Patent Grant
7699988
This invention related to the field of water treatment and, in particular to a process for reducing the need for off-site treatment such as in the case of reclaiming drilling fluids, flowback fluids, subterranean oil and gas wells using produced water, and enhancing ozone injection processes for potable water.
Worldwide, oil and gas companies spend more than $40 billion annually dealing with produced water from wells. The global direct costs from hauling water for treatment off-site alone will surpass $20 billion in 2007, with expenses skyrocketing in the next few years.
The US Department of Energy (DOE) has called produced water “by far the largest single volume byproduct or waste stream associated with oil and gas production.” The DOE further terms its treatment a serious environmental concern and a significantly growing expense to oil and gas producers.
In 2007, the world's oil and gas fields will produce over 80 billion barrels of water needing processing. The average is now almost nine barrels of produced water for each barrel of oil extracted. And the ratio of water to hydrocarbons increases over time as wells become older. That means less oil or gas and more contaminated water as we attempt to meet rising global energy needs.
By way of example, in rotary drilling a by-product of the drilling process is a waste fluid commonly referred to as “drilling fluids” which carries cuttings and other contaminants up through the annulus. The drilling fluid reduces friction between the drilling bit and the sides of the drilling hole; and further creates stability on the side walls of an uncased drilling hole. The drilling fluid may include various constituents that are capable of creating a filter cake capable of sealing cracks, holes, and pores along the side wall to prevent unwanted intrusion from the side wall into the drilled shaft opening. Water based drilling fluid's result in solid particles that are suspended in the water that makes up the fluid characteristics of the drilling fluid. Drilling fluid's can be conditioned to address various processes that may include water soluble polymers that are synthesized or naturally occurring to try to be capable of controlling the viscosity of the drilling fluid. The drilling fluid principle is used to carry cuttings from beneath the drilling bit, cool and clean the drill bit, reducing friction between the drill string and the sides of the drill hole and finally maintains the stability of an uncased section of the uncased hole.
Of particular interest in this example of a drilling fluid is the commonly referred to 9 lb drilling mud. Once this fluid is expelled, for purposes of on-site discharge the specific gravity of water separated need to be about 8.34 lbs per gallon to meet environmental discharge levels. One commonly known process is to use a centrifuge which is capable of lowering the 9 pound drilling mud to approximately 8.5 pounds per gallon. However, this level is unacceptable for environmental discharge limit and it would then be necessary to induce chemical polymers to flocculate the slurry and further treat the volatile organic compounds (VOC's) which are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids. The VOC's are known to include a variety of chemicals some of which may have short or long term adverse health effects and is considered an unacceptable environmental discharge contaminant. Unfortunately, the use of polymers and a settling time is so expensive that it economically it becomes more conducive to treat the waste off-site which further adds to the cost of production by requiring off-site transport/treatment or shipped to a hazardous waste facility where no treatment is performed.
Thus, what is need in the industry is a reclamation process for reducing the need to treat industrial waste off-site and further provide an on-site treatment process for use in reclaiming water.
In addition there are many gas fields, most notably in North America, that contain enormous amounts of natural gas. This gas is trapped in shale formations that require stimulating the well using a process known as fracturing or fracing. The fracing process uses large amounts of water and large amounts of particulate fracing material (frac sands) to enable extraction of the gas from the shale formations. After the well site has been stimulated the water pumped into the well during the fracing process is removed. The water removed from the well is referred to as flowback fluid or frac water. A typical fracing process uses from one to four million gallons of water to fracture the formations of a single well. Water is an important natural resource that needs to be conserved wherever possible. One way to conserve water is to clean and recycle this flowback or frac water. The recycling of frac water has the added benefit of reducing waste product, namely the flowback fluid, which will need to be properly disposed. On site processing equipment, at the well, is the most cost effective and environmentally friendly way of recycling this natural resource.
