Patent Application
20190346142
The present invention generally relates to combustion systems and methods for operating the same that reduce emissions in a gas turbine combustor. More specifically, the present invention is directed to a diffusion cartridge for a gas turbine combustor that reduces CO emissions during periods of turndown, and methods of operating the same.
In an effort to reduce the amount of pollution emissions from gas-powered turbines, governmental agencies have enacted numerous regulations requiring reductions in the amount of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO). Lower combustion emissions can often be attributed to a more efficient combustion process, with specific regard to fuel injector location and mixing effectiveness.
Early combustion systems utilized only diffusion type nozzles, where fuel is mixed with air external to the fuel nozzle by diffusion, proximate the flame zone. Combustors using only diffusion type nozzles produced high emissions because the fuel and air burn stoichiometrically at high temperature to maintain adequate combustor stability and low combustion dynamics.
An enhancement in combustion technology is the utilization of premixing, where the fuel and air mix prior to combustion to form a homogeneous mixture that burns at a lower temperature than a diffusion type flame and produces lower NOx emissions. Premixing can occur either internal to the fuel nozzle or external thereto, as long as it is upstream of the combustion zone. Premixing fuel and air together before combustion allows for the fuel and air to form a more homogeneous mixture, which will burn more completely, resulting in lower emissions.
Although premixing may be effective at high loads and turbine speeds, premixing can have certain drawbacks at low loads and/or low speeds. More particularly, gas turbine engines are required to operate at a variety of power settings and speeds. Where a gas turbine engine is coupled to drive a generator, required output of the engine is often measured according to the amount of load on the generator, or power that must be produced by the generator. A full load condition is the point where maximum output is drawn from the generator and therefore requires a maximum power from the engine to drive the generator. This is the most common operating point for land-based gas turbines used for generating electricity.
However, often electricity demands do not require the full capacity of the generator, and the operator desires for the engine to operate at a lower load setting, such that only the load demanded is being produced, thereby saving fuel and lowering operating costs. Combustion systems of the prior art have been known to become unstable at lower load settings, especially below 50% load, while also producing unacceptable levels of NOx and CO emissions. This condition is especially prevalent during startup prior to achieving a minimum turndown load. This is primarily due to the fact that most combustion systems are staged for most efficient operation at high load settings. The combination of potentially unstable combustion and higher emissions often times prevents engine operators from running engines at lower load settings, forcing the engines to either run at higher settings, thereby burning additional fuel, shutting down, or producing extraordinarily high emissions levels during the startup procedure thereby losing valuable revenue that could be generated from the part-load demand in compliance with emissions regulations.
A problem with shutting down the engine is the additional cycles incurred by the engine hardware. A cycle is commonly defined as the engine passing through the normal operating envelope. That is, by shutting down an engine, the engine hardware accumulates additional cycles. Engine manufacturers typically rate hardware life in terms of operating hours or equivalent operating cycles. Therefore, incurring additional cycles can reduce hardware life and require premature repair or replacement at the engine operator's expense.
What is needed is a system that can provide flame stability and low emissions benefits at a part load condition, as well as at a full load condition, such that an engine can be efficiently operated at lower load conditions, thereby eliminating the wasted fuel when high load operation is not demanded or incurring the additional cycles on the engine hardware when shutting down.
Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a diffusion cartridge assembly for a gas turbine engine and combustion systems employing the same. Other embodiments of the present invention are directed to methods of operating such combustion systems.
More particularly, some aspects of the present invention are directed to a diffusion cartridge assembly for a gas turbine engine combustion system that includes a tip plate including an array of fuel supply openings and a mounting hole radially inward of the array of fuel supply openings. The diffusion cartridge assembly also includes an end cover and an outer cylindrical sleeve extending from the tip plate to the end cover and defining an open inner chamber. A fuel supply line is coupled to the end cover and extends within the open inner chamber toward tip plate. The diffusion cartridge assembly also includes a manifold coupled to an end of the fuel supply line proximate to the tip plate, which includes an array of fuel injector tips. Each of the fuel injector tips extends through a respective one of the array of fuel supply openings in the tip plate. The manifold may also include a thermally free pin extending into the mounting hole of the tip plate.
