Patent Grant
7108987
The present invention relates to novel factors involved in degranulation of mast cells and DNAs encoding them, antibodies against the factors, a method for assaying the factors in samples using the antibodies, a method for screening inhibitory substances of the factors and inhibitors containing a compound obtained by said method as an active ingredient. The present invention also relates to a therapeutic agent for a disease, in which degranulation of mast cells is involved, particularly allergic diseases, which contains an inhibitory substance of novel factors involved in the degranulation as an active ingredient.
When a biological organism is exposed to a foreign substance as an antigen, an IgE antibody specific to the antigen is produced in the body, and when the same antigen invades again, binding of IgE antibody with the IgE receptor formed on the surface of mast cells (also called mastocytes) stimulates extracellular release of the chemical mediators contained in granules in the mast cells, such as histamine, serotonin, platelet activating factor (PAF), heparin and the like. As a result, promotion of capillary permeability, bronchial smooth muscle constriction, increase in the secretion due to exocrine gland stimulation and the like are induced, which in turn leads to the onset of allergic inflammations such as anaphylactic shock, bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, hives, atopic dermatitis, drug hypersensitivity and the like.
Mast cells are responsible for not only the onset of allergic conditions caused by various chemical mediators released by stimulation of antigen and the like but also chronic allergic inflammation caused by the release of cytokines secondarily produced in the mast cells (M. K. Church & J. P. Caulfield, Chapter 5, pp. 5.1–5.12, Allergy, ed. S. T. Holgate et al., Gower Medical Publishing, London, UK (1993)).
Furthermore, the release of chemical mediators from the mast cells is induced not only by the action via IgE receptors but by various substances (IgG, complement, neuro-peptide, calcium ionophore, phorbol ester etc.). While the phenomenon of extracellular release of chemical mediators from the mast cells (degranulation) is considered to involve various factors such as cyclic AMP (cAMP), calcium ion, sodium ion, phosphoinositide metabolism, protein kinase C, phospholipase A2, changes in membrane potential, and the like, but the detail thereof has not been elucidated (D. A. Kennerly & P. A. Duffy, Chapter 4, pp. 4.1–4.14, Allergy, ed, S. T. Holgate et al., Gower Medical Publishing, London, UK, (1993)).
As the therapeutic agent (hereinafter to be referred to as antiallergic agent) for allergic inflammations induced by these chemical mediators, either a pharmaceutical agent that suppresses the action of chemical mediators released from the mast cells, or a pharmaceutical agent that suppresses degranulation of the mast cells is currently used.
Adrenocorticosteroid drugs, which are typical antiallergic agents that suppress the action of chemical mediators, are effective but, due to the side effect associated with long-term administration, the development of a nonsteroidal antiallergic agent has been desired.
As nonsteroidal antiallergic agents, antihistamic agents, anti-leukotriene agents, anti-PAF agents, thromboxane A2 synthase inhibitors and antagonists and the like are commercially available or under development, that block the action of chemical mediators released from mast cells, basophil and the like, activated by IgE antibody.
However, it is extremely difficult to create a pharmaceutical agent that basically suppresses degranulation of the mast cells. This is because the process of release of chemical mediators by mast cells stimulated by IgE antibody is extremely complicated and the mechanism of degranulation has not been clearly elucidated, as mentioned above. At present, pharmaceutical agents considered to have a degranulation suppressive action have been approved as antiallergic pharmaceutical products free of anti-histamic action and used for clinical treatment. Under the present situation, however, their action mechanisms are indefinite and the degranulation suppressive action is too weak to afford a superior treatment effect.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a novel means for developing a pharmaceutical agent capable of basically suppressing the degranulation of the mast cells, and to provide a novel antiallergic agent that suppresses degranulation using this means.
The present inventors have constructed the following basic concept as regards the degranulation phenomenon of mast cells, which is the basic cause of the onset of uncomfortable conditions accompanying allergic inflammations and the like.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a vesicular transport regulator and a conjugate factor thereof, which are involved in degranulation of mast cells, and to provide a method for screening a substance that regulates or inhibits the function of these factors by constructing a cellular or cell-free assay system capable of interacting with these factors. A further object of the present invention is to provide, using such method, a therapeutic agent of allergic diseases in which promotion of degranulation of mast cells is involved.
Based on the above-mentioned concept, the present inventors took note of a Rab protein belonging to G protein having a function relating to the regulation of membrane transport in animal cells, as a factor to regulate the degranulation of mast cells.
In general terms, transport of intracellular substances to membranes is considered to involve G protein (also called a GTP binding protein) (P. Charvrier et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., vol. 10 No. 12, pp. 6578–6585 (1990); P. Charvrier et al., Cell, vol. 62, pp. 317–329 (1990)). For example, G protein is known to be involved in the process of translation and intracellular communication of the information of a ligand bound with the receptor on cell surfaces. In addition, the content of the information of the receptor to be intracellularly communicated via G protein is considered to be dependent on the kind of G protein involved in the communication, particularly the structure of its α subunit (D. A. Kennerly & P. A. Duffy, Chapter 4, pp. 4.1–4.14, Allergy, ed. S. T. Holgate et al., Gower Medical Publishing, London, UK (1993)). However, the whole picture of how the G protein is involved in the membrane transport is still unclear, and when it comes to the phenomenon of activation of mast cells by IgE receptor, whether or not G protein is in fact involved has not at all been reported in detail, much less what kind of G protein is involved.
More than 30 kinds of proteins belonging to the Rab family (sometimes to be simply referred to as Rab protein) have been heretofore reported as proteins that control intracellular vesicular transport for transporting substances from intracellular particular organelle to different organelle. For example, it has been reported that Rab3A protein is involved in transport of synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters (M. Matteoli et al., J. Cell Biol., vol. 115 No. 3, pp. 625–633 (1991)), Rab11 protein (O. Ullrich et al., J. Cell Biol., vol. 135 No. 4, pp. 913–924 (1996)) regulates recycling of endosome, and Rab5 protein regulates endocytosis (V. Rybin et al., Nature, vol. 383 No. 6597, pp. 266–269 (1996)), which suggests that each Rab protein is involved in particular function. In addition, these three kinds of Rab proteins specifically bind with rabphilin-3A (H. Shirataki et al., Mol. Cell Biol., vol. 13 No. 4, pp. 2061–2068, (1993)), rabphilin-11 (A. Mammoto et al., J. Biol. Chem., vol. 274 No. 36, pp. 25517–25524 (1999)) and rabaptin 5 (V. Rybin et al., Nature, vol. 383 No. 6597, pp. 266–269 (1996)), respectively, and reported to be coupled and involved in the expression of activity of Rab protein.
P. Chavrier et al. (Gene, vol. 112, pp. 261–264 (1992)) thoroughly searched for a gene encoding a novel protein classified into Rab protein or Rho protein from a cDNA library derived from mouse kidney and reported on 12 kinds of genes with the conclusion that there is no possibility of finding a novel Rab protein or Rho protein other than those reported.
However, with the dramatic progress in the genomics technology in recent years, new Rab genes are being found. For example, Incyte reported Rab genes such as Rab A, Rab B, Rab C, Rab D (WO 98/18942), SRAB (WO 98/42839), RABP-1, RABP-2 (WO 99/09182) and the like. Axys Pharmaceuticals searched for EST clones having homology with known Rab genes from human EST database, and identified the full-length sequences of the clones therefrom which had not been reported as Rab (WO 00/58464).
E. S. Masuda et al. (FEBS Lett., vol. 470, pp. 61–64 (2000)) further reported that cDNA of Rab37 was isolated as GTPase localized in secretory granule from a cDNA library derived from mouse mast cells.
However, a G protein (particularly Rab protein) or a gene thereof that in fact clearly regulates degranulation of mast cells has not been known, and the presence of a conjugate factor has not been known at all, either.
With the aim of identifying a Rab protein that in fact regulates degranulation of mast cells, the present inventors prepared a primer based on the sequence characteristic of a known Rab protein and conducted RT-PCR using, as a template, RNA prepared from cultured mast cells derived from mouse bone marrow cells. As a result, two kinds of cDNAs encoding novel Rab proteins were successfully cloned. Further, using an oligonucleotide corresponding to a partial base sequence of the mouse cDNAs as a primer, they cloned the corresponding human Rab protein genes from human cDNAs in the same manner as above. In addition, the present inventors successfully cloned cDNAs encoding novel conjugate factors that interact with these Rab proteins, by two-hybrid method using a yeast cell line (C. Chien et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 88 No. 21, pp. 9578–9582 (1991)). Moreover, they have confirmed that recombinant Rab proteins obtained from cells transformed with expression vectors containing these cDNAs, and conjugate factors thereof, show an effect on the degranulation of mast cells, thereby demonstrating that these factors are regulatory factors involved in degranulation.
The present inventors have then established a method for screening a degranulation regulator inhibitory substance, which comprises bringing a candidate substance, that may inhibit the action of a degranulation regulator, into contact with a yeast cell line, into which a Rab protein gene and a gene of a conjugate factor thereof had been introduced by the two-hybrid method, and examining the effect on the interaction. In addition, they have established a cell-free assay system capable of screening a substance that inhibits interaction between the Rab protein and a conjugate factor thereof or the GTP binding activity of the Rab protein. Furthermore, they have demonstrated that a useful antiallergic agent can be created by such screening method, which resulted in the completion of the present invention.
