The present invention relates to heterostructures comprising a layer of BiFeO3 and a layer of perovskite over which the BiFeO3 is epitaxially grown. Because the layer of perovskite has been released from the substrate upon which it was originally grown, the heterostructure is free-standing. The free-standing heterostructures are well-suited for use in ferroelectric memory and magnetoelectric devices.
The lead-free perovskite BiFeO3 has received considerable attention for non-volatile memory applications because of its large polarization of ˜100 μC/cm2 along the [111] direction. See Wang et al., Science 299, 1719 (2003); Li et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 84, 5261 (2004); Das et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 88, 242904 (2006); Legeugle et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 91, 022907 (2007). Epitaxial growth of BiFeO3 on silicon has been demonstrated using an intervening epitaxial SrTiO3 buffer layer. See Wang et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 85, 2574 (2004). However, these as-grown BiFeO3 films exhibit relatively high coercive field (Ec), high leakage current, and reduced reliability, rendering the films less than desirable candidates for integrated microelectronic devices. See Ramesh et al., Nat. Mater., 6, 21 (2007). Furthermore, such films may be strained, a characteristic which may lead to degraded film properties and other unwanted effects.
In addition to its large ferroelectric polarization, BiFeO3 is a multiferroic material with a high ferroelectric Curie temperature (˜820° C.)7 and a high antiferromagnetic Néel temperature (˜370° C.). See G. Smolenskii, V. Isupov, A. Agranovskaya, and N. Kranik, Sov. Phys. Solid State 2, 2651 (1961) and Fischer et al., J. Phys. Solid State Phys., 13, 1931 (1980). Thus, BiFeO3 offers the possibility of manipulating the magnetic state by an electric field at room temperature. See Ramesh et al., Nat. Mater., 6, 21 (2007). Recently, Zhao et al. showed evidence of coupling between the ferroelectric and magnetic order parameters in BiFeO3. See Zhao et al., Nat. Mater., 5, 823 (2006). The magnetoelectric coupling in BiFeO3 has also been suggested to enable the switching of a ferromagnetic material such as (La,Sr)MnO3 or Co coupled to the multiferroic through exchange interactions. See Chu et al., Mater. Today, 10 (10), 16 (2007). However, a prerequisite to exploiting such electrical control of magnetism is the reliable switching of ferroelectric domains in BiFeO3.
The present invention provides free-standing heterostructures comprising a layer of BiFeO3 epitaxially grown over a layer comprising a perovskite. In such structures, the layer comprising the perovskite has been released from a sacrificial substrate on which it was epitaxially grown, thereby providing a free-standing heterostructure. The BiFeO3 films in the free-standing heterostructures exhibit greatly improved ferroelectric properties as compared with as-grown BiFeO3 films. In particular, the BiFeO3 in the free-standing heterostructures can exhibit one or more of substantially reduced coercive field, substantially reduced leakage current, and fatigue-free switching behavior. As a result, the free-standing heterostructures are well-suited for use in ferroelectric memory and magnetoelectric devices.
The present invention is based, in part, on the inventors' discovery that certain ferroelectric properties, including high coercive field (Ec), high leakage current, and unreliable switching behavior, of as-grown BiFeO3 films may be attributed to the constraint of the underlying substrate upon which the BiFeO3 film is originally grown. The term “as-grown” refers to a BiFeO3 film that is directly attached or indirectly attached (e.g., through other layers) to a substrate upon which it was originally grown. Such films may also be referred to as “clamped” films. The inventors have further discovered that the ferroelectric properties of these as-grown films may be greatly improved by releasing the BiFeO3 films from the substrates upon which they were grown. BiFeO3 films which have been released from the substrates upon which they were originally grown are referred to as free-standing films or free-standing membranes, released films or released membranes, or simply membranes. Similarly, heterostructures comprising BiFeO3 films and other layers (e.g., a layer comprising a perovskite), wherein the other layers have been released from the substrates upon which the layers were originally grown are referred to as free-standing heterostructures.
