a unique device IP address or other credential (e.g., where proxy server/router has access to an active IP address look up function), a unique proxy server/router address and/or socket for the device.
In some embodiments, the coordination of the device service controller traffic control elements with a proxy server/outer can make it simpler to locate, install, provision and operate the proxy servers. The proxy server/routers do not need to be located “in line” with the access network because it is the device's responsibility to make sure the traffic is routed to the servers/routers or else there is not credit and the user account is charged. In some embodiments, this makes it unnecessary or reduces the need to force device traffic routes in carrier network. In some embodiments, the proxy server/routers can be located in carrier network or on the Internet. If the proxy server/routers are on Internet, then traffic can be authenticated in a firewall before being passed to server/routers to enhance security to attack.
In some embodiments, the service charging bucket recording software in the proxy server/router can be programmed into an ambient service partners network equipment directly thus eliminating the need for special apparatus. The ambient service partner's equipment (e.g., a web server, load balancer or router) can recognize the device using one of the techniques described above, aggregate the device service charging bucket accounting, and periodically send the usage accounting to the service controller or other network service usage mediation function.
Programming and/or provisioning the types of ambient services, user service plan services and/or specialized services disclosed in various embodiments described herein can be a complex process. In some embodiments, a simplified central network user or MVNO user programming interface, also referred to herein as a Virtual Service Provider Work Station 4910 or interchangeably as a service design interface or VSP Interface, is used to program the necessary policy settings for such services is desirable. For example, a service design interface (VSP Interface 4910) is provided that organizes and/or categorizes the various policy settings that are required to set up an ambient service (e.g., or other service) including one or more of the following: a policy list of service activities that are allowed under the ambient service (e.g., or other service), access control policies, rules for implementing and/or adapting an allowed list of network destinations, rules for implementing and/or adapting a blocked list of network destinations, service charging bucket policies, user notification policies, service control, and/or service charging bucket verification policies, actions to be taken upon verification errors. In some embodiments, the required information for one or more of these policy sets is formatted into a UI that organizes and simplifies the programming of the policies. In some embodiments, the UI is partly graphical to help the user understand the information and what settings need to be defined in order to define the service. In some embodiments, the UI is created with an XML interface. In some embodiments, the UI is offered via a secure web connection. In some embodiments, a basic service policy for an ambient service (e.g., or another service) is created that includes one or more of the above service policy settings, and then this service policy set becomes a list or an object that can be replicated and used in multiple service plan policy set definitions (e.g., “dragged and dropped” in a graphical UI). In some embodiments, the resulting set of policies created in this service design interface (VSP Interface 4910) are then distributed to the necessary policy control elements in the network and/or on the device that act in coordination to implement the service policy set for a given device group. For example, if a service processor is used in conjunction with a service controller, then the service design (VSP Interface 4910) interface can load the service policy settings subsets that need to be programmed on the service controller and the device service processor into the service controller, and the service controller loads the service controller policy settings subset into the service controller components that control the policies and loads the device policy settings subset to the devices that belong to that device group. In embodiments in which a proxy server/router is used to help control and account for services, in some embodiments, the service design interface (VSP Interface 4910) loads the service policy settings subsets that need to be programmed on the proxy server/router into the proxy server/router. In embodiments where other network equipment (e.g., gateways, base stations, service usage recording/aggregation/feed equipment, AAA, home agent/HLR, mediation system, and/or billing system) need to be provisioned or programmed, in some embodiments, the service design interface (VSP Interface 4910) also loads the appropriate device group policy subsets to each of the equipment elements. Accordingly, various techniques can be used as described herein to greatly simplify the complex task of translating a service policy set or service plan into all the myriad equipment and/or device settings, programming, and/or provisioning commands required to correctly implement the service. It will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that several of these techniques can similarly be used for the VSP service design interface (VSP Interface 4910). In some embodiments, a service processor is used in conjunction with one or more proxy servers or routers for one or more of QoS charging, QoS provisioning and/or QoS control. In some embodiments, one or more proxy servers or routers are used in conjunction with a service controller (e.g., or other network function with similar functions for this purpose) for one or more of QoS charging, QoS provisioning, and/or QoS control. In some embodiments, a service processor is used in conjunction with one or more proxy servers or routers and a service controller (e.g., or other network function with similar functions for this purpose) for one or more of QoS charging, QoS provisioning, and/or QoS control. In some embodiments, one or more proxy servers or routers are used in conjunction with a service controller (e.g., or other network function with similar functions for this purpose) for one or more of QoS charging, QoS provisioning, and/or QoS control, in which the proxy server or router policies for this QoS service implementation are programmed by a service design UI (VSP Interface 4910).
In the context of the multiple service provider network embodiments illustrated in
Accordingly, this allows a number of embodiments for one or not of the service providers, including, for example: common service usage and/or recording platform that can provide unified service usage reporting and/or billing across multiple networks, common network service controls and/or traffic controls across multiple networks, common user information sharing across multiple networks, and common QoS controls across multiple networks, common service design services across multiple networks. It is also possible to unify networks with different access technologies into a common network service. For example, by creating different network interface “shim” software layers, it is possible to interface a common set of service controller capabilities, service processor capabilities, proxy server and/or router capabilities and/or service design interface capabilities into different networks that have different equipment and even different communication protocols for provisioning equipment, CDR collection and aggregation equipment, traffic control equipment, AAA, home agent/HLR, billing systems, QoS reservation and control equipment, and/or other capabilities/protocols. The equipment software shims translate the different equipment communication protocols for each network into the common protocols supported in the service controller, service processor, proxy server and/or router, and/or service design center apparatus.
In some embodiments, the techniques described herein to unify network services across multiple networks can be used to provide consistent service control, notification, billing across networks locally or globally without the need to back-haul the data traffic through wholesale pipes from one network to another as is the case with conventional network technologies. For example, a subscriber can be acquired and/or billed for by network #1 and then be serviced with a uniform service experience and deep service notification, control, charging capabilities on both network #1 and network #2. In some embodiments, a subscriber can be acquired and billed for by network #2 and then be serviced with a uniform service experience and deep service notification, control, charging capabilities on both network #1 and network #2. Service plans, settings, notification, carrier branding, etc. can all be the same or different for subscribers originated on one network versus the other. Additionally, in some embodiments, one or more of the service controller, proxy servers or routers and/or other apparatus that handles traffic including the mediation systems can be distributed and/or redundant with diversity as discussed elsewhere to reduce the need to back haul device service traffic or service control traffic. In some embodiments, it is possible for both carrier networks to posses a common service design network element and UI despite the fact that the different networks can have very different provisioning, AAA, traffic handling, charging, billing, etc equipment.
In some embodiments, one or more proxy servers or routers are used to create a common network service between two or more different networks. In some embodiments, one or more proxy servers or routers are used in conjunction with device client (DAS service processor) used to create a common network service between two or more different networks. In some embodiments, one or more proxy servers or routers are used to create a common network service between two or more different networks in which the proxy server is programmed with a centralized service design interface. In some embodiments, one or more proxy servers or routers are used to create a common service usage recording and/or accounting system across different networks. In some embodiments, one or more proxy servers or routers are used in conjunction with device client (e.g., DAS service processor) used to create a common network service between two or more different networks, in which the proxy server and the device client have coordinated policy settings and/or are both controlled by a service controller element in a network.
In some embodiments, one or more proxy servers or routers are used in conjunction with a device client (e.g., DAS service processor) to create a common network service between two or more different networks in which the proxy router and the device client have coordinated policy settings and/or are both controlled by a service controller element in a network.
In some embodiments, one or more proxy servers or routers are used to create a common network service between two or more different networks in which the proxy server is programmed with a centralized service design interface and the is controlled by a service controller element in a network.
In some embodiments, one or more proxy servers or routers are used to create a common network service between two or more different networks in which the proxy server is programmed with a centralized service design interface and one or more of the service policies are is controlled by a service controller element in a network. In some embodiments, one or more proxy servers or routers are used to create a coordinated QoS signaling, reservation, provisioning, control, charging, and/or user interface across different service provider networks.
Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various other rules can be provided for the rules engine as described herein. Those of ordinary skill in the art will also appreciate that the functions described herein can be implemented using various other network architectures and network implementations (e.g., using various other networking protocols and corresponding network equipment and techniques).
Although the foregoing embodiments have been described in some detail for purposes of clarity of understanding, the invention is not limited to the details provided. There are many alternative ways of implementing the invention. The disclosed embodiments are illustrative and not restrictive.