Other aspects are directed to a combustion system including a similar diffusion cartridge assembly. In addition to the diffusion cartridge assembly, the combustion system includes a cylindrical combustion liner having an inlet, an outlet, and a center axis and defining a combustion chamber. A main mixer is located radially outward of the cylindrical combustion liner relative to the center axis and is configured to premix fuel and compressed air upstream of the combustion chamber forming a premixed fuel and air mixture. The main mixer directs the premixed fuel and air mixture towards one or more main flames within the combustion chamber, which are located circumferentially about the periphery of the combustion chamber. The diffusion cartridge assembly extends about the center axis of the cylindrical combustion liner, radially inward of the one or more main flames. In such embodiments, the diffusion cartridge assembly is configured to inject a gaseous fuel directly into the combustion chamber proximate the inlet of the cylindrical combustion liner.
Other aspects of the present invention are directed to a method for operating a similar combustion system of a gas turbine engine. The method includes providing a cylindrical combustion liner defining a combustion chamber, the cylindrical combustion liner having an inlet, an outlet, and a center axis, and also providing a main mixer located radially outward of the cylindrical combustion liner relative to the center axis. A main premixed fuel and air mixture, which is formed by premixing fuel and compressed air upstream of the combustion chamber at the main mixer, is directed into the combustion chamber such that it supports one or more main combustion flames within the combustion chamber, the one or more main combustion flames being located circumferentially about the periphery of the combustion chamber. The method further includes providing a diffusion cartridge assembly radially inward of the one or more main combustion flames, the diffusion cartridge assembly extending about the center axis of the cylindrical combustion liner and into the combustion chamber, and injecting gaseous fuel directly into the combustion chamber using the diffusion cartridge assembly. The gaseous fuel is injected into the combustion chamber proximate the inlet of the cylindrical combustion liner and at an oblique angle with respect to the center axis.
Additional advantages and features of the present invention will be set forth in part in a description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned from practice of the invention.
The present invention is described in detail below with reference to the attached drawing figures, in which like numerals represent the same components, and wherein:
Embodiments of the instant invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying figures. Aspects of the disclosure relate to a fuel cartridge for a gas turbine engine combustor, which, in some embodiments, can be employed in combustion systems such as the combustion system 300 shown in
The combustion system 300 also includes a radially staged premixer 310. The premixer 310 comprises an end cover 312 having a first fuel plenum 314 extending about the longitudinal axis A-A of the combustion system 300 and a second fuel plenum 316 positioned radially outward of the first fuel plenum 314 and concentric with the first fuel plenum 314. The radially staged premixer 310 also comprises a radial inflow swirler 318 having a plurality of vanes 320 oriented in a direction that is at least partially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis A-A of the combustion system 300.
The pilot fuel nozzle 308 is connected to a fuel supply (not shown) and provides fuel to the combustion system 300 for supplying a pilot flame 350 where the pilot flame 350 is positioned generally along the longitudinal axis A-A. The radially staged premixer 310 including the fuel plenums 314 and 316, radial inflow swirler 318 and its plurality of vanes 320 provide a fuel-air mixture through the vanes 320 for supplying additional fuel to the pilot flame 350 by way of a pilot tune stage, or P-tune, 352. The pilot tune stage 352 may include a set of pilot tune stage injectors. In some applications to achieve desired turbine performance, the pilot fuel nozzle 308 and pilot tune stage 352 may be combined and set to a predefined or actively adjusted fuel flow split. The combustion system 300 includes a spark igniter or torch 307 to initially light the combustion system 300. The torch 307 may also be utilized to supplement the pilot flame 350 and/or pilot tune flame 352 during mode transfer to further stabilize such flame about the central flame axis.
As discussed above, combustion system 300 also includes main fuel injectors 306. For the embodiment of the present invention shown in
Referring to
A gas turbine engine incorporates a plurality of combustors. Generally, for the purpose of discussion, the gas turbine engine may include low emission combustors such as those disclosed herein and may be arranged in a can-annular configuration about the gas turbine engine. One type of gas turbine engine (e.g., heavy duty gas turbine engines) may be typically provided with, but not limited to, 6 to 18 individual combustors, each of the combustors fitted with the components outlined above. Accordingly, based on the type of gas turbine engine, there may be several different fuel circuits utilized for operating the gas turbine engine. It is envisioned that the specific fuel circuitry and associated control mechanisms could be modified to include fewer or additional fuel circuits.
