STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH
Not Applicable.
FIELD OF INVENTION
This invention relates to methods and apparatus for imprint lithography. It is particularly useful for providing fast replication of patterns of a mold having microscale or nanoscale features by imprint lithography.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Nanoimprint lithography, also often called imprint lithography, is capable of replicating patterns on a pre-made mold as small as several nanometers. The pre-made mold has extruded areas and recessed areas on its replication surface, which constitute patterns of various shapes and sizes. The mold was typically made by a patterning step using electron beam lithography (EBL) or mixing of EBL and optical lithography, and, a follow-up etching step using reactive ion etching (RIE) to create the patterns. Nanoimprint lithography starts from applying a volume of polymer onto a substrate by either spinning or dispensing. The polymer is either flowable in ambient temperature, or, from rigid to deformable or flowable by thermally heating, Then, the pre-made mold is positioned to contact with the substrate. After that, the mold is pressed against the substrate. If the polymer is in liquid in ambient temperature, pressing the mold against the substrate will force the surface extrusion areas on the mold replication surface to go into the layer of the polymer. If the polymer is rigid in ambient temperature, a thermally heating step is conducted prior to the contact, after the contact but before the pressing, or during the pressing to make the polymer deformable or flowable. Thus, pressing the mold against the mold is able to force the surface extrusion areas on the mold replication surface to go into the layer of the polymer. When the extruded areas completely go into the layer of the polymer, the polymer transits from deformable or flowable into rigid by UV radiation, thermally heating or thermally cooling depending on types of the polymer. At last, the mold is released from the substrate while the layer of the polymer attaches to the substrate. To prevent the polymer from sticking to the mold, a very thin release coating may be deposited on the replication surface of the mold. Typical release coating included surface release surfactant and per-fluoro polymer deposited by CVD. After the substrate is separated from the mold, the extrusion areas on the mold surface is corresponding to the recessed areas in the polymer layer. Therefore, a reverse-tone replication of the patterns on the mold is formed onto the polymer film on the substrate. The polymer may be a thermo-plastic polymer or curable temperature. A thermo-plastic polymer transits from rigid to deformable or flowable when being heated above its glass transition temperature, and, vice versus when is cooled below its glass transition temperature. A curable polymer is deformable or flowable originally, and transit to rigid when being heating to curing temperature for thermo-set type and being cured under UV exposure for UV-curable type. When alignment is needed, the mold is aligned with the substrate through a set of matching align markers prior to the contact. Previously, electron beam lithography is very slow to write nanoscale patterns. It is unlikely to use it for mass production of nanoscale devices. Nanoimprint lithography is able to replicate whole area of patterned surface of the pre-made mold onto the substrate by one cycle of the process. It can dramatically increase the efficiency of patterning nanoscale features. Because the mold is repeatedly used for many cycles of imprinting, the high cost of using electron beam lithography to make the mold is averaged into these many imprints. Nanoimprint lithography delivers a practical method to produce nanoscale devices at low cost.
Since its invention in 1995 by Stephen Y. Chou (referring to U.S. Pat. No. 5,772,905), nanoimprint lithography has successfully demonstrated its capability of replicating a feature as small as 5 nm. Meanwhile, many research works were spent on developing resists for imprinting, mold making techniques, mold release coating for clean separation, and apparatus to do imprinting. In overall, nanoimprint lithography has evolved into being a widely used technology for research laboratories, but not reached a stage ready to meet much higher requirements of industrial use. One of the critical improvements needed by industrial use is imprint apparatus with high throughput and overlay accuracy.