The following U.S. patent applications are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes: application Ser. No. 12/695,980, entitled ENHANCED ROAMING SERVICES AND CONVERGED CARRIER NETWORKS WITH DEVICE ASSISTED SERVICES AND A PROXY, filed Jan. 28, 2010; application Ser. No. 12/380,778, entitled VERIFIABLE DEVICE ASSISTED SERVICE USAGE BILLING WITH INTEGRATED ACCOUNTING, MEDIATION ACCOUNTING, AND MULTI-ACCOUNT, filed on Mar. 2, 2009; application Ser. No. 12/380,780, entitled AUTOMATED DEVICE PROVISIONING AND ACTIVATION, filed Mar. 2, 2009; application Ser. No. 12/695,019, entitled DEVICE ASSISTED CDR CREATION, AGGREGATION, MEDIATION AND BILLING, filed on Jan. 27, 2010; application Ser. No. 12/695,021, entitled QUALITY OF SERVICE FOR DEVICE ASSISTED SERVICES, filed on Jan. 27, 2010; provisional Patent Application No. 61/206,354, entitled SERVICES POLICY COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND METHOD, filed Jan. 28, 2009; provisional Patent Application No. 61/206,944, entitled SERVICES POLICY COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND METHOD, filed Feb. 4, 2009; provisional Application No. 61/207,393, entitled SERVICES POLICY COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND METHOD, filed Feb. 10, 2009; provisional Patent Application No. 61/207,739, entitled SERVICES POLICY COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND METHOD, filed on Feb. 13, 2009; provisional Patent Application No. 61/270,353, entitled DEVICE ASSISTED CDR CREATION, AGGREGATION, MEDIATION AND BILLING, filed on Jul. 6, 2009; provisional Application No. 61/264,126, entitled DEVICE ASSISTED SERVICES ACTIVITY MAP, filed Nov. 24, 2009; provisional Application No. 61/252,151, entitled SECURITY TECHNIQUES FOR DEVICE ASSISTED SERVICES, filed Oct. 15, 2009; and provisional Application No. 61/252,153, entitled DEVICE GROUP PARTITIONS AND SETTLEMENT PLATFORM, filed Oct. 15, 2009.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5131020 | Liebesny et al. | Jul 1992 | A |
| 5283904 | Carson et al. | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5325532 | Crosswy et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5572528 | Shuen | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5577100 | McGregor et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5594777 | Makkonen et al. | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5617539 | Ludwig et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5630159 | Zancho | May 1997 | A |
| 5633484 | Zancho et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5633868 | Baldwin et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5754953 | Briancon et al. | May 1998 | A |
| 5774532 | Gottlieb et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5794142 | Vanttila et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5814798 | Zancho | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5889477 | Fastenrath | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5892900 | Ginter et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5903845 | Buhrmann et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5915008 | Dulman | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5915226 | Martineau | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5933778 | Buhrmann et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5940472 | Newman et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5974439 | Bollella | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5983270 | Abraham et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6035281 | Crosskey et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6038452 | Strawczynski et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6038540 | Krist et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6047268 | Bartoli et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6058434 | Wilt et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6061571 | Tamura | May 2000 | A |
| 6064878 | Denker et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6078953 | Vaid et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6081591 | Skoog | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6098878 | Dent et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6104700 | Haddock et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6115823 | Velasco et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6119933 | Wong et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6125391 | Meltzer et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6141565 | Feuerstein et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6141686 | Jackowski et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6148336 | Thomas et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6154738 | Call | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6157636 | Voit et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6185576 | Mcintosh | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6198915 | McGregor et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6219786 | Cunningham et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6226277 | Chuah | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6246870 | Dent et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6263055 | Garland et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6292828 | Williams | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6317584 | Abu-Amara et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6370139 | Redmond | Apr 2002 | B2 |
| 6381316 | Joyce et al. | Apr 2002 | B2 |
| 6393014 | Daly et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6397259 | Lincke et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6401113 | Lazaridis et al. | Jun 2002 | B2 |
| 6418147 | Wiedeman | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6438575 | Khan et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6445777 | Clark | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6449479 | Sanchez | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6466984 | Naveh et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6477670 | Ahmadvand | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6502131 | Vaid et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6505114 | Luciani | Jan 2003 | B2 |
| 6510152 | Gerszberg et al. | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6522629 | Anderson, Sr. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
| 6532235 | Benson et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6532579 | Sato et al. | Mar 2003 | B2 |
| 6535855 | Cahill et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6535949 | Parker | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6539082 | Lowe et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6542500 | Gerszberg et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6542992 | Peirce et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6546016 | Gerszberg et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6563806 | Yano et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6570974 | Gerszberg et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6574321 | Cox et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6574465 | Marsh et al. | Jun 2003 | B2 |
| 6578076 | Putzolu | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6581092 | Motoyama | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6591098 | Shieh et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6598034 | Kloth | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6601040 | Kolls | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6603969 | Vuoristo et al. | Aug 2003 | B1 |
| 6603975 | Inouchi et al. | Aug 2003 | B1 |
| 6606744 | Mikurak | Aug 2003 | B1 |
| 6615034 | Alloune et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6628934 | Rosenberg et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6631122 | Arunachalam et al. | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6636721 | Threadgill et al. | Oct 2003 | B2 |
| 6639975 | O'Neal et al. | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6640097 | Corrigan et al. | Oct 2003 | B2 |
| 6640334 | Rasmussen | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6650887 | McGregor et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6651101 | Gai et al. | Nov 2003 | B1 |
| 6654786 | Fox et al. | Nov 2003 | B1 |
| 6654814 | Britton et al. | Nov 2003 | B1 |
| 6658254 | Purdy et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6662014 | Walsh | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6678516 | Nordman et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6683853 | Kannas et al. | Jan 2004 | B1 |
| 6684244 | Goldman et al. | Jan 2004 | B1 |
| 6690918 | Evans et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6694362 | Secor et al. | Feb 2004 | B1 |
| 6697821 | Ziff et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6725031 | Watler et al. | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6725256 | Albal et al. | Apr 2004 | B1 |
| 6732176 | Stewart et al. | May 2004 | B1 |
| 6735206 | Oki et al. | May 2004 | B1 |
| 6748195 | Phillips | Jun 2004 | B1 |
| 6748437 | Mankude et al. | Jun 2004 | B1 |
| 6751296 | Albal et al. | Jun 2004 | B1 |
| 6754470 | Hendrickson et al. | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6757717 | Goldstein | Jun 2004 | B1 |
| 6760417 | Wallenius | Jul 2004 | B1 |
| 6763000 | Walsh | Jul 2004 | B1 |
| 6763226 | McZeal, Jr. | Jul 2004 | B1 |
| 6765864 | Natarajan et al. | Jul 2004 | B1 |
| 6765925 | Sawyer et al. | Jul 2004 | B1 |
| 6782412 | Brophy et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6785889 | Williams | Aug 2004 | B1 |
| 6792461 | Hericourt | Sep 2004 | B1 |
| 6829596 | Frazee | Dec 2004 | B1 |
| 6829696 | Balmer et al. | Dec 2004 | B1 |
| 6839340 | Voit et al. | Jan 2005 | B1 |
| 6842628 | Arnold et al. | Jan 2005 | B1 |
| 6873988 | Herrmann et al. | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6876653 | Ambe et al. | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6879825 | Daly | Apr 2005 | B1 |
| 6882718 | Smith | Apr 2005 | B1 |
| 6885997 | Roberts | Apr 2005 | B1 |
| 6901440 | Bimm et al. | May 2005 | B1 |
| 6920455 | Weschler | Jul 2005 | B1 |
| 6922562 | Ward et al. | Jul 2005 | B2 |
| 6928280 | Xanthos et al. | Aug 2005 | B1 |
| 6934249 | Bertin et al. | Aug 2005 | B1 |
| 6934751 | Jayapalan et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6947723 | Gurnani et al. | Sep 2005 | B1 |
| 6947985 | Hegli et al. | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6952428 | Necka et al. | Oct 2005 | B1 |
| 6957067 | Iyer et al. | Oct 2005 | B1 |
| 6959202 | Heinonen et al. | Oct 2005 | B2 |
| 6959393 | Hollis et al. | Oct 2005 | B2 |
| 6965667 | Trabandt et al. | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 6965872 | Grdina | Nov 2005 | B1 |
| 6967958 | Ono et al. | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 6970692 | Tysor | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 6970927 | Stewart et al. | Nov 2005 | B1 |
| 6982733 | McNally et al. | Jan 2006 | B1 |
| 6983370 | Eaton et al. | Jan 2006 | B2 |
| 6996062 | Freed et al. | Feb 2006 | B1 |
| 6996076 | Forbes et al. | Feb 2006 | B1 |
| 6996393 | Pyhalammi et al. | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 6998985 | Reisman et al. | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 7002920 | Ayyagari et al. | Feb 2006 | B1 |
| 7007295 | Rose et al. | Feb 2006 | B1 |
| 7013469 | Smith et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7017189 | DeMello et al. | Mar 2006 | B1 |
| 7024200 | McKenna et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7024460 | Koopmas et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7027055 | Anderson et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7027408 | Nabkel et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7031733 | Alminana et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7032072 | Quinn et al. | Apr 2006 | B1 |
| 7039027 | Bridgelall | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7039037 | Wang et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7039403 | Wong | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7039713 | Van Gunter et al. | May 2006 | B1 |
| 7042988 | Juitt et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7043225 | Patel et al. | May 2006 | B1 |
| 7043226 | Yamauchi | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7043268 | Yukie et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7047276 | Liu et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7058022 | Carolan et al. | Jun 2006 | B1 |
| 7058968 | Rowland et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7068600 | Cain | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7069248 | Huber | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7082422 | Zirngibl et al. | Jul 2006 | B1 |
| 7084775 | Smith | Aug 2006 | B1 |
| 7092696 | Hosain et al. | Aug 2006 | B1 |
| 7095754 | Benveniste | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7102620 | Harries et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7110753 | Campen | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7113780 | Mckenna et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7113997 | Jayapalan et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7120133 | Joo et al. | Oct 2006 | B1 |
| 7133386 | Holur et al. | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7133695 | Beyda | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7136361 | Benveniste | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7139569 | Kato | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7142876 | Trossen et al. | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7149229 | Leung | Dec 2006 | B1 |
| 7149521 | Sundar et al. | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7151764 | Heinonen et al. | Dec 2006 | B1 |
| 7158792 | Cook et al. | Jan 2007 | B1 |
| 7162237 | Silver et al. | Jan 2007 | B1 |
| 7165040 | Ehrman et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7167078 | Pourchot | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7174156 | Mangal | Feb 2007 | B1 |
| 7174174 | Boris et al. | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7177919 | Truong et al. | Feb 2007 | B1 |
| 7180855 | Lin | Feb 2007 | B1 |
| 7181017 | Nagel et al. | Feb 2007 | B1 |
| 7191248 | Chattopadhyay et al. | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| 7197321 | Erskine et al. | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| 7200112 | Sundar et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7200551 | Senez | Apr 2007 | B1 |
| 7203169 | Okholm et al. | Apr 2007 | B1 |
| 7203721 | Ben-Efraim et al. | Apr 2007 | B1 |
| 7203752 | Rice et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7212491 | Koga | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7219123 | Fiechter et al. | May 2007 | B1 |
| 7222190 | Klinker et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7222304 | Beaton et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7224968 | Dobson et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7228354 | Chambliss et al. | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| 7236780 | Benco | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| 7242668 | Kan et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7242920 | Morris | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7245901 | McGregor et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7248570 | Bahl et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7251218 | Jorgensen | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7260382 | Lamb et al. | Aug 2007 | B1 |
| 7266371 | Amin et al. | Sep 2007 | B1 |
| 7269157 | Klinker et al. | Sep 2007 | B2 |
| 7271765 | Stilp et al. | Sep 2007 | B2 |
| 7272660 | Powers et al. | Sep 2007 | B1 |
| 7280816 | Fratti et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7280818 | Clayton | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7283561 | Picher-Dempsey | Oct 2007 | B1 |
| 7283963 | Fitzpatrick et al. | Oct 2007 | B1 |