Turning now to
Moreover, in some embodiments the diffusion cartridge assembly 400 may be utilized in known commercially available gas turbine combustors, such as a FlameSheet® combustor commercially available from Power Systems Manufacturing, LLC, Jupiter, Fla. Details related to the FlameSheet® combustor may found in, among other documents, U.S. Pat. No. 6,935,116, entitled “FlameSheet Combustor;” U.S. Pat. No. 6,986,254, entitled “Method of Operating a FlameSheet Combustor;” U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20140090390, entitled “FlameSheet Combustor Dome,” U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20150075172, entitled “FlameSheet Combustor Contoured Liner,” U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20140090396, entitled “Combustor with Radially Staged Premixed Pilot,” U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20140090389, entitled “Variable Length Combustor Dome Extension for Improved Operability,” and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0002742, entitled “Fuel Injection Locations Based on Combustor Flow Path.” Each of these referenced applications, publications, and patents are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The diffusion cartridge assembly 400 includes an end cover 401, a tip plate 402, and an outer sleeve 403, 404, 407 extending from the tip plate 402 towards the end cover 401 and defining an open inner chamber 418. The outer sleeve includes a first outer sleeve portion 403 extending from the tip plate 402 towards the end cover 401, and a second outer sleeve portion 404 extending from the end cover 401 towards the tip plate 402. The second outer sleeve portion 404 extends radially outward from the first outer sleeve portion 403, and is coupled to the first outer sleeve portion 403 via a smooth transition portion 407.
The tip plate 402 includes a circular array of fuel injector openings 405 near an outer circumferential edge of the tip plate 402, each of which receives a respective fuel injector tip 406. A mounting hole 420 is provided radially inward of the array of fuel injector openings 405, and is configured to receive and support a fuel manifold 412, which will be discussed in detail below. In some embodiments, the tip plate 402 may also include other openings to accommodate one or more spark igniters (not shown), the torch 307, and/or the pilot fuel circuit.
In some embodiments, the diffusion cartridge assembly 400 is configured to supply gaseous fuel to an interior of a combustor. Thus, the diffusion cartridge assembly 400 also includes a fuel supply line 408 such as a natural gas supply line. In some embodiments, the fuel supply line 408 may extend through the end cover 401 and be fixedly coupled thereto. For example, in some embodiments the fuel supply line 408 may be affixed to the end cover 401 at supply line weld 410. In other embodiments, the fuel supply line 408 may be secured to the end cover 401 using a threaded fastener, additively manufactured as a single unit, or the like. Moreover, although the fuel supply line 408 and manifold 412 is discussed in connection with a gaseous fuel (e.g., natural gas), in other embodiments the diffusion cartridge assembly 400 (including the fuel supply line 408, manifold 412, fuel injector tips 406, and other components) may be used to provide a liquid fuel, fuel/water mixture, or any other desired fuel directly into the combustion chamber without departing from the scope of this invention. In such embodiments, the fuel supply line 408 is configured to accommodate the liquid fuel or the like.
As best seen in
The manifold 412 includes an internal fuel deflector 422 located proximate the joint 424. As best seen in
As best seen in
The manifold 412 also includes a thermally free pin 414 used to non-fixedly support the manifold 412 within the diffusion cartridge assembly 400, and more particularly, within a mounting hole 420 of the tip plate 402. “Thermally free” in this context is used to mean that the pin 414 is non-fixedly supported within the mounting hole 420 to reduce thermally induced stresses that may otherwise occur in the vicinity of the tip plate 402 stemming from unequal expansion of the manifold 412 and tip plate 402 due to the changing temperatures associated with lighting, extinguishing of the various combustion flames, and relative geometrical location within the combustion chamber. In the depicted embodiment, the pin 414 is generally cylindrical, and is received in the corresponding mounting hole 420, a inner surface of which supports the weight of the manifold 412 and part of the weight of the fuel supply line 408. In some embodiment, mounting hole 420 may utilize an irregularly shaped opening, such as that seen in
In some embodiments, the pin 414 is freely received within the mounting hole 420 without it being permanently affixed thereto. In such embodiments, the manifold 412 can move and/or expand or contract independent of the tip plate 402 during use of the combustion system 300 with maximum movement restricted by the pin 414 such that interference between the manifold 412 and diffusion cartridge assembly 400 inner walls and/or fuel injectors to tip plate 402 is physically constrained. Moreover, and as best seen in