Accordingly, the present invention provides the following.
wherein R1 is a hydrogen atom or a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and X is a hydrogen atom, a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a hydroxyl group or a phenyl group
wherein R2 is a hydrogen atom or a nitro group, and Y is a halogen atom, a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a hydroxyl group.
The present invention provides two kinds of novel Rab proteins capable of regulating degranulation of mast cells. These Rab proteins each can regulate degranulation of mast cells by interacting with a particular conjugate factor to be mentioned below. However, an exogenous Rab protein can suppressively regulate degranulation of mast cells on its own.
A first Rab protein of the present invention preferably consists of the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:1, and may be such amino acid sequence wherein one to several amino acids of said amino acid sequence are substituted, deleted, inserted, added or modified, or may be a fragment of a protein consisting of said amino acid sequence, as long as it can regulate degranulation of mast cells on its own or by interaction with one or more conjugate factors.
A second Rab protein of the present invention preferably consists of the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:4, and may be such amino acid sequence wherein one to several amino acids of said amino acid sequence are substituted, deleted, inserted, added or modified, or may be a fragment of a protein consisting of said amino acid sequence, as long as it can regulate degranulation of mast cells on its own or by interaction with one or more conjugate factors.
Proteins are generally folded in a compact shape and it is often the case that a partial amino acid sequence in the protein plays an important role in binding proteins to each other. In the present invention, therefore, the entire amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:4 need not be included, as long as it has an activity to bind with a conjugate factor, or as long as it can regulate degranulation of mast cells on its own or by interaction with one or more conjugate factors, and a fragment of said protein may be used.
The Rab protein fragment of the present invention, or a fragment having a binding activity with a conjugate factor, can be obtained by, for example, purifying a peptide fragment of a Rab protein digested by endopeptidase and examining an inhibitory action on the binding between the Rab protein and a conjugate factor. When, for example, substitution, deletion or insertion of the amino acids in the Rab protein of the present invention by genetic engineering results in the loss of the activity of the mutated Rab protein to bind with a conjugate factor, a fragment having a binding activity with a conjugate factor can be obtained from the fragments containing a mutation introduction site (substituted amino acid residue, deleted amino acids (sequence) and amino acid sequence destroyed by the insertion etc.). Because, in general, proteins are considered to expose a hydrophilic region thereof on a molecular surface, a fragment having the binding activity can be also obtained by assuming the hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions from the amino acid sequence by the method of, for example, D. Eisenberg et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 81, pp. 140–144 (1984)).
The Rab protein of the present invention is not particularly limited as to its origin, as long as it has the above-mentioned characteristics. Therefore, it encompasses those derived from naturally occurring biological organisms, and those derived from natural or artificial mutants, or transformant obtained by introducing a gene encoding a heterologous (i.e., exogenous) Rab protein into a host. Preferably, Rab proteins derived from mammals such as human, bovine, pig, horse, monkey, sheep, goat, dog, cat, rabbit, mouse, rat, guinea pig and the like are exemplified. Particularly preferably, it is derived from a human or mouse.
The first Rab protein derived from human is preferably exemplified by, but not limited to, one having a sequence which is the sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:1, wherein amino acid Nos. 45, 115, 138, 165 and 167 are Val, Met, Leu, His and Ala, respectively. The first Rab protein derived from mouse is preferably exemplified by, but not limited to, one having a sequence which is the sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:1, wherein amino acid Nos. 45, 115, 138, 165 and 167 are Ala, Val, Met, Arg and Pro, respectively.
The second Rab protein derived from human is preferably exemplified by, but not limited to, one having a sequence which is the sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:4, wherein amino acid Nos. 113, 185, 192, 200 and 203 are Ser, Met, Val, Thr and Ala, respectively. The second Rab protein derived from mouse is preferably exemplified by, but not limited to, one having a sequence which is the sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:4, wherein amino acid Nos. 113, 185, 192, 200 and 203 are Thr, Leu, Ile, Pro and Val, respectively.
The Rab protein of the present invention may comprise a sugar chain added thereto. When, for example, the amino acid sequence comprises Asn-X-Thr(Ser) (X is an optional amino acid), the sugar chain may have been added (Z. Khalkhall & R. D. Marshall, Biochem. J., vol. 146, pp. 299–307 (1975)).
The Rab proteins of the present invention may have different molecular weights depending on the difference in amino acid composition and sugar chain addition. As a polypeptide chain without addition of sugar chain, the first Rab protein preferably has a molecular weight of about 21.5 kDa, and the second Rab protein has a molecular weight of about 23.8 kDa (each theoretical value).
The Rab protein of the present invention can be obtained by (1) a method comprising extraction and purification using, as a starting material, a tissue or cell capable of producing the protein, (2) a chemical synthesis method or (3) a method comprising purification from a cell engineered to express the protein by a gene recombination technique.
The mast cell is a cell in a tissue that corresponds to basophils in blood, and is present in the vicinity of blood vessels in any tissue in the body. Particularly, it is distributed in a great number immediately under the skin, airway, mucosa of gastrointestinal tract and the like. The mast cell that plays an important role in the induction of allergic reactions is a mucosal-type mast cell. In recent years, a method for differentiating mast cells from mouse bone marrow cells has been reported (T. Nakano et al., J. Exp. Med., vol. 162, pp. 1025–1043 (1987)), thus establishing a method for preparation of a large amount of mucosal-type mast cells. In addition, there is a recent report on the method for differentiating mast cells from hematopoietic stem cells derived from human bone marrow cells or cord blood cells (H. Saito et al., Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., vol. 107, No. 1–3, pp. 63–65 (1995). Therefore, isolation and purification of this protein from natural Rab protein-producing tissues can be performed as shown in the following.
Culture mast cells differentiated by the aforementioned method from hematopoietic stem cells derived from bone marrow cells or cord blood cells of mammals such as human, mouse, rat and the like are homogenized in a suitable extraction buffer and the cell extract is obtained by ultrasonication, surfactant treatment and the like, which is then purified by a suitable combination of separation techniques conventionally used for separation and purification of proteins. Examples of such separation technique include a method utilizing difference in solubility, such as salting out, solvent precipitation and the like, a method utilizing difference in molecular weight, such as dialysis, ultrafiltration, gel filtration, non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), sodium dodecyl sulfate—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and the like, a method utilizing charge, such as ion exchange chromatography, hydroxyapatite chromatography and the like, a method utilizing specific affinity, such as affinity chromatography and the like, a method utilizing difference in hydrophobicity, such as reverse high performance liquid chromatography and the like, a method utilizing difference in isoelectric point, such as isoelectric focusing and the like, and the like.
Production of Rab protein by chemical synthesis can be done by, for example, synthesizing the entirety or a part of the sequence based on the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:4 using a peptide synthesizer, and renaturation of the obtained polypeptide under suitable renaturation conditions.
The Rab protein of the present invention can be preferably produced by cloning a DNA encoding the protein, and isolation and purification of the culture of a transformant containing an expression vector carrying the DNA.
Gene is generally cloned by the following method. First, the desired protein is partially or completely purified from the cells or tissues that produce the protein by the above-mentioned method and the N terminal amino acid sequence thereof is determined by the Edman method. In addition, the amino acid sequence of the oligopeptide obtained by partially lysing the protein by a protease or chemical substance that specifically cleaves the peptide sequence is similarly determined by the Edman method. An oligonucleotide having a base sequence corresponding to the determined partial amino acid sequence is synthesized, and using this as a probe, a DNA encoding the protein is cloned by colony (or plaque) hybridization from a cDNA or genomic DNA library prepared from a cell or tissue that produces said protein.
Alternatively, the entirety or a part of the cDNA encoding the protein can be specifically amplified by RT-PCR using the above-mentioned oligonucleotide as a primer and RNA prepared from the cell or tissue that produces the protein as a template. When a partial sequence is obtained, a full-length cDNA can be cloned by colony (or plaque) hybridization in the same manner as above, using the amplified fragment as a probe.
When a number of genes belonging to the same superfamily are known, like the Rab protein of the present invention, an oligonucleotide to be used as a probe or primer can be synthesized based on a sequence showing conservability found by homology comparison with known gene group.
Alternatively, an antibody against said protein is prepared according to a conventional method using the entirety or a part of a completely or partially purified protein as an antigen, and a DNA encoding the protein can be cloned by the antibody screening method from a cDNA or genomic DNA library prepared from the cell or tissue that produces the protein.
When the gene of a protein having physiological function similar to that of the objective protein is known, a clone having homology to the base sequence of the known gene is searched from EST (Expressed Sequence Tag) clones of mammals such as human, mouse, rat and the like, which are registered on the database available to the public such as EMBL, GenBank and the like, a probe is prepared as mentioned above based on the base sequence of the extracted EST clone, and a DNA encoding the protein can be cloned according to the colony (or plaque) hybridization method. In the case of the Rab protein of the present invention, an EST clone, which is a fragment of cDNA encoding the objective Rab protein, can be found by a homology search to base sequences of various Rab proteins, derived from mammals such as human, mouse, rat and the like.
