Patent Grant
9012852
The invention includes novel apparatus and methods for detecting of threats (explosives, contraband, car bombs, mines, etc). The invention is useful in transportation, in the military, in protecting property, and generally protecting the public from accidents and intentional acts, such as terrorist acts.
Neutron irradiation of specific targets and simultaneous identification of prompt secondary radiation from those targets have long been used for identification of specific elements and ratios of different elements present in the target (industrial elemental analysis, defects detection, mines and explosives detection, etc). Prompt secondary radiation from neutron irradiation can have several different forms: elastic or inelastic scattered neutrons; γ-rays from the inelastic scattering event; and γ-rays from energy state relaxation as the result of a neutron capture event. The ability to detect specific elements, and ratios of elements, provide a positive means to detect nuclear, chemical, biological and explosive material within the target of interest (e.g. suitcases, luggage, cargo, mines, unexploded ordinance (UXO), and vehicles). However, the main disadvantage of the existing technologies, based on the registration of prompt secondary radiation, is low a ratio of signal to background.
The low signal to background ratio is caused by the simultaneous registration of two inputs in the detector reading (i.e. overlapping “background” and “signal”): (1) all types of radiation related to the primary irradiation (background); and (2) all prompt secondary radiation (both background and signal). The presently disclosed technology allows a significant increase in the signal to background ratio, and as a result, provides for significantly enhanced detection characteristics (e.g. increased reliability of detection, decreased false alarms, increased stability to presence of clutters, decreased minimum detectable mass of explosives). This methodology is extremely robust and characteristically has a high level of confidence for detection with simultaneous low probability of false detection.
The practical application of neutron based detection methodologies, as with any other type of detection technology, is highly dependent upon separating the desired signal, “S”, from the background “B”. The background corresponds to detector reading with no measured distortion (mines, contraband, and explosives) present. This background has several different components: direct neutrons and gamma rays (if present) from the source used for irradiation, scattered gamma rays and neutrons (using gamma-detectors are sensitive to the fast and thermal neutrons), and secondary prompt γ-rays from both direct radiation and scattered events. The background can be quite high making it difficult to extract the true signal, i.e. change in detector reading because of threats (contraband) presence during the interrogation event. Optimization of any technology based on statistical measurements must be done by maximization not the ratio signal S to the background B, but by maximization of the ratio ΔS (signal increment) to the standard deviation in the background, D, i.e. ΔS/D. This criterion includes such important parameters of practical realization as source output, detector(s) efficiency and time of measurement.
Several standard methodologies are used currently to decrease the background noise and make it easier to discriminate between signal and noise for the technologies based on the prompt secondary radiation detecting. These include: large amounts of screening material for absorption direct source radiation on the line-of-sight between the detector and possible background sources, beam collimation to focus both source and secondary radiation, pulsed technologies where the source is pulsed at a known frequency and signal detection occurs between pulses, and special detection technologies such as “time-of-flight” and associated particle imaging. These technologies demand more sophisticated and powerful sources (larger, heavier, more complicated, expensive and less reliable); larger sets of special detectors with fine time resolution; large and heavy protection; high speed electronics; large distance for the time-of flight technology; special approaches and programs for processing the data. Therefore, they are not easily portable and usually require significant maintenance and upkeep are more complicated and not mechanically and electronically reliable.
A broad embodiment of the apparatus for detecting a material in an object includes a neutron source for irradiating the object; a detector for measuring induced γ-rays emitted by the irradiated object from energy state relaxation as a result of neutron capture; and a controller for controlling the neutron source and detector with a timer for controlling a measurement event in the detector. The apparatus typically has a display for indicating to a user the absence or presence of a material in the object.
An additional broad embodiment of the invention provides for apparatus for detecting a material in an object including a neutron source for irradiating the object; a detector for measuring induced γ-rays emitted by the irradiated object from energy state relaxation as a result of neutron capture; a conveyor for moving the object from an irradiation site to a detection site; and a controller for controlling the neutron source and detector with a timer for controlling a measurement event in the detector. The apparatus typically has from one to a plurality of neutron sources and from one to a plurality of detectors.
A further broad embodiment of the invention provides for a method for detecting contraband including the steps of irradiating an object with neutrons; measuring induced γ-rays emitted by the irradiated object from energy state relaxation as a result of neutron capture after a time delay when the object has been irradiated; and determining if the measured γ-rays emitted by the irradiated object are indicative of contraband. Typically an operator is alerted by the apparatus of the presence or absence of an item of interest such as contraband or an explosive. The irradiated object is typically moved to a detection area prior to measuring the induced γ-rays emitted by the irradiated object and more than one irradiated object may be in a detection area at the same time for measurement of induced γ-rays.