In some embodiments, the fuel supply line 408 is a rigid, non-flexible feed tube, such as a tube made of rigid steel or similar construction. Because this non-flexible feed tube 408 is affixed to the end cover 401 at weld 410 or the like, and because the manifold 412 (and more particularly the pin 414) is not permanently fixed at the forwardmost end thereof, the tube 408 and manifold 412 assembly (best seen in
Moreover, because in some embodiments the pin 414 is not welded, threaded, or otherwise affixed to the tip plate 402, there is no weld or other joint subject to the changing temperatures that otherwise could fail in the face of the changing environment and associated stresses produced thereby. Instead, the fuel supply line 408 and manifold 412 assembly is only fixed to the end cover 401 via supply line weld 410 or similar joint. This weld 410 or similar is sufficiently removed from the combustion chamber such that it is not subject to dramatic temperature changes and thus is less prone to failure. Moreover, because supply line weld 410 or similar is provided on an outer surface of the end cover 401—that is, a surface of the end cover 401 facing away from the inner chamber 418—the weld 410 or similar is even further isolated from the hot combustion chamber than if the weld 410 or similar were on an inner surface of the end cover 401—i.e., a surface of the end cover 401 facing the inner chamber 418.
The pin 414 may also include one or more purge holes 416. The purge hole 416, best seen in
As best seen in
In that regard, gaseous fuel or like provided to fuel supply line 408 enters the manifold at the joint 424, encounters the fuel deflector 422 and is thus dispersed about the otherwise open fuel chamber 428. The dispersed fuel then exits the manifold 412 via the fuel injector tips 406, and more particularly the injector passages 430 of the fuel injector tips 406, into the combustion chamber where it is ignited by a spark igniter (not shown), torch 307, or a combustion flame, as will be discussed more fully in connection with
Placing the fuel manifold 412 proximate the tip plate 402 and in turn igniting gaseous fuel at a tip of the diffusion cartridge assembly 400 provides benefits such as reducing CO emissions at low gas turbine loads and speeds. This and other advantages will be better understood with reference to
More particularly,
In order to ignite the diffusion flame 452, gaseous fuel is provided to the manifold 412, which exits the manifold 412 proximate the tip plate 402 via the array of fuel injector tips 406, and which in turn is ignited by a spark igniter, the torch 307, and/or the already burning pilot flame 450. In the depicted embodiment, the pilot flame 450 is a premixed flame (i.e., fuel and air is premixed upstream of the combustion chamber), while diffusion flame 452 is a diffusion flame (i.e., gaseous fuel is injected into the combustion chamber where it mixes with air proximate the flame zone). In this regard, the diffusion flame 452 will generally burn hotter than the premix flame 450. Moreover, while the pilot is generally oriented parallel to the combustor 400's central axis, the diffusion flame 452 is oriented at an oblique angle with respect to the combustor 400's central axis such that the diffusion flame creates a hotter region to affect the relatively colder premixed main fuel circuit region.
In contrast,
In this regard, all fuel circuits operating in this mode are premixed fuel circuits, thus providing the benefits of reduced NOx emissions achieved from using premixed fuel. Moreover, the main flames—main 1 flame 456 and main 2 flame 458—are anchored near the diffusion cartridge assembly 400. In prior art embodiments, when the main flames were not so anchored, CO would collect near the pilot fuel nozzle 308 during periods of startup and/or turndown and ultimately escape the combustor, leading to unacceptable CO exhaust levels. In embodiments of the instant invention, the anchored main 1 flame 456 and main 2 flame 458 burn this CO that may otherwise escape, thus reducing CO exhaust levels. Thus, the diffusion cartridge assembly 400 can be used to anchor the main, premixed flames of a FlameSheet® combustor or the like, thus reducing CO levels at periods of low load operation, which includes no load operation, such as at turndown and/or startup.
The present invention has been described in relation to particular embodiments, which are intended in all respects to be illustrative rather than restrictive. Alternative embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains without departing from its scope.
From the foregoing, it will be seen that this invention is one well adapted to attain all the ends and objects set forth above, together with other advantages which are obvious and inherent to the system and method. It will be understood that certain features and sub-combinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and sub-combinations. This is contemplated by and within the scope of the claims.