It takes approximately 4.5 million gallons of fresh water to fracture a horizontal well. This water may be available from local streams and ponds, or purchased from a municipal water utility. This water must be trucked to the well site by tanker trucks, which carry roughly five thousand gallons per trip. During flowback operations, approximately 300 tanker trucks are used to carry away more than one million gallons of flowback water per well for offsite disposal. For a 3 well frac site these numbers will increase by a factor of three.
The present invention provides a cost-effective onsite water recycling service that eliminates the need to truck flowback to a disposal pit, a holding pond, or recycling facility miles away.
The instant invention is directed to a reclamation process that introduces high intensity acoustic energy and triatomic molecules into a conditioning container to provide a mechanical separation of materials by addressing the non-covalent forces of particles or van der Waals force. The conditioning tank provides a first level of separation including an oil skimmer through an up flow configuration with discharge entering a centrifuge. The conditioning container and centrifuge addressing a majority of drilling fluid recovery operations, fluid cleaning, barite recovery, solids control, oily wastes, sludge removal, and so forth.
Water from the centrifuge is directed through a filtration process, sand or multimedia, for removal of large particulates before introduction through activated carbon filters for removal of organics and excess ozone. Discharge from the carbon filters is directed to a clean water tank for distribution to utilities as well as for water makeup for the ozone injection process and filtration backwash.
The instant invention also discloses a cost efficient and environmentally friendly process and apparatus for cleaning and recycling of flowback, or frac water, which has been used to stimulate gas production from shale formations. The invention also has the ability to conserve water and reduce the amount of waste disposal. The ability to perform this process adjacent the well head eliminates transportation costs to a central processing facility and eliminates the vehicular impact on the areas surrounding the gas fields.
Thus an objective of the invention is to provide an on-site process to treat waste fluids.
Still another objective of the invention is to provide an on-site process that will lower the cost of oil products by reducing the current and expensive processes used for off-site treatment of waste fluids.
Another objective of the invention is to provide an on-site process that will extend the life of fields and increase the extraction rate per well.
Yet still another objective of the instant invention is to lower the specific gravity of the 9 pound mud to approximately the specific gravity of water allowing for reclamation and reuse.
Still another objective of the instant invention is to eliminate the need to recycling all drilling fluid due to current cost burdens created by the need of polymers for further settlement of contaminants.
Still another objective of the instant invention is to teach the combination of ultrasonic and hydrodynamic agitation in conjunction with ozone introduction into a closed pressurized container whereby the cavitations cause disruption of the materials allowing the ozone to fully interact with the contaminated flow back water for enhancement of separation purposes. In addition, anodes in the container provide DC current to the flow back water to drive the electro precipitation reaction for the hardness ions present with the flow back water.
Yet another objective of the instant invention is to reduce 9 pound drilling mud into a separation process wherein the water separated has a specific gravity of about 8.34.
Still another objective is to teach a process of enhanced ozone injection wherein ozone levels can be reduced be made more effective.
Another objective of the invention is to provide a cost effective and environmentally friendly process and apparatus for cleaning and recycling frac water at the well site using transportable equipment that is packaged within a trailer in a modular fashion to minimize down time and make repair easier and more cost efficient.
Other objectives and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein are set forth, by way of illustration and example, certain embodiments of this invention. The drawings constitute a part of this specification and include exemplary embodiments of the present invention and illustrate various objects and features thereof.
Now referring to
The ultrasonic sensors are operated by use of an air compressor (32) with pressurized air stored within a tank (34) monitored by a low pressure switch (36) and solenoid (38) for control of flow for production of the acoustic energy into the transducers (24) and (26). An ozone generator (40) is used to introduce ozone through an injector (42) in storage into an ozone contact tank (44) before introduction into the lower end (22) of the conditioning container (20) and inlet manifold (46). The preferred ultrasonic device is driven by silver braised magnetostrictive transducers, with all wetted surfaces being 316 stainless steel. The resonant frequency of the immersible is preferably between 16 kHz or 20 kHz. When multiple generators are used they can be synchronized to operate at a single resident frequency. The use of the immersible configuration allows placement within the conditioning container so as to allow for continuous treatment thereby placing an intense ultrasonic energy into the controlled volume of material as it passes by the multiple vibrating surfaces.