Fast nanoimprint apparatus is highly demanded by semiconductor industry to use this technology to manufacture nano-scale device products. Prior to the invention, the apparatus of nanoimprint lithography conducted aligning and contacting the mold with the substrate and pressing the mold against the substrate on two different sites within frame of the apparatus. Separating the mold from the substrate was often conducted on either one site of them or a third site. This basic design approach demanded to transfer the contacted mold/substrate set among these sites to finish a full cycle of operation. Thus, throughput of the apparatus, which is defined as time consumption to finish a cycle of imprinting, is severely degraded by time cost of transferring among these different sites. Furthermore, the internal transferring increases mechanical complexity of the apparatus and potentially introduces mechanical failure during operation. An apparatus capable of completing a full cycle of imprinting process on one site within its frame limit will potentially achieve much higher throughput and reliability.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention disclosed apparatuses and methods to do nanoimprint lithography using a deformable mold. Generally, the apparatus has a chamber with a transparent section on its top wall, which is capable of vacuuming and pressurizing. The deformable mold fixed firmly onto a hollow mold holder around its full periphery is attached to top inner surface of the chamber and positioned underneath the transparent section. The central area of the mold is freely accessible from underneath through the opening of the mold holder. An enclosed volume referring to mold mini-chamber is formed between the mold/holder and top wall of the chamber. Inside chamber, a stage assembly is installed. A chuck to vacuumly hold a substrate is mounted on top of the stage assembly. At beginning of the imprinting, the substrate with a layer of resist is positioned underneath the mold at a predetermined gap between them. Then, the substrate is moved up to contact with the mold either under vacuum or under atmosphere. The substrate and mold may be pressed further by introducing higher pressure inside the chamber. After consolidating the resist, the substrate is separated from the mold by either direct pull-down enabled by stage movement or deforming the mold enabled by differential pressure between the mold mini-chamber and the bulk volume of the chamber, or mixing of both.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The features, nature and advantages of the invention will be more clearly understood by consideration of the illustrative embodiments now to be described in detail in connection with the accompanying drawing. In the drawing:
FIG. 1 is schematic drawing of the apparatus illustrating the invention;
FIG. 2
a-2d illustrates operation process of the apparatus illustrating the invention;
FIG. 3 is a flow chart to show a process to realize contacting step of the operation process.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart to show an alternative process to realize contacting step of the operation process.
FIG. 5 is a flow chart to show a process to realize separation step of the operation process.
FIG. 6 is a flow chart to show alternative processes to realize separation step of the operation process.
It is to be understood that these drawings are for purposes of illustrating the concept of the invention and are not to scale.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The descriptions assume that UV curable imprint is conducted if it is not clearly identified and UV curable imprint is used as example. However, the invention does not limit for UV curable imprint and also apply for thermo-plastic imprint. An ordinary skilled in the art who is familiar with nanoimprint technology can easily revise the embodiment described in the invention to implement the concept of the invention for all type of imprinting.
In accordance with the concept of the invention, referring to FIG. 1, the apparatus has a chamber 10 that can achieve vacuum or pressure inside. The top wall of the chamber has a light passing through section 11. Section 11 could be a transparent window made of quartz or glass. The section is able to hold vacuum seal and built-up pressure inside the chamber during operation. Section 11 allows a UV light passing through to provide UV curing exposure for UV curable imprint and a visible light passing through to view inside of the chamber. For such purpose, a UV radiation source 12 is mounted outside chamber and right above section 11. An alternative mounting for UV source 12 is to mount the source elsewhere and use a plurality of mirrors to deflect UV light to pass through section 11. In case of doing thermal imprint, the UV radiation source is replaced by heating lamp. Secondarily, section 11 allows viewing inside of the chamber for alignment using microscopes, process monitoring using cameras or laser sensors, or both. A mold 30 for imprinting is firmly held around its full periphery against a mold holder 20 by using a mechanical clamp means. The mold holder is hollow to permit a central patterned region 31 of mold 30 to be freely accessible from underneath side or both sides. The mold may be installed on or uninstalled from the mold holder for either replacement or cleaning. During operation, the mold holder with the mold installed is loaded into the chamber