Patent Application
20100121457
The present invention is directed towards systems and methods for treating tissue of a body and more particularly, towards approaches designed to reduce mechanical energy transferred between members forming a natural joint.
Both humans and other mammals belong to the subphylum known as vertebrata. The defining characteristic of a vertebrate is considered the backbone or spinal cord, a brain case, and an internal skeleton. In biology, the skeleton or skeletal system is the biological system providing physical support in living organisms. Skeletal systems are commonly divided into three types—external (an exoskeleton), internal (an endoskeleton), and fluid based (a hydrostatic skeleton).
An internal skeletal system consists of rigid (or semi-rigid) structures, within the body, moved by the muscular system. If the structures are mineralized or ossified, as they are in humans and other mammals, they are referred to as bones. Cartilage is another common component of skeletal systems, supporting and supplementing the skeleton. The human ear and nose are shaped by cartilage. Some organisms have a skeleton consisting entirely of cartilage and without any calcified bones at all, for example sharks. The bones or other rigid structures are connected by ligaments and connected to the muscular system via tendons.
A joint is the location at which two or more bones make contact. They are constructed to allow movement and provide mechanical support, and are classified structurally and functionally. Structural classification is determined by how the bones connected to each other, while functional classification is determined by the degree of movement between the articulating bones. In practice, there is significant overlap between the two types of classifications.
There are three structural classifications of joints, namely fibrous or immovable joints, cartilaginous joints and synovial joints. Fibrous/Immovable bones are connected by dense connective tissue, consisting mainly of collagen. The fibrous joints are further divided into three types:
Cartilaginous bones are connected entirely by cartilage (also known as “synchondroses”). Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint. Synovial joints have a space between the articulating bones for synovial fluid. This classification contains joints that are the most mobile of the three, and includes the knee and shoulder. These are further classified into ball and socket joints, condyloid joints, saddle joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, and gliding joints.
Joints can also be classified functionally, by the degree of mobility they allow. Synarthrosis joints permit little or no mobility. They can be categorized by how the two bones are joined together. That is, synchrondoses are joints where the two bones are connected by a piece of cartilage. Synostoses are where two bones that are initially separated eventually fuse together as a child approaches adulthood. By contrast, amphiarthrosis joints permit slight mobility. The two bone surfaces at the joint are both covered in hyaline cartilage and joined by strands of fibrocartilage. Most amphiarthrosis joints are cartilaginous.
Finally, diarthrosis joints permit a variety of movements (e.g. flexion, adduction, pronation). Only synovial joints are diarthrodial and they can be divided into six classes: 1. ball and socket—such as the shoulder or the hip and femur; 2. hinge—such as the elbow; 3. pivot—such as the radius and ulna; 4. condyloidal (or ellipsoidal)—such as the wrist between radius and carps, or knee; 5. saddle—such as the joint between carpal thumbs and metacarpals; and 6. gliding—such as between the carpals.
Synovial joints (or diarthroses, or diarthroidal joints) are the most common and most moveable type of joints in the body. As with all other joints in the body, synovial joints achieve movement at the point of contact of the articulating bones. Structural and functional differences distinguish the synovial joints from the two other types of joints in the body, with the main structural difference being the existence of a cavity between the articulating bones and the occupation of a fluid in that cavity which aids movement. The whole of a diarthrosis is contained by a ligamentous sac, the joint capsule or articular capsule. The surfaces of the two bones at the joint are covered in cartilage. The thickness of the cartilage varies with each joint, and sometimes may be of uneven thickness. Articular cartilage is multi-layered. A thin superficial layer provides a smooth surface for the two bones to slide against each other. Of all the layers, it has the highest concentration of collagen and the lowest concentration of proteoglycans, making it very resistant to shear stresses. Deeper than that is an intermediate layer, which is mechanically designed to absorb shocks and distribute the load efficiently. The deepest layer is highly calcified, and anchors the articular cartilage to the bone. In joints where the two surfaces do not fit snugly together, a meniscus or multiple folds of fibro-cartilage within the joint correct the fit, ensuring stability and the optimal distribution of load forces. The synovium is a membrane that covers all the non-cartilaginous surfaces within the joint capsule. It secretes synovial fluid into the joint, which nourishes and lubricates the articular cartilage. The synovium is separated from the capsule by a layer of cellular tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves.
Cartilage is a type of dense connective tissue and as shown above, it forms a critical part of the functionality of a body joint. It is composed of collagenous fibers and/or elastin fibers, and cells called chondrocytes, all of which are embedded in a firm gel-like ground substance called the matrix. Articular cartilage is avascular (contains no blood vessels) and nutrients are diffused through the matrix. Cartilage serves several functions, including providing a framework upon which bone deposition can begin and supplying smooth surfaces for the movement of articulating bones. Cartilage is found in many places in the body including the joints, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes and between intervertebral discs. There are three main types of cartilage: hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage.
Chondrocytes are the only cells found in cartilage. They produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix. Experimental evidence indicates that cells are sensitive to their mechanical (stress-strain) state, and react directly to mechanical stimuli. The biosynthetic response of chondrocytes was found to be sensitive to the frequency and amplitude of loading (Wong et al., 1999 and Kurz et al., 2001). Recent experimental studies further indicate that excessive, repetitive loading may induce cell death, and cause morphological and cellular damage, as seen in degenerative joint disease (Lucchinetti et al., 2002 and Sauerland et al., 2003). Islam et al. (2002) found that continuous cyclic hydrostatic pressure (5 MPa, 1 Hz for 4 hours) induced apoptosis in human chondrocytes derived from osteoarthritic cartilage in vitro. In contrast, cyclic, physiological-like loading was found to trigger a partial recovery of morphological and ultra-structural aspects in osteoarthritic human articular chondrocytes (Nerucci et al., 1999).
Cancellous bone (also known as trabecular, or spongy) is a type of osseous tissue which also forms an important aspect of a body joint. Cancellous bone has a low density and strength but very high surface area, that fills the inner cavity of long bones. The external layer of cancellous bone contains red bone marrow where the production of blood cellular components (known as hematopoiesis) takes place. Cancellous bone is also where most of the arteries and veins of bone organs are found. The second type of osseous tissue is known as cortical bone, forming the hard outer layer of bone organs.
Various maladies can affect the joints, one of which is arthritis. Arthritis is a group of conditions where there is damage caused to the joints of the body. Arthritis is the leading cause of disability in people over the age of 65.