Alternatively, a RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA End) method (M. A. Frohman et al., Proc. Natl. acad. Sci. USA, vol. 85, pp. 8998–9002 (1988)) can be used as a method for obtaining a cDNA clone more quickly and more conveniently. To be specific, an EST clone corresponding to a part of a Rab protein gene is extracted as mentioned above, each oligonucleotide homologous to a partial base sequence of a sense chain and an anti-sense chain of the EST clone is synthesized, a 5′ and 3′ RACE reactions are performed using each oligonucleotide and a suitable adaptor primer as a pair of PCR primers, and each amplification fragment is ligated by a method using a restriction enzyme and a ligase, and the like to give a full length cDNA clone.
The base sequence of the DNA obtained as mentioned above can be determined using a known sequencing technique such as Maxam-Gilbert method, dideoxy termination method and the like.
The DNA encoding the first Rab protein of the present invention is preferably a DNA encoding the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:1, an amino acid sequence which is said amino acid sequence wherein one to several amino acids are deleted, substituted, inserted, added or modified, or a fragment of the amino acid sequence (provided that a protein consisting of the mutated amino acid sequence or the fragment has a physiological activity capable of regulating degranulation of mast cells on its own or by interaction with one or more conjugate factors). More preferably, the DNA encoding the first Rab protein of the present invention is preferably a DNA having a base sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:2 or 3, a DNA comprising a base sequence which is said base sequence wherein one to several bases are deleted, substituted, inserted or added, or a fragment of the DNA having the base sequence (provided that a protein encoded by the mutated base sequence or the fragment has a physiological activity capable of regulating degranulation of mast cells on its own or by interaction with one or more conjugate factors).
The DNA encoding the second Rab protein of the present invention is preferably a DNA encoding the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:4, an amino acid sequence which is said amino acid sequence wherein one to several amino acids are deleted, substituted, inserted, added or modified, or a fragment of the amino acid sequence (provided that a protein consisting of the mutated amino acid sequence or the fragment has a physiological activity capable of regulating degranulation of mast cells on its own or by interaction with one or more conjugate factors). More preferably, the DNA encoding the second Rab protein of the present invention is preferably a DNA having the base sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:5 or 6, a DNA comprising a base sequence which is said base sequence wherein one to several bases are deleted, substituted, inserted or added, or a fragment of the DNA having a base sequence which is said base sequence (provided that a protein encoded by the mutated base sequence or the fragment has a physiological activity capable of regulating degranulation of mast cells on its own or by interaction with one or more conjugate factors).
The DNA encoding the first Rab protein of the present invention can be also chemically synthesized entirely based on the base sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:2 or 3, according to, for example, the method of Y. A. Ovchinnikov et al. (Gene, vol. 31, pp. 65–78 (1984)). The DNA encoding the second Rab protein of the present invention can be chemically synthesized entirely likewise based on the base sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:5 or 6.
The present invention also provides conjugate factors capable of regulating degranulation of mast cells by interaction with the above-mentioned two kinds of the Rab proteins of the present invention. When these conjugate factors are provided exogenously into the mast cell, they can suppressively regulate the degranulation on its own.
A first conjugate factor capable of specific interaction with the first Rab protein of the present invention is preferably a protein having the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:7. As long as it can regulate the degranulation of mast cells by interaction with the Rab protein, however, it may have an amino acid sequence which is said amino acid sequence wherein one to several amino acids are substituted, deleted, inserted, added or modified, or may be a fragment of the protein having said amino acid sequence.
A second conjugate factor capable of specific interaction with the first Rab protein of the present invention is preferably a protein having the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:9. As long as it can regulate the degranulation of mast cells on its own or by interaction with the Rab protein, however, it may have an amino acid sequence which is said amino acid sequence wherein one to several amino acids are substituted, deleted, inserted, added or modified, or may be a fragment of a protein having said amino acid sequence.
A third conjugate factor capable of specific interaction with the first Rab protein of the present invention is preferably a protein having the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:11. As long as it can regulate the degranulation of mast cells by interaction with the Rab protein, however, it may have an amino acid sequence which is said amino acid sequence wherein one to several amino acids are substituted, deleted, inserted, added or modified, or may be a fragment of the protein having said amino acid sequence.
A conjugate factor capable of specific interaction with the second Rab protein of the present invention is preferably a protein having the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:13. As long as it can regulate the degranulation of mast cells on its own or by interaction with the Rab protein, however, it may have an amino acid sequence which is said amino acid sequence wherein one to several amino acids are substituted, deleted, inserted, added or modified, or may be a fragment of the protein having said amino acid sequence.
As mentioned above, proteins are generally folded in a compact shape and a partial amino acid sequence in the protein often plays an important role in binding proteins to each other. In the present invention, therefore, the entire amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:7, 9, 11 or 13 need not be included, as long as it has an activity to bind with the Rab protein, or as long as it can regulate degranulation of mast cells on its own or by interaction with Rab protein, and a fragment of said protein may be used.
The fragment of the conjugate factor of the present invention can be obtained by the same strategy as mentioned above with regard to the method for obtaining a fragment of the Rab protein.
The conjugate factor of the present invention is not particularly limited as to its origin, as long as it has the above-mentioned characteristics. Therefore, it encompasses those derived from naturally occurring biological organisms, and those derived from natural or artificial mutants, or transformant obtained by introducing a gene encoding a heterologous (i.e., exogenous) Rab protein into a host. Preferably, conjugate factors derived from mammals such as human, bovine, pig, horse, monkey, sheep, goat, dog, cat, rabbit, mouse, rat, guinea pig and the like are exemplified. Particularly preferably, it is derived from a human or mouse.
The conjugate factor capable of specific interaction with the first Rab protein of the present invention may have a different molecular weight depending on the difference in amino acid composition and sugar chain addition. As a polypeptide chain without addition of sugar chain, for example, the first conjugate factor preferably has a molecular weight of about 3.2 kDa, the second conjugate factor has a molecular weight of about 1.9 kDa and the third conjugate factor has a molecular weight of about 47.0 kDa (each theoretical value).
The conjugate factor capable of specific interaction with the second Rab protein of the present invention may have a different molecular weight depending on the difference in amino acid composition and sugar chain addition. As a polypeptide chain without addition of sugar chain, it preferably has, for example, a molecular weight of about 28.5 kDa (theoretical value).
The conjugate factor capable of specific interaction with the Rab protein of the present invention can be obtained in the same manner as described for the above-mentioned Rab protein by (1) a method comprising extraction and purification using a tissue or cell capable of producing the protein as a starting material, (2) a chemical synthesis method or (3) a method comprising purification from a cell engineered to express the protein by gene recombination technique.
Preferably, however, the conjugate factor is obtained utilizing the interaction property with the corresponding Rab protein and by the technique called a two-hybrid system, by cloning a cDNA encoding it, culturing a host cell transformed with an expression vector containing the obtained cDNA clone and isolating and purifying the conjugate factor from the obtained culture.
That is, a cDNA encoding the desired conjugate factor can be obtained by introducing, into a host cell, an expression vector comprising a DNA encoding the corresponding Rab protein in a form permitting expression as a fusion protein with a partial sequence of a protein that regulates expression of a reporter gene (e.g., gene encoding β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, luciferase etc. and a gene imparting resistance to a pharmaceutical agent such as kanamycin, hygromycin, bialaphos and the like, or a gene that supplements amino acid nutrition requirements (histidine synthase, leucine synthase etc.), and an expression vector comprising each clone of a cDNA library prepared from a tissue or cell (e.g., culture mast cell differentiated as mentioned above from hematopoietic stem cells derived from bone marrow cells or cord blood cells of mammals such as human, mouse, rat and the like) that produces a conjugate factor, in a form permitting expression as a fusion protein with a different partial sequence of said expression regulatory protein, (provided that said two partial sequences restore a function to regulate expression of the reporter gene only when the obtained two fusion proteins interact), to give a transformant cell, screening cells that highly expresses the reporter gene intracellularly, and selecting a cDNA clone introduced into the cell. The partial sequence of the expression regulate protein is preferably a combination of a DNA binding domain and an active domain of a transcription factor. When a yeast is used as a host cell, for example, a DNA binding domain and an active domain of GAL4 protein derived from the yeast can be used. When the Rab protein region and the conjugate factor region of the expressed fusion proteins interact, the activity of GAL4 is completely recovered and GAL4 binds with an upstream activating sequence (UAS) of the host yeast cell to express the reporter gene. When, for example, histidine synthase is used as a reporter gene, culture of the yeast cell in a histidine free medium results in the formation of colonies of only the clones carrying a cDNA wherein one of the vectors encodes a conjugate factor.
It is also possible to use a LexA protein derived from Escherichia coli as a DNA binding domain, and an acid blob domain B42 of Escherichia coli as the active domain.
