Patent Application
20100140360
The present invention relates to the field of pocket-size electronic devices, including credit card sized devices such as authentication tokens.
Embossing is a well-known technique to permanently mark plastic cards, such as credit cards, with alphanumerical characters and other symbols. It is typically applied at the end of the card production process, which includes laminating, under pressure and at high temperature, one or more layers of plastic onto a core sheet molded from an appropriate material such as the plastic resin polyvinyl chloride acetate (PVCA). One such process is disclosed in great detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,100,011 [U.S. Pat. No. 4,100,011 B (FOOTE) 1978, Jul. 11].
The embossed text appearing on credit cards can be used to mechanically transfer the relevant card information onto a piece of carbon paper. Before the advent of electronic information carriers such as magnetized stripes and embedded integrated circuits on credit cards, the mechanical reproduction of embossed text on carbon paper and subsequent signing of the paper was the most common way to carry out credit card transactions. Although only a minority of today's credit card transactions still rely on the embossed text, embossing is still perceived by some as a security feature, as it adds a degree of difficulty to the process of counterfeiting credit cards.
Embossing is a mechanical process in which a “male” stamp of a character is punched into the rear side of the plastic card, while a “female” die is pushed against the front side. Machines for high-speed and high-precision embossing of plastic cards are known in the art, such as the one disclosed by LaManna et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,686,898 [U.S. Pat. No. 4,686,898 B (LAMANNA ET AL.) 1987, Aug. 18].
Embossing causes local permanent deformation of the material out of which the card is produced. Plastics are very amenable to this purpose. Modern credit cards or credit card sized devices, however, may include the functions of a contactless chip card or an authentication token, implemented by means of electronic components and wiring which would be damaged if subjected to the embossing process.
For example, the sensitivity of the wiring making up the antenna of a contactless smart card is recognized in the art, a fact that has prompted inventions such as those disclosed in [US 20010030238 A (ARISAWA) 2001, Oct. 18], [US 20080277484 A (LAUNAY ET AL.) 2008, Nov. 13], [US 20080203171 A (PHILIPS) 2008, Aug. 28], and [US 20070267506 A (BASHAN ET AL.) 2007, Nov. 22], which rely on avoiding overlap between the antenna wiring and the reserved embossing area.
More generally, the electronic devices to which the present invention applies comprise a processing device for carrying out an action, a button for initiating said action, and the necessary interconnection between these elements.
In this application, “slim electronic devices” or “slim electronic apparatus” refers to devices or apparatus with a thickness similar to that of a credit card. In this application, “credit card size” refers to the standardized size of ID-1 cards according to ISO/IEC standard 7810. Additional specifications for the size and finishing of such cards can be found in ISO/IEC standards 7811 and 7813.
By adding appropriate elements such as an agent for generating client credentials and a display, a credit card sized authentication token can be obtained. The function of an authentication token is to electronically generate authentication credentials, also known as one-time passwords, by cryptographically combining a key with at least one of a counter value, a time value, or data entered by the user.
In order to perform authentication, it is essential that the central authentication infrastructure disposes of an equivalent copy of the counter, the time value, or the entered data. Depending on the details of the cryptographic functions used, the central authentication infrastructure either uses this copy to generate a local instance of the client credential for comparison with the received client credential, or it extracts the value of the variable from the received client credential and compares that value with the central copy.
A credit card sized device has the advantage that it is small and thin enough to be carried around in a wallet. It is therefore advantageous to implement electronic devices by embedding them in credit card sized plastic cards. In that way the user can always have the device at hand, if she so desires, and, in the case of an authentication token, conduct electronically authenticated transactions anywhere she goes. This also allows using established low-cost standard manufacturing techniques used in the production of credit card sized plastic cards.
Buttons on devices that fit into a pocket or a wallet, including credit card sized authentication tokens, tend to undergo false key presses when the device is put under mechanical stress such as bending, twisting or squeezing, or, more generally, exposed to environmental conditions that trigger the activation mechanism of the device. The problem is well known in the area of mobile telephones, where false keypresses may cause the telephone to set up a call unbeknownst to the telephone's owner. The problem is even more pronounced in credit card sized devices, because the slim form of their housing on the one hand makes it natural for the user to put the device in a wallet or pocket, and on the other hand makes the devices susceptible to significant elastic deformation.