and firmly attached to inner surface of top wall of the chamber. The mold holder is positioned to have patterned region 31 exposable through section 11 and accessible from underneath. An enclosed volume named mold mini-chamber 16 is formed by body of mold holder 20, mold 30 and top inner surface of the chamber wall. Being contrast with mold mini-chamber 16, the rest bulky inner volume of the chamber is referred to chamber volume 15. The chamber is connected with pneumatic lines (not shown) that independently control pumping or pressurizing of mold min-chamber 16 and chamber volume 15. Therefore, both of them can be pumping to vacuum and pressurized and a differential pressure between them can be established when desired. Inside the chamber, a stage assembly 21 is mounted onto the bottom wall of the chamber. The stage assembly at least contains a Z motion control in order to accomplish desired process of the apparatus. The stage assembly may further contain X-Y motion controls in order to do alignment. A chuck 35 with vacuum grooves on its top surface is mounted on a leveler 22 which in turn is mounted on the stage assembly. Leveler 22 is to provide a limited adjustment of surface parallelism of the substrate. Leveler 22 may be removed when mechanical assembling accuracy of the apparatus is sufficient to accomplish desired process. A substrate 30 for imprinting is held on chuck 35 by vacuumly pumping through the vacuum grooves. The stage assembly is either mechanically installed or capable of moving the substrate within its X-Y travel ranges to superimpose the center of the substrate with the center of patterned region 31 in X-Y plane. The substrate may have a moldable material 35 applied on its side surface facing the mold before imprint begins. The moldable material could be a continuous film layer of imprinting resist spun on or a plurality of droplets of imprinting resist dispensed on. When the moldable material is in form of a plurality of droplets before imprinting, the spacial relation of the distribution of the droplets could be a uniform matrix of equal spacing among adjacent droplets along one direction or multi directions, or an arbitrary matrix optimized for merging each to achieve desired imprinted patterns. In additional to these general demands for imprinting, the spacial relation is preferred to deliver an uniform and continuous contacting interface between the mold and the substrate during the imprint process of the apparatus.
Imprint process of the apparatus is illustrated in serial drawings of FIGS. 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d. Referring to FIG. 2a, mold holder 20 with mold 30 installed is loaded into chamber 10 and firmly attached to top plate of the chamber wall. Substrate 32 with moldable material 35 on its top surface is held against chuck 23 by pumping through the vacuum grooves and positioned beneath the opening of mold holder 20. At beginning of the imprint process of the apparatus, substrate 32 is positioned to a starting position which normally has a 1-2 millimeter gap between the substrate and the mold and the center of the substrate superimposing with the center of the mold.
Referring to FIG. 2b, next step of the imprint process is to pump chamber volume 15 and mold mini-chamber 16 to remove air. This pumping step facilitates to reduce trapped air defects of imprinted patterns. Aligning the substrate with the mold can be finished before the pumping or in the pumping. Normally, aligning the substrate and the mold is accomplished by positioning an align marker on the substrate overlapping with a matching align marker on the mold under microscopes. To prevent possible shift of the substrate on chuck 23 during the pumping, the substrate is moved up and contacts with the mold under a controlled push by the stage assembly before chamber volume 15 reaches a better vacuum than the vacuum grooves. Referring to FIG. 3, an alternative way to form the contact is realized by deforming the mold. Referring to step 310, the substrate is positioned to have a predetermined gap between the mold and the substrate. Then, referring to step 311, the mold is deformed to press against the substrate by implementing a differential vacuum or pressure between mold mini-chamber 16 and chamber volume 15. The center of the mold, where has the most significant deformation, firstly contacts with the substrate. As the differential vacuum or pressure increases, the contact expands from the center to periphery. At a specific differential vacuum or pressure, full area of the substrate contacts with the deformed mold. The differential vacuum and pressure necessary to establish the full area contact is determined by major factors such as overall dimensions, peripheral clamping, body thickness and material of the mold, gap prior to deforming mold, and, overall dimensions of the substrate. During establishing the full area contact, moldable material 35 under press of the contact redistributes to form an intermediate layer of continuous film. Next, referring to step 312, pumping back side of the substrate through the vacuum grooves is removed to make the substrate releasable from the chuck. At last, referring to step 313, the mold is restored to its original shape by removing the differential vacuum or pressure while retaining the contact with the substrate. The intermediate moldable material provides adhesion necessary to retain the contact between the mold and the substrate.