| 7286834 | Walter | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7286848 | Vireday et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7289489 | Kung et al. | Oct 2007 | B1 |
| 7290283 | Copeland, III | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7310424 | Gehring et al. | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7313237 | Bahl et al. | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7315892 | Freimuth et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7317699 | Godfrey et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7318111 | Zhao | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7320029 | Rinne et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7322044 | Hrastar | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7324447 | Morford | Jan 2008 | B1 |
| 7325037 | Lawson | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7336960 | Zavalkovsky et al. | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7340772 | Panasyuk et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7346410 | Uchiyama | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7349695 | Oommen et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7353533 | Wright et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7356011 | Waters et al. | Apr 2008 | B1 |
| 7356337 | Florence | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7366497 | Nagata | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7366654 | Moore | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7366934 | Narayan et al. | Apr 2008 | B1 |
| 7369848 | Jiang | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7369856 | Ovadia | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7373136 | Watler et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7373179 | Stine et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7379731 | Natsuno et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7388950 | Elsey et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7389412 | Sharma et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7391724 | Alakoski et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7395056 | Petermann | Jul 2008 | B2 |
| 7395244 | Kingsford | Jul 2008 | B1 |
| 7401338 | Bowen et al. | Jul 2008 | B1 |
| 7403763 | Maes | Jul 2008 | B2 |
| 7409447 | Assadzadeh | Aug 2008 | B1 |
| 7409569 | Illowsky et al. | Aug 2008 | B2 |
| 7411930 | Montojo et al. | Aug 2008 | B2 |
| 7418253 | Kavanah | Aug 2008 | B2 |
| 7418257 | Kim | Aug 2008 | B2 |
| 7421004 | Feher | Sep 2008 | B2 |
| 7423971 | Mohaban et al. | Sep 2008 | B1 |
| 7428750 | Dunn et al. | Sep 2008 | B1 |
| 7433362 | Mallya et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 7436816 | Mehta et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 7440433 | Rink et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 7444669 | Bahl et al. | Oct 2008 | B1 |
| 7450591 | Korling et al. | Nov 2008 | B2 |
| 7450927 | Creswell et al. | Nov 2008 | B1 |
| 7454191 | Dawson et al. | Nov 2008 | B2 |
| 7457265 | Julka et al. | Nov 2008 | B2 |
| 7457870 | Lownsbrough et al. | Nov 2008 | B1 |
| 7460837 | Diener | Dec 2008 | B2 |
| 7466652 | Lau et al. | Dec 2008 | B2 |
| 7467160 | McIntyre | Dec 2008 | B2 |
| 7472189 | Mallya et al. | Dec 2008 | B2 |
| 7478420 | Wright et al. | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7486185 | Culpepper et al. | Feb 2009 | B2 |
| 7486658 | Kumar | Feb 2009 | B2 |
| 7493659 | Wu et al. | Feb 2009 | B1 |
| 7496652 | Pezzutti | Feb 2009 | B2 |
| 7499438 | Hinman et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7499537 | Elsey et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7502672 | Kolls | Mar 2009 | B1 |
| 7505756 | Bahl | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7505795 | Lim et al. | Mar 2009 | B1 |
| 7508799 | Sumner et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7512128 | DiMambro et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7512131 | Svensson et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7515608 | Yuan et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7515926 | Bu et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7516219 | Moghaddam et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7522549 | Karaoguz et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7522576 | Du et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7526541 | Roese et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7529204 | Bourlas et al. | May 2009 | B2 |
| 7535880 | Hinman et al. | May 2009 | B1 |
| 7536695 | Alam et al. | May 2009 | B2 |
| 7539132 | Werner et al. | May 2009 | B2 |
| 7539862 | Edgett et al. | May 2009 | B2 |
| 7540408 | Levine et al. | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7545782 | Rayment et al. | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7546460 | Maes | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7546629 | Albert et al. | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7548875 | Mikkelsen et al. | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7548976 | Bahl et al. | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7551921 | Petermann | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7551922 | Roskowski et al. | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7554983 | Muppala | Jun 2009 | B1 |
| 7555757 | Smith et al. | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7561899 | Lee | Jul 2009 | B2 |
| 7562213 | Timms | Jul 2009 | B1 |
| 7564799 | Holland et al. | Jul 2009 | B2 |
| 7565141 | Macaluso | Jul 2009 | B2 |
| 7574509 | Nixon et al. | Aug 2009 | B2 |
| 7574731 | Fascenda | Aug 2009 | B2 |
| 7577431 | Jiang | Aug 2009 | B2 |
| 7580356 | Mishra et al. | Aug 2009 | B1 |
| 7580857 | VanFleet et al. | Aug 2009 | B2 |
| 7583964 | Wong | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7584298 | Klinker et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7585217 | Lutnick et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7586871 | Hamilton et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7593417 | Wang et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7593730 | Khandelwal et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7596373 | Mcgregor et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7599288 | Cole et al. | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7599714 | Kuzminskiy | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7602746 | Calhoun et al. | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7606918 | Holzman et al. | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7607041 | Kraemer et al. | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7609650 | Roskowski et al. | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7609700 | Ying et al. | Oct 2009 | B1 |
| 7610047 | Hicks, III et al. | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7610057 | Bahl et al. | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7610328 | Haase et al. | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7610396 | Taglienti et al. | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7614051 | Glaum et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
| 7616962 | Oswal et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
| 7617516 | Huslak et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
| 7620041 | Dunn et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
| 7620065 | Falardeau | Nov 2009 | B2 |
| 7620162 | Aaron et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
| 7620383 | Taglienti et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
| 7627314 | Carlson et al. | Dec 2009 | B2 |
| 7627600 | Citron et al. | Dec 2009 | B2 |
| 7627767 | Sherman et al. | Dec 2009 | B2 |
| 7627872 | Hebeler et al. | Dec 2009 | B2 |
| 7633438 | Tysowski | Dec 2009 | B2 |
| 7634388 | Archer et al. | Dec 2009 | B2 |
| 7636574 | Poosala | Dec 2009 | B2 |
| 7636626 | Oesterling et al. | Dec 2009 | B2 |
| 7643411 | Andreasen et al. | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7644151 | Jerrim et al. | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7644267 | Ylikoski et al. | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7644414 | Smith et al. | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7647047 | Moghaddam et al. | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7650137 | Jobs et al. | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7653394 | McMillin | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7656271 | Ehrman et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7657920 | Arseneau et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7660419 | Ho | Feb 2010 | B1 |
| 7661124 | Ramanathan et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7664494 | Jiang | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7668176 | Chuah | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7668612 | Okkonen | Feb 2010 | B1 |
| 7668903 | Edwards et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7668966 | Klinker et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7676673 | Weller et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7680086 | Eglin | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7681226 | Kraemer et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7684370 | Kezys | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7685131 | Batra et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7685254 | Pandya | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7685530 | Sherrard et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7688792 | Babbar et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7693107 | De Froment | Apr 2010 | B2 |
| 7693720 | Kennewick et al. | Apr 2010 | B2 |
| 7697540 | Haddad et al. | Apr 2010 | B2 |
| 7710932 | Muthuswamy et al. | May 2010 | B2 |
| 7711848 | Maes | May 2010 | B2 |
| 7719966 | Luft et al. | May 2010 | B2 |
| 7720206 | Devolites et al. | May 2010 | B2 |
| 7720464 | Batta | May 2010 | B2 |
| 7720505 | Gopi et al. | May 2010 | B2 |
| 7720960 | Pruss et al. | May 2010 | B2 |
| 7721296 | Ricagni | May 2010 | B2 |
| 7724716 | Fadell | May 2010 | B2 |
| 7725570 | Lewis | May 2010 | B1 |
| 7729326 | Sekhar | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7730123 | Erickson et al. | Jun 2010 | B1 |
| 7734784 | Araujo et al. | Jun 2010 | B1 |
| 7742406 | Muppala | Jun 2010 | B1 |
| 7746854 | Ambe et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7747240 | Briscoe et al. | Jun 2010 | B1 |
| 7747699 | Prueitt et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7747730 | Harlow | Jun 2010 | B1 |
| 7752330 | Olsen et al. | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7756056 | Kim et al. | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7756534 | Anupam et al. | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7756757 | Oakes, III | Jul 2010 | B1 |
| 7760137 | Martucci et al. | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7760711 | Kung et al. | Jul 2010 | B1 |
| 7760861 | Croak et al. | Jul 2010 | B1 |
| 7765294 | Edwards et al. | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7769397 | Funato et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7770785 | Jha et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7774323 | Helfman | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7774412 | Schnepel | Aug 2010 | B1 |
| 7774456 | Lownsbrough et al. | Aug 2010 | B1 |
| 7778176 | Morford | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7778643 | Laroia et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7792257 | Vanier et al. | Sep 2010 | B1 |
| 7792538 | Kozisek | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7792708 | Alva | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7797019 | Friedmann | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7797060 | Grgic et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7797204 | Balent | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7797401 | Stewart et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7801523 | Kenderov | Sep 2010 | B1 |
| 7801783 | Kende et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7801985 | Pitkow et al. | Sep 2010 | B1 |
| 7802724 | Nohr | Sep 2010 | B1 |
| 7805140 | Friday et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7805522 | Schlüter et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7805606 | Birger et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7809351 | Panda et al. | Oct 2010 | B1 |
| 7809372 | Rajaniemi | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 7813746 | Rajkotia | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 7817615 | Breau et al. | Oct 2010 | B1 |
| 7817983 | Cassett et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 7822837 | Urban et al. | Oct 2010 | B1 |
| 7822849 | Titus | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 7826427 | Sood et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7826607 | De Carvalho Resende et al. | Nov 2010 | B1 |
| 7835275 | Swan et al. | Nov 2010 | B1 |
| 7843831 | Morrill et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7843843 | Papp, III et al. | Nov 2010 | B1 |
| 7844034 | Oh et al. | Nov 2010 | B1 |
| 7844728 | Anderson et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7848768 | Omori et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7849161 | Koch et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7849170 | Hargens et al. | Dec 2010 | B1 |
| 7849477 | Cristofalo et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7853255 | Karaoguz et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7853656 | Yach et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7856226 | Wong et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7860088 | Lioy | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7865182 | Macaluso | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| 7865187 | Ramer et al. | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| 7868778 | Kenwright | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| 7873001 | Silver | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| 7873344 | Bowser et al. | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| 7873346 | Petersson et al. | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| 7873540 | Arumugam | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| 7873705 | Kalish | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| 7877090 | Maes | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| 7881199 | Krstulich | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7881697 | Baker et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7882029 | White | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7882247 | Sturniolo et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7882560 | Kraemer et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7886047 | Potluri | Feb 2011 | B1 |
| 7889384 | Armentrout et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7890084 | Dudziak et al. | Feb 2011 | B1 |
| 7890111 | Bugenhagen | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7894431 | Goring et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7899039 | Andreasen et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7899438 | Baker et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7903553 | Liu | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7907970 | Park et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7908358 | Prasad et al. | Mar 2011 | B1 |
| 7911975 | Droz et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7912025 | Pattenden et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7912056 | Brassem | Mar 2011 | B1 |
| 7920529 | Mahler et al. | Apr 2011 | B1 |
| 7921463 | Sood et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7925740 | Nath et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7925778 | Wijnands et al. | Apr 2011 | B1 |