Although authentication tokens do not initiate telephone calls, repeated unwanted activation due to false button presses may put an undue burden on the token's battery. The size of the batteries that can be used in a credit card sized device is limited by the size of the device itself, which implies that credit card sized devices have a very limited supply of energy at their disposal. Hence, it is appropriate to avoid any unnecessary energy consumption due to unwanted activation.
Furthermore, in the case of counter-based authentication tokens, false key presses introduce a mismatch between the counter value stored at the central authentication infrastructure and the counter value stored inside the authentication token. This mismatch may render the authentication token inoperable for authentication purposes, if the difference between the two versions of the counter becomes too big to be overcome by the synchronization algorithm.
It is therefore desired to provide a way to avoid activating authentication tokens through false key presses.
A known method to make false activations of pressure-sensitive buttons less likely consists of increasing the pressure required to activate the button in question, a particular method for which is disclosed in Zieder [WO 2008/129193 A (ZIEDER) 2008, Oct. 30]. The disadvantage of this method is that it also renders the normal use of the button less comfortable.
Another known method to make false key presses less likely consists of positioning the button in a depression in the housing such that its upper surface lies in a plane coinciding with or lower than the surface of the housing. One disadvantage of this method is that it also renders the normal use of the button less comfortable. Another disadvantage of this method is that it reduces the travelling distance of the button, which reduces the tactile feedback for the user and which makes it more difficult to construct a highly reliable button. Furthermore, this solution is extremely difficult to implement in very slim devices, such as credit card sized devices.
Yet another known method to make false key presses less likely, used for electronic devices contained in a molded plastic housing, consists of providing a ridge or protrusion in the housing surrounding the button. A disadvantage of this method is that it is difficult to implement when there are constraints on the overall thickness of the device. Another disadvantage of this known method is that it only applies to molded housings, and not to housings produced by stacking or laminating essentially flat surfaces onto each other, as is the case in credit card sized devices.
In the context of mobile telephones, the unintentional dialing problem is typically resolved by providing the telephone with a “locked” state, in which the device is not responsive to any keypresses other than a predefined and documented unlocking combination. This particular solution is not practical in credit card sized authentication tokens. Firstly, the authentication token would have to have a sufficiently great number of keys to support an unlocking combination that is unlikely to be entered unintentionally through false key presses. Secondly, the authentication token would continuously spend battery power—which is a scarce resource—to process all key presses, intentional or unintentional, in order to detect the entering of the unlocking combination.
The present invention consists of an improvement of the well-known “raised ridge” to protect individual buttons from false key presses. In credit card sized devices, a classical raised ridge is difficult to implement because many stages of the standard manufacturing processes for credit card sized plastic cards and devices embedded in credit card sized plastic cards assume a very uniform thickness and very smooth surface of the card or device, and because a classical raised ridge may lead to a total device thickness that exceeds the applicable standards for credit cards.
Typically, the only deviation of a completely flat surface that is found on credit cards, is the embossing of characters indicating the card holder's name and the card number and expiry date. The step of embossing is typically applied towards the end of the manufacturing process, for example after the graphical design has been applied. The improvement is based on the insight that the embossing technique may be applied to provide a ridge around a button, while remaining within the thickness bounds imposed by credit card size standards and being compatible with the standard manufacturing process for plastic cards such as credit cards.
A known problem with applying embossing to cards containing electronic components, is the fact that the embossing process may damage the components or the wiring inside the card.
The present invention is further based on the insight that an embossed ridge of a judiciously designed shape will avoid such damage. In order not to sever any bonds or wires connecting to the button in question during the embossing process, the embossed ridge is preferably not in a fully closed shape. An interruption in the ridge is provided to allow any wiring connecting the button, enclosed by the ridge, to other electronic components, to remain unharmed by the embossing process. Preferred shapes include a U-shape, or a pair of parentheses or crescents surrounding the button.