Broadly, fast neutron induced spectrometry is designed to maintain fast throughput, high probability of detection and low probability of false detection. A fast neutron source is used to irradiate the object being tested for threat, this is the irradiation block. Irradiation of the test object is then stopped and the object is shunted to a detection block. Separation in space and time of irradiation and detection significantly reduces the background count thereby increasing the signal to noise ratio, i.e. increasing reliability of detection and decreasing false alarm rate. Additional advantage of the technology is decreasing of clutter influence on treat detection. The clutter (any item that can cause false alarm or mask the desired element signal by an overlapping signal) can be removed by utilizing the different decay rates of the irradiated elements. For example, it is possible that iron and copper could screen or clutter a signal from nitrogen, which is present in all explosives. However, the decay rate for copper and nitrogen are different, and by selecting an appropriate time of irradiation and waiting an appropriate time period before beginning detection and choosing an appropriate length of time for signal detection, the nitrogen signal can emerge from the copper clutter.
The normalized iron signal is relatively weaker than the desired nitrogen signal. In spite of this, with previous methods large amounts of iron could screen a possible nitrogen signal. Again, the decay constant for the appropriate materials and the ratios of the different signal strengths for iron can be used to unmask the nitrogen signal, effectively increasing the signal to noise ratio of the system. Other advantages of fast neutron induced spectrometry are typically obtained by using simple, reliable sources and detectors.
Fast Neutron Induced Spectrometry for non-intrusive/non-destructive detection of threats is robust, simple, reliable and highly accurate. The key technical aspect is that the irradiation process and the detection process are separate in time, that is they are performed at different times. This makes it possible to essentially totally remove the main part of background noise from the detection scenario. Additional key aspects are the unique elemental dependence of the decay constant, i.e. different decay constants for nitrogen as compared to other elements (iron, copper, etc), and the use of simple sources and detectors for irradiation and detection.
Fast neutrons are used to irradiate the object being tested. The fast neutrons from most accelerating sources have energies that exceed the element activation energy for the desired element, e.g. 14 MeV for N14 found in explosives (N14 has an activation energy of 10.553 MeV). The activity at time t, A(t), for any element can be written as
A(f)=fσN(0)[1−e−Δt)]
where σ is the activation cross-section, f is the neutron flux at the element location, N(0) is the amount of the element present at time t=0, and λ is the radioactive decay constant,
λ=0.6937/T1/2
where T1/2 is the radioactive half-life of the element. Half-lives for several elements of interest are shown (along with energy of the induced secondary γ-rays and the relative signal strength for 3T1/2 activation time) in Table 1.
Once irradiation has ceased, secondary induced γ-rays are emitted from the excited nucleus. The activity of the secondary γ-rays is given by
A(t)=λN(teff)e−λt
where N(toff) is the amount of excited (irradiated) element present when the neutron flux is terminated. The density of the induced secondary γ-rays, at a distance “r” measured from the threat to the detector is
D=A(t)/4πr2
Nitrogen is the common element of all explosives that can be excited in this manner. It is noted from Table 1 that the energy of the induced secondary γ-rays for nitrogen have energy of 0.511 MeV. However, several elements (copper iron) also have induced secondary γ-rays with the same energy, which can mask the detection of nitrogen.
The difference between the decay constants for copper and nitrogen are significantly different and therefore, despite the relative high intensity of the copper line at 0.511 MeV, the saturation time is so long that using the present invention of only registering secondary γ-rays after terminating the neutron flux means that the copper signal will not mask the nitrogen signal, if nitrogen is present.
The decay constant of iron and nitrogen, while different are much closer than that of copper and nitrogen. However, the present invention provides a third method for discriminating clutter: using the existing (for any element) additional energy range's for clutter's secondary radiation and their unique decay constant. For example, referring again to
Referring now to
Typical irradiation times for this system are on the order of a few seconds to a few minutes (for different explosive mass, depth of location, type of checked object, etc.). This waiting time can significantly impact the throughput of this system. However, because only very simple detectors are required for this system, several detection blocks can be linked to one irradiation block, see
Referring now to
For the existing technologies detection of secondary radiation is performed during the time of irradiation. This significantly decreases or defeats the ratio of signal to background.