| 7929959 | DeAtley et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7929960 | Martin et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7929973 | Zavalkovsky et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7930327 | Craft et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7930446 | Kesselman et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7930553 | Satarasinghe et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7933274 | Verma et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7936736 | Proctor, Jr. et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7937069 | Rassam | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7937450 | Janik | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7940685 | Breslau et al. | May 2011 | B1 |
| 7940751 | Hansen | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7941184 | Prendergast et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7944948 | Chow et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7945238 | Baker et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7945240 | Klock et al. | May 2011 | B1 |
| 7945945 | Graham et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7948952 | Hurtta et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7948953 | Melkote et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7948968 | Voit et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7949529 | Weider et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7953808 | Sharp et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7953877 | Vemula et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7957020 | Mine et al. | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7957381 | Clermidy et al. | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7957511 | Drudis et al. | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7958029 | Bobich et al. | Jun 2011 | B1 |
| 7962622 | Friend et al. | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7965983 | Swan et al. | Jun 2011 | B1 |
| 7966405 | Sundaresan et al. | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7969950 | Iyer | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7970350 | Sheynman | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7970426 | Poe et al. | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7974624 | Gallagher et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7975184 | Goff et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7978627 | Taylor et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7978686 | Goyal et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7979069 | Hupp et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7979889 | Gladstone et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7979896 | McMurtry et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7984130 | Bogineni et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7984511 | Kocher et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7986935 | D'Souza et al. | Jul 2011 | B1 |
| 7987496 | Bryce et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7987510 | Kocher et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7990049 | Shioya | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8000276 | Scherzer et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8000318 | Wiley et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8005009 | McKee et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8005459 | Balsillie | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8005726 | Bao | Aug 2011 | B1 |
| 8005913 | Carlander | Aug 2011 | B1 |
| 8005988 | Maes | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8010080 | Thenthiruperai et al. | Aug 2011 | B1 |
| 8010081 | Roskowski | Aug 2011 | B1 |
| 8010082 | Sutaria et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8010990 | Ferguson et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8015133 | Wu et al. | Sep 2011 | B1 |
| 8015234 | Lum et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8015249 | Nayak et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8019687 | Wang et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8019820 | Son et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8019846 | Roelens et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8019868 | Rao et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8019886 | Harrang et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8023425 | Raleigh | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8024397 | Erickson et al. | Sep 2011 | B1 |
| 8024424 | Freimuth et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8027339 | Short et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8031601 | Feroz et al. | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8032168 | Ikaheimo | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8032409 | Mikurak | Oct 2011 | B1 |
| 8032899 | Archer et al. | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8036387 | Kudelski et al. | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8036600 | Garrett et al. | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8044792 | Orr et al. | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8045973 | Chambers | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8046449 | Yoshiuchi | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8050275 | Iyer | Nov 2011 | B1 |
| 8050690 | Neeraj | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8050705 | Sicher et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8059530 | Cole | Nov 2011 | B1 |
| 8060017 | Schlicht et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8060463 | Spiegel | Nov 2011 | B1 |
| 8060603 | Caunter et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8064418 | Maki | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8064896 | Bell et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8065365 | Saxena et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8068824 | Shan et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8068829 | Lemond et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8073427 | Koch et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8073721 | Lewis | Dec 2011 | B1 |
| 8078140 | Baker et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8078163 | Lemond et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8085808 | Brusca et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8086398 | Sanchez et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8086497 | Oakes, III | Dec 2011 | B1 |
| 8086791 | Caulkins | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8090359 | Proctor, Jr. et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8090361 | Hagan | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8090616 | Proctor, Jr. et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8091087 | Ali et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8094551 | Huber et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8095112 | Chow et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8095124 | Balia | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8095640 | Guingo et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8095666 | Schmidt et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8098579 | Ray et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8099077 | Chowdhury et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8099517 | Jia et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8102814 | Rahman et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8103285 | Kalhan | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8104080 | Burns et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8107953 | Zimmerman et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8108520 | Ruutu et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8108680 | Murray | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8112435 | Epstein et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
| 8116223 | Tian et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
| 8116749 | Proctor, Jr. et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
| 8116781 | Chen et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
| 8122128 | Burke, II et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
| 8122249 | Falk et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
| 8125897 | Ray et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
| 8126123 | Cai et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
| 8126396 | Bennett | Feb 2012 | B2 |
| 8126476 | Vardi et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
| 8126722 | Robb et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
| 8130793 | Edwards et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8131256 | Martti et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8131281 | Hildner et al. | Mar 2012 | B1 |
| 8131840 | Denker | Mar 2012 | B1 |
| 8131858 | Agulnik et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8132256 | Bari | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8134954 | Godfrey et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8135388 | Gailloux et al. | Mar 2012 | B1 |
| 8135392 | Marcellino et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8135657 | Kapoor et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8140690 | Ly et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8144591 | Ghai et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8145194 | Yoshikawa et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8146142 | Lortz et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8149748 | Bata et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8149823 | Turcan et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8150394 | Bianconi et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8150431 | Wolovitz et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8151205 | Follmann et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8155155 | Chow et al. | Apr 2012 | B1 |
| 8155620 | Wang et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8155666 | Alizadeh-Shabdiz | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8155670 | Fullam et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8156206 | Kiley et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8159520 | Dhanoa et al. | Apr 2012 | B1 |
| 8160015 | Rashid et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8160056 | Van Der Merwe et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8160598 | Savoor | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8165576 | Raju et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8166040 | Brindisi et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8166554 | John | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8170553 | Bennett | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8174378 | Richman et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8174970 | Adamczyk et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8175574 | Panda et al. | May 2012 | B1 |
| 8180333 | Wells et al. | May 2012 | B1 |
| 8180881 | Seo et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8180886 | Overcash et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8184530 | Swan et al. | May 2012 | B1 |
| 8184590 | Rosenblatt | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8185088 | Klein et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8185093 | Jheng et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8185127 | Cai et al. | May 2012 | B1 |
| 8185152 | Goldner | May 2012 | B1 |
| 8185158 | Tamura et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8190087 | Fisher et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8190122 | Alexander et al. | May 2012 | B1 |
| 8190675 | Tribbett | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8191106 | Choyi et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8191116 | Gazzard | May 2012 | B1 |
| 8191124 | Wynn et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8194549 | Huber et al. | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8194553 | Liang et al. | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8194572 | Horvath et al. | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8194581 | Schroeder et al. | Jun 2012 | B1 |
| 8195093 | Garrett et al. | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8195153 | Frencel et al. | Jun 2012 | B1 |
| 8195163 | Gisby et al. | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8195661 | Kalavade | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8196199 | Hrastar et al. | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8200163 | Hoffman | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8200200 | Belser et al. | Jun 2012 | B1 |
| 8200509 | Kenedy et al. | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8200775 | Moore | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8200818 | Freund et al. | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8204190 | Bang et al. | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8204505 | Jin et al. | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8208788 | Ando et al. | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8208919 | Kotecha | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8213296 | Shannon et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8213363 | Ying et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8214536 | Zhao | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8214890 | Kirovski et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8219134 | Maharajh et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8223655 | Heinz et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8223741 | Bartlett et al. | Jul 2012 | B1 |
| 8224382 | Bultman | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8224773 | Spiegel | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8228818 | Chase et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8229394 | Karlberg | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8229914 | Ramer et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8233433 | Kalhan | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8233883 | De Froment | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8233895 | Tysowski | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8234583 | Sloo et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8238287 | Gopi et al. | Aug 2012 | B1 |
| 8238913 | Bhattacharyya et al. | Aug 2012 | B1 |
| 8239520 | Grah | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8242959 | Mia et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8244241 | Montemurro | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8249601 | Emberson et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8254880 | Aaltonen et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8254915 | Kozisek | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8255515 | Melman et al. | Aug 2012 | B1 |
| 8255534 | Assadzadeh | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8255689 | Kim et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8259692 | Bajko | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8260252 | Agarwal | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8264965 | Dolganow et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8265004 | Toutonghi | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8266249 | Hu | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8266681 | Deshpande et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8270955 | Ramer et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8270972 | Otting et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8271025 | Brisebois et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8271045 | Parolkar et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8271049 | Silver et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8271992 | Chatley et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8275415 | Huslak | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8275830 | Raleigh | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8279067 | Berger et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8279864 | Wood | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8280354 | Smith et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8284740 | O'Connor | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8285249 | Baker et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8285992 | Mathur et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8290820 | Plastina et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8291238 | Ginter et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8291439 | Jethi et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8296404 | McDysan et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8300575 | Willars | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8306518 | Gailloux | Nov 2012 | B1 |