By way of example, drilling fluid (16) introduced into the conditioning container is ozonated through the manifold (46) with the ozonated drilling fluid passing through the acoustic energy provided by the transducers (24) and (26) with conditioned drilling fluid removed from the conditioning container at outlet (48). A second outlet (50) is provided for removal of petroleum products such as oil that form along the surface and can be collected through the manifold (50) and directed to an oil outlet (52) for collection and disposal. The ozonated and ultrasonically treated drilling fluid that is directed through outlet (48) is placed into the inlet (54) of a centrifuge (56) which allows for solid waste removal (60).
The slurry is the directed to an open container (62) for use in post treatment. Post treatment is made possible by repressurization of the slurry by transfer pump (64) for introduction into a sand filter (66) at inlet (68). The sand filter permits removal of the remaining particulates into a micron level and the filtered slurry is passed through directional valve (70) to outlet (72) and introduction into parallel position activated carbon filters (80), (82) and (84). The activated carbon filters provide removal of any remaining organics as well as reduces and eliminates any excess ozone with the effluent collected by manifold (90) replacement into a clean water filter tank (92). The clean water tank is expected to have water with a specific gravity of approximately 8.34 making it available for environmental discharge or other uses with the utilities (94). The level float (96) provides operation of the transferred pump (64) from maintaining a level in the clean water tank for distribution to the utilities. The clean water tank further allows for use of the reclaimed water for regeneration of the activation carbon by use of transfer pump (96) wherein backwashing of the sand filter (66) and carbon filters (82) and (84) is made possible through directional valve (70), (81), (83), and (85). Manifold collecting the backwashed water (100) is returned to the inlet pipe (16) for introduction in the conditioning container (20) for purposes of polishing and recycling of the fluid. The clean water tank (92) further provides ozonator makeup by use of booster pump (110) which draws from the clean water tank (92) placement into the conditioning container (20) wherein the clean water is injected with ozone as previously mentioned by injector (42) for storage and ozone contact tank (44).
It should be noted that the use of drilling fluid is only an example. Produced water from an oil or gas well, or even enhancement of potable water benefits from the process.
Now referring to
The effluent is then passed through three media tanks 342 each containing activated carbon. These filters will polish the effluent further and remove any leftover heavy metals. They will also break down any remaining ozone and convert it into oxygen. The effluent will then be conveyed to tank 344 prior to being introduced to micron filters 346. Each filter is capable of filtering material down to one to five microns. The effluent leaving the micron filters is then pressurized via pumps 348 prior to entering the reverse osmosis membranes 350. Each pump 348 can operate up to 1000 psi separating clean permeate and reject the brine. Outlet 352 carries the concentrated waste product to be conveyed to a reject water tank for reinjection or other suitable disposal. Outlet 354 carries the RO product water to be conveyed to a clean water frac tank for storage and distribution.
The manifold 621 includes orifices designed to create hydrodynamic cavitations with the main reactor tank 618. By way of example, the diameters of the holes within the manifold 621 are approximately 5 mm and the pressure difference across the manifold is approximately 20 psi. In addition, the main reactor tank 618 also includes four submersible ultrasonic transducers 622A and 622B positioned at various elevations within the reactor tank 618. These ultrasonic transducers 622A and 622B are designed to create acoustic cavitations. Each transducer includes a diaphragm that is balanced with the help of a pressure compensation system so that a maximum amount of ultrasonic energy is released into the effluent. The main reactor tank 618 includes a pair of 16 KHz and a pair of 20 KHz frequency ultrasonic horns (622A and 622B, respectively). The ultrasonic horns 622A and 622B are installed around the periphery of the tank creating a uniform ultrasonic environment which helps to increase the mass transfer efficiency of the ozone. In addition, the 16 KHz and 20 KHZ horns 622A and 622B are installed opposite to each other inside the tank to create a dual frequency filed that continuously cleans the internal tank surface. The acoustic cavitations generated by the ultrasonic generators 622A and 622B also greatly enhance the oxidation rate of the organic material with ozone bubbles and ensure uniform mixing of the oxidant with the effluent. As shown in
The effluent then flows through line 624 and into tank 632 and then through feed pump 633 into centrifuge 634 and then into intermediate process tank 636.