The present invention allows the separation of irradiation and detection not only in time but also in space (thanks to time between irradiating and detecting). Time separation is indicated in
Referring now to
It is important to note that each natural or artificial radioactive element is characterized by unique half-life T1/2. Therefore, such variables as T1, T2, T3, (T0-T1), (T1-T2), (T2-T3), also uniquely depend on the sort of element. Manipulating with time intervals such as (T0-T1), (T1-T2), (T2-T3) permits optimization of detection and identification of different elements
Referring again to
Referring to
The specific characteristics of this detection system are:
1. Better detection characteristics than currently developed neutron detection systems. These improvements are reached because of significantly higher signal to noise ratios by eliminating or decreasing components of the background to practically zero.
a. Device background. The main source of the background in all currently used devices (based both on fast and thermal neutrons technologies with the registration of the prompt secondary radiation) is “own devices background,” It consists of all types of radiation initiated and triggered by the source (existing and used gamma detectors are sensitive both to the fast and thermal neutrons): direct neutron/gamma flux from source; scattered neutron flux from source; secondary prompt radiation caused by different types of neutron interaction with device parts, surroundings, etc. In many neutron devices such type of background creates more than 50-70% of the total detected background. In the herein disclosed fast neutron induced spectrometry technology such part of the background does not exist in principle because registration of the Secondary Delayed Induced Radiation (SDIR) is performed after the neutron source is turned off.
b. Content/surroundings background. The second part of the detector background in the existing technologies is caused by spectrum “cluttering” from the secondary prompt radiation from object content and is surroundings because of different reaction under neutron irradiation. There is no such background component in the presently disclosed fast neutron induced spectrometry technology. There is no input from the main content and surrounding elements in the energy interval that is used for explosives detection (for instance, for N of explosives 0.511 MeV) —Table 1,
c. Energy overlapping component. Such component is significant for the most of the current systems. These other systems experience a large amount of both primary radiation and prompt secondary radiation because of many types of prompt neutron reaction and small differences in energy between different energy fines do not permit separating them even with high resolution detectors and very often demand special approaches (for instance, “time-of-flight”, associated particle imaging) and decreasing the neutron output. There is no such problem for fast neutron induced spectrometry. Energy resolution even for the simplest gamma-rays spectrometers is about 5-6% for the energy 0.511 MeV. It corresponds to 0.03 MeV in the energy scale. There is not any element that has energy of induced radiation 0.511+0.06 MeV, so there is no overlapping of detector pulses that can cause incorrect detecting of background in the registered energy interval. See
d. Time overlapping component. Such overlapping is critical for all pulse neutron technologies. Currently used pulse fast neutron technologies use generators with output from 108 to 1011 neutron per sec. Time of pulse is in the range 10 μses (excluding special approaches with nanosecond pulses) and frequency in the range of 10000 pulses per sec. For the existing detectors (taking into account size, efficiency of registration, and time resolution) it means that they can register (i.e. resolve energy separation) only approximately 1 γ-pulse for 1 neutron pulse of the neutron generator. This means that there is strong limitation in possible time of detection because increasing the neutron source output (neutron density in each pulse) can not decrease time of detection, and even worse, can worsen detection characteristics. Fast neutron induced spectrometry is substantially free from is these drawbacks because induced radioactivity is “post irradiation, delayed radioactivity” that depends only on integral neutron irradiating flux. So, it does not depend on the mode of the neutron generator, and even the simplest and cheapest continuous mode generators can be used without any limitation in output, i.e. time of detection can be decreased by increasing neutron source output without limitation of the generator output.
2. Better technical characteristics than currently developed systems. Better technical characteristics are ensured because of:
a. Requires only the simplest neutron sources. Induced activity depends only on integral neutron flux during irradiation process. The simplest neutron sources can be used because there are no additional requirements to the neutron source (pulses frequency, pulses duration, short-time and long time stability, etc.), that exist for other pulsed technologies, time-of-flight technologies, associated particle images technology, spectroscopy technology. And finally, there is no limitation on neutron output of a generator that exists for all mentioned above technologies. This means that one can always decrease time of checking an object, or enhance probability characteristics of detection by using neutron generators with higher output.
b. Requires only the simplest γ-rays spectrometers. There are no specific or strong requirements to γ-rays detectors. Because of wide intervals between energy of delayed induced radiation for all elements, there are no requirements for high energy and time resolution. Finally, it permits to use the cheapest detectors with large size that in it turn, increase efficiency of registration.