There are many forms of arthritis, each of which has a different cause. Rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis are autoimmune diseases in which the body is attacking itself. Septic arthritis is caused by joint infection. Gouty arthritis is caused by deposition of uric acid crystals in the joint that results in subsequent inflammation. The most common form of arthritis, osteoarthritis is also known as degenerative joint disease and occurs following trauma to the joint, following an infection of the joint or simply as a result of aging.
Unfortunately, all arthritides feature pain. Patterns of pain differ among the arthritides and the location. Rheumatoid arthritis is generally worse in the morning; in the early stages, patients often do not have symptoms following their morning shower.
Osteoarthritis (OA, also known as degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease, and sometimes referred to as “arthrosis” or “osteoarthrosis” or in more colloquial terms “wear and tear”), is a condition in which low-grade inflammation results in pain in the joints, caused by wearing of the cartilage that covers and acts as a cushion inside joints. As the bone surfaces become less well protected by cartilage, the patient experiences pain upon weight bearing, including walking and standing. Due to decreased movement because of the pain, regional muscles may atrophy, and ligaments may become more lax. OA is the most common form of arthritis.
The main symptoms of osteoarthritis is chronic pain, causing loss of mobility and often stiffness. “Pain” is generally described as a sharp ache, or a burning sensation in the associated muscles and tendons. OA can cause a crackling noise (called “crepitus”) when the affected joint is moved or touched, and patients may experience muscle spasm and contractions in the tendons. Occasionally, the joints may also be filled with fluid. Humid weather increases the pain in many patients.
OA commonly affects the hand, feet, spine, and the large weight-bearing joints, such as the hips and knees, although in theory, any joint in the body can be affected. As OA progresses, the affected joints appear larger, are stiff and painful, and usually feel worse, the more they are used and loaded throughout the day, thus distinguishing it from rheumatoid arthritis. With progression in OA, cartilage looses its viscoelastic properties and it's ability to absorb load.
Generally speaking, the process of clinical detectable osteoarthritis is irreversible, and typical treatment consists of medication or other interventions that can reduce the pain of OA and thereby improve the function of the joint. According to an article entitled Surgical approaches for osteoarthritis by Klaus-Peter Günther, MD, over recent decades, a variety of surgical procedures have been developed with the aim of decreasing or eliminating pain and improving function in patients with advanced osteoarthritis (OA). The different approaches include preservation or restoration of articular surfaces, total joint replacement with artificial implants, and arthrodeses.
Arthrodeses are described as being reasonable alternatives for treating OA of small hand and foot joints as well as degenerative disorders of the spine, but were deemed to be rarely indicated in large weight-bearing joints such as the knee due to functional impairment of gait, cosmetic problems and further side-effects. Total joint replacement was characterized as an extremely effective treatment for severe joint disease. Moreover, recently developed joint-preserving treatment modalities were identified as having a potential to stimulate the formation of a new articular surface in the future. However, it was concluded that such techniques do not presently predictably restore a durable articular surface to an osteoarthritic joint. Thus, the correction of mechanical abnormalities by osteotomy and joint debridement are still considered as treatment options in many patients. Moreover, patients with limb malalignment, instability and intra-articular causes of mechanical dysfunction can benefit from an osteotomy to provide pain relief. The goal being the transfer of weight-bearing forces from arthritic portions to healthier locations of a joint.
Joint replacement is one of the most common and successful operations in modern orthopaedic surgery. It consists of replacing painful, arthritic, worn or diseased parts of the joint with artificial surfaces shaped in such a way as to allow joint movement. Such procedures are a last resort treatment as they are highly invasive and require substantial periods of recovery. Joint replacement sometimes called total joint replacement indicating that all joint surfaces are replaced. This contrasts with hemiarthroplasty (half arthroplasty) in which only one bone's joint surface is replaced and unincompartmental arthroplasty in which both surfaces of the knee, for example, are replaced but only on the inner or outer sides, not both. Thus, arthroplasty as a general term, is an operative procedure of orthopaedic surgery performed, in which the arthritic or dysfunctional joint surface is replaced with something better or by remodeling or realigning the joint by osteotomy or some other procedure. These procedures are also characterized by relatively long recovery times and their highly invasive procedures. The currently available therapies are not condro-protective. Previously, a popular form of arthroplasty was interpositional arthroplasty with interposition of some other tissue like skin, muscle or tendon to keep inflammatory surfaces apart or excisional arthroplasty in which the joint surface and bone was removed leaving scar tissue to fill in the gap. Other forms of arthroplasty include resection(al) arthroplasty, resurfacing arthroplasty, mold arthroplasty, cup arthroplasty, silicone replacement arthroplasty, etc. Osteotomy to restore or modify joint congruity is also an arthroplasty.
Osteotomy is a related surgical procedure involving cutting of bone to improve alignment. The goal of osteotomy is to relieve pain by equalizing forces across the joint as well as increase the lifespan of the joint. This procedure is often used in younger, more active or heavier patients. High tibial osteotomy (HTO) is associated with a decrease in pain and improved function. However, HTO does not address ligamentous instability—only mechanical alignment. HTO is associated with good early results, but results deteriorate over time.
Other approaches to treating osteoarthritis involve an analysis of loads which exist at a joint. Both cartilage and bone are living tissues that respond and adapt to the loads they experience. If a joint surface remains unloaded for appreciable periods of time the cartilage tends to soften and weaken. Further, as with most materials that experience structural loads, particularly cyclic structural loads, both bone and cartilage begin to show signs of failure at loads that are below their ultimate strength. However, cartilage and bone have some ability to repair themselves. There is also a level of load at which the skeleton will fail catastrophically. Accordingly, it has been concluded that the treatment of osteoarthritis and other conditions is severely hampered when a surgeon is not able to precisely control and prescribe the levels of joint load. Furthermore, bone healing research has shown that some mechanical stimulation can enhance the healing response and it is likely that the optimum regime for a cartilage/bone graft or construct will involve different levels of load over time, e.g. during a particular treatment schedule. Thus, there has been identified a need for devices which facilitate the control of load on a joint undergoing treatment or therapy, to thereby enable use of the joint within a healthy loading zone.