A plasmid carrying a DNA encoding the conjugate factor is prepared by a conventional method from the colonies thus obtained, and the base sequence of the incorporated cDNA can be determined using a known sequencing technique such as Maxam-Gilbert method, dideoxy termination method and the like.
A DNA encoding a first conjugate factor capable of specific interaction with the first Rab protein of the present invention is preferably a DNA encoding the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:7, an amino acid sequence which is said amino acid sequence wherein one to several amino acids are deleted, substituted, inserted, added or modified, or a fragment of said amino acid sequence (provided that a protein consisting of the mutated amino acid sequence or the fragment has a physiological activity capable of regulating degranulation of mast cells on its own or by interaction with the Rab protein). More preferably, the DNA encoding a first conjugate factor capable of specific interaction with the first Rab protein of the present invention is a DNA having a base sequence consisting of base Nos. 18–104 of the base sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:8, a DNA comprising a base sequence which is said base sequence wherein one to several bases are deleted, substituted, inserted or added, or a fragment of said base sequence (provided that a protein encoded by the mutated base sequence or the fragment has a physiological activity capable of regulating degranulation of mast cells on its own or by interaction with the Rab protein).
A DNA encoding a second conjugate factor capable of specific interaction with the first Rab protein of the present invention is preferably a DNA encoding the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:9, an amino acid sequence which is said amino acid sequence wherein one to several amino acids are deleted, substituted, inserted, added or modified, or a fragment of said amino acid sequence (provided that a protein consisting of the mutated amino acid sequence or the fragment has a physiological activity capable of regulating degranulation of mast cells on its own or by interaction with the Rab protein). More preferably, the DNA encoding a second conjugate factor capable of specific interaction with the first Rab protein of the present invention is a DNA having a base sequence consisting of base Nos. 18–68 of the base sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:10, a DNA comprising a base sequence which is said base sequence wherein one to several bases are deleted, substituted, inserted or added, or a fragment of said base sequence (provided that a protein encoded by the mutated base sequence or the fragment has a physiological activity capable of regulating degranulation of mast cells on its own or by interaction with the Rab protein).
A DNA encoding a third conjugate factor capable of specific interaction with the first Rab protein of the present invention is preferably a DNA encoding the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:11, an amino acid sequence which is said amino acid sequence wherein one to several amino acids are deleted, substituted, inserted, added or modified, or a fragment of said amino acid sequence (provided that a protein consisting of the mutated amino acid sequence or the fragment has a physiological activity capable of regulating degranulation of mast cells on its own or by interaction with the Rab protein). More preferably, the DNA encoding a third conjugate factor capable of specific interaction with the first Rab protein of the present invention is a DNA having a base sequence consisting of base Nos. 18-1334 of the base sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:12, a DNA comprising a base sequence which is said base sequence wherein one to several bases are deleted, substituted, inserted or added, or a fragment of said base sequence (provided that a protein encoded by the mutated base sequence or the fragment has a physiological activity capable of regulating degranulation of mast cells on its own or by interaction with the Rab protein).
A DNA encoding a conjugate factor capable of specific interaction with the second Rab protein of the present invention is preferably a DNA encoding the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:13, an amino acid sequence which is said amino acid sequence wherein one to several amino acids are deleted, substituted, inserted, added or modified, or a fragment of said amino acid sequence (provided that a protein consisting of the mutated amino acid sequence or the fragment has a physiological activity capable of regulating degranulation of mast cells on its own or by interaction with the Rab protein). More preferably, the DNA encoding a conjugate factor capable of specific interaction with the second Rab protein of the present invention is a DNA having the base sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:14, a DNA comprising a base sequence which is said base sequence wherein one to several bases are deleted, substituted, inserted or added, or a fragment of the DNA having said base sequence (provided that a protein encoded by the mutated base sequence or the fragment has a physiological activity capable of regulating degranulation of mast cells on its own or by interaction with the Rab protein).
The DNA encoding the first to third conjugate factors capable of specific interaction with the first Rab protein of the present invention can be also chemically synthesized entirely based on the base sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:8, 10 or 12, according to, for example, the method of Y. A. Ovchinnikov et al. (Gene, vol. 31, pp. 65–78 (1984)), respectively. The DNA encoding the conjugate factor capable of specific interaction with the second Rab protein of the present invention can be chemically synthesized entirely likewise based on the base sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:14.
The present invention also provides a recombinant vector containing a DNA encoding Rab protein or a conjugate factor capable of a specific interaction therewith in the present invention. The recombinant vector of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it can afford replicatable retention or autonomous growth in various host cells such as prokaryocyte or eukaryocyte, and encompasses plasmid vectors, virus vectors and the like. This recombinant vector can be conveniently prepared by connecting a known cloning vector or expression vector available in this technique field with the above-mentioned each DNA using a suitable restriction enzyme and ligase, or where necessary, a linker or adaptor DNA. Such vector is exemplified by pBR322, pBR325, pUC18, pUC19 and the like as a plasmid derived from Escherichia coli, pSH19, pSH15 and the like as a plasmid derived from yeast, and pUB110, pTP5, pC194 and the like as a plasmid derived from Bacillus subtilis. As a virus, there are mentioned bacteriophage (e.g., λ phage etc.), animal and insect viruses such as papovavirus (e.g., SV40, bovine papilloma virus (BPV) etc.), retrovirus (e.g., Moloney mouse leukemia virus (MoMuLV) etc.), adenovirus (AdV), adeno-associated virus (AAV), vaccinia virus, baculovirus and the like.
Particularly, the present invention provides an expression vector containing a DNA encoding a Rab protein or a conjugate factor thereof under regulate of a promoter functional in an objective host cell. The vector to be used is not particularly limited as long as it includes a promoter region that functions in various host cells such as prokaryocyte and eucaryocyte and can regulate transcription of a gene located downstream thereof (e.g., trp promoter, lac promoter, lecA promoter etc. when the host is Escherichia coli, SPO1 promoter, SPO2 promoter, penP promoter etc. when the host is Bacillus subtilis, PHO5 promoter, PGK promoter, GAP promoter, ADH promoter etc. when the host is a yeast, virus promoters such as SV40-derived early promoter, MoMuLV-derived long terminal repeat, adenovirus-derived early promoter etc. when the host is a mammalian cell) and a transcription termination signal or a terminator region of this gene, and this promoter region and said terminator region are ligated via a sequence containing at least one restriction enzyme recognition site, preferably a unique restriction site that cleaves the vector at said site alone. However, it is preferable that it further contain a selection marker gene (a gene imparting resistance to a pharmaceutical agent such as tetracycline, ampicillin, kanamycin and the like or a gene that complements nutrition requirement mutation) for selection of the transformant. When a DNA encoding the Rab protein or conjugate factor to be inserted does not contain an initiation codon and a termination codon, a vector containing an initiation codon (ATG) and a termination codon (TAG, TGA, TAA) at downstream of the promoter region and at upstream of the terminator region, respectively, is preferably used.
When bacteria is used as a host cell, the expression vector generally needs to contain, in addition to the above-mentioned promoter region and terminator region, a replicatable unit capable of autonomous replication in the host cell. A promoter region encompasses an operator and a Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence in the vicinity of the promoter.
When a yeast, animal cell or insect cell is used as a host, the expression vector preferably further contains an enhancer sequence, a non-translation region on the 5′ side and the 3′ side of a Rab protein or a conjugate factor thereof, a polyadenylation site and the like.
The present invention also provides a transformant obtained by transforming a host cell with the above-mentioned expression vector. The host cell to be used in the present invention is free of any particular limitation as long as it is compatible with the aforementioned expression vector and can be transformed, and various cells are used, including natural cells or mutant cells established artificially or recombinant cells and the like, which are generally used in the technical field of the present invention [e.g., bacteria (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus etc.), yeast (the genera Saccharomyces, Pichia, Kluyveromyces etc.), animal cells (e.g., mammalian cells, particularly cells of human, monkey, mouse, rat, hamster and the like, which are specifically mouse-derived cells such as COP, L, C127, Sp2/0, NS-1, NIH3 T3 and the like, rat-derived cells, hamster-derived cells such as BHK, CHO and the like, simian-derived cells such as COS1, COS3, COS7, CV1, Vero and the like, and human-derived cells such as HeLa, diploid fibroblast strain-derived cell, myeloma cell, Namalwa and the like), insect cells and the like].
Introduction of an expression vector into a host cell can be conducted according to a conventionally known method. For example, transformation is possible by the method of Cohen et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 69, 2110 (1972)), protoplast method (Mol. Gen. Genet., 168, 111 (1979)), competent method (J. Mol. Biol., 56, 209 (1971)) and the like in the case of bacteria, by the method of Hinnen et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 75, 1927 (1978)), lithium method (J. Bacteriol., 153, 163 (1983)) and the like in the case of yeast, by the method of Graham (Virology, 52, 456 (1973)) and the like in the case of animal cells, and by the method of Summers et al. (Mol. Cell. Biol., 3, 2156–2165 (1983)) and the like in the case of insect cells.
The Rab protein and a conjugate factor thereof in the present invention can be produced by culturing a transformant containing an expression vector prepared as mentioned above in a medium and recovering the protein from the obtained culture.
