Flexible probe/probe response routing for maintaining coherency

Information

  • Patent Grant
  • 6631401
  • Patent Number
    6,631,401
  • Date Filed
    Monday, December 21, 1998
    26 years ago
  • Date Issued
    Tuesday, October 7, 2003
    21 years ago
Abstract
A computer system may include multiple processing nodes, one or more of which may be coupled to separate memories which may form a distributed memory system. The processing nodes may include caches, and the computer system may maintain coherency between the caches and the distributed memory system. Particularly, the computer system may implement a flexible probe command/response routing scheme. The scheme may employ an indication within the probe command which identifies a receiving node to receive the probe responses. For example, probe commands indicating that the target or the source of transaction should receive probe responses corresponding to the transaction may be included. Probe commands may specify the source of the transaction as the receiving node for read transactions (such that dirty data is delivered to the source node from the node storing the dirty data). On the other hand, for write transactions (in which data is being updated in memory at the target node of the transaction), the probe commands may specify the target of the transaction as the receiving node. In this manner, the target may determine when to commit the write data to memory and may receive any dirty data to be merged with the write data.
Description




BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION




1. Field of the Invention




This invention is related to the field of computer systems and, more particularly, to coherency systems within computer systems.




2. Description of the Related Art




Generally, personal computers (PCs) and other types of computer systems have been designed around a shared bus system for accessing memory. One or more processors and one or more input/output (I/O) devices are coupled to memory through the shared bus. The I/O devices may be coupled to the shared bus through an I/O bridge which manages the transfer of information between the shared bus and the I/O devices, while processors are typically coupled directly to the shared bus or are coupled through a cache hierarchy to the shared bus.




Unfortunately, shared bus systems suffer from several drawbacks. For example, since there are multiple devices attached to the shared bus, the bus is typically operated at a relatively low frequency. The multiple attachments present a high capacitive load to a device driving a signal on the bus, and the multiple attach points present a relatively complicated transmission line model for high frequencies. Accordingly, the frequency remains low, and bandwidth available on the shared bus is similarly relatively low. The low bandwidth presents a barrier to attaching additional devices to the shared bus, as performance may be limited by available bandwidth.




Another disadvantage of the shared bus system is a lack of scalability to larger numbers of devices. As mentioned above, the amount of bandwidth is fixed (and may decrease if adding additional devices reduces the operable frequency of the bus). Once the bandwidth requirements of the devices attached to the bus (either directly or indirectly) exceeds the available bandwidth of the bus, devices will frequently be stalled when attempting access to the bus. Overall performance may be decreased.




One or more of the above problems may be addressed using a distributed memory system. A computer system employing a distributed memory system includes multiple nodes. Two or more of the nodes are connected to memory, and the nodes are interconnected using any suitable interconnect. For example, each node may be connected to each other node using dedicated lines. Alternatively, each node may connect to a fixed number of other nodes, and transactions may be routed from a first node to a second node to which the first node is not directly connected via one or more intermediate nodes. The memory address space is assigned across the memories in each node.




Nodes may additionally include one or more processors. The processors typically include caches which store cache blocks of data read from the memories. Furthermore, a node may include one or more caches external to the processors. Since the processors and/or nodes may be storing cache blocks accessed by other nodes, a mechanism for maintaining coherency within the nodes is desired.




SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION




The problems outlined above are in large part solved by a computer system as described herein. The computer system may include multiple processing nodes, one or more of which may be coupled to separate memories which may form a distributed memory system. The processing nodes may include caches, and the computer system may maintain coherency between the caches and the distributed memory system. Particularly, the computer system may implement a flexible probe command/response routing scheme.




In one embodiment, the scheme employs an indication within the probe command which identifies a receiving node to receive the probe responses. Generally, the probe command is a request to a node to determine if a cache block is stored in that node and an indication of the actions to be taken by that node if the cache block is stored in that node. The probe response indicates that the actions have been taken, and may include a transmission of data if the cache block has been modified by the node. By providing the flexibility to route the probe responses to different receiving nodes depending upon the command sent, the maintenance of coherency may be performed in a relatively efficient manner (e.g. using the fewest number of packet transmissions between processing nodes) while still ensuring that coherency is maintained.




For example, probe commands indicating that the target or the source of transaction should receive probe responses corresponding to the transaction may be included. Probe commands may specify the source of the transaction as the receiving node for read transactions (such that dirty data is delivered to the source node from the node storing the dirty data). On the other hand, for write transactions (in which data is being updated in memory at the target node of the transaction), the probe commands may specify the target of the transaction as the receiving node. In this manner, the target may determine when to commit the write data to memory and may receive any dirty data to be merged with the write data.




Broadly speaking, a computer system is contemplated. The computer system may comprise a first processing node and a second processing node. The first processing node may be configured to initiate a transaction by transmitting a request. Coupled to receive the request from the first processing node, the second processing node may be configured to generate a probe in response to the request. The probe includes an indication which designates a receiving node to receive responses to the probe. Additionally, the second processing node may be configured to generate the indication responsive to a type of the transaction.




A method for maintaining coherency in a computer system is also contemplated. A request from a source node is transmitted to a target node. A probe is generated in the target node responsive to the request. A receiving node is designated for responses to the probe via an indication within the probe. A probe response to the probe is routed to the receiving node.











BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS




Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the accompanying drawings in which:





FIG. 1

is a block diagram of one embodiment of a computer system.





FIG. 2

is a block diagram of a pair of processing nodes shown in

FIG. 1

, highlighting one embodiment of interconnect therebetween.





FIG. 3

is a block diagram of one embodiment of an information packet.





FIG. 4

is a block diagram of one embodiment of an address packet.





FIG. 5

is a block diagram of one embodiment of a response packet.





FIG. 6

is a block diagram of one embodiment of a data packet.





FIG. 7

is table illustrating exemplary packet types with may be employed by one embodiment of a computer system.





FIG. 8

is a block diagram of one embodiment of a probe packet.





FIG. 9

is a block diagram of one embodiment of a probe response packet.





FIG. 10

is a block diagram of one embodiment of a read response packet.





FIG. 11

is a diagram illustrating an example flow of packets corresponding to a read block transaction.





FIG. 12

is a diagram illustrating a second example flow of packets corresponding to a read block transaction.





FIG. 13

is a diagram illustrating an example flow of packets corresponding to a sized write transaction.