Certain other approaches to treating osteoarthritis contemplate external devices such as braces or fixators which control the motion of the bones at a joint or apply cross-loads at a joint to shift load from one side of the joint to the other. Various of these approaches have had some success in alleviating pain but suffer from patient compliance or lack an ability to facilitate and support the natural motion and function of the diseased joint. Notably, the motion of bones forming a joint can be as distinctive as a finger print, and thus, each individual has his or her own unique set of problems to address. Therefore, mechanical approaches to treating osteoarthritis have had limited applications.
Prior approaches to treating osteoarthritis have also been remiss in acknowledging all of the basic functions of the various structures of a joint in combination with its unique movement. That is, in addition to addressing loads at a joint and joint movement, there has not been an approach which also acknowledges the dampening and energy absorption functions of the anatomy, and taking a minimally invasive approach in implementing solutions. Prior devices designed to reduce the load transferred by the natural joint typically describe rigid body systems that are incompressible. Mechanical energy is the product of force (F) and displacement distance (s) of a given mass (i.e., E=F×s, for a given mass M). These systems have zero displacement within their working body (s=0). Since there is no displacement within the device it is reasonable to say that there is no energy storage or absorption in the device. Such devices act to transfer and not absorb energy from the joint. By contrast the natural joint is not a rigid body but is comprised of elements of different compliance characteristics such as bone, cartilage, synovial fluid, muscles, tendons, ligaments, etc. as described above. These dynamic elements act to both transfer and absorb energy about the joint. For example cartilage compresses under applied force and therefore the resultant force displacement product represents the energy absorbed by cartilage. In addition cartilage has a non linear force displacement behavior and is considered viscoelastic. Such systems not only absorb and store, but additionally act to dissipate energy.
Therefore, what is needed and heretofore lacking in prior attempts to treat joint pain is an implantation method and implant device which addresses both joint movement and varying loads as well as dampening forces and energy absorption provided by an articulate joint.
The present invention satisfies these and other needs.
Briefly and in general terms, the present invention is directed towards treating diseased or mal-aligned body components. In one aspect, the present invention is embodied in methods and devices for treating and preserving body joints.
In one approach to a method of device implantation, a pre-operative session is performed to assess the need at a joint and to map the articulation of the members forming the joint. Attachment sites are also assessed pre-operatively. During surgical intervention, a first rotation point location is identified along a first member of a joint. Next, access is gained to an area proximate the first pivot link location and a first base component is fixed upon the first member in a manner maintaining use of the first rotation point location. A second rotation point location is then identified along a second member of a joint and surgical access is obtained proximate the second rotation point location. Subsequently, a second base component is fixed along the second member while maintaining use of the second rotation point location. A subcutaneous channel is provided between the first and second rotation point locations and an energy manipulator is inserted within the channel. The energy manipulator is thereafter mounted to the bases. A tissue barrier is placed about the energy manipulator to protect joint anatomy.
In a contemplated method, the energy manipulation assembly of the present invention can be initially configured to off-load or manipulate loads to a desired degree, and to be later altered as patient needs are better determined or change. Accordingly, post-operative alterations are contemplated. In this regard, it is also contemplated there be no initial off-loading or load manipulation until the interventional site heals and the device is firmly implanted. Moreover, as needs change, the method can involve removal or replacement of one or more components of the energy manipulation assembly. Further, various degrees of non-invasive approaches can be employed as is practical for a given interventional procedure.
In one aspect of treating and preserving body joints, the present invention is embodied in methods and devices implanted under the patient's skin for relieving joint pain that do not require modification of articular cartilage. In a preferred aspect, the device is implanted under the patient's skin but outside of the joint capsule. In a particular aspect, the joint pain is caused by osteoarthritis.
In one embodiment, the present invention addresses the pain associated with joint disease and mal-alignment. In presently contemplated embodiments, a minimally invasive approach is taken to alleviate pain while preserving full motion of the bones forming a joint. The devices of the present invention accomplish one or more of: absorbing energy during normal gait, reducing load on at least a portion of the natural joint, load transferring or bypassing, energy cushioning, and load sharing or redistribution. In addition, both energy dampening and shock absorption are considered in effecting such load manipulations. Further, the particular anatomy of a patient is considered in the contemplated approaches in that loads on desired portions of anatomy are manipulated without overloading healthy surfaces. It is believed that employing the approaches of the present invention can slow the progression of disease affecting the joint and can further improve alignment, stability, or support or enhance medial collateral ligament (MCL) or lateral collateral ligament (LCL) function.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention adds an energy absorber to the joint to reduce energy transferred through the natural joint.
The present invention can be used unilaterally, bilaterally or multi-laterally around a body joint.
The present invention has the capacity to absorb energy in addition to transfer energy from the joint. The simplest embodiment of the present invention incorporates a linear elastic spring. The energy absorption of the spring can be expressed as the product of force and displacement. In addition to a linear spring element, non linear spring members can be employed to alter the energy absorption behavior under the same loading or displacement conditions. Although actual springs are used to show various embodiments of the present invention, these elements could also be substituted with a material or other device with spring-like characteristics (e.g., an elastomeric member). Such elastomers include thermoplastic polyurethanes such as Tecoflex, Tecothane, Tecoplast, Carbothene, Chronthane and ChronoFlex (grades AR, C, AL). Moreover, materials such as Pebax, C-flex, Pellathane and silicone and silicone foam can also be employed.
In other embodiments, spring systems may be coupled with dampening devices such as dash pots. In these embodiments, the spring element is a storage or absorber device while the dashpot acts to dissipate the energy from the spring. Such embodiments alter the velocity of displacement of the spring, thereby altering the energy absorption behavior. Although more traditional dampening devices are used to show various embodiments of the present invention, these elements could also be substituted with a material or other device with dampening characteristics (e.g., a small pore sponge).
The operations of these embodiments and the prior art rigid systems can be described graphically using force versus displacement diagrams (mass is assumed constant). Thus a rigid body system that allows no displacement, no energy absorbed by the device, can be compared with a simple linear spring system of the present invention where energy is absorbed in proportion to a spring constant (i.e., stiffness of the spring) as well to spring and dampener combination systems where the energy absorbed is a function of the spring constant and the dampener.