The medium to be used preferably contains a carbon source, an inorganic nitrogen source or an organic nitrogen source necessary for the growth of the host cell (transformant). The carbon source is exemplified by glucose, dextran, soluble starch, sucrose and the like, and the inorganic nitrogen source and the organic nitrogen source are exemplified by ammonium salts, nitrates, amino acid, corn steep liquor, peptone, casein, meat extract, soybean cake, potato extract and the like. Where desired, other nutrients [for example, inorganic salts (e.g., calcium chloride, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, magnesium chloride), vitamins, antibiotics (e.g., tetracycline, neomycin, ampicillin, kanamycin etc.) and the like] may be added.
Culture is done according to a method known in this field. Specific examples of the medium and culture conditions employed depending on the host cell are shown in the following, but the culture conditions in the present invention are not at all limited by them.
When the host is bacteria, Actinomycetes, yeast, filamentous bacterium and the like, for example, a liquid medium containing the above-mentioned nutrient sources is suitable. Preferably, the medium has a pH of 5–8. When the host is Escherichia coli, preferable medium includes LB medium, M9 medium (Miller. J., Exp. Mol. Genet., p. 431, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York (1972)) and the like. The culture includes aeration and stirring as necessary and is conducted generally at 14–43° C. for about 3–24 hr. When the host is Bacillus subtilis, the culture includes aeration and stirring as necessary and is conducted generally at 30–40° C. for about 16–96 hr. When the host is a yeast, the medium is exemplified by Burkholder minimum medium (Bostian. K. L. et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77, 4505 (1980)) and the pH is preferably 5–8. The culture is conducted generally at about 20–35° C. for about 14–144 hr, with aeration and stirring as necessary.
When the host is an animal cell, the medium may be, for example, minimum essential medium (MEM) (Science, 122, 501 (1952)), Dulbecco's modified minimum essential medium (DMEM) (Virology, 8, 396 (1959)), RPMI1640 medium (J. Am. Med. Assoc., 199, 519 (1967)), 199 medium (Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 73, 1 (1950)) and the like, supplemented with about 5–20% fetal bovine serum. The pH of the medium is preferably about 6–8, and the culture is conducted generally at about 30–40° C. for about 15–72 hr, with aeration and stirring as necessary.
When the host is an insect cell, the medium may be, for example, Grace's medium (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82, 8404 (1985)) and the like, supplemented with fetal bovine serum. The pH of the medium is preferably about 5–8, and the culture is conducted generally at about 20–40° C. for about 15–100 hr, with aeration and stirring as necessary.
The Rab protein and a conjugate factor thereof are purified by centrifugation or filtration of the culture to collect cells, suspending the cells in a suitable buffer, rupturing (lysis) the cell and organelle membranes by, for example, ultrasonication, lysozyme treatment, freeze and thawing, osmotic shock and/or a treatment with surfactant such as Triton-X100 etc. and the like, removing the debris by centrifugal separation, filtration and the like to give a soluble fraction, treating the soluble fraction by a method similar to that mentioned above, thereby performing isolation and purification.
The method for quickly and conveniently obtaining a recombinant protein is preferably exemplified by a method comprising adding a DNA sequence encoding an amino acid sequence (e.g., sequence consisting of basic amino acids, such as histidine, arginine, lysine and the like, preferably a sequence consisting of histidine) capable of adsorbing to a metal ion chelate to a part containing a code sequence of the protein (preferably C-terminal) by genetic engineering to allow expression in the host cell, and separating and recovering the desired recombinant protein from the culture of the cell by affinity for a carrier on which the metal ion chelate has been immobilized. For example, the DNA sequence encoding an amino acid sequence capable of adsorbing to a metal ion chelate can be introduced into a sequence coding the desired protein by, during the process of cloning the DNA encoding the protein, PCR amplification using a hybrid primer of a base sequence encoding C-terminal amino acid sequence of said protein ligated with the DNA sequence, or insertion of the DNA encoding the protein into an expression vector containing the DNA sequence before the termination codon after aligning the reading frame (i.e., in frame). The metal ion chelate adsorbent to be used for the purification can be prepared by bringing a solution containing a transition metal (e.g., a divalent ion of cobalt, copper, nickel or iron, or a trivalent ion of iron or aluminum, and the like, preferably a divalent ion of cobalt or nickel) into contact with a matrix, to which a ligand such as iminodiacetic acid (IDA) group, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) group, tris(carboxymethyl)ethylenediamine (TED) group and the like has been attached, to allow binding with the ligand. The matrix portion of the chelate adsorbent is not particularly limited as long as it is a typical insoluble carrier.
Alternatively, a recombinant protein can be obtained quickly and conveniently by constructing an expression vector prepared such that a DNA encoding a Rab protein or a conjugate factor thereof is expressed as a fusion protein with a known protein that can be purified utilizing a specific affinity for a known affinity column, culturing a transformant, into which the vector has been introduced, to produce the fusion protein, and subjecting the fusion protein to chromatography using a suitable affinity column. Preferably, a method comprising expressing the protein of the present invention as a fusion protein with a glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and subjecting the resulting protein to affinity chromatography using a glutathione-matrix adsorbent (e.g., glutathione—sepharose column) is exemplified. As a vector capable of easily affording such GST fusion protein, commercially available pGEX4T1 (manufactured by Pharmacia) and the like can be used.
The present invention also provides an antibody having specific affinity for the Rab protein and a conjugate factor thereof in the present invention. The antibody may be a polyclonal antibody or a monoclonal antibody and can be prepared by a known immunological method.
For example, a polyclonal antibody can be obtained by subcutaneously or intraperitoneally administering a Rab protein, a conjugate factor thereof, or a fragment thereof (where necessary, it can be also formed into a complex crosslinked with a carrier protein such as bovine serum albumin, KLH (Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin) and the like) as an antigen, together with a commercially available adjuvant (e.g., complete or incomplete Freund's adjuvant), to an animal about 2–4 times every 2–3 weeks (antibody titer of serum from partially drawn blood is to be measured by a known antigen-antibody reaction and an increase thereof is to be confirmed), collecting the whole blood about 3–10 days after final immunization and purifying an antiserum. An animal to give the antigen is, for example, a mammal such as rat, mouse, rabbit, goat, guinea pig, hamster and the like.
A monoclonal antibody can be prepared by the cell fusion method (e.g., Takeshi Watanabe, Principles of cell fusion method and preparation of monoclonal antibody, pp. 2–14, Monoclonal antibody and cancer—Fundamental and Clinic—, Akira Taniuchi, Toshitada Takahashi eds., Science Forum Publishing (1985)). For example, the factor is subcutaneously or intraperitoneally administered 2–4 times to a mouse together with a commercially available adjuvant, and 3 days after final administration, the spleen or lymph node is taken and leukocytes are recovered. Cell fusion of the leukocytes and myeloma cells (e.g., NS-1, P3X63Ag8 etc.) gives a hybridoma that produces a monoclonal antibody against the factor. The cell fusion may be performed by a PEG method (R. D. Lane, J. Immunol. Methods, vol. 81 No. 2, pp. 223–228 (1985)) or a voltage pulse method (U. Karsten et al., Hybridoma, vol. 7 No. 6, pp. 627–633 (1988)). The hybridoma that produces the desired monoclonal antibody can be selected by detecting an antibody that specifically binds with an antigen from a culture supernatant using known EIA or RIA method and the like. The hybridoma that produces a monoclonal antibody can be cultured in vitro or in vivo in ascites of mouse or rat, preferably mouse, and the like, wherein the antibody can be obtained from the hybridoma culture supernatant and ascites of an animal, respectively.
The present invention also provides a method for assaying the Rab protein and a conjugate factor thereof in the present invention in a sample using the antibody obtained as mentioned above, and a reagent for the assay. This assay method may be based on any known principle as long as it utilizes a specific antigen-antibody reaction with the antibody of the present invention. For example, such method includes immobilizing, by a conventional method, the polyclonal antibody or monoclonal antibody obtained as mentioned above on a solid phase, bringing it into contact with a sample to form an antigen-antibody complex, separating a liquid phase, bringing it into contact with a secondary antibody labeled with an enzyme, fluorescence substance, radioactive isotope and the like to form a sandwich complex and measuring the amount of the label on the solid phase, and the like. The reagent of the present invention for measuring the antigen is free of any particular limitation as long as it contains the antibody of the present invention, which is against the assay target antigen.
The Rab protein and a conjugate factor thereof in the present invention have a physiological activity to regulate degranulation of mast cells by interaction. Both factors can suppressively regulate degranulation on their own when exogenously supplied to mast cells. Since the Rab protein is a GTP binding protein, it shows a GTP/GDP binding activity and is considered to exhibit its physiological activity in link with the conversion reaction due to the GTPase activity of its own. Therefore, (1) a substance capable of inhibiting expression of the Rab protein and/or its conjugate factor in the present invention in mast cells, (2) a substance capable of inhibiting GTP binding activity of the Rab protein, (3) a substance capable of inhibiting GTPase activity of GTP binding Rab protein and (4) a substance capable of inhibiting specific interaction (i.e., binding) between Rab protein and its conjugate factor are capable of ultimately inhibiting degranulation of mast cells, and useful as a therapeutic drug of various diseases in which the degranulation is involved, particularly allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, immediate food-allergy and the like.