| 8306741 | Tu | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8307067 | Ryan | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8310943 | Mehta et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8315198 | Corneille et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8315593 | Gallant et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8315594 | Mauser et al. | Nov 2012 | B1 |
| 8315718 | Caffrey et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8315999 | Chatley et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8320244 | Muqattash et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8320949 | Matta | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8325638 | Jin et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8325906 | Fullarton et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8326319 | Davis | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8326828 | Zhou et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8331223 | Hill et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8331293 | Sood | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8332375 | Chatley et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8339991 | Biswas et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8340625 | Johnson et al. | Dec 2012 | B1 |
| 8340628 | Taylor et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8340678 | Pandey | Dec 2012 | B1 |
| 8340718 | Colonna et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8346210 | Balsan et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8346225 | Raleigh | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8346923 | Rowles et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8347104 | Pathiyal | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8347362 | Cai et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8347378 | Merkin et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8350700 | Fast et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8351592 | Freeny, Jr. et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8351898 | Raleigh | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8352360 | De Judicibus et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8352980 | Howcroft | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8353001 | Herrod | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8355570 | Karsanbhai et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8355696 | Olding et al. | Jan 2013 | B1 |
| 8356336 | Johnston et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8358638 | Scherzer et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8358975 | Bahl et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8363658 | Delker et al. | Jan 2013 | B1 |
| 8363799 | Gruchala et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8364089 | Phillips | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8364806 | Short et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8369274 | Sawai | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8370477 | Short et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8370483 | Choong et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8374090 | Morrill et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8374592 | Proctor, Jr. et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8375128 | Tofighbakhsh et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8375136 | Roman et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8380247 | Engstrom | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8385199 | Coward et al. | Feb 2013 | B1 |
| 8385896 | Proctor, Jr. et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8385964 | Haney | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8385975 | Forutanpour et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8386386 | Zhu | Feb 2013 | B1 |
| 8391262 | Maki et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8391834 | Raleigh | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8392982 | Harris et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8396458 | Raleigh | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8396929 | Helfman et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8401968 | Schattauer et al. | Mar 2013 | B1 |
| 8402165 | Deu-Ngoc et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8402540 | Kapoor et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8406427 | Chand et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8406736 | Das et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8407763 | Weller et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8411587 | Curtis et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8411691 | Aggarwal | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8412798 | Wang | Apr 2013 | B1 |
| 8413245 | Kraemer et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8418168 | Tyhurst et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8422988 | Keshav | Apr 2013 | B1 |
| 8423016 | Buckley et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8429403 | Moret et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8437734 | Ray et al. | May 2013 | B2 |
| 8442015 | Behzad et al. | May 2013 | B2 |
| 8446831 | Kwan et al. | May 2013 | B2 |
| 8447324 | Shuman et al. | May 2013 | B2 |
| 8447607 | Weider et al. | May 2013 | B2 |
| 8447980 | Godfrey et al. | May 2013 | B2 |
| 8448015 | Gerhart | May 2013 | B2 |
| 8452858 | Wu et al. | May 2013 | B2 |
| 8457603 | El-Kadri et al. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8461958 | Saenz et al. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8463194 | Erlenback et al. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8463232 | Tuli et al. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8468337 | Gaur et al. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8472371 | Bari et al. | Jun 2013 | B1 |
| 8477778 | Lehmann, Jr. et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8478840 | Skutela et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8483057 | Cuervo | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8483135 | Cai et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8483694 | Lewis et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8484327 | Werner et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8488597 | Nie et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8489110 | Frank et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8489720 | Morford et al. | Jul 2013 | B1 |
| 8494559 | Malmi | Jul 2013 | B1 |
| 8495181 | Venkatraman et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8495207 | Lee | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8495227 | Kaminsky et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8495360 | Falk et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8495700 | Shahbazi | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8495743 | Kraemer et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8499087 | Hu | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| RE44412 | Naqvi et al. | Aug 2013 | E |
| 8500533 | Lutnick et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8503358 | Hanson et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8503455 | Heikens | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8504032 | Lott et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8504574 | Dvorak et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8504687 | Maffione et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8504690 | Shah et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8504729 | Pezzutti | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8505073 | Taglienti et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8509082 | Heinz et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8514927 | Sundararajan et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8516552 | Raleigh | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8520589 | Bhatt et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8520595 | Yadav et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8521110 | Rofougaran | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8521775 | Poh et al. | Aug 2013 | B1 |
| 8522039 | Hyndman et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8522249 | Beaule | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8522337 | Adusumilli et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8523547 | Pekrul | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8526329 | Mahany et al. | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8526350 | Xue et al. | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8527013 | Guba et al. | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8527410 | Markki et al. | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8527662 | Biswas et al. | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8528068 | Weglein et al. | Sep 2013 | B1 |
| 8531954 | McNaughton et al. | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8531995 | Khan et al. | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8532610 | Manning Cassett et al. | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8533775 | Alcorn et al. | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8535160 | Lutnick et al. | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8538394 | Zimmerman et al. | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8538421 | Brisebois et al. | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8538458 | Haney | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8539544 | Garimella et al. | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8543265 | Ekhaguere et al. | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8543814 | Laitinen et al. | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8544105 | Mclean et al. | Sep 2013 | B2 |
| 8548427 | Chow et al. | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 8549173 | Wu et al. | Oct 2013 | B1 |
| 8554876 | Winsor | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 8559369 | Barkan | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 8561138 | Rothman et al. | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 8565746 | Hoffman | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 8566236 | Busch | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 8571474 | Chavez et al. | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 8571501 | Miller et al. | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 8571598 | Valavi | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 8571993 | Kocher et al. | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 8572117 | Rappaport | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 8572256 | Babbar | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 8583499 | De Judicibus et al. | Nov 2013 | B2 |
| 8588240 | Ramankutty et al. | Nov 2013 | B2 |
| 8589955 | Roundtree et al. | Nov 2013 | B2 |
| 8594665 | Anschutz | Nov 2013 | B2 |
| 8595186 | Mandyam et al. | Nov 2013 | B1 |
| 8600895 | Felsher | Dec 2013 | B2 |
| 8601125 | Huang et al. | Dec 2013 | B2 |
| 8605691 | Soomro et al. | Dec 2013 | B2 |
| 8615507 | Varadarajulu et al. | Dec 2013 | B2 |
| 8619735 | Montemurro et al. | Dec 2013 | B2 |
| 8620257 | Qiu et al. | Dec 2013 | B2 |
| 8630630 | Raleigh | Jan 2014 | B2 |
| 8630925 | Bystrom et al. | Jan 2014 | B2 |
| 8631428 | Scott et al. | Jan 2014 | B2 |
| 8634425 | Gorti et al. | Jan 2014 | B2 |
| 8635164 | Rosenhaft et al. | Jan 2014 | B2 |
| 8639215 | McGregor et al. | Jan 2014 | B2 |
| 8644702 | Kalajan | Feb 2014 | B1 |
| 8644813 | Gailloux et al. | Feb 2014 | B1 |
| 8645518 | David | Feb 2014 | B2 |
| 8655357 | Gazzard et al. | Feb 2014 | B1 |
| 8656472 | McMurtry et al. | Feb 2014 | B2 |
| 8660853 | Robb et al. | Feb 2014 | B2 |
| 8666395 | Silver | Mar 2014 | B2 |
| 8667542 | Bertz et al. | Mar 2014 | B1 |
| 8670334 | Keohane et al. | Mar 2014 | B2 |
| 8675852 | Maes | Mar 2014 | B2 |
| 8676682 | Kalliola | Mar 2014 | B2 |
| 8676925 | Liu et al. | Mar 2014 | B1 |
| 8693323 | McDysan | Apr 2014 | B1 |
| 8694772 | Kao et al. | Apr 2014 | B2 |
| 8700729 | Dua | Apr 2014 | B2 |
| 8701015 | Bonnat | Apr 2014 | B2 |
| 8705361 | Venkataraman et al. | Apr 2014 | B2 |
| 8706863 | Fadell | Apr 2014 | B2 |
| 8713535 | Malhotra et al. | Apr 2014 | B2 |
| 8713641 | Pagan et al. | Apr 2014 | B1 |
| 8719397 | Levi et al. | May 2014 | B2 |
| 8719423 | Wyld | May 2014 | B2 |
| 8724486 | Seto et al. | May 2014 | B2 |
| 8725899 | Short et al. | May 2014 | B2 |
| 8730842 | Collins et al. | May 2014 | B2 |
| 8731519 | Flynn et al. | May 2014 | B2 |
| 8732808 | Sewall et al. | May 2014 | B2 |
| 8739035 | Trethewey | May 2014 | B2 |
| 8744339 | Halfmann et al. | Jun 2014 | B2 |
| 8761711 | Grignani et al. | Jun 2014 | B2 |
| 8780857 | Balasubramanian et al. | Jul 2014 | B2 |
| 8787249 | Giaretta et al. | Jul 2014 | B2 |
| 8792857 | Cai et al. | Jul 2014 | B2 |
| 8793304 | Lu et al. | Jul 2014 | B2 |
| 8798610 | Prakash et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8799440 | Zhou et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8804695 | Branam | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8811338 | Jin et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8811991 | Jain et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8818394 | Bienas et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8819253 | Simeloff et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8825109 | Montemurro et al. | Sep 2014 | B2 |
| 8826411 | Moen et al. | Sep 2014 | B2 |
| 8831561 | Sutaria et al. | Sep 2014 | B2 |
| 8838752 | Lor et al. | Sep 2014 | B2 |
| 8843849 | Neil et al. | Sep 2014 | B2 |
| 8845415 | Lutnick et al. | Sep 2014 | B2 |
| 8849297 | Balasubramanian | Sep 2014 | B2 |
| 8855620 | Sievers et al. | Oct 2014 | B2 |
| 8862751 | Faccin et al. | Oct 2014 | B2 |
| 8863111 | Selitser et al. | Oct 2014 | B2 |
| 8875042 | LeJeune et al. | Oct 2014 | B2 |
| 8880047 | Konicek et al. | Nov 2014 | B2 |
| 8891483 | Connelly et al. | Nov 2014 | B2 |
| 8898748 | Burks et al. | Nov 2014 | B2 |
| 8908516 | Tzamaloukas et al. | Dec 2014 | B2 |
| 8929374 | Tönsing et al. | Jan 2015 | B2 |
| 8930238 | Coffman et al. | Jan 2015 | B2 |
| 8930551 | Pandya et al. | Jan 2015 | B2 |
| 8943551 | Ganapathy et al. | Jan 2015 | B2 |
| 8948726 | Smith et al. | Feb 2015 | B2 |
| 8949382 | Cornett et al. | Feb 2015 | B2 |
| 8949597 | Reeves et al. | Feb 2015 | B1 |
| 8955038 | Nicodemus et al. | Feb 2015 | B2 |
| 8966018 | Bugwadia et al. | Feb 2015 | B2 |
| 8971912 | Chou et al. | Mar 2015 | B2 |
| 8977284 | Reed | Mar 2015 | B2 |
| 8995952 | Baker et al. | Mar 2015 | B1 |
| 9002342 | Tenhunen et al. | Apr 2015 | B2 |
| 9014973 | Ruckart | Apr 2015 | B2 |
| 9015331 | Lai et al. | Apr 2015 | B2 |
| 9026100 | Castro et al. | May 2015 | B2 |
| 9030934 | Shah et al. | May 2015 | B2 |
| 9049010 | Jueneman et al. | Jun 2015 | B2 |
| 9064275 | Lu et al. | Jun 2015 | B1 |
| 9105031 | Shen et al. | Aug 2015 | B2 |
| 9111088 | Ghai et al. | Aug 2015 | B2 |
| 9137286 | Yuan | Sep 2015 | B1 |
| 9172553 | Dawes et al. | Oct 2015 | B2 |
| 9177455 | Remer | Nov 2015 | B2 |
| 9204282 | Raleigh | Dec 2015 | B2 |
| 9282460 | Souissi | Mar 2016 | B2 |
| 9286469 | Kraemer et al. | Mar 2016 | B2 |
| 9286604 | Aabye et al. | Mar 2016 | B2 |
| 9313708 | Nam et al. | Apr 2016 | B2 |
| 9325737 | Gutowski et al. | Apr 2016 | B2 |
| 9326173 | Luft | Apr 2016 | B2 |