One particular beneficial aspect of the energy absorption systems of the present invention are that they are capable of absorbing a constant amount of energy from the joint independent of joint kinematics or loading conditions. In contrast, the rigid body systems of the prior art (such as a cam system) are based on the physician separating (i.e., distracting) the natural joint a given distance in the unloaded state and attaching the rigid body system. The rigid body system then maintains this distance/distraction throughout the gait cycle and through bending of the joint. To maintain this distraction, the rigid body must transfer a wide range of forces directly depending on joint kinematics.
Another particularly beneficial aspect of the energy absorption system of the present invention is that the absorption system may be designed to absorb, dissipate and/or transfer energy at different rates or positions in the gait cycle thereby enabling customization of the system to the specific need. Considering the knee joint by way of example, if a spring system is coupled to a dampener to create a viscoelastic body, the system may be designed to absorb severe sudden impact loads (such as jumping) and dissipate these loads after the impact event. This mode of operation is akin to the natural role of cartilage. Conversely, the system can be designed to behave primarily as an energy transfer unit during high rates of knee motion (e.g. sprinting/running) but act as an energy absorber during normal rates of motion (e.g. walking).
Yet another particularly beneficial aspect of the energy absorption system of the present invention is that the absorption system may also be tuned to occur at particular points in the gait or flexion cycle depending on the disease state. For example an individual with concentrated loading at heel strike may only require absorption at this phase of knee motion so the system may be adjusted to act only during this region of the gait cycle. Alternatively an individual may have focal loss of cartilage on the posterior aspect of the femoral condyle and so stair climbing or kneeling becomes painful or problematic. In this scenario the system would be adjusted to absorb energy in the kinematic positions necessary and thereby maintaining the normal knee energy transfer outside of supporting the diseased locations.
In another beneficial aspect of the present invention, components of the system are designed for easy removal and, if necessary, replacement while others are intended for permanent fixation. The permanent components are fixation base components which can have bony ingrowth promoting surfaces and are responsible for fixation of the system to the skeletal structure. The removable components include the mobile elements of the system such as the energy manipulation members and/or the pivots or ball joints.
Various joints of the body can be treated employing the systems and methods of the present invention. In particular, articulating bones involved in synovial joints can benefit from the present invention. Accordingly, there are contemplated applications to the joints in the knee, ankle, shoulder, hip, hand and wrist. Further, the present invention can have applications in treating cartilaginous joints such as those found in the spine.
In a further aspect, the present invention seeks to accomplish 1 to 40% energy or load reduction while maintaining full motion of the body parts. A 5 to 20% energy or load reduction has been postulated to be desirable in certain circumstances to accomplish the alleviation of pain without approaching undesirable load shielding. The devices of the present invention further provide greater energy manipulation during junctures of highest loads placed between body parts as well as less energy manipulation when loads between members decrease. In this way, the present invention complements the action of body parts such as those found at joints.
In some joints, it is desirable that 100% of the energy be absorbed by the device(s), such joints may be those in the hands or upper extremity. In such cases, it may be desirable to have the devices placed bilaterally on either side of the joint. In the lower extremity, in severe cases, 100% energy absorption is achievable, however this may expose the device to more wear and shorter life. Some patients may accept this if the device is able to bridge the patient through a difficult period and it is easily replaced or removed without impacting the patients ability to receive a total joint replacement later.
In another embodiment of the present invention, an energy absorption device is implanted at a diseased joint to restore cyclic, physiological-like loading thereby protecting chondrocytes from load induced apoptosis.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, an energy absorption device is implanted at a diseased joint to facilitate at least a partial recovery of morphological and ultra-structural aspects in osteoarthritic articular chondrocytes.
In another embodiment of the present invention, an energy absorption device is implanted adjunctively with a cartilage repair procedure such as mosaicplasty, osteochondral allograft transfer, autologous chondrocyte implantation or microfracture. Such an adjunctive procedure would enable less strict rehabilitation regimes while simultaneously protecting the graft and stimulating it with appropriate motion.
In another embodiment of the present invention, an energy absorption device is implanted in conjunction with a uni-compartmental joint replacement prosthesis or total joint replacement prosthesis. Such combination procedure will reduce wear rates by reducing the loads and contact forces between surfaces of the joint prosthesis.
Rotation point location of the energy manipulation member on the femur is determined in part by the mechanism of the device. The inventors of the present invention have discovered regions on the femoral chondyl in which a rotation point on the device relative to a tibial rotation point along a line normal to the ground from the femoral rotation point will either have minimal displacement, lengthening of the device or shortening of the device as the joint moves from full extension to flexion. Therefore, if the desired device is to function by elongation its rotation point will be located in the appropriate region. Conversely, if the desired device is to function by compression its rotation point will be located in a different appropriate region.
In one specific embodiment, the present invention is embodied in a device utilizing an element, or elements functioning as a unit, which responds to bending or changes in elongation. In an application to a knee joint, this device forms a bending spring that is to span the tibiofemoral joint and be anchored into the tibia and femur. Further, the device is used to take on some of the loading experienced by the articular surfaces of the tibiofemoral joint, thus unloading the joint. In one embodiment, the device is designed to off load the joint during knee extension. Unloading in this phase is governed by the compression of the device—increased compression yields increased joint un-loading. The device is anchored in a position which ensures device elongation resulting from knee flexion. As the knee moves into flexion, the device is un-compressed and will cause little to no joint off-loading. The device may have other features which ensure correct device alignment, and prevent against buckling, as the device transitions into a compressed state. The device can also be configured to provide off-loading during flexion.
In another specific approach, the present invention is embodied in a cam engagement assembly utilizing contacting elements, at least one of which having an eccentric contacting surface. The element, or elements, possessing the eccentric surface define a cam. Again in an application to the knee joint, one element is anchored to the femur and the other to the tibia. Implanted, the device will span the tibiofemoral joint. The degree, duration, and instance of elemental contact is dictated by the profile of the cam element or elements. In one embodiment, the cam is designed to cause increased contact stress between the device elements which span the joint when the knee is in extension. During instances of increased contact stress, the normal energy experienced by the articular surfaces of the tibiofemoral joint will be absorbed and taken on, in part, by the device. During instances of knee flexion, the cam profile will ensure little or no engagement leading to joint off-loading. Thus, the amount of energy absorption will be controlled by a spring element which backs the cam element. The spring element can be adjusted, or exchanged, to tune the amount of energy absorption across the joint.