The inhibitory substance of the type of the above-mentioned (1) is exemplified by, but not limited to, a nucleotide having a base sequence complementary to a part or the entirety of mRNA encoding the Rab protein and a conjugate factor thereof in the present invention, i.e., anti-sense nucleotide, or an expression vector genetically engineered to express such anti-sense RNA.
The inhibitory substance of the type of the above-mentioned (2) is exemplified by, but not limited to, an exogenously supplied Rab protein or an antibody having specific affinity for the Rab protein of the present invention and the like. It may be a low molecular weight compound or the like, which is known per se or a novel compound.
The inhibitory substance of the type of the above-mentioned (4) is exemplified by, but not limited to, exogenously supplied Rab protein or a conjugate factor itself, or an antibody having specific affinity for the Rab protein or a conjugate factor of the present invention and the like. It may be a low molecular weight compound or the like, which is known per se or a novel compound.
The present invention also provides a screening method of a substance capable of inhibiting interaction between the Rab protein and a conjugate factor thereof in the present invention, i.e., the substance of the type of the above-mentioned (4) that can inhibit degranulation of mast cells.
This screening method includes use of a transformant prepared using the two-hybrid method in one preferable embodiment of the cloning of a cDNA encoding the conjugate factor of the present invention. That is, this method includes culturing, in the presence or absence of a test substance, a transformant obtained by introducing, into a host cell, an expression vector comprising a DNA encoding the Rab protein of the present invention in a form permitting expression as a fusion protein with a partial sequence of a protein that regulates expression of a reporter gene in the host cell, and an expression vector comprising a DNA encoding the corresponding conjugate factor of the present invention in a form permitting expression as a fusion protein with a different partial sequence of said protein (provided that said two partial sequences restore a function to regulate expression of the reporter gene only when the obtained two fusion proteins interact), and comparing the intracellular expression of the reporter gene. The reporter gene, respective partial sequences of said protein that regulates expression, host cell and the like used are the same as those mentioned above. When the test substance has an activity to inhibit the interaction between the Rab protein and a conjugate factor thereof, the expression of the reporter gene is significantly inhibited in the presence of a test substance as compared to the case when the test substance is absent. For example, when a histidine synthase is used as a reporter gene, the substance that inhibits interaction between the Rab protein and its conjugate factor significantly inhibits growth of the transformant in a medium free of histidine.
The present invention also provides a substance capable of inhibiting interaction between the Rab protein and a conjugate factor thereof in the present invention, i.e., a substance capable of inhibiting degranulation of mast cells, which are obtained by the above-mentioned screening method. One example of such inhibitory substance is a compound represented by the formula [I] or [II]
wherein R1 is a hydrogen atom or a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and X is a hydrogen atom, a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a hydroxyl group or a phenyl group
wherein R2 is a hydrogen atom or a nitro group, and Y is a halogen atom, a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a hydroxyl group.
Preferably, a substance capable of inhibiting an interaction between the Rab protein and a conjugate factor thereof in the present invention is exemplified by acetone-4-(4-phenyl)phenyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl-hydrazone, 4-methylpentanone-4-phenyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl-hydrazone, 2-butanone-4-phenyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl-hydrazone, 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde-2-brombenzoylhydrazone and the like, but the substance is not limited to them and may be any substance obtained by the above-mentioned screening method.
These compounds can be used as a therapeutic drug of various diseases involving degranulation of mast cells, particularly a therapeutic drug of allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, immediate food allergy and the like. Therefore, the present invention also provides an antiallergic agent containing such compound as an active ingredient.
The antiallergic agent of the present invention can be administered orally in the dosage form of tablet, capsule and the like, or parenterally in the form of injection, inhalant, eye drop or liniment of a solution, suspension and the like with a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid, which contains the inhibitory substance obtained by the above-mentioned screening method. For example, this compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, flavor, excipient, stabilizer and the like are admixed to afford a preparation for oral administration. The preparation thus obtained can be administered to mammals inclusive of human. While the dose varies depending on the body weight, age and pharmaceutical tolerance of the patients, the kind and progress of the disease, and the like, it is, for example, about 0.01–100 mg, preferably about 0.1–50 mg, daily by oral administration to an adult.
The present invention also provides a screening method of a substance capable of inhibiting the GTP binding activity of the Rab protein of the present invention, i.e., the substance of the type of the above-mentioned (2), that can inhibit degranulation of mast cells.
Specific embodiments of this method are not particularly limited as long as GTP is bound with the Rab protein in the presence or absence of a test substance. For example, a method comprising bringing the Rab protein into contact with a labeled GTP, adding a test substance to a reaction system where GTP binds with the Rab protein, and examining a decrease in the amount of the label bound with the Rab protein.
The present invention also provides a screening method of a substance capable of inhibiting a GTP binding activity of the Rab protein of the present invention and/or an interaction between the Rab protein and a conjugate factor thereof, i.e., the substance of the type of the above-mentioned (2) or (4), that can inhibit degranulation of mast cells.
Specific embodiments of this method are not particularly limited as long as the following steps are conducted in the presence or absence of a test substance:
For example, such method includes adding a test substance to a reaction system, wherein a conjugate factor is immobilized on a solid phase by a conventional method (e.g., specific binding of biotin-avidin etc.). Separately, the corresponding Rab protein is brought into contact with the labeled GTP to form a complex, the complex is brought into contact with a solid phase bound with the conjugate factor to form a complex of labeled GTP—Rab protein—conjugate factor immobilized on solid phase, and examining a decrease in the amount of the label trapped on the solid phase.
The present invention also provides a substance capable of inhibiting GTP binding activity of the Rab protein of the present invention and/or an interaction between the Rab protein and a conjugate factor thereof, which is obtained by the above-mentioned screening method, i.e., a substance capable of inhibiting degranulation of mast cells. Such substance can be used as a therapeutic drug of various diseases in which the degranulation of mast cells is involved, particularly allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, immediate food-allergy and the like. Therefore, the present invention also provides an antiallergic agent containing such compound as an active ingredient.
The antiallergic agent of the present invention containing, as an active ingredient, the inhibitory substance obtained by a screening method using the above-mentioned cell-free system can be formed into a preparation according to a method similar to that of the above-mentioned antiallergic agent obtained by a screening method using a two-hybrid system, and can be administered to mammals inclusive of human by a similar method.
The present invention is described in more detail in the following by referring to Examples. These are mere examples and do not limit the scope of the present invention in any way.
(1) Preparation of Total RNA from Mouse Bone Marrow-Derived Mast Cells.
According to a method reported by T. Nakano et al. (J. Exp. Med., vol. 162, pp. 1025–1043 (1987)), mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) were prepared. Bone marrow cells were taken from the femora of BALB/c mouse, a given number of the cells were suspended in RPMI culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (to be referred to as 10% FBS-RPMI) in a plastic culture dish. A culture supernatant of WEHI-3 cells was added at a concentration of 10–20% and the cells were cultured in the atmosphere containing carbon dioxide at a concentration of 5% at 37° C. The medium was changed to a fresh medium every week and the culture was continued while regulating the cell concentration to a constant level. After 4 weeks of culture, almost homogeneous BMMC was obtained. The total RNA was prepared from this BMMC using a reagent for RNA preparation, ISOGEN (product of NIPPON GENE CO., LTD.) according to the attached protocol.
(2) RT-PCR
cDNA was prepared from the total RNA prepared in (1) using a cDNA synthesis reagent kit (manufactured by Pharmacia Biotech). The objective gene was amplified and isolated by PCR using this cDNA as a template DNA and the following two kinds of DNAs I and II as primers.
PCR was performed using a reagent attached to a Takara Taq (manufactured by TAKARA) and GeneAmp PCR system 9600 (manufactured by Perkin Elmer) under the following reaction conditions.
The RT-PCR product obtained in (2) was subjected to 2% agarose electrophoresis, and an about 150 bp DNA fragment was recovered using GeneElute AGAROSE SPIN COLUMN (manufactured by Pharmacia Biotech). This DNA fragment was incorporated into a plasmid vector pT7BlueT (manufactured by Novagen) by insertion into a TA cloning site using a DNA ligation kit (manufactured by TAKARA). This recombinant product was introduced into Escherichia coli JM109 strain (manufactured by TAKARA) and cultured in an LB agar medium containing ampicillin. Several hundred clones of ampicillin resistant transformed strain were isolated for primary screening.
(4) Determination of Gene Sequence
From among the above-mentioned several hundred clones after primary screening, the plasmid DNAs of about 50 clones were prepared using a QIAGEN plasmid kit (manufactured by QIAGEN). The sequencing reaction using the obtained plasmid DNA as a template, M13 primers M4 and RV (manufactured by TAKARA) as primers and an ABI PRISM Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction kit (manufactured by Perkin Elmer) were performed according to the attached manual by GeneAmp PCR system 9600 (manufactured by Perkin Elmer). The reaction product was analyzed by an ABI PRISM 377 DNA sequencer (manufactured by Perkin Elmer). The obtained base sequence was analyzed by a gene information processing soft GENETYX (manufactured by Softwear Development), and as a result, two kinds of 120 bp DNAs (mG#A-DNA and mG#B-DNA) having a novel base sequence were obtained. In addition, known DNAs (8 kinds) encoding Rab protein or low molecular G protein were detected.