The present invention is finally based on the insight that adequate ridge shapes can be obtained by combining standard alphanumerical characters or punctuation signs, such as parentheses. Hence, the invention may be practiced by means of existing embossing machines, for example using symbols already present on the punch and die wheels of such machines.
The apparatus of the present invention has the advantage that false activations can be avoided. This avoids unnecessary battery drain, thus increasing the lifetime of the apparatus.
Furthermore, the present invention avoids unintentional increasing of the event counter in an authentication token according to the present invention, which could cause desynchronization between the authentication token and the associated counter record in the central authentication database, thus reducing the risk of false negatives due to desynchronization in the authentication process.
The present invention uses embossing, a process that is already commonly used in the production of plastic cards, to obtain the additional technical effect described above, thus allowing the invention to be implemented at a very limited additional cost.
The foregoing and other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following, more particular description of several embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
a illustrates an apparatus according to the present invention.
b schematically represents components of an apparatus according to the present invention.
In a general embodiment, the slim electronic apparatus 100 of the present invention comprises a power source 105, an agent 104 for performing at least one operation, an activation button 101 for initiating said at least one operation by said agent, and an embossed ridge 106 around said button.
In a preferred embodiment, said ridge has at least one interruption, located where a wire or a component of the apparatus is present.
In a preferred embodiment, said apparatus is embedded in a credit card sized plastic.
In one embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention, said ridge has the shape of an interrupted circle. In another embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention, said ridge is U-shaped. In yet another embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention, said ridge consists of at least two unconnected segments.
In a further embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention, said ridge is embossed using at least one standard alphanumerical character or punctuation mark. In one particular embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention, said at least one standard alphanumerical character or punctuation mark comprises an opening parenthesis and a closing parenthesis positioned on opposite sides of said button. In another particular embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention, said at least one standard alphanumerical character or punctuation mark comprises the letter U positioned to contain said button.
In another embodiment, the apparatus of the present invention further comprises an output interface 103. In a particular embodiment, said at least one operation comprises generating an authentication credential, and said user output interface 103 is adapted to output said authentication credential. In a particular embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention, said output interface 103 is a display, such as an LCD display. In an alternative particular embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention, said output interface 103 generates an audible representation of the credential.
A general embodiment of the process of the present invention for producing a slim electronic apparatus comprises embedding 201 a power source 105, an agent 104 for performing at least one operation, and an activating button 101 for initiating said at least one operation by said agent, into a card-like housing, and embossing 202 onto said card-like housing a ridge 106 around said button.
In a preferred embodiment, said ridge has at least one interruption, located where a wire or a component of the apparatus is present.
In one embodiment of the process of the present invention, said ridge 106 is embossed using at least one standard alphanumerical character or punctuation mark. In one particular embodiment of the process of the present invention, said at least one standard alphanumerical character or punctuation mark comprises an opening parenthesis and a closing parenthesis positioned on opposite sides of said button. In another particular embodiment of the process of the present invention, said at least one standard alphanumerical character or punctuation mark comprises the letter U positioned to contain said button.
In a another embodiment of the process of the present invention, said ridge 106 has the shape of an interrupted circle. In yet another embodiment of the process of the present invention, said ridge is U-shaped. In a further embodiment of the process of the present invention, said ridge consists of at least two unconnected segments.
In another embodiment, the process of the present invention further comprises embedding an output interface 103 into the card-like housing. In a preferred embodiment, said at least one operation comprises generating an authentication credential, and said output interface 103 is adapted to output said authentication credential. In a particular embodiment of the process of the present invention, said output interface 103 is a display, such as an LCD display. In an alternative particular embodiment of the process of the present invention, said output interface 103 is adapted to generate an audible representation of the credential.
While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above described exemplary embodiments but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
The present application claims the benefit of the earlier filing date of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/330,895, filed on Dec. 9, 2008, the entirety of which is incorporated by this reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12330895 | Dec 2008 | US |
| Child | 12339636 | US |