In yet another specific approach, a segmented support assembly is employed to address joint needs. This concept utilizes multiple elements that align to provide columnar support at desired phases of knee movement. In one application, the device is designed to provide columnar support during phases of knee extension. That is, each element is constrained by the adjacent element in a variable fashion—least constrained during states of elongation and most constrained during states of compression. The variable motion constraint, or tolerance which increases with elongation, is designed so that the cumulative effect is to accommodate the complex motion of the tibiofemoral joint for example as it transitions from extension into flexion. The device is anchored, via mounting components, in a way that dictates device elongation during knee flexion and device compression during knee extension. During the state of device compression, the device will experience part of the energy normally taken on by the articular surfaces of the tibiofemoral joint—thus reducing the energy absorbed by the joint by a desired amount. The amount of energy absorption can be adjusted, via the mounting components, to a desired and measurable amount. The assembly will accommodate the transition from an unloaded to a loaded state by the use of elements, possessing either spring or dampening characteristics, either in the device mounting components or in between the mating surfaces of the device elements.
In a further approach, the invention is embodied in a piston support assembly. This approach employs a spring loaded piston mechanism to absorb energy normally experienced by the anatomical joint. The piston is comprised of an axially mobile member or rod moving in a defined path. Depending on the axial position of the rod, a compressible spring is engaged thereby transferring load through the mechanism. When the spring is not engaged no absorbing or load transfer occurs. The device may utilize rigid and coaxial elements that ride into or through each other. Load transfer and energy absorption occurs when the spring is engaged. For this system to function without hindering the range of motion of the knee for example, the fixation or attachment points between bone and piston mechanism are free to revolve about an axis (possibly multiple axes). In addition, the piston is capable of rotating about its longitudinal axis to facilitate rotational along the axis of the anatomical joint.
The present invention also includes a staged procedure. In this aspect, the energy absorption system is comprised of permanent fixation base components and removable energy absorption. The permanent fixation base components incorporate a bone ingrowth promoter on their bone contacting surface (e.g. porous surface, calcium phosphate coating, textured surface etc.). It is important to stimulate this interface using moderate loads to ensure the creation of a bony interface, however overloading the interface prematurely may prevent bone ingrowth. To facilitate bony ingrowth, it is possible that the system will be implanted in a mode of operation whereby it is absorbing small amounts of load to create a moderate load condition at the interface. A subsequent simple procedure will be completed at an appropriate time post implantation to adjust the energy absorption settings to absorb higher amounts of load.
In one particular aspect, three dimensional (3D) navigation is employed to accomplish placement of a peri-articular joint. The joint in question is scanned with natural or added landmarks thereat using CT, MRI or other remote imaging techniques. This data is imputed into a 3D navigational software and tracker system. Tracker technology could employ RF, optical or electromagnetic imaging. Further, the tracker can be self-powered or it may be passive. In combination with a reference tool, the tracker then facilitates accurate placement of an energy manipulating system across the target joint.
The present invention also contemplates intra-articular drug delivery in combination with joint energy and load manipulation. In one contemplated approach, a drug release device is loaded with a drug and a sustained released drug carrier, and placed at a target area within or near a diseased or malaligned joint, such as on or in the device of the present invention. Various drugs and mechanisms for sustained release are also contemplated.
Moreover, in certain aspects, the present invention also contemplates employing sensors to provide information on performance. For example, pressure sensors can be placed within or adjacent the device or anatomy to indicate aspects of function and loads. Sensors in the implant may allow for non-invasive telemetry and capture of information regarding joint motion. Telemetry may be usable to control various settings in the device.
The present invention also contemplates that the components are compatible with joint diagnostic techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography.
Additionally, the present invention contemplates post-operative percutaneous adjustability and tuning of the implant's characteristics in response to patient feedback. It may be desirable to detect the internal tension and/or dampening setting of the device while it is being accessed percutaneously or alternatively have those features easily detectable using x-ray or another non-invasive modality such as ultrasound.
In one contemplated approach, a core shaft of the energy manipulation assembly can be ribbed like a ratchet about which is configured a moveable piston mounted on a collar equipped with a pair of spaced buttons. Depression of the buttons cause complementary structure on inside of the collar to become disengaged from the ribs of the core shaft so that adjustments can be made. The assembly can be further configured so that the adjustment can be made only when the joint is in flexion and only when both buttons are deliberately pressed.
Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to enclose at least a part of the energy manipulating device in a sheath. The sheath allows the tendons and soft tissue to avoid being abraded by the presence of the implant in that region during movement. By allowing the tissue to form a capsule around the sheath of the implant, the tissue will be strengthened and the likelihood of erosion will be reduced. The sheath also allows for easy replaceability, in some embodiments, of the link components because they can be inserted into the sheath once the original components are removed without causing any additional tissue disruption.
The present invention also contemplates, a method of locating a reference point on a side of a femur and a corresponding reference location on a side of a tibia of a knee joint such that the reference point and reference location are at a defined distance apart as the knee joint moves from 0° flexion to at least 60° flexion. In one approach, the reference point and reference location move further apart as the knee joint moves from 0° flexion to at least 60° flexion. In another modification, the base components are attached to the femur and tibia and an energy manipulation member is attached to the base components such that their respective rotation attachment points are aligned with the corresponding reference point and reference location.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention.
Referring now to the drawings, which are provided by way of example and not limitation, the present invention is directed towards apparatus and methods for treating body tissues. In applications relating to the treatment of body joints, the present invention seeks to alleviate pain associated with the function of diseased or malaligned members forming a body joint. Whereas the present invention is particularly suited to address issues associated with osteoarthritis, the energy manipulation accomplished by the present invention lends itself well to broader applications. Moreover, the present invention is particularly suited to treating synovial joints such as the knee and shoulder. However, it is also contemplated that the apparatus and method of the present invention can be employed to treat the spine facet joints and spine vertebral joints as well as other synovial and various other joints of the body such as those of the hand and feet.
In one particular aspect, the present invention seeks to permit and complement the unique articulating motion of the members defining a body joint of a patient while simultaneously manipulating energy being experienced by both cartilage and osseous tissue (cancellous and cortical bone). Approaches involving varying energy absorption and transfer during the pivoting of the joint and selecting a geometry for the energy absorption assembly to provide necessary flexibility are implemented into various embodiments of the present invention. Certain of the embodiments include geometry which accomplishes variable energy absorption designed to minimize and complement the dampening effect and energy absorption provided by the anatomy of the body, such as that found at a body joint. It has been postulated that to minimize pain, off-loading or absorption of 1-40% of forces, in varying degrees, may be necessary. Variable off-loading or absorption in the range of 5-20% can be a target for certain applications. In certain specific applications, distraction is employed in the energy manipulation approach.