(5) Analysis of Expression by Northern Blotting
Using the mG#A-DNA and mG#B-DNA obtained in (4), and a known about 150 bp gene sequence of rab5C as a probe, expression of mRNA in various organs (brain, kidney, spleen, liver, BMMC) of mouse was examined by Northern blotting.
The total RNA derived from each organ was prepared using ISOGEN (manufactured by NIPPON GENE CO., LTD.). From the obtained total RNA, 20 μg was subjected to agarose electrophoresis and transferred to a nylon membrane (manufactured by BioRad) according to a conventional method (reference: Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, vol. 1, 2.5, ed. F. M. Ausubel et al., Wiley Interscience). The mG#A-DNA and mG#B-DNA, and an about 150 bp partial gene sequence of rab5C were 32P labeled using a BcaBEST Labeling kit (manufactured by TAKARA), and used as a probe. The total RNA derived from each organ, which was immobilized on the nylon membrane and 32P-labeled probe were hybridized in 250 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) containing 1 mM EDTA, 7% SDS and 0.05 mg/ml salmon sperm DNA at 65° C., washed twice with 40 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) containing 1 mM EDTA and 5% SDS at 65° C., further washed twice with 40 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) containing 1 mM EDTA and 1% SDS at 65° C. and dried. The 32P labeled probe bond with the RNA on the membrane was autoradiographed with an X ray film for direct radiography (product of Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.) for 10 days for detection.
As a result, expression of all the mRNAs of rab5C was detected in every organ, but mRNA containing the sequences of mG#A-DNA and mG#B-DNA was specifically expressed only in mast cells.
(6) Cloning of Full-Length cDNA
The mRNA was prepared from mouse BMMC using an mRNA preparation reagent kit (QuickPrep mRNA Purification kit; manufactured by Pharmacia Biotech). From this mRNA, an EcoRI adaptor-added cDNA was synthesized using a cDNA synthesis reagent kit (TimeSaver cDNA Synthesis kit: manufactured by Pharmacia Biotech). This cDNA was incorporated into an EcoRI site of λ phage vector λgt11 using a DNA ligation kit (manufactured by TAKARA). This cDNA incorporated into the vector was processed using an in vitro packaging kit (GIGAPACK II; manufactured by STRATAGENE) to give phage particles and a λ phage library derived from mast cells was constructed. By plaque hybridization using the above-mentioned mG#A-DNA and mG#B-DNA partial sequences as probes and according to a conventional method (reference: Current Protocols in Molecular biology, vol. 1, 6.1–6.3, ed. F. M. Ausubel et al., Wiley Interscience), phage clones containing full-length cDNAs of the obtained mG#A-DNA and mG#B-DNA were obtained from this library. The obtained clones were incorporated into an EcoRI site of pUC18 and a base sequence was determined. The full length DNAs corresponding to mG#A-DNA and mG#B-DNA were named mG#101-DNA (SEQ ID NO:2) and mG#102-DNA (SEQ ID NO:5), respectively.
(1) PCR
PCR was performed using a human small intestine-derived cDNA (manufactured by Clontech) as a template and synthetic DNAs (sequences shown in the following) designed based on mG#101 and mG#102 cDNAs as primers.
PCR was performed using a reagent attached to Takara Taq (manufactured by TAKARA) by GeneAmp PCR system 9600 (manufactured by Perkin Elmer) under the following conditions.
The PCR product obtained in (1) was digested with a restriction enzyme EcoRI and the objective band was purified by agarose electrophoresis. Using a DNA ligation kit (manufactured by TAKARA), it was subcloned to a plasmid vector pUC18. The genetic base sequence of the obtained clone was determined in the same manner as in Example 1 and hG#101 (SEQ ID NO:3) base sequence was obtained for mG#101 and hG#102 (SEQ ID NO:6) base sequence was obtained for mG#102.
In this Example, experiments were conducted basically following the attached manual of Clontech.
(1) Preparation of Plasmid Library for Two-Hybrid System
By ligating EcoRI adaptor-added cDNA prepared from mouse BMMC in the same manner as in Example 1 to a plasmid vector pACT2 of MATCHMAKER Two-Hybrid System 2 (manufactured by Clontech), a mouse BMMC cDNA library for Two-Hybrid System was prepared.
(2) Preparation of Plasmid for Bait Expression
By incorporating mG#101 or mG#102 full length cDNA, having EcoRI site added to both ends, into EcoRI site of plasmid vector pAS2-1 of MATCHMAKER Two-Hybrid System 2 (manufactured by Clontech), by PCR using the primers used in Example 2, plasmid for bait expression (plasmid incorporating a gene encoding a protein whose bondable protein is desired) was prepared.
(3) Cloning of Conjugate Factor
A plasmid for bait expression and a plasmid library were simultaneously transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae CG1945 strain, which is a yeast strain for Two-Hybrid System, to isolate a transformant capable of mG#101 or mG#102-dependent growth in a histidine defective medium. By recovering a plasmid from an isolated transformant, cDNAs of mA#1014 (SEQ ID NO:8), mA#1015 (SEQ ID NO:10), mA#1016 (SEQ ID NO:12) and mA#10283 (SEQ ID NO:14) inserted into pACT2 vector were obtained. The gene sequences of the obtained clones were determined in the same manner as in Example 1.
In this Example, experiments were conducted basically following the attached manual of Pharmacia Biotech.
(1) Construction of Expression Vector
By incorporating mG#101 or mG#102 cDNA cut out with EcoRI from the bait expression plasmid prepared in Example 3 into an EcoRI site of plasmid vector pGEX4T1 of GST Gene Fusion System (manufactured by Pharmacia Biotech), a plasmid capable of expression of fusion protein with GST was obtained.
(2) Expression by Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli JM109 strain was transformed with an expression plasmid to give a recombinant Escherichia coli. The obtained recombinant Escherichia coli was cultured in a 2YT medium (10 g/L yeast extract, 16 g/L tryptone, 5 g/L NaCl) and expression of recombinant protein was induced with 0.1 mM IPTG during the logarithmic growth later phase. Culture was continued for 4 hr after expression induction to intracellularly accumulate the recombinant protein, and recombinant Escherichia coli was harvested by centrifugal separation.
(3) Purification of Recombinant Protein
The collected recombinant Escherichia coli was suspended in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and this suspension was applied to an ultrasonic disintegrator (manufactured by TOMY) to rupture the recombinant Escherichia coli. By centrifugal separation, this rupture liquid was separated between soluble supernatant and insoluble sediment, and the supernatant was suspended in glutathione sepharose of GST Gene Fusion System (manufactured by Pharmacia Biotech) and left standing. Glutathione sepharose was recovered from the suspension by centrifugal separation and washed with PBS. The washed glutathione sepharose was suspended in a thrombin solution (recognizes and cleaves specific amino acid sequence introduced into the fused portion of Rab protein and GST) and left standing, whereby the objective Rab protein bound with the glutathione sepharose as a GST fusion protein was removed from the GST part, thereby liberating the protein from the glutathione sepharose. By centrifugal separation, glutathione sepharose and the objective Rab protein solution were separated, and the objective Rab protein solution was applied to a heparin column to remove thrombin, whereby mG#101 protein (SEQ ID NO:1; amino acid Nos. 45, 115, 138, 165 and 167 were Ala, Val, Met, Arg and Pro, respectively) and mG#102 protein (SEQ ID NO:4; amino acid Nos. 113, 185, 192, 200 and 203 were Thr, Leu, Ile, Pro and Val, respectively) were obtained.
(1) GTP Binding Activity
In this Example, experiments were conducted basically following the method of Kaibuchi et al. (Methods in Enzymology, vol. 257, pp. 67–68 (1995)). That is, mG#101 or mG#102 recombinant protein and GTP [γ35S] were mixed in the presence or absence of non-labeled GTP and the mixture was stood for 2 hr. This mixture was dot blotted on a nitrocellulose membrane using a dot blotter (manufactured by BioRad) for B/F separation. This membrane was assayed by Beta Counter Matrix 96 (manufactured by Packard) to confirm specific binding of mG#101 or mG#102 recombinant protein to GTP.
(2) Effect on Degranulation
The recombinant protein was added to a BMMC digitonin degranulation system to examine the effect. BMMC was washed twice with a buffer having the following composition to give a suspension at 2×106 cells/ml and dispensed to a 96-well U-bottom plate by 0.05 ml/well. Then, mG#101 or mG#102 recombinant protein (0.05 ml/well) was added. Furthermore, 4.5 μM digitonin was added by 0.05 ml/well and the plate was stood at room temperature for 5 min. Thereafter 4 mM CaCl2 was added by 0.05 ml/well and the plate was stood at room temperature for 10 min. After standing, the concentration of histamine liberated in the supernatant was determined by a histamine RIA kit (Eiken Chemical Co., Ltd.).