The effluent is then passed through three media tanks 642 each containing activated carbon. These filters will polish the effluent further and remove any leftover heavy metals. They will also break down any remaining ozone and convert it into oxygen. The effluent will then be conveyed to tank 644 prior to being introduced to micron filter 646. The filter is capable of filtering material down to one to five microns. The effluent leaving the micron filter passes through an accumulator and is then pressurized via pump 648 prior to entering the reverse osmosis membranes 650. The pump 648 can operate up to 1000 psi separating clean permeate and reject the brine. Outlet 652 carries the concentrated waste product to be conveyed to a reject water tank for reinjection or other suitable disposal. Outlet 654 carries the RO product water to be conveyed to a clean water frac tank for storage and distribution.
The theory of operation behind the main treatment is as follows. The mass transfer of ozone in the flow back water is achieved by hydrodynamic and acoustic cavitations. In the pressurized tank the ozonated flow back water is mixed with incoming flow back water by a header having many small orifices. The phenomenon of hydrodynamic cavitations is created as the pressurized flow back water leaves the small orifices on the header. The dissolved ozone forms into millions of micro bubbles which are mixed and reacted with the incoming flow back water. As the flow back water flows upwards through the reaction tank ultrasonic transducers located around the periphery of the tank at different locations emit 16 KHz and 20 KHz waves in the flow back water.
A sonoluminescence effect is observed due to acoustic cavitation as these ultrasonic waves propagate in the flow back water and catch the micro bubbles in the valley of the wave. Sonoluminescence occurs whenever a sound wave of sufficient intensity induces a gaseous cavity within a liquid to quickly collapse. This cavity may take the form of a pre-existing bubble, or may be generated through hydrodynamic and acoustic cavitation. Sonoluminescence can be made to be stable, so that a single bubble will expand and collapse over and over again in a periodic fashion, emitting a burst of light each time it collapses. A standing acoustic wave is set up within a liquid by four acoustic transducers and the bubble will sit at a pressure anti node of the standing wave. The frequencies of resonance depend on the shape and size of the container in which the bubble is contained. The light flashes from the bubbles are extremely short, between 35 and few hundred picoseconds long, with peak intensities of the order of 1-10 mW. The bubbles are very small when they emit light, about 1 micrometer in diameter depending on the ambient fluid, such as water, and the gas content of the bubble. Single bubble sonoluminescence pulses can have very stable periods and positions. In fact, the frequency of light flashes can be more stable than the rated frequency stability of the oscillator making the sound waves driving them. However, the stability analysis of the bubble shows that the bubble itself undergoes significant geometric instabilities, due to, for example, the Bjerknes forces and the Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities. The wavelength of emitted light is very short; the spectrum can reach into the ultraviolet. Light of shorter wavelength has higher energy, and the measured spectrum of emitted light seems to indicate a temperature in the bubble of at least 20,000 Kelvin, up to a possible temperature in excess of one mega Kelvin. The veracity of these estimates is hindered by the fact that water, for example, absorbs nearly all wavelengths below 200 nm. This has led to differing estimates on the temperature in the bubble, since they are extrapolated from the emission spectra taken during collapse, or estimated using a modified Rayleigh-Plesset equation. During bubble collapse, the inertia of the surrounding water causes high speed and high pressure, reaching around 10,000 K in the interior of the bubble, causing ionization of a small fraction of the noble gas present. The amount ionized is small enough for the bubble to remain transparent, allowing volume emission; surface emission would produce more intense light of longer duration, dependent on wavelength, contradicting experimental results. Electrons from ionized atoms interact mainly with neutral atoms causing thermal bremsstrahlung radiation. As the ultrasonic waves hit a low energy trough, the pressure drops, allowing electrons to recombine with atoms, and light emission to cease due to this lack of free electrons. This makes for a 160 picosecond light pulse for argon, as even a small drop in temperature causes a large drop in ionization, due to the large ionization energy relative to the photon energy.