| 9344557 | Gruchala et al. | May 2016 | B2 |
| 9363285 | Kitamura | Jun 2016 | B2 |
| 9367680 | Mahaffey et al. | Jun 2016 | B2 |
| 9413546 | Meier et al. | Aug 2016 | B2 |
| 9418381 | Ahuja et al. | Aug 2016 | B2 |
| 9459767 | Cockcroft et al. | Oct 2016 | B2 |
| 9501803 | Bilac et al. | Nov 2016 | B2 |
| 9544397 | Raleigh et al. | Jan 2017 | B2 |
| 9589117 | Ali et al. | Mar 2017 | B2 |
| 9609459 | Raleigh | Mar 2017 | B2 |
| 9712476 | Boynton et al. | Jul 2017 | B2 |
| 9942796 | Raleigh | Apr 2018 | B2 |
| 9986413 | Raleigh | May 2018 | B2 |
| 10285025 | Baker et al. | May 2019 | B1 |
| 10326800 | Raleigh et al. | Jun 2019 | B2 |
| 10492102 | Raleigh et al. | Nov 2019 | B2 |
| 10582375 | Raleigh | Mar 2020 | B2 |
| 10779177 | Raleigh | Sep 2020 | B2 |
| 20010048738 | Baniak et al. | Dec 2001 | A1 |
| 20010053694 | Igarashi et al. | Dec 2001 | A1 |
| 20020013844 | Garrett et al. | Jan 2002 | A1 |
| 20020022472 | Watler et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020022483 | Thompson et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020049074 | Eisinger et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020099848 | Lee | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020116338 | Gonthier et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020120370 | Parupudi et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020120540 | Kende et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020131404 | Mehta et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020138599 | Dilman et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020138601 | Piponius et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020154751 | Thompson et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020161601 | Nauer et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020164983 | Raviv et al. | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| 20020176377 | Hamilton | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| 20020188732 | Buckman et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020191573 | Whitehill et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020199001 | Wenocur et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20030004937 | Salmenkaita et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030005112 | Krautkremer | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030013434 | Rosenberg et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030018524 | Fishman et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030028623 | Hennessey et al. | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030046396 | Richter et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030050070 | Mashinsky et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030050837 | Kim | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030084321 | Tarquini et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030088671 | Klinker et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030133408 | Cheng et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030134650 | Sundar et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030159030 | Evans | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030161265 | Cao et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030171112 | Lupper et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030182420 | Jones et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030182435 | Redlich et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030184793 | Pineau | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030188006 | Bard | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030188117 | Yoshino et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030220984 | Jones et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030224781 | Milford et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030229900 | Reisman | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030233332 | Keeler et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030236745 | Hartsell et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20040019539 | Raman et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040019564 | Goldthwaite et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040021697 | Beaton et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040024756 | Rickard | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040030705 | Bowman-Amuah | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040039792 | Nakanishi | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040044623 | Wake et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040047358 | Chen et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040054779 | Takeshima et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040073672 | Fascenda | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040082346 | Skytt et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040098715 | Aghera et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040102182 | Reith et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040103193 | Pandya et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040107360 | Herrmann et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040116140 | Babbar et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040127200 | Shaw et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040127208 | Nair et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040127256 | Goldthwaite et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040132427 | Lee et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040133668 | Nicholas, III | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040137890 | Kalke | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040165596 | Garcia et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040167958 | Stewart et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040168052 | Clisham et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040170191 | Guo et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040176104 | Arcens | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040198331 | Coward et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040203755 | Brunet et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040203833 | Rathunde et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040225561 | Hertzberg et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040225898 | Frost et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040236547 | Rappaport et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040243680 | Mayer | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040243992 | Gustafson et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040249918 | Sunshine | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040255145 | Chow | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040259534 | Chaudhari et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040260766 | Barros et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040267872 | Serdy et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050007993 | Chambers et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050009499 | Koster | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050021995 | Lal et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050041617 | Huotari et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050048950 | Morper | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050055291 | Bevente et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050055309 | Williams et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050055595 | Frazer et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050060266 | Demello et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050060525 | Schwartz et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050075115 | Corneille et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050079863 | Macaluso | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050091505 | Riley et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050096024 | Bicker et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050097516 | Donnelly et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050107091 | Vannithamby et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050108075 | Douglis et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050111463 | Leung et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050128967 | Scobbie | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050135264 | Popoff et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050163320 | Brown et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050166043 | Zhang et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050183143 | Anderholm et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050186948 | Gallagher et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050198377 | Ferguson et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050216421 | Barry et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050228985 | Ylikoski et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050238046 | Hassan et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050239447 | Holzman et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050245241 | Durand et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050246282 | Naslund et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050250508 | Guo et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050250536 | Deng et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050254435 | Moakley et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050266825 | Clayton | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20050266880 | Gupta | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20060014519 | Marsh et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060019632 | Cunningham et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060020787 | Choyi et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060026679 | Zakas | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060030306 | Kuhn | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060034256 | Addagatla et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060035631 | White et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060040642 | Boris et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060045245 | Aaron et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060048223 | Lee et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060068796 | Millen et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060072451 | Ross | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060072550 | Davis et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060072646 | Feher | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060075506 | Sanda et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060085543 | Hrastar et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060093107 | Chien | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060095517 | O'Connor et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060098627 | Karaoguz et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060099970 | Morgan et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060101507 | Camenisch | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060112016 | Ishibashi | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060114821 | Willey et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060114832 | Hamilton et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060126562 | Liu | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060135144 | Jothipragasam | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060136882 | Noonan et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060143066 | Calabria | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060143098 | Lazaridis | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060156398 | Ross et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060160536 | Chou | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060165060 | Dua | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060168128 | Sistla et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060173959 | Mckelvie et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060174035 | Tufail | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060178917 | Merriam et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060178918 | Mikurak | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060182137 | Zhou et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060183462 | Kolehmainen | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060190314 | Hernandez | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060190987 | Ohta et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060193280 | Lee et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060199608 | Dunn et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060200663 | Thornton | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060206709 | Labrou et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060206904 | Watkins et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060218395 | Maes | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060233108 | Krishnan | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060233166 | Bou-Diab et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060236095 | Smith et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060242685 | Heard et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060258341 | Miller et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060274706 | Chen et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20060277590 | Limont et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20060291419 | McConnell et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20060291477 | Croak et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20070005795 | Gonzalez | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070019670 | Falardeau | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070022289 | Alt et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070025301 | Petersson et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070033194 | Srinivas et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070033197 | Scherzer et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070035390 | Thomas et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070036312 | Cai et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070055694 | Ruge et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070060200 | Boris et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070061243 | Ramer et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070061800 | Cheng et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070061878 | Hagiu et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070073899 | Judge et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070076616 | Ngo et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070093243 | Kapadekar et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070100981 | Adamczyk et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070101426 | Lee et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070104126 | Calhoun et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070104169 | Polson | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070109983 | Shankar et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070111740 | Wandel | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070130283 | Klein et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070130315 | Friend et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070140113 | Gemelos | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070140145 | Kumar et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070140275 | Bowman et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070143824 | Shahbazi | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070147317 | Smith et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070147324 | McGary | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070155365 | Kim