As a result, both mG#101 and mG#102 recombinant proteins inhibited degranulation in a concentration dependent manner.
(1) Construction of Expression Vector
By incorporating mA#10283 cDNA cut out with EcoRI from the pACT2 vector prepared in Example 3 into an EcoRI site of plasmid vector pGEX4T1 of GST Gene Fusion System (manufactured by Pharmacia Biotech), an expression vector of fusion protein of GST and mA#10283 was obtained.
(2) Expression in Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli JM109 was transformed with the expression vector to give a recombinant Escherichia coli. The obtained recombinant Escherichia coli was cultured in a 2YT medium and expression of recombinant protein was induced during the logarithmic growth later phase. Culture was continued after expression induction and Escherichia coli wherein recombinant protein was intracellularly accumulated, was harvested by centrifugal separation.
(3) Purification of Recombinant Protein
The harvested recombinant Escherichia coli was suspended in PBS and this suspension was applied to an ultrasonic disintegrator to rupture the recombinant Escherichia coli. By centrifugal separation, this rupture liquid was separated between soluble supernatant and insoluble sediment, and the supernatant was suspended in glutathione sepharose. Glutathione sepharose was recovered from the suspension by centrifugal separation and washed with PBS. The washed glutathione sepharose was suspended in a reduced glutathione solution, thereby eluting the fusion protein of GST and mA#10283 (SEQ ID NO:13), which was bound with the glutathione sepharose. By dialysis of the eluate, glutathione was removed from the objective protein.
(4) Effect of Recombinant Protein on Degranulation
The recombinant protein was added to the digitonin degranulation system (see Example 5) and the effect was examined. As a result, GST fused mA#10283 recombinant protein inhibited degranulation in a concentration dependent manner.
Two expression vectors respectively incorporating mG#102 in pAS2-1 vector and mA#10283 in pACT2 vector were introduced into S. cerevisiae CG1945 strain to give a recombinant yeast #102 strain (see Example 3). As a control, recombinant yeast VT strain into which plasmid for positive control (pVA3-1, pTD1-1) of MATCHMAKER Two-Hybrid System 2 had been introduced was prepared. The culture media of #102 strain and VT strain that reached confluent by shake culture overnight at 30° C. in an SD medium supplemented with histidine were diluted 200-fold with a fresh histidine defective SD medium (containing 1 mM 3-AT) and dispensed to a 96 well plate by 0.09 ml/well. A PBS solution containing a compound whose effect is desired to be examined was added to each well, PBS was added to the well of 100% control, and 1M 3-AT-containing PBS solution was added to the well of 0% control respectively in a volume of 0.01 ml/well and mixed by a plate shaker MicroMixer E-36 (manufactured by TAITEC). Then, after static culture at 30° C. for 18–20 hr, culture media were suspended in a plate shaker, and turbidity (absorbance at 590 nm) was measured with a 96 well plate spectrophotometer Multiskan BICHROMATIC (manufactured by Labsystems) The data of the turbidity measured were evaluated on conversion to % control based on the turbidity data of 100% control and 0% control. When a common effect appears between the #102 strain and the VT strain, it was considered a nonspecific effect on the two-hybrid system rather than an effect on the interaction between mG#102 and mA#10283.
As a result, the concentration of histidine synthase inhibitor (3-amino-1,2,4-triazole: 3-AT) wherein each recombinant yeast strain grows in a histidine defective SD medium in a reporter gene (histidine synthase)-dependent manner was within the range of 1–10 mM and neither recombinant yeast strain could grow with 100 mM 3-AT.
The N-terminal of the recombinant mA#10283 protein prepared in Example 6 was biotinized using a biotin-labeled reagent EZ-Link-Sulfo-NHS-LC-Biotin (manufactured by Pierce) according to the manual attached to the reagent.
Then, recombinant mG#102 prepared in Example 4 and GTP [γ35S] were mixed at 0.02 mg/ml and 30 nM, respectively. By standing the mixture for 2 hr, the recombinant mG#102 was activated and labeled with radioisotope (RI). This RI-labeled mG#102 protein (0.1 ml), 0.02 mg/ml biotin-labeled mA#10283 protein (0.1 ml), and a buffer solution (0.02 ml) for assay of a compound whose effect is desired to be examined were mixed and stood for 2 hr. The above-mentioned mixture was transferred to a streptavidin-coated flashplate (manufactured by NEN) at 0.1 ml/well and stood for 1 hr. After standing, the mixture was removed from the flashplate, each well was washed once with a washing buffer, and the radioactivity bound was measured by a plate scintillation counter (TopCount: manufactured by Packard). As a 0% control, a well to which biotin labeled GST was added instead of biotin labeled mA#10283 was used, and as a 100% control, a well to which buffer was added instead of the compound solution was used. composition of assay buffer:
Using the system shown in Example 7, 0.09 ml each of #102 strain yeast or VT strain yeast (control) was placed in each well of a 96 well plate, and a PBS solution containing a particular compound which is unknown as to its effect on the interaction between mG#102 and mA#10283 was added by 0.01 ml, which was followed by culture at 30° C. for 18–20 hr. Then, the culture medium was suspended in a plate shaker and the turbidity (absorbance at 590 nm) was measured with a 96 well plate absorbance meter. The turbidity of the well to which PBS solution without the compound was added was taken as 100% control and the turbidity of the well to which PBS solution containing 3-AT (final concentration 100 mM) instead of the compound was added was taken as 0% control, and the effect of the compound was evaluated by conversion to percentage. As shown in Table 1, acetone-4-(4-phenyl)phenyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl-hydrazone (formula [III]) and 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde-2-brombenzoylhydrazne (formula [IV]) specifically suppressed #1022 strain in a dose-dependent manner.
BMMC prepared by the method shown in Example 1 was suspended in 10% FBS-containing RPMI at a concentration of 3×106/ml. To this BMMC was added a mouse monoclonal anti-DNP IgE antibody (manufactured by YAMASA) at 3 μg/ml, and the mixture was stood at room temperature for 30 min. Then, BMMC treated with an IgE antibody was washed with buffer A (133 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 0.9 mM NaH2PO4, 8 mM glucose, 1 mg/ml BSA, 0.01 mM CaCl2, 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4) and suspended in buffer A containing 1 mM CaCl2 at a concentration of 3×106/ml. This BMMC suspension (0.1 ml/well) was added in a 96 well multiplate and a solution of the compound to be examined (0.05 ml/well) and a DNP-HSA (manufactured by Sigma) solution (40 ng/ml, 0.05 ml/well) as an antigen were added. After standing at room temperature for 30 min, the mixture was centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 min and the supernatant was recovered for the 96 well multiplate by 0.05 ml/well. To this supernatant was added a 4-methylumbelliferyl-2-acetamide-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside (manufactured by Funakoshi Co., Ltd., substrate of hexosaminidase) solution (1 mM; in 0.2 M citrate buffer (pH 4.5)) at 0.05 ml/well. After standing at 37° C. for 90 min, 1M Tris solution (0.15 ml) was added to stop the reaction, and the amount of fluorescence in each well was measured by fluoroscan (manufactured by Labo Systems). The suppressive effect of the compound on the degranulation of BMMC was calculated based on the amount of fluorescence in the control group free of addition of the compound as 100%. As a control compound, tranilast was used. As shown in Table 2, acetone-4-(4-phenyl)phenyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl-hydrazone suppressed degranulation of mast cells in a dose-dependent manner.
The screening system of the present invention using the Rab protein and the specific conjugate factor thereof in the present invention or a transformant carrying a DNA encoding them is useful for determination of a substance capable of suppressing degranulation of mast cells, because it inhibits interaction between the both factors. Such substance can be used as a therapeutic drug of various allergic diseases caused by promoted or accompanying degranulation of mast cells.
Free text of Sequence Listing
Oligonucleotide designed to act as primer for amplifying cDNAs encoding mouse Rab proteins.
Oligonucleotide designed to act as primer for amplifying cDNAs encoding mouse Rab proteins.
Oligonucleotide designed to act as primer for amplifying cDNAs encoding human Rab proteins.
Oligonucleotide designed to act as primer for amplifying cDNAs encoding human Rab proteins.
Oligonucleotide designed to act as primer for amplifying cDNAs encoding human Rab proteins.
Oligonucleotide designed to act as primer for amplifying cDNAs encoding human Rab proteins.
This application is based on application No. 2000-118408 filed in Japan, the contents of which are incorporated hereinto by reference.
The references cited herein, including patents and patent applications, are hereby incorporated in their entireties by reference, to the extent that they have been disclosed herein.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2000-118408 | Apr 2000 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP01/03268 | 4/16/2001 | WO | 00 | 12/19/2002 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO01/79478 | 10/25/2001 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5843717 | Hillman et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 6391580 | Hillman et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| WO 8706127 | Oct 1987 | WO |
| WO 9942586 | Aug 1999 | WO |
| WO 0058464 | Oct 2000 | WO |
| WO 0164887 | Sep 2001 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20030143633 A1 | Jul 2003 | US |