Conventional or surgical or minimally invasive approaches are taken to gain access to a body joint or other anatomy requiring attention. Arthroscopic approaches are thus contemplated when reasonable to both implant the energy manipulation assembly as well as to accomplish adjusting an implanted assembly. Moreover, biologically inert materials of various kinds can be employed in constructing the energy manipulation assemblies of the present invention.
In one particular approach, a bending spring assembly is contemplated to manipulate or absorb forces between body parts. Thus, an assembly utilizing an element or elements which respond to bending or changes in elongation may be desirable to treat afflictions such as osteoarthritis. Certain of the assemblies can incorporate features which insure correct device alignment and prevent against buckling as the member transitions between compressed and uncompressed states.
Turning now to
Also considered are the forces existing through the flexion and extension through an articulation cycle of anatomy to be treated. Using the gait cycle of the legs of a human as an example, both the joint force and flexion/extension angle in degrees can be plotted versus the percentage of the gait cycle completed. A normal or expected relationship 60 of vertical forces generated through the gait cycle is depicted in each of
Referring now to
In a procedure seeking to off-load or manipulate forces at a knee joint, a proximal attachment site (DAS) for a base component of an energy manipulation device must be identified. Similarly, a distal attachment site (PAS) must also be selected. In a contemplated approach the medial proximal attachment site (PAS) can be located on a femur in a space bounded by the medial patellar retinaculum (MPR), the vastus medialis (VM) and the tibial collateral ligament (TCL). The distal attachment site (DAS) can be located on the tibia in a space between the medical patellar retinaculum (MPR) and the pes anserinus (PA).
Turning now to
One preferred embodiment of an energy manipulation system 77 is shown in
With reference now to
The data collected during the pre-operative session is logged and then compared to data sets developed by the physician and/or the organization utilized to store actual patient data as well as tested theoretical data independently developed. Easily accessible and convenient to use programs or charts can be developed and employed to automate the comparison of a particular patient's condition with previously collected data. From this comparison, a specific treatment modality is selected for the patient. Moreover, an expected device selection or multiple device selections are made from the various devices contemplated to treat the patient.
The pre-operative session or an intra-operative session further includes the collection of three-dimensional information concerning an expected proximal attachment site (PAS) and a distal attachment site (DAS). This lends itself to the selection of the proper base components.
Once the surgical intervention date is set and as it approaches, the patient's health is continued to be closely monitored. On the day of the procedure, the patient is prepared for surgery in the conventional manner. In a particular application, spinal anesthesia or general anesthesia can be used as a step to prepare the patient.
Next, the knee or other joint being treated is imaged using fluoroscopy (See
Accordingly, it is further contemplated that other regions can represent possible locations of a femoral rotation point or reference point on the medial chondyle. In order to select such an alternative point, the surface area of the medial chondyle is mapped to determine regions corresponding to changes in device length of a potentially implanted energy manipulation assembly while the joint is moved from full extension to full flexion. Areas of device increasing length and decreasing length are mapped. Moreover, areas are also identified where there is an initial device length increase then followed by a length decrease, and where there is an initial length decrease followed by increasing length. Mapping of areas of overlap between these various areas represent transitions from one region to a next. An area representing minimal displacement is also identified. This information is then employed to identify the various points of rotation best suited for a particular energy manipulation implant. As length change is contemplated to be insensitive to a tibial rotation point or reference location, the tibia point therefore remains fixed.
Furthermore, an approach to proper implant placement can involve observing changes in device length at 90° flexion relative to a fully extended length. These length changes are measured relative to a femoral rotation point at a midpoint of the Blumensaat's line shown in full lateral view of the medial side. The device and rotation point is then selected based upon desired measurement changes. The tibial rotation point is then identified by selecting a point directly inferior to the femur rotation point.
In at least the first described approach, a circle guide is then placed over the joint with the center thereof configured at a midpoint of the Blumensaat's line (
With specific reference to
In one approach, it is contemplated that bicortical screws can be polyaxial because their trajectory will be fixed by the bicortical purchase. Their trajectories can either diverge or converge by about 15 to 30 degrees to improve pull out strength but the exact angle is probably not important so the technique can be simplified by letting them rotate in a small cone. Further, the unicortical screws can have fixed trajectories. This will increase their stability that they may lack because of the unicortical purchase. The trajectories should either converge or diverge as above but the angles will be set. Moreover, it is contemplated that none of the screws “lock” to the plate via a second set of threads. This may reduce the ability to generate compression between the bone and the porous coatings and as there may be a need to reduce/eliminate as many gaps as possible. It may further be desirable to use a resorbable bone void filler under the plate to eliminate gaps and prevent ingrowth of fibrous tissues. This might also provide some leeway when the plate shapes are not exact. Finally, an anti back-out feature is contemplated for the screws in certain applications.
Turning now to
The skin is then incised 93 along the distal joint member or in the present application, along the tibia. Alternatively, the first incision can be used to access the distal joint member via a subcutaneous channel. In this regard, one long incision can alternatively be used extending across the joint members. Also, a single small incision can be made at the center of the joint or on either side of a joint from which a tunnel is formed to access a target site on either side of the joint. The fascia and tissue in the area is manipulated to expose bone periostium in the target region and the bone is displaced to again promote bone in-growth into a subsequently placed distal base component 73. The distal base component 73 is then positioned to optimize fit and bone screws 91 are inserted to affix the component to the bone. Again, prior to completely turning the screws to fix the base component, further adjustment is contemplated.
Subsequent to forming a subcutaneous channel between the base components, the energy absorber sub-assembly 76 of the energy manipulation device is then attached to the base components 72, 73. Although various embodiments of the energy manipulation device are contemplated, in general, the device will include replaceable and adjustable proximal and distal articulate structure (e.g., ball and socket joints, U-joints/limbs) attached to the base components 72, 73 as well as a replaceable and adjustable mid-section accomplishing the energy manipulation. A sheath is further provided about these structures to protect the surrounding tissue. The sheath can form part of this sub-assembly or be added later. In attaching such structure to the base components 72, 73, the members defining the joint are placed in full flexion in order to minimize spring force.