Referring to FIG. 4, another alternative way to accomplish the contact step of FIG. 2b is to deform the mold at a predetermined extent and move the substrate up against the deformation. At first, referring to step 410, the mold is deformed toward the substrate to a predetermined extent by implementing a differential pressure or vacuum between mold min-chamber 16 and chamber volume 15. The optimal condition for the predetermined extent of deformation is affected by substrate thickness variations and variations of surface parallelism between mold 30 and substrate 32. The predetermined extent of deformation prefers to have the center of the mold deformed downward by 0.05-0.5 millimeters. Then, referring to step 411, substrate 30 is moved up to contact with deformed mold 30 at its center where maximum deformation occurs. After that, referring to block 412, moving substrate 30 up is coordinated with reducing the differential pressure or vacuum so that contacted area between the mold and the substrate expands accordingly until reaching full area of the substrate. The step can be realized by repeating small changes of moving the substrate and reducing the differential pressure or vacuum. It is desired that the mold is restored to its original shape when the full area contact is reached. The process of making the contact does not depend on adhesion provided by intermediate moldable material 35 and is able to squeeze any residual air out of interim region between the mold and the substrate. Thus, it may be conducted at atmosphere without causing serious trapped air defects for imprinted patterns.
When the contact step of FIG. 2b is accomplished, the moldable material has been pressed lightly and redistributed to fill space between the mold and the substrate. For case of using very low viscosity moldable material, the press caused by the contact may be sufficient to imprint patterns of the mold into the moldable material. In order to guarantee quality of patterns imprinted, it may need to apply higher pressure press on the mold and the substrate than the contact.
Referring to FIG. 2c, higher pressure press is applied on the mold and the substrate by filling mold mini-chamber 16 and chamber volume 15 with high pressure gas. Air Cushion Press (ACP) is realized during this step for imprinting. Details of Air Cushion Press are described by Stephen Y. Chou in U.S. Pat. No. 6,482,742 under a title of “Fluid Pressure Imprint Lithography”, which is herein incorporated by reference. The ACP realized herein does not use a film or O-ring to seal edge in order for ACP to work properly. Instead, it depends on the prior contact and the intermediate moldable material to seal the contacting periphery of the mold and the substrate. This improvement of eliminating film or O-ring is very significant for the apparatus to achieve higher throughput and reliability. Chuck 23 may be moved away from contacting the back side of the substrate during this step so as not to degrade pressing uniformity of ACP. After reaching desired pressure for ACP, the moldable material redistributes to completely fill every space between the mold and the substrate, then, is consolidated to solid by a UV exposure through section 11. Finally, the high pressure gas for ACP is vented to atmosphere. So far, pattern formation of imprinting is completed. The substrate is ready for releasing from the mold.
Referring to FIG. 2d, the substrate is separated from the mold. The separation can be realized by combining mold deformation and stage movement. FIG. 5 illustrates a way to separate the substrate from the mold. Referring to step 501 of FIG. 5, the separation starts from positioning chuck 23 underneath substrate 32 at a predetermined gap. Then, referring to step 502, a differential pressure between mold mini-chamber 16 and chamber volume 15 is introduced to deform the mold. As deformation is enlarged by increasing the differential pressure, substrate 32 loses contact from the mold starting from periphery and expanding toward center. Meanwhile, substrate 32 is lowered down until it is supported by chuck 23. The differential pressure reaches a predetermined value so that back side of substrate 30 completely contacts with chuck 23. By now, a significant peripheral region of the substrate is released from the mold and central region of the substrate is not yet. After that, referring to step 503, the substrate is held against chuck 23 by pumping back side of the substrate through the vacuum grooves on the chuck surface. Finally, referring to step 504, the established differential pressure is removed to restore the mold backward its original shape. Because the substrate is vacuumly held against the chuck, the remaining central area of the substrate is separated from the mold. The substrate stays on chuck 23 after the separation and the mold is returned to its starting status.