By way of example, the instant invention can be used to treat produced water containing water soluble organic compounds, suspended oil droplets and suspended solids with high concentration of ozone and ultrasonic waves resulting in degrading the level of contaminants.
Case 1: Processing Fluid (Effluent) from Oil Drilling Well
Objective: To increase the efficiency of mechanical centrifugal Separation by treating effluent generated from oil drilling operation with Ozone and Ultrasonic waves.
The main constituent of effluent is bentonite. Bentonite consists predominantly of smectite minerals montmorillonite. Smectite are clay minerals of size less than 2˜5 microns. Mainly traces of silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), Magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca) salts found in the bentonite.
The percentage of solids (bentonite) in effluent varies from 40% to 60%. Also contaminants oil, grease, VOC are found in the effluent.
Anticipated Effect of Ozone and Ultrasonic on Effluent:
Ozone 40 is introduced into the tank 20 in form of micro bubbles which starts oxidation reactions where the organic molecules in the effluent are modified and re-arranged. The bonding between bentonite molecules with water is broken down by hydrodynamic cavitations caused by imploding micro bubbles of ozone with bentonite.
The mass transfer of ozone into effluent is further enhanced by subjecting the effluent with ultrasonic submersible transducers 24 and 26 located at various elevations in the tank. The ultrasonic wave (range from 14 KHz to 20 KHz) propagates through water causing acoustic cavitations. This helps ozone to react with bentonite irrespective of temperature and pH, coverts into collided slimy sludge mass, suspended in water.
The oxidation process of ozone improves color of the water from grey to white. During the process soluble organic compounds broke down into carbon dioxide and oxygen molecules.
As water travels from bottom 22 to the top 23 of the tank 20, volatile organic compounds are collected at the top of the tank, which can be drained out with the help of outlet 50 provided.
Main effluent is piped 48 to centrifuge where the efficiency of separation is expected to increase by 30˜40%.
Case II: Produced Water from Offshore Drilling Well
Main properties of this effluent is
Color/Appearance: Black.
Total suspended solids: 9500 ppm
Total dissolved solids: 3290 ppm
Chemical Oxygen demand: 3370 ppm
Biological Oxygen Demand: 580 ppm
pH: 7.88
Oil and Grease: 17.2 mgHX/l
The effluent2 has peculiar H2S odor.
Effect of Ozone and Ultrasonic Waves:
Ozone 40 is introduced into the tank 20 in the form of micro bubbles which starts oxidation reactions where the organic molecules in the effluent are modified and re-arranged. The suspended solids are separated and are broken down by hydrodynamic cavitations caused by imploding micro bubbles of ozone. This helps suspended solids coagulate. The oxidation process of ozone improves the color, eliminate the odder and convert suspended solids into inert particle.
The mass transfer of ozone into effluent is further enhanced by subjecting the effluent with ultrasonic submersible transducers 24 & 26 located at various elevations in the tank. Greater mass transfer of ozone into effluent is achieved irrespective of temperature or pH of water. The ultrasonic wave (range from 14 KHz to 20 KHz) propagates through water causing acoustic cavitations. This helps ozone to react better separating volatile organic compounds, suspended solids from water molecule. During the process soluble organic compounds broke down into carbon dioxide and oxygen molecules.
The expected results after Ozonix® Process on effluent 2 are:
Color/Appearance: pale yellow, colorless
Total suspended solids: less than 40 ppm
Total dissolved solids: less than 30 ppm
Chemical Oxygen demand: less than 10 ppm
Biological Oxygen Demand: less than 10 ppm
pH: 7
Oil and Grease: less than 5 ppm
Odorless.
Case III: Treatment of Flowback or Frac Water with Mobile Equipment
The typical flowback fluid contains the following contaminants:
All of the contaminants are eliminated at various stages of the filtration system.
During the pretreatment stage the frac, flowback water, is pumped through 50 micron filter 310 which includes an automatic backwash feature. This filter removes substances like frac sands, and foreign particles above 50 microns in size. Approximately 70 percent of the frac water is then saturated with ozone in the ozone contact tank 316 with the remainder, approximately 30 percent, directed to the main reactor tank 318. The effluent from the ozone contact tank 316 is introduced through a manifold 321 within the reactor tank 318. The manifold includes orifices designed to create hydrodynamic cavitations with the main reactor tank. In addition the reactor tank 318 also includes ultrasonic transducers 322 positioned as various elevations within the reactor tank 318. These ultrasonic transducers 322 are designed to create acoustic cavitations. The combination of both acoustical and ultrasonic cavitations causes the maximum mass transfer of ozone within the treatment tank in the shortest period of time. This process oxidizes all the heavy metals and soluble organics and disinfects the effluent. The process within the main reactor tank 318 also causes the suspended solid to coagulate thereby facilitating their separation during centrifugal separation. Additionally, to coagulate all the oxidized metals and suspended solids aluminum sulfate (Alum) is added after the main reactor tank 318 and before the centrifugal separation.
All suspended solids are removed in the disc bowl centrifuge. The suspended solids are collected at the periphery of the disc bowl centrifuge 334 and intermittently during de-sludging cycles. At this point in the process the effluent is free from all suspended solids, heavy metals, and soluble organics. The effluent is then passed through an ultra-violet light 338 using 185 nm wavelength to remove all organic carbon. The total organic carbon (TOC) is broken down into CO2 in the presence of hydroxyl radical present in the affluent.
The effluent is then passed through three media tanks 342 containing activated carbon. These filters serve to further polish the effluent and remove any left over heavy metals. In addition the media tanks also break down any remaining ozone and convert it into oxygen. At this stage of filtration the effluent is free from soluble and insoluble oils, heavy metals, and suspended solids.
The effluent is then passed through reverse osmosis (RO) filtration. The RO feed pump passes the effluent through a 1 micron filter 346 which is then fed to five high pressure RO pumps. The RO pumps 348 can operate up to 1000 psi thereby separating permeate and rejecting the brine. To avoid scaling the RO membranes 350 anti-scalant material is fed into the suction inlet of the RO pump. The clean permeate has total dissolved salts in the range of 5˜50 PPM. By way of example, is the system is processing 45,000 PPM TDS effluent the resultant TDS in RO reject water will be approximately 80,000 PPM.
It is to be understood that while certain forms of the invention is illustrated, it is not to be limited to the specific form or process herein described and shown. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to what is shown and described in the specification and drawings.
This application is a continuation-in-part of non provisional application Ser. No. 12/184,716, entitled Enhanced Water Treatment for Reclamation of Waste Fluids and Increased Efficiency Treatment of Potable Waters, filed Aug. 1, 2008 which in turn is a continuation-in-part of provisional application 60/953,584, entitled Enhanced Water Treatment for Reclamation of Waste Fluids and Increased Efficiency Treatment of Potable Water, filed Aug. 2, 2007, the contents of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20090230059 A1 | Sep 2009 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60953584 | Aug 2007 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12184716 | Aug 2008 | US |
| Child | 12399481 | US |