Once the energy manipulation device is completely implanted, the incisions are closed and allowed to heal. Subsequent post-operative steps are taken to verify proper placement and to accomplish any necessary adjustment. In this regard, two or three-dimensional states of motion image techniques can be used to observe effectiveness. That is, in one approach, it is desired that the spring or other energy manipulation sub-structure be compressed 80-90% at full extension of the joint members. It also may be desired to configure the implant so that no loads are initially placed thereon. Once it is determined that the implant has completely attached to the bone and the area has healed, it is then adjusted to achieve load manipulation. Multiple subsequent adjustments or component replacement are also contemplated as well as percutaneous approaches to the same.
In an alternative related approach to implantation, a scan of the target joint is performed. Natural or added landmarks can be employed during the scanning step for orientation purposes and the patient's need are accessed and documented. The data extracted during the scanning procedure is then imported into a three dimensional (3D) navigational software and associated tracker. The tracker can employ RF, optical, or electromagnetic energies and can be self-powered or be passively powered. A guidewire delivery tool is then attached to the tracker. Software is activated to automatically manipulate the tracker into a desired position relative to the landmarks. A reference tool is then imported to the area for guidewire delivery on bases proximal and distal to a target joint. Next, orientation of a guidewire trajectory point is performed based upon pre-calculated ideal points as determined by desired functional needs of the periarticular joint.
Once guidewires are placed on the members defining the joint, a proper base component can be selected based upon three dimensional data gathered concerning the anatomy of the target joint. After gaining access to the bones and completing other preliminary steps described above, the base components can be fixed to the bones employing screws or the like. Thereafter, rotation points are attached to the base components and the tracker is again employed to perform fine adjustments as to fine tune locations of the structures. Finally, the energy manipulation substructure is placed between and connected to the rotation point assemblies.
The fact that the implant will be relatively superficial presents the opportunity to allow interaction with it through the skin without puncture. The concept is that the height of the piston (or other energy manipulation structure) engagement would be adjustable by squeezing the device on either side when the device is completely unloaded (flexed position). It is contemplated that a core shaft of an implant can be ribbed like a ratchet, and the movable piston (or other sub-structure) is mounted on a collar that has two relative large “buttons” on either side. Depression of the buttons causes the teeth on the inside of the collar to disengage when the device is completely unloaded. Compression on only one button does not release either of the teeth—only both buttons releases the teeth. Further, due to the morphology of the teeth and the ratchet, the assembly can be arranged so that even depression of both teeth when the device is loaded will not release the collar. Thus, inadvertent release during loading could not occur. Every time the collar is moved up or down while the buttons are being depressed in the unloaded position there can be an audible click. Accordingly, without x-ray the doctor can adjust the device in the office and a table can be provided for the significance of the clicks with respect to un-loading. Firm finger pressure on the device in the unloaded position would be enough to disengage the collar and relocate it to a new position. Local anesthetic on the skin and a pincher tool can be used while employing fluoroscopy to find the buttons, depress them and relocate the housing to a new position.
Turning now to
In a second approach (See
As shown in
As shown in
One particular approach to providing variable energy manipulation while complementing the unique motion of members defining a joint is depicted in
Turning now to
Further specific geometries of bending spring assemblies are depicted in
As shown in
A spring assembly 126 having an overall helical configuration is depicted in
In related approaches (
The bending spring assembly 142 depicted in
Referring now to
Furthermore, the bending spring assemblies and for that matter each of the disclosed embodiments of energy manipulation assemblies, can be attached to body anatomy in various ways. As shown above, the assemblies of the present invention can be surface mounted upon anatomy by employing anchors. Also, mounting structure 162 can be inserted completely or partially within bones 163, for example, such as that in the manner depicted in
The bending spring assemblies can embody rather complex structures. As shown in
The spring 168 of a bending spring assembly 166 can likewise be configured between one or more pivoting attachment structures 170, 172 (See
Each of the previously and for that matter, hereinafter disclosed embodiments can incorporate or cooperate with sensing mechanisms adapted to provide loading information concerning the tissues being treated. Thus, it is contemplated that the various pressured sensing mechanisms available can be placed upon the devices of the present invention. Such sensors can be configured to provide information about the efficacy of the energy manipulating device of the present invention and whether adjustments are necessary. Similarly, sensors can be placed on anatomy to provide information regarding loads being placed on the tissues themselves.
Furthermore, it is contemplated that drugs can be delivered to the interventional site targeted for energy manipulation. In this regard, the entirety of the subject matter disclosed in U.S. Publication No. 2007/0053963 is hereby incorporated by reference.
In other aspects, the present invention is embodied in a cam engagement assembly for energy manipulation. In this approach, the cam engagement assembly employs contacting elements, at least one of which has an eccentric contracting surface. The degree, duration and instance of elemental contact is controlled by the profile of the cam element or elements. Increased contact stress is contemplated between device elements when the body anatomy members are in extension. During flexion, the cam profile can be configured to ensure little or no engagement. The assembly can include a spring assembly that can be made to be adjusted, or exchanged, to tune the amount of energy absorption across anatomy.
Moreover, the surface engagement of the device can be created through multiple methods and can include such structure as wear-resistant bearing surfaces, ball bearings at a surface engagement site or a geared engagement. The mounting features of the device can be contained in separate mounting elements or incorporated into anatomy spring elements. The mounting design can further accommodate complex motion of a joint as it transitions from extension to flexion by allowing for rotation and pivoting, or through the use of compressible materials.
Various approaches to cam related energy manipulation are depicted in
Another embodiment of a cam engagement assembly is shown in
Another embodiment of a cam engagement assembly 215 of the present invention is depicted in
Turning to
A similar combination of elements is disclosed in
As shown in
A further aspect of the present invention is embodied in a segmented support assembly. Generally, this approach employs multiple elements that align and mate to provide column support as desired, such as during extension of loading parts. Thus, in one aspect, adjacent elements forming a segmented support assembly can be constrained by an adjacent element in a variable fashion to accommodate the complex motion of articulating members. The amount of energy manipulation is adjusted by mounting or attaching components via spring or dampening assemblies.