The free-standing heterostructures provided herein comprise a layer of BiFeO3 and a layer comprising a first perovskite over which the layer of BiFeO3 is epitaxially grown. A variety of perovskites may be used. The BiFeO3 in the free-standing heterostructure may be characterized by a number of properties, including, but not limited to its strain state, crystal structure, and ferroelectric properties. In some embodiments, the BiFeO3 is substantially strain-free. Moreover, the BiFeO3 in the free-standing heterostructures exhibit greatly improved ferroelectric properties as compared with as-grown BiFeO3 films. For example, the BiFeO3 in the free-standing heterostructures disclosed herein may exhibit increased remanent polarization, reduced coercive field, reduced leakage current, and/or reduced fatigue as compared with its as-grown BiFeO3 counterparts.
Other layers may be included in the free-standing heterostructures including, but not limited to, a second layer of perovskite between the first perovskite and the BiFeO3 and an electrode over the BiFeO3. A variety of perovskites and materials for the electrode may be used. Furthermore, the free-standing heterostructures, which have been released from the substrates upon which they were originally grown, may be transferred onto a variety of host substrates.
The free-standing heterostructures may find use in a variety of applications and may be incorporated into a variety of devices, including, but not limited to, ferroelectric memory devices, magnetoelectric devices, displays, solar cells, smart cards, and rf tags. Accordingly, the present invention also provides devices comprising the free-standing heterostructures described herein.
Also disclosed are methods for forming the free-standing heterostructures. Such methods may include transferring the free-standing heterostructures to other substrates.
The present invention provides free-standing heterostructures comprising a layer of BiFeO3 epitaxially grown over a layer comprising a perovskite. In such structures, the layer comprising the perovskite has been released from a sacrificial substrate on which it was epitaxially grown, thereby providing a free-standing heterostructure. Also disclosed are methods for forming the free-standing heterostructures.
Clamped BiFeO3 films (i.e., BiFeO3 films disposed over substrates upon which they were originally grown) are generally strained due to differences in crystal lattice parameters and thermal expansion characteristics of BiFeO3 and the substrate material, or due to defects formed during growth of the film. In addition, such films may exhibit relatively high coercive field, high leakage current, and significant fatigue. However, release of as-grown BiFeO3 films from their original substrates relieves strain and provides a released film with improved the ferroelectric properties. The strain relief may also accompany a symmetry change of the BiFeO3 films from monoclinic or triclinic (as-grown, strained films) to rhombohedral for the BiFeO3 released films.
The free-standing heterostructures comprise a layer of epitaxial BiFeO3. The BiFeO3 may be characterized by a number of properties. For example, the BiFeO3 may be characterized by its strain state and crystal structure. In some embodiments, the BiFeO3 is substantially strain-free. By substantially strain-free, it is meant that the average in-plane strain of the BiFeO3 is approximately zero. In other embodiments, the out-of-plane and in-plane lattice parameters of the BiFeO3 are approximately the same as that of bulk BiFeO3, a further indication that the BiFeO3 in the free-standing heterostructure is fully relaxed and strain-free. In such embodiments, the crystal symmetry of the BiFeO3 may be rhombohedral.
The BiFeO3 may be further characterized by its ferromagnetic properties, including remanent polarization (Pr), coercive field (Ec), fatigue, and electrical leakage. High remanent polarization, low coercive field, low fatigue, and low electrical leakage are desirable properties for certain ferroelectric materials, such as those used in ferroelectric memory and magnetoelectric devices. Lower cohesive field lowers the switching voltage of ferroelectric and magnetoelectric devices, which is desirable for electronic devices. Furthermore, the fatigue-free behavior with Pt top electrode is desirable for long term reliability of ferroelectric and magnetoelectric devices. In general, the BiFeO3 in the free-standing heterostructures disclosed herein exhibit increased remanent polarization as compared to their as-grown BiFeO3 counterparts. In some embodiments, the BiFeO3 in the free-standing heterostructure exhibits a remanent polarization of at least 55 μC/cm2. In other embodiments, the BiFeO3 exhibits a remanent polarization of at least 58 μC/cm2.