c. Utilizes the simplest detection technique and processing information. There are no stringent requirements to the geometry of the source and detectors as with the “time-of-flight” methodology or resonant angle methodologies. Both source/s and detector/s can be located close to the object, which in it turn, significantly increases the efficiency of using them because of decreased geometric attenuation. For example, there is geometric attenuation from both the distance associated with the source and the detector. Changes in distance due to the source cause variations in detection efficiency by 1/R2, and changes in distance due to the detector cause variations in detection efficiency by 1/r2. When r=R the efficiency attenuation varies by 1/R4. Thus the ability to locate the source and detector closer to the target object greatly increases detection characteristics or decreases detection time. For selected objects, conditions, and requirements a “4π” geometry can be configured, This means surrounding the object to be tested with detectors, i.e. maximizing the efficiency of detection of secondary radiation that is not possible with other methods.
d. There are no strong requirements for detectors time resolution capability as for all other technologies, particularly associated particle imaging (API) technology, “time-of-flight” technology, pulsed fast neutron analysis (PFNA) technology (PELAN—name of a device that uses pulsed elemental analysis with neutrons), fast neutron spectroscopy technology. By using continuous mode of neutron generator (for instance, density of neutrons in one pulse for integral output 108 corresponds to 103 neutrons per nsec, or 1012 neutrons per second (for frequency 104 pulses per second (standard frequency for the most of generators. Spectrum of the prompt secondary radiation for such pulse neutrons density and separating signal from background can not be measured correctly by any of the existing detectors. Such limitation does not apply to the presently disclosed technology because the continuous mode neutron density for the generator with the same output will be only 108 neutrons per sec, i.e. in 10,000 times less.
3. The technology can be employed as different types of devices with different detecting scenarios. It depends on the current application, tested object, and technical requirements. For instance:
a. For detecting explosives in suitcases, luggage, and break bulk and containerized cargo the best realization can consist of a conveyer technology with transporting the tested object from irradiating block (IB) to the detection block/s (DB) and irradiating the next object during measurement the first one. Such an approach decreases time of testing at least at two times.
b. For detecting/identification explosives in buried antitank mines it permits fast irradiating of suspicious regions/places by IB (neutron source) and then detecting irradiated locations by one or several DB (that can be even made as a small hand held devices)
c. For detecting explosives in UXO the same two-step technology (irradiating and then detecting) permits not only significantly increased throughput but also decreased size and mass of each block that is particularly important for urban conditions
d. For detecting explosives in vehicles the technology can be realized as a small remote controlled robotic with IB and DB, or only with RB with several hand held DB
The combination of the mentioned above device's features and characteristics can be summarized as the main device advantages:
1. Better detection characteristics than larger and more complex systems.
2. Better technical characteristics with simpler, easier maintenance, better mechanical and electrical reliability.
3. Smaller devices with less mass implying more portability than larger systems.
4. More flexibility in detection scenarios.
5. Significantly less price for manufacturing and services.
6. Flexibility and ways for enhancing parameters of detection for different applications. For instance, for detection explosives in stationary conditions (carry on, check in, break bulk and containerized cargo) it is possible to use device with one irradiation block and several registration blocks. Depending on requirements and actual number of tested objects, it permits at least two time increase throughput, or increasing reliability of detection/decreasing false alarms for the same throughput.
In another embodiment, depending on conditions and requirements, IB and DB could be combined as one device.
1. Detection of explosives is provided by registration of secondary delayed radiation induced in the nitrogen N14 of explosives under irradiation by the fast neutron flux from compact neutron generator (CNG). For the first estimation the simplest and cheap compact neutron generator with output 109 n/sec is used.
2. Registration of induced gamma-radiation from N13 with energy 0.511 MeV follows β+ decay caused by irradiation of N14 by fast neutrons with energy 14 MeV,
Conditions:
1. Detection of explosives in suitcases, boxes, and break bulk cargo (40×60×100 cm). Content: clothes, shoes, personal and household items, different supplies, CDs, DVDs, and VHS tapes, etc. Attenuation of the primary neutron flux does not exceed 1.5 (for such average content density ˜1 g/cm3, neutron macroscopic removal cross-section ˜0.08-0.09 cm−1). Attenuation of the secondary induced gamma-rays does not exceed 1.5 (linear macroscopic coefficient of attenuation of about 0.09 cm−1).