With reference to
The segmented load bearing member can assume various shapes and forms. These approaches incorporate multiple, mating elements which provide columnar support while facilitating multi-dimensional movement. Such approaches are shown in
The structure defining a segmented load bearing member can assume relatively complex geometry. That is, various embodiments of interlocking links 314 can form a segmented load bearing member 316 (See
Furthermore, as shown in
Other examples of assemblies including segmented load sharing linkages in combination with spring assemblies are shown in
In yet another embodiment (
Other of segmented support assemblies of the present invention employ articulating linkages rather than interlocking links to provide desired results (See
In yet another specific approach, the present invention employs piston support to accomplish desired load manipulation. In general, these embodiments include an axially mobile member which translates in a defined linear path. A compressible spring can be included to facilitate energy absorption and transfer and the assembly can further include structure permitting articulation between the piston subassembly and the body anatomy.
A simplified approach involving a piston support, load manipulation assembly 400 is depicted in
A piston support assembly 400 can further include springs 406 to aid in the load manipulation being sought (See
Further embodiments of piston-based load bearing members are disclosed in
A piston support based assembly 400 can also include a plurality of telescoping members 414 arranged longitudinally. Thus, certain of the circumferentially arranged telescoping members act both as pistons and cylinders for adjacent structure. By varying the energy which adjacent telescopic members 414 can bear, a desired energy absorbing profile can be provided by the structure to thereby absorb energy in a desired sequence.
As previously described, the energy absorbing assemblies of the present invention can be surface mounted upon anatomy or can be inserted completely or partially within the target tissue. As shown in
Structure which is believed to be particularly suited for the situations depicted in
With reference to
In a further modification to the approach in
A sheathed energy manipulation assembly 440 incorporating various aspects of the present invention is shown in
As best seen in
Yet another embodiment of the present invention is disclosed in
Yet further details of useful energy manipulation are disclosed in
A related unilateral mounted device is shown in
Moreover, with reference to
Thus, the energy absorbing substructure 496 is engaged only at maximal compression of the assembly and at all other times remains free within the device.
Turning now to
In yet another approach (See
Other bilateral energy manipulation assemblies 532 incorporating spring subassemblies are shown in
Various further details of mounting or attachment structure are shown in
With reference to
By way of example, the energy manipulation assembly 612 depicted in
Turning to
Various different types of mounting screws are also contemplated to be used with this as well as other systems. Thus, there are at least two forms of screws, namely, a large thread design for a cancellous screw and a finer thread intended for denser cortical bone. The threads are orientated at opposing angles (˜8 degrees) to anchor into a wedge of bone making removal of the plate through pull out very difficult. The heads of the screws are designed with the screw holes to ensure the correct trajectory of the screw. Installation of the screw will utilize a screw guide that initially locks into the screw hole on the plate thereby defining the desired trajectory and the screw is screwed into the bone through the screw guide which is then removed. Moreover, cortical screws can be angled as much forward toward an opposite cortex as possible without causing problems in the plate. The cancellous screws can be angled in such a way so as to grab hold of as much bone as possible.
As mentioned above, the present invention has applications to various parts of the body. As shown in
In an application to the foot (See
Applications to the hand and finger are also contemplated (
Moreover, the present invention has applications to the spine (See
It is to be borne in mind that each of the disclosed various structures can be interchangeable with or substituted for other structures. Thus, aspects of each of the bending spring, cam engagement, segmented support and piston support assemblies can be employed across approaches. Moreover, the various manners of engaging energy absorbing structure with attachment structure and attachment structures to body anatomy can be utilized in each approach. Also, one or more of the various disclosed assemblies can be placed near a treatment site and at various angles with respect thereto. Pressure sensing and drug delivery approaches can also be implemented in each of the various disclosed embodiments.
Certain components of most embodiments of the present invention are designed for easy removal and, if necessary replacement while others are intended for permanent fixation. The permanent components are fixation components which have bony ingrowth promoting surfaces and are responsible for fixation of the system to the skeletal structure. The removable components include the mobile elements of the system such as the link members and/or the pivots or ball joints.
The advantages of this feature of the system include the ability to exchange key components of the system due to device failure, patient condition change or newer improved systems being available. Additionally if the patient subsequently requires further surgery the links may be removed to facilitate the additional procedure.
Further, certain of the contemplated mechanisms can be made to be completely disengaged mechanically and then brought into action under various conditions and during certain phases of the gait cycle. This discontinuous functionality—and the ability to tune that functionality to a particular patient's gait or pain is consequently a feature of the present invention.
Location of the permanent fixation components is important to fixation strength, ability to complete subsequent procedures, and location of pivots or ball joints. The fixation strength of the system, and therefore load bearing capacity, is dependent on the integrity of the bone onto which the component is fixed. To ensure strong fixation, in one embodiment, the fixation components span along the cortical bone and cancellous (or trabecular) bone. For example on the knee, the component would reside on the femoral shaft and extend down onto the trabecular bone on the end of the femur. Also, the system may utilize fixation on two cortical surfaces using through pins or bicortical screws.
A common joint procedure is joint replacement as previously described. The procedure of replacing a diseased joint includes resection of the surfaces of the joint and replacement with synthetic materials. To enable implantation of the energy absorbing system without impacting the potential to complete subsequent procedures (e.g., joint replacement) the permanent fixation components in a preferred embodiment are positioned at a location that does not compromise the total joint zone.
Many articulating joints are not simply pivot joints but involve complex multi-axis rotation and translation movements. To achieve its intended purpose, the energy absorber must accommodate these movements but also absorb and transfer energy during the required range of motion. To do so the joints on the device may be either in case A located at points on the bones of least motion, or in case B the joint mechanism must incorporate motion beyond simple uniaxial rotation or a combination of both.
In the case of A, the fixation components are positioned such that they orientate the attached device joint locations to preferred locations described by minimal or known motion characteristics. The device joint locations may be finely adjusted within a defined region on the fixation component to further optimize the device joint location. In the case of B) the device joint mechanism accommodates the positional changes and therefore can be placed on any distal point on the fixation component.
Therefore, the present invention provides a number of ways to treat body tissues and in particular, to absorb energy or manipulate forces to reduce pain. The present invention can be used throughout the body but have clear applications to articulating body structures such as joints.
Thus, it will be apparent from the foregoing that, while particular forms of the invention have been illustrated and described, various modifications can be made without parting from the spirit and scope of the invention.
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/775,149, filed Jul. 9, 2007, the entire disclosures of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11775149 | Jul 2007 | US |
| Child | 12690687 | US |