Alternative ways to separate the substrate from the mold are illustrated in FIG. 6. These ways share a common concept that use vacuuming to hold back side of the substrate and pull it to separate using the stage assembly. This concept works for this scenario because the mold is deformable. The mold may be intentionally deformed to facilitate the separation. Referring to step 601 of FIG. 6, the separation starts from vacuumly holding back side of substrate 32 against top surface of chuck 23 by pumping through the vacuum groves on the chuck. If chuck 23 is away from the substrate, the chuck is positioned to contact back side of the substrate by the stage assembly prior to the vacuumly holding. Referring to step 604, one way to separate is to pull substrate 32 downward by moving the stage assembly down. Because the substrate is held against the vacuum grooves on the chuck and the mold is deformable, at beginning of the pull, the mold is deformed so that periphery of the substrate is separated first. As the downward pulling is progressing, the separated region of the substrate propagates from the firstly separated periphery inner ward the center. At end of the downward pulling, the substrate is completely separated from the mold. To improve this separation process, referring to step 602 prior to step 604, a predetermined differential pressure is implemented between mold mini-chamber 16 and chamber volume 15 to deform the mold against chuck 23. Present of the differential pressure makes the mold more easily deformable when the substrate is pulled downward. Thus, the separation is improved to be more easily and reliably. The differential pressure is predetermined so that the mold is not under risk of rupture when the substrate is separated and the chuck is moved away. Referring to step 603, it can also implement a reverse differential pressure between mold mini-chamber 16 and chamber volume 15 to deform the mold away chuck 23. In such way, the mold is more easily deformed away the substrate to improve the separation when the substrate is pulled downward. This reverse differential pressure is predetermined not to risk the mold for any possible rupture when the substrate is separated. For this case, a supporting surface could be specially designed on inner top wall of the chamber to limit maximum reverse deformation of the mold. After the substrate is separated from the mold, any differential pressure implemented previously is removed to restore the mold to its original shape.
The mold used for the apparatus is deformable under a reasonable differential pressure between it two sides. The mold could be made of quartz, glass, polymer or metal. Obviously, to be used to do UV imprint, the mold has to have a reasonable UV transmission, which excludes using metal mold and prefers to use quartz, glass or UV transmissible polymer such as a specially made PMMA. If metal mold is used to do thermal imprint, the mold prefers to use Ni as mold material which has been widely used for compact disk (CD) manufacturing. To meet the criteria of deformable, overall dimensions, opening region on mold holder, and body thickness should be considered as a whole for the mold to be deformable under the process conditions of the apparatus. One example of the mold uses 8″ diameter quartz or glass wafer with a substrate thickness 0.2-1 mm and has a 6″ or 7″ diameter circular opening region free to deform when it is installed on the mold holder. Another example of the mold uses 12″ diameter quartz or glass wafer with a substrate thickness 0.2-2 mm and has a 10″ circular opening region free to deform when it is installed on the mold holder. One more example of the mold uses 8″ diameter Ni substrate with a thickness 0.1-1 mm and has a 6 or 7″ diameter circular opening region free to deform when it is installed on the mold holder.
The improvements possessed by the invention are emphasized again herein. The apparatus embodiments described in the invention accomplish a full cycle of imprinting inside the chamber through a process essentially involving deforming the mold and positioning the substrate by the stage assembly. The speed to finish each step of the process is primarily decided by stage response and how fast to deform the mold. Using state-of-art stage technology, stage response can be very fast and capable of responding to requests of each step in seconds. By reducing effective volume of mold mini-chamber 16, deforming the mold is also very fast through adjusting gas pressure inside the mold mini-chamber relative to the chamber volume. Thus, the process of the apparatus to accomplish a full cycle of imprinting could be very fast. Furthermore, the chamber uses vacuum to eliminate possibility of trapping air between the mold and the substrate. The intrinsic Air Cushion Press (ACP) of the process provides very uniform imprinting force which is crucial to achieve the pattern fidelity required by manufacturing. Eliminating needs of using a film or o-ring to seal edge for proper ACP is also a significant improvement to have fast imprinting cycle and long-time reliable operation.
It is to be understood that the above described embodiments are illustrative of only a few of the many embodiments that can represent applications of the invention. Numerous and varied other arrangements can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Patent Application
20110180965