2. Explosives: standard military explosives—hexogen, mass—1 kg.
3. Detectors: standard γ-ray spectrometric detector/s. Set (10) of the simplest and cheapest Na—I detectors with diameter 70 mm and height 70 mm; this corresponds to efficiency of registration ε=0.5.
4. Explosive is located in the middle of the object (the worst case). So, distance from source to the explosives is 50 cm (irradiation from the opposite side. In principle, the technology permits the use of irradiation from the same side. It means that the distance could be significantly less −20 cm, i.e. primary neutron flux will be significantly higher, four times for the present case) and distance to detectors from explosives is 20 cm.
5. Time of irradiation 20 sec.
Is 6. Time of detection 20 sec.
Results:
Using (1), (2), (3) and (4) and the above described detection conditions, increment of detector reading is calculated because of the presence of explosives and the maximum of possible background is estimated that permits reception of reliable explosives detection with small rate of false alarms.
Calculating the increasing of the detector reading ΔS because of 1 kg explosives presence in the middle of the box (the worst detection conditions) with size 40×60×100 cm filled with miscellaneous and durable goods (the worst detection conditions), neutron source 109 n/sec.; set of the 10 Na—I detectors with diameter 70 mm and height 70 mm; time of irradiation 20 sec and time of registration 20 sec gives the next value of increment of the signal (formulas (1) and (2)):
ΔS≈120.
Reliability of Detection.
Reliability of detection 0.97 with false alarm 0.05 corresponds to the threshold of making decision for
ΔS≧5D,
where D is background standard deviation. For the above ΔS, D=24, i.e. detector reading with absence of explosives (background B) could be up to 576 pulses. Because for the presently disclosed fast neutron induced spectrometry technology background B can not be so significant, any of the dependent detection conditions have to be decreased up to 10 times: output of the neutron source; time of irradiation, time of registration (or each of the last two in ˜3 times), for the same reliability 0.97 and false alarms 0.05.
Even better results can be achieved by using the technology when physical parameters of the tested object content are known, predictable or limited, for instance explosives in UXO and buried antitank mines.
For instance:
1. Detecting explosives in UXO. The presence of only a metallic shell permits prediction of the energy distribution of the background radiation (Table 1, Iron and or Copper) and significantly increase ratio of signal to background by choosing substantially exact irradiating and detecting time and substantially exact energy diapason's for detecting signal (explosives element's) and background (shell elements).
Detecting of induced N and Fe, and discriminating Fe by simultaneous detection of other energy of induced Fe (0.117, 0.134) MeV and/or 0.845 MeV. There must be strong correlation between Fe secondary in the “signal” range and Fe secondary in the other range. The same situation with discriminating influence of Cu by simultaneous detecting of 1.17 MeV.
Applying the above calculation to UXO detection, it is determined that UXOs with calibers more than 90 mm can be tested for the presence of explosives in 30-60 sec.
Detecting explosives in buried mines. Chemical composition and physical parameters of soil and ground are known and they do not fluctuate significantly (Si, O, H, small concentration of C and N). It permits.
Applying the above calculation to buried mines detection, it is determined that all types of mines with metallic and nonmetallic shells and with explosives mass more than 1 Kg can be identified in 30-60 sec at a depth up to about 15 cm.
Note that the best practical solution consists in irradiating suspicious places/areas by the NG mounted on a small remote controlled robotic, and then detecting delayed secondary radiation from these places/areas by one or many hand-held detectors.
2. For stand alone objects or several types of improvised explosive devices (IEDs), results could be significantly better.
It is noted that the object to be tested may contain between about zero to about 100% of the material of interest in the detection process.
It is important to note that the technology can be extended for detecting/identification of chemical warfare agents, toxic chemicals (for example in foodstuff), or drugs. For example the same approach can be applied to detecting chemical warfare agents by registering delayed induced radiation with the unique half-period for each element from the main elements in the warfare agent such as: F, Cl, P, S, As.
While the forms of the invention herein disclosed constitute presently preferred embodiments, many others are possible. It is not intended herein to mention all of the possible equivalent forms or ramifications of the invention. It is to be understood that the terms used herein are merely descriptive, rather than limiting, and that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit of the scope of the invention.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/809,498, Explosives Detector, filed May 31, 2006.
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| PCT/US2007/012705 | 5/30/2007 | WO | 00 | 11/26/2008 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
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| WO2008/105784 | 9/4/2008 | WO | A |
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