The BiFeO3 in the free-standing heterostructures may further exhibit reduced coercive field, fatigue, and electrical leakage as compared to their as-grown BiFeO3 counterparts. In some embodiments, the BiFeO3 in the free-standing heterostructure exhibits a coercive field of 100 kV/cm or less. In other embodiments, the BiFeO3 may exhibit a coercive field of 90 kV/cm or less, or even 80 kV/cm or less. In further embodiments, the BiFeO3 remains fatigue free over at least 1×109 cycles as measured using a switching field equal to or greater than two times the remanent polarization of the BiFeO3. In still other embodiments, the BiFeO3 remains fatigue free over at least 1×1010 cycles. In yet other embodiments, the BiFeO3 exhibits a lower leakage current than its as-grown BiFeO3 counterpart. In such embodiments, the BiFeO3 in the free-standing heterostructure may exhibit a leakage current that is 2 times, 5 times, 10 times or even 100 times less than its as-grown BiFeO3 counterpart.
The free-standing heterostructures disclosed herein further comprise a layer comprising a first perovskite over which the layer of BiFeO3 is epitaxially grown. The perovskite functions as a buffer layer, allowing for improved epitaxial growth of BiFeO3 over certain substrates, including silicon substrates. A variety of perovskites may be used, including but not limited to, LaAlO3, DyScO3, GdScO3, LaScO3, CaTiO3, BaTiO3, PbTiO3, CaZrO3, SrZrO3, SrTiO3, SrRuO3, BaZrO3, SrHfO3, PbZrO3, KNbO3, and KTaO3. The perovskite may be doped or undoped. In some embodiments, the first perovskite is SrTiO3. In the structures disclosed herein, the layer comprising the first perovskite has been released from a sacrificial substrate on which it was epitaxially grown, thereby providing a free-standing heterostructure.
The free-standing heterostructures may further comprise other layers. In some embodiments, the layer comprising the first perovskite further comprises one or more sublayers. In some embodiments, the sublayer comprises a second perovskite between the first perovskite and the BiFeO3. A variety of perovskites may be used, including, but not limited to those perovskites provided above. In some embodiments, the sublayer comprises SrRuO3. In such embodiments, the SrRuO3 may provide a bottom electrode in the free-standing heterostructure. In other embodiments, the free-standing heterostructures further comprise a top electrode disposed over the BiFeO3. A variety of materials may be used to form the top electrodes. In some embodiments, the top electrode is a metal, including, but not limited to, Pt, Sr1-xCaxRuO3 (0≦x≦1), Ba1-xSrxRuO3 (0≦x≦1), La1-xSrxMnO3 (0.2≦x≦0.5), LaNiO3, IrOx, Ir, Ru and Ag.
As described above, the free-standing heterostructures disclosed herein have been released from a sacrificial substrate upon which the heterostructure was originally grown. These free-standing heterostructures may be transferred onto a variety of host substrates. Thus, in some embodiments, the free-standing heterostructure further comprises the host substrate disposed over the layer comprising the first perovskite. Any host substrate that is desirable for use in any of the devices discussed below may be used. In some embodiments, the host substrate comprises a metal (e.g., Au, Ni or Cu), a plastic (e.g., PEN, PET or polyimide), or a glass. In some embodiments, the host substrate comprises Au.