et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070165630 | Rasanen et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070168499 | Chu | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070171856 | Bruce et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070174490 | Choi et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070191006 | Carpenter | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070192460 | Choi et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070198656 | Mazzaferri et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070201502 | Abramson | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070213054 | Han | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070220251 | Rosenberg et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070226225 | Yiu et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070226775 | Andreasen et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070234402 | Khosravi et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070243862 | Coskun | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070248100 | Zuberi et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070254646 | Sokondar | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070254675 | Zorlu Ozer et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070255769 | Agrawal et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070255797 | Dunn et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070255848 | Sewall et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070257767 | Beeson | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070259656 | Jeong | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070259673 | Willars et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070263558 | Salomone | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070266422 | Germano et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070274327 | Kaarela et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070280453 | Kelley | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20070282896 | Wydroug et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20070293191 | Mir et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20070294395 | Strub et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20070294410 | Pandya et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20070297378 | Poyhonen et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20070298764 | Clayton | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20070299965 | Nieh et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20070300252 | Acharya et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20080005285 | Robinson et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080005561 | Brown et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080010379 | Zhao | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080010452 | Holtzman et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080018494 | Waite et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080022354 | Grewal et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080025230 | Patel et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080032715 | Jia et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080034063 | Fee | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080034419 | Mullick et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080039102 | Sewall et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080049630 | Kozisek et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080050715 | Golczewski et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080051076 | O'Shaughnessy et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080052387 | Heinz et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080056273 | Pelletier et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080059474 | Lim | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080059743 | Bychkov et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080060066 | Wynn et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080062900 | Rao | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080064367 | Nath et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080066149 | Lim | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080066150 | Lim | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080066181 | Haveson et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080070550 | Hose | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080077705 | Li et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080080457 | Cole | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080081606 | Cole | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080082643 | Storrie et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080083013 | Soliman et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080085707 | Fadell | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080089295 | Keeler et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080089303 | Wirtanen et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080095339 | Elliott et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080096559 | Phillips et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080098062 | Balia | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080109679 | Wright et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080120129 | Seubert et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080120174 | Li | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080120668 | Yau | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080120688 | Qiu et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080125079 | O'Neil et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080126287 | Cox et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080127304 | Ginter et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080130534 | Tomioka | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080130656 | Kim et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080132201 | Karlberg | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080132268 | Choi-Grogan et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080134330 | Kapoor et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080139210 | Gisby et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080147454 | Walker et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080160958 | Abichandani et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080162637 | Adamczyk et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080162704 | Poplett et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080164304 | Narasimhan et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080166993 | Gautier et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080167027 | Gautier et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080167033 | Beckers | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080168275 | DeAtley et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080168523 | Ansari et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080177998 | Apsangi et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080178300 | Brown et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080181117 | Acke et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080183812 | Paul et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080184127 | Rafey et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080189760 | Rosenberg et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080201266 | Chua et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080207167 | Bugenhagen | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080212470 | Castaneda et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080212751 | Chung | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080219268 | Dennison | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080221951 | Stanforth et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080222692 | Andersson et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080225748 | Khemani et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080229385 | Feder et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080229388 | Maes | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080235511 | O'Brien et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080240373 | Wilhelm | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080250053 | Aaltonen et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080256593 | Vinberg et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080259924 | Gooch et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080262798 | Kim et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080263348 | Zaltsman et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080268813 | Maes | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080270212 | Blight et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080279216 | Sharif-Ahmadi et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080282319 | Fontijn et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080291872 | Henriksson | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080293395 | Mathews et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080298230 | Luft et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080305793 | Gallagher et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080311885 | Dawson et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080313315 | Karaoguz et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080313730 | Iftimie et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080316923 | Fedders et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080318547 | Ballou et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080318550 | DeAtley | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080319879 | Carroll et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080320497 | Tarkoma et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20090005000 | Baker et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090005005 | Forstall et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090006116 | Baker et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090006200 | Baker et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090006229 | Sweeney et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090013157 | Beaule | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090016310 | Rasal | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090017809 | Jethi et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090036111 | Danford et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090042536 | Bernard et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090044185 | Krivopaltsev | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090046707 | Smires et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090046723 | Rahman et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090047989 | Harmon et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090048913 | Shenfield et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090049156 | Aronsson et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090049518 | Roman et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090054030 | Golds | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090065571 | Jain | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090066999 | Ito | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090067372 | Shah et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090068984 | Burnett | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090070379 | Rappaport | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090077622 | Baum et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090079699 | Sun | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090113514 | Hu | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090125619 | Antani | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090132860 | Liu et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090149154 | Bhasin et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090157792 | Fiatal | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090163173 | Williams | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090172077 | Roxburgh et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090180391 | Petersen et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090181662 | Fleischman et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090197585 | Aaron | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090197612 | Kiiskinen | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090203352 | Fordon et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090217065 | Araujo, Jr. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090217364 | Salmela et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090219170 | Clark et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090248883 | Suryanarayana et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090254857 | Romine et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090257379 | Robinson et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090262715 | Juang | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090271514 | Thomas et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090282127 | Leblanc et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090286507 | O'Neil et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090287921 | Zhu et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090288140 | Huber et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090291665 | Gaskarth et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090299857 | Brubaker | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090307696 | Vals et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090307746 | Di et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090315735 | Bhavani et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090320110 | Nicolson et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20100017506 | Fadell | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100020822 | Zerillo et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100027469 | Gurajala et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100027559 | Lin et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100030890 | Dutta et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100041364 | Lott et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100041365 | Lott et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100041391 | Spivey et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100042675 | Fujii | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100043068 | Varadhan et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100069074 | Kodialam et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100071053 | Ansari et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100075666 | Gamer | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100077035 | Li et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100080202 | Hanson | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100082431 | Ramer et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100088387 | Calamera | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100103820 | Fuller et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100113020 | Subramanian et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100121744 | Belz et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100131584 | Johnson | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100142478 | Forssell et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100144310 | Bedingfield | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100151866 | Karpov et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100153781 | Hanna | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100167696 | Smith et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100188975 | Raleigh | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100188990 | Raleigh | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100188992 | Raleigh | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100188994 | Raleigh | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100190469 | Vanderveen et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100191576 | Raleigh | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100191612 | Raleigh | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100191846 | Raleigh | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100192170 | Raleigh | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100192212 | Raleigh | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100195503 | Raleigh | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100197268 | Raleigh | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100198698 | Raleigh et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100198939 | Raleigh | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100235329 | Koren et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100241544 | Benson et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100248719 | Scholaert | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100284327 | Miklos | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100284388 | Fantini et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100287599 | He et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100311402 | Srinivasan et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100325420 | Kanekar | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20110004917 | Saisa et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110013569 | Scherzer et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110019574 | Malomsoky et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110081881 | Baker et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110082790 | Baker et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110110309 | Bennett | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110126141 | King et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110145920 | Mahaffey et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110159818 | Scherzer et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110173678 | Kaippallimalil et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20110177811 | Heckman et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20110182220 | Black et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20110185202 | Black et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20110244837 | Murata et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110249668 | Milligan et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110264923 | Kocher et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110277019 | Pritchard, Jr. | Nov 2011 | A1 |
| 20120011017 | Wolcott | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120020296 | Scherzer et al. | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120144025 | Melander et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120166364 | Ahmad et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120196644 | Scherzer et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120238287 | Scherzer | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20130029653 | Baker et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130058274 | Scherzer et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130065555 | Baker et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130072177 | Ross et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130084835 | Scherzer et al. | Apr 2013 | A1 |
| 20130144789 | Aaltonen et al. | Jun 2013 | A1 |
| 20130225151 | King et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130326356 | Zheng et al. | Dec 2013 | A9 |
| 20140073291 | Hildner et al. | Mar 2014 | A1 |
| 20140241342 | Constantinof | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20150181628 | Haverinen et al. | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2688553 | Dec 2008 | CA |
| 1310401 | Aug 2001 | CN |
| 1345154 | Apr 2002 | CN |
| 1508734 | Jun 2004 | CN |
| 1538730 | Oct 2004 | CN |
| 1567818 | Jan 2005 | CN |
| 101035308 | Mar 2006 | CN |
| 1801829 | Jul 2006 | CN |
| 1802839 | Jul 2006 | CN |
| 1889777 | Jul 2006 | CN |
| 101155343 | Sep 2006 | CN |
| 1867024 | Nov 2006 | CN |
| 1878160 | Dec 2006 | CN |
| 1937511 | Mar 2007 | CN |
| 101123553 | Sep 2007 | CN |
| 101080055 | Nov 2007 | CN |
| 101115248 | Jan 2008 | CN |
| 101127988 | Feb 2008 | CN |
| 101183958 | May 2008 | CN |
| 101335666 | Dec 2008 | CN |
| 101341764 | Jan 2009 | CN |
| 101815275 | Aug 2010 | CN |
| 1098490 | May 2001 | EP |
| 1289326 | Mar 2003 | EP |
| 1463238 | Sep 2004 | EP |
| 1503548 | Feb 2005 | EP |
| 1545114 | Jun 2005 | EP |
| 1739518 | Jan 2007 | EP |
| 1772988 | Apr 2007 | EP |
| 1850575 | Oct 2007 | EP |
| 1887732 | Feb 2008 | EP |
| 1942698 | Jul 2008 | EP |
| 1978772 | Oct 2008 | EP |
| 2007065 | Dec 2008 | EP |
| 2026514 | Feb 2009 | EP |
| 3148713 | Mar 2001 | JP |
| 2005339247 | Dec 2005 | JP |
| 2006041989 | Feb 2006 | JP |
| 2006155263 | Jun 2006 | JP |
| 2006197137 | Jul 2006 | JP |
| 2006344007 | Dec 2006 | JP |
| 2007318354 | Dec 2007 | JP |
| 2008301121 | Dec 2008 | JP |
| 2009111919 | May 2009 | JP |
| 2009212707 | Sep 2009 | JP |
| 2009218773 | Sep 2009 | JP |
| 2009232107 | Oct 2009 | JP |
| 20040053858 | Jun 2004 | KR |
| 1998058505 | Dec 1998 | WO |
| 1999027723 | Jun 1999 | WO |
| 1999065185 | May 2001 | WO |
| 0208863 | Jan 2002 | WO |
| 2002045315 | Jun 2002 | WO |
| 2002067616 | Aug 2002 | WO |
| 2002093877 | Nov 2002 | WO |
| 2003014891 | Feb 2003 | WO |
| 2003017063 | Feb 2003 | WO |
| 2003017065 | Feb 2003 | WO |
| 2003058880 | Jul 2003 | WO |
| 2004028070 | Apr 2004 | WO |
| 2004064306 | Jul 2004 | WO |
| 2004095753 | Jan 2005 | WO |
| 2005008995 | Jan 2005 | WO |
| 2005053335 | Jun 2005 | WO |
| 2005083934 | Sep 2005 | WO |
| 2006004467 | Jan 2006 | WO |
| 2006004784 | Jan 2006 | WO |
| 2006012610 | Feb 2006 | WO |
| 2006050758 | May 2006 | WO |
| 2006077481 | Jul 2006 | WO |
| 2006093961 | Sep 2006 | WO |
| 2006120558 | Nov 2006 | WO |
| 2006130960 | Dec 2006 | WO |
| 2007001833 | Jan 2007 | WO |
| 2007014630 | Feb 2007 | WO |
| 2007018363 | Feb 2007 | WO |
| 2007053848 | May 2007 | WO |
| 2007068288 | Jun 2007 | WO |
| 2007097786 | Aug 2007 | WO |
| 2007107701 | Sep 2007 | WO |
| 2007120310 | Oct 2007 | WO |
| 2007124279 | Nov 2007 | WO |
| 2007126352 | Nov 2007 | WO |
| 2007129180 | Nov 2007 | WO |
| 2007133844 | Nov 2007 | WO |
| 2004077797 | Feb 2008 | WO |
| 2008017837 | Feb 2008 | WO |
| 2008051379 | May 2008 | WO |
| 2008066419 | Jun 2008 | WO |
| 2008080139 | Jul 2008 | WO |
| 2008080430 | Jul 2008 | WO |
| 2008099802 | Aug 2008 | WO |
| 2009008817 | Jan 2009 | WO |
| 2006073837 | Apr 2009 | WO |
| 2007069245 | Apr 2009 | WO |
| 2009091295 | Jul 2009 | WO |
| 2010088413 | Aug 2010 | WO |
| 2010128391 | Nov 2010 | WO |
| 2010128391 | Jan 2011 | WO |
| 2011002450 | Jan 2011 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| Rivadeneyra et al., “A communication architecture to access data services through GSM,” San Sebastian, Spain, 1998. |
| Ruckus Wireless—White Paper; “Smarter Wi-Fi for Mobile Operator Infrastructures” 2010. |
| Sabat, “The evolving mobile wireless value chain and market structure,” Nov. 2002. |
| Sadeh et al., “Understanding and Capturing People's Privacy Policies in a Mobile Social Networking Application,” ISR School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 2007. |
| Schiller et al., “Location-Based Services,” The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Data Management Systems, 2004. |
| Sharkey, “Coding for Life-Battery Life, That Is,” May 27, 2009. |
| Steglich, Stephan, “I-Centric User Interaction,” Nov. 21, 2003. |
| Sun et al., “Towards Connectivity Management Adaptability: Context Awareness in Policy Representation and End-to-end Evaluation Algorithm,” Dept. of Electrical and Information Engineering, Univ of Oulu, Finland, 2004. |
| Van Eijk, et al., “GigaMobile, Agent Technology for Designing Personalized Mobile Service Brokerage,” Jul. 1, 2002. |
| VerizonWireless.com news, “Verizon Wireless Adds to Portfolio of Cosumer-Friendly Tools With Introduction of Usage Controls, Usage Controls and Chaperone 2.0 Offer Parents Full Family Security Solution,” Aug. 18, 2008. |
| Windows7 Power Management, published Apr. 2009. |
| Wireless Broadband Alliance, “WISPr 2.0, Apr. 8, 2010”; Doc. Ref. No. WBA/RM/WISPr, Version 01.00. |
| Zhu et al., “A Survey of Quality of Service in IEEE 802.11 Networks,” IEEE Wireless Communications, Aug. 2004. |
| “Ads and movies on the run,” the Gold Coast Bulletin, Southport, Qld, Jan. 29, 2008. |
| “ASA/PIX: Allow Split Tunneling for VPN Clients on the ASA Configuration Example,” Document ID 70917, Jan. 10, 2008. |
| “Communication Concepts for Mobile Agent Systems,” by Joachim Baumann et al.; Inst. of Parallel and Distributed High-Performance Systems, Univ. of Stuttgart, Germany, pp. 123-135, 1997. |
| “End to End QoS Solution for Real-time Multimedia Application;” Computer Engineering and Applications, 2007, 43 (4): 155-159, by Tan Zu-guo, Wang Wen-juan; Information and Science School, Zhanjian Normal College, Zhan jiang, Guangdong 524048, China. |
| “Jentro Technologies launches Zenlet platform to accelerate location-based content delivery to mobile devices,” The Mobile Internet, Boston, MA, Feb. 2008. |
| “The Construction of Intelligent Residential District in Use of Cable Television Network,” Shandong Science, vol. 13, No. 2, Jun. 2000. |
| 3rd Generation Partnership Project, “Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) Access,” Release 8, Document No. 3GPP TS 23.401, V8.4.0, Dec. 2008. |
| 3rd Generation Partnership Project, “Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Policy and Charging Control Architecture,” Release 8, Document No. 3GPP TS 23.203, V8.4.0, Dec. 2008. |
| Accuris Networks, “The Business Value of Mobile Data Offload—a White Paper”, 2010. |
| Ahmed et al., “A Context-Aware Vertical Handover Decision Algorithm for Multimode Mobile Terminals and Its Performance,” BenQ Mobile, Munich Germany; University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria; 2006. |
| Alonistioti et al., “Intelligent Architectures Enabling Flexible Service Provision and Adaptability,” 2002. |
| Amazon Technologies, Inc., “Kindle™ User's Guide,” 3rd Edition, Copyright 2004-2009. |
| Android Cupcake excerpts, The Android Open Source Project, Feb. 10, 2009. |
| Anton, B. et al., “Best Current Practices for Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP) Roaming”; Release Date Feb. 2003, Version 1.0; Wi-Fi Alliance—Wireless ISP Roaming (WISPr). |
| Blackberry Mobile Data System, version 4.1, Technical Overview, 2006. |
| Byrd, “Open Secure Wireless,” May 5, 2010. |
| Chandrasekhar et al., “Femtocell Networks: A Survey,” Jun. 28, 2008. |
| Chaouchi et al., “Policy Based Networking in the Integration Effort of 4G Networks and Services,” 2004 IEEE. |
| Cisco Systems, Inc., “Cisco Mobile Exchange (CMX) Solution Guide: Chapter 2—Overview of GSM, GPRS, and UMTS,” Nov. 4, 2008. |
| Client Guide for Symantec Endpoint Protection and Symantec Network Access Control, 2007. |
| Dikaiakos et al., “A Distributed Middleware Infrastructure for Personalized Services,” Nov. 24, 2003. |
| Dixon et al., Triple Play Digital Services: Comcast and Verizon (Digital Phone, Television, and Internet), Aug. 2007. |
| Droid Wall 1.3.7 description 20100428 obtained from https://www.freewarelovers.com/android/apps/droid-wall. |
| Ehnert, “Small application to monitor IP trafic on a Blackberry—1.01.03”, Mar. 27, 2008; http://www.ehnert.net/MiniMoni/. |
| European Commission, “Data Roaming Tariffs—Transparency Measures,” obtained from EUROPA—Europe's Information Society Thematic Portal website, Jun. 24, 2011: “http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/roaming/data/measures/index_en.htm.” |
| Farooq et al., “An IEEE 802.16 WiMax Module for the NS-3 Simulator,” Mar. 2-6, 2009. |
| Fujitsu, “Server Push Technology Survey and Bidirectional Communication in HTTP Browser,” Jan. 9, 2008 (JP). |
| Han et al., “Information Collection Services for Qos-Aware Mobile Applications,” 2005. |
| Hartmann et al., “Agent-Based Banking Transactions & Information Retrieval—What About Performance Issues?” 1999. |
| Hewlett-Packard Development Company, LP, “IP Multimedia Services Charging,” white paper, Jan. 2006. |
| Hossain et al., “Gain-Based Selection of Ambient Media Services in Pervasive Environments,” Mobile Networks and Applications. Oct. 3, 2008. |
| Jing et al., “Client-Server Computing in Mobile Environments,” GTE Labs. Inc., Purdue University, ACM Computing Surveys, vol. 31, No. 2, Jun. 1999. |
| Kasper et al., “Subscriber Authentication in mobile cellular Networks with virtual software SIM Credentials using Trusted Computing,” Fraunhofer-Institute for Secure Information Technology SIT, Darmstadt, Germany; ICACT 2008. |
| Kassar et al., “An overview of vertical handover decision strategies in heterogeneous wireless networks,” ScienceDirect, University Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France, Jun. 5, 2007. |
| Kim, “Free wireless a high-wire act; MetroFi needs to draw enough ads to make service add profits,” San Francisco Chronicle, Aug. 21, 2006. |
| Knight et al., “Layer 2 and 3 Virtual Private Networks: Taxonomy, Technology, and Standarization Efforts,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Jun. 2004. |
| Koutsopoulou et al., “Charging, Accounting and Billing Management Schemes In Mobile Telecommunication Networks and the Internet,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, First Quarter 2004, vol. 6, No. 1. |
| Koutsopoulou et al., “Middleware Platform for the Support of Charging Reconfiguration Actions,” 2005. |
| Kuntze et al., “Trustworthy content push,” Fraunhofer-Institute for Secure Information Technology SIT; Germany; WCNC 2007 proceedings, IEEE. |
| Kyriakakos et al., “Ubiquitous Service Provision in Next Generation Mobile Networks,” Proceedings of the 13th IST Mobile and Wireless Communications Summit, Lyon, France, Jun. 2004. |
| Li, Yu, “Dedicated E-Reading Device: The State of the Art and The Challenges,” Scroll, vol. 1, No. 1, 2008. |
| Loopt User Guide, metroPCS, Jul. 17, 2008. |
| Muntermann et al., “Potentiale und Sicherheitsanforderungen mobiler Finanzinformationsdienste und deren Systeminfrastrukturen,” Chair of Mobile Commerce & Multilateral Security, Goethe Univ. Frankfurt, 2004. |
| NetLimiter Lite 4.0.19.0; http://www.heise.de/download/netlimiter-lite-3617703.html from vol. 14/2007. |
| Nilsson et al., “A Novel MAC Scheme for Solving the QoS Parameter Adjustment Problem in IEEE802.11e EDCA,” Feb. 2006. |
| Nuzman et al., “A compund model for TCP connection arrivals for LAN and WAN applications,” Oct. 22, 2002. |
| Open Mobile Alliance (OMA), Push Architecture, Candidate Version 2.2; Oct. 2, 2007; OMA-AD-Push-V2_2-20071002-C. |
| Oppliger, Rolf, “Internet Security: Firewalls and Bey,” Communications of the ACM, May 1997, vol. 40. No. 5. |
| Rao et al., “Evolution of Mobile Location-Based Services,” Communication of the ACM, Dec. 2003. |
| Richtel, “Cellphone consumerism; If even a debit card is too slow, now you have a new way to act on impulse: [National Edition],” National Post, Canada, Oct. 2, 2007. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20200092707 A1 | Mar 2020 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61264126 | Nov 2009 | US | |
| 61252151 | Oct 2009 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15977713 | May 2018 | US |
| Child | 16679262 | US | |
| Parent | 14952374 | Nov 2015 | US |
| Child | 15977713 | US | |
| Parent | 13718952 | Dec 2012 | US |
| Child | 14952374 | US | |
| Parent | 12695980 | Jan 2010 | US |
| Child | 13718952 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12695019 | Jan 2010 | US |
| Child | 12695980 | US | |
| Parent | 12695021 | Jan 2010 | US |
| Child | 12695019 | US | |
| Parent | 12380778 | Mar 2009 | US |
| Child | 12695021 | US |