The thicknesses of the various layers and substrates described above may vary. In some embodiments, the layer of BiFeO3 is from about 20 nm thick to about 5 μm thick. In some embodiments, the layer of BiFeO3 is from about 200 nm thick to about 800 nm thick. In other embodiments, the layer of BiFeO3 is from about 400 nm to about 600 nm thick. Similarly the thicknesses of the first perovskite layer, the second perovskite layer, the electrode, the sacrificial substrate and the host substrate may vary. The examples below include exemplary thicknesses for such layers and substrates, but it is to be understood the present invention encompasses other thickness for these layers.
The free-standing heterostructures disclosed herein may find use in a variety of applications. For example, the free-standing heterostructures may be used in ferroelectric memory devices, magnetoelectric devices, and related devices. Free-standing heterostructures transferred to a variety of flexible host substrates will find use in displays, solar cells, smart cards, and rf tags.
Also provided herein are methods for forming the free-standing heterostructures from as-grown heterostructures. In a basic embodiment, the method comprises releasing an as-grown heterostructure from a sacrificial substrate upon which it was grown. The as-grown heterostructure comprises a layer of BiFeO3 and a layer comprising a first epitaxial perovskite over which the layer of BiFeO3 is epitaxially grown. However, the as-grown heterostructure may further comprise other layers, as described below. The release of the as-grown heterostructure from the sacrificial substrate provides a free-standing heterostructure. In some embodiments, releasing the as-grown heterostructure comprises removing the sacrificial substrate from the layer comprising the first epitaxial perovskite.
The methods are compatible with a variety of sacrificial substrates. In some embodiments, the sacrificial substrate is miscut (001) silicon. The use of miscut (001) silicon may improve the quality of the BiFeO3 films grown on such substrates. For example, BiFeO3 grown over miscut (001) silicon substrates may include fewer domains, better stoichiometry, and less defective domain walls, and a more periodic domain structure than BiFeO3 grown over non-miscut silicon substrates. Miscut substrates promote nucleation of only 71 degree ferroelastic domains (and suppress undesirable 109 degree ferroelastic domains) by breaking the symmetry of the substrates surfaces. The sacrificial substrate may be removed by a variety of techniques, including, but not limited to, dry etching and wet etching techniques. In some embodiments, the sacrificial substrate is removed by inductive plasma etching.
The method of forming a free-standing heterostructure from an as-grown heterostructure may further comprise forming the as-grown heterostructure prior to releasing the as-grown heterostructure from the sacrificial substrate. With reference to
The free-standing heterostructures may be transferred onto a variety of host substrates. Thus, in some embodiments, the methods further comprise disposing a host substrate over the layer comprising the first perovskite after releasing the as-grown heterostructure from the sacrificial substrate upon which it was originally grown. The transfer may be accomplished in a variety of ways. One way, shown in
The present invention, thus generally described, will be understood more readily by reference to the following examples, which are provided by way of illustration and are not intended to be limiting of the present invention.
The term “membrane” below refers to a free-standing membrane or a released membrane as described above.
Formation of epitaxial (001) BiFeO3 as-grown films and released membranes. Epitaxial (001) BiFeO3 films were grown by off-axis radio-frequency (rf) magnetron sputtering on (001) Si substrates miscut by 4° toward [110]. See Das et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 242904 (2006). Prior to the deposition of the BiFeO3 films, an epitaxial 15-nm-thick SrTiO3 buffer layer and 100-nm-thick SrRuO3 bottom electrode were deposited on the 50 μm thick Si substrates by molecular-beam epitaxy and 90° off-axis rf magnetron sputtering, respectively. See Goncharova et al., J. Appl. Phys., 100, 014912 (2006); Eom et al., Science, 258, 1766 (1992); and Eom et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 63, 2570 (1993). The fabrication process of epitaxial (001) BiFeO3 membranes is described with schematic diagrams in
Strain and crystal structure of the epitaxial (001) BiFeO3 as-grown films and released membranes. The epitaxial arrangement and crystalline quality of BiFeO3 thin films and strain-free membranes were studied by high resolution four-circle x-ray diffraction HRXRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
HRXRD reciprocal space maps (RSMs) of the BiFeO3 films were made before and after lift-off to determine the crystal symmetry and 3-dimensional strain state. The RSMs of the as-grown 400-nm-thick BiFeO3 film around the 113p reflection showed two peaks due to the existence of two domains. The RSMs for the BiFeO3 membrane also showed peak splitting into two domains, supporting the idea that the overall domain structure was maintained after the lift-off process. The diagonal peak shape observed for the membrane indicated that the strain relief led to an increase of the mosaic spread of the film along the (101)p domain walls. Analysis of the RSMs of the as-grown film revealed that there was no change in the peak splitting along the [00L]p direction following an azimuthal rotation by 180°, whereas the membrane showed two different peak splitting with such an azimuthal rotation. In RSM, peak splitting along the [00L]p direction means that there are planes with different d-spacings. See Li et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 5261 (2004). Thus, the as-grown film was found to possess two different d-spacings for the 113p reflection, but the membrane contains three different d-spacings. Taking this into consideration, the HRXRD RSM results confirmed that the crystal structure of the BiFeO3 membrane was rhombohedral, while that of the as-grown film was monoclinic.
The unit cell dimensions of the 400-nm and 600-nm-thick as-grown BiFeO3 films on (001) Si were determined to be: a=3.965 Å, b=3.990 Å, c=3.946 Å, β=89.52° and a=3.967, b=3.996, c=3.943, and β=89.51°, respectively. In contrast, the 400-nm and 600-nm-thick BiFeO3 membranes were found to both have a rhombohedral unit cell with a=b=c=3.960 Å and α=89.4°, which is the same as that of bulk BiFeO3 single crystals. All of the lattice parameters of the BiFeO3 films on SrTiO3 and Si substrates, and the BiFeO3 membranes are summarized in Table 1.
Ferroelectric properties of the epitaxial (001) BiFeO3 as-grown films and released membranes. The ferroelectric properties were characterized by polarization-electric field (P-E) hysteresis loop measurements.
Fatigue of (001) BiFeO3 and (111) BiFeO3 as-grown films. Fatigue is one of the most important factors in determining the reliability of ferroelectric and magnetoelectric devices. Fatigue tests were carried out on as-grown (001) and (111) BiFeO3 films by applying 5 μs wide pulses with a repetition frequency of 100 Hz to the top Pt and bottom SrRuO3 electrodes, as shown in
Fatigue of (001) BiFeO3 as-grown films and released membranes. Also conducted were fatigue tests on the (001) BiFeO3 as-grown films and membranes at a switching field of ±160 kV/cm.
Leakage current in (001) BiFeO3 as-grown films and released membranes. It is widely accepted that oxygen vacancies formed during growth cause a portion of the Fe3+ ions to become Fe2+, which is responsible for the high leakage current in BiFeO3. See Qi et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 86, 062903 (2005); and Pabst et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 90, 072902 (2007). While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is hypothesized that the breakdown during the fatigue test could be due to the formation of conducting filaments as they gather mobile defects such as oxygen vacancies. After breakdown, observation under an optical microscope revealed a small dark spot on the Pt top electrode, supporting the formation of conducting filaments.
As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and all purposes, particularly in terms of providing a written description, all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein can be readily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upper third, etc. As will also be understood by one skilled in the art all language such as “up to,” “at least,” “greater than,” “less than,” and the like include the number recited and refer to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges as discussed above.
All publications, patent applications, issued patents, and other documents referred to in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication, patent application, issued patent, or other document were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety. Definitions that are contained in text incorporated by reference are excluded to the extent that they contradict definitions in this disclosure.
For the purposes of this disclosure and unless otherwise specified, “a” or “an” means “one or more.”
This invention was made with United States government support awarded by the following agencies: NAVY/ONR N00014-07-1-0215 and NSF 0210449. The United States government has certain rights in this invention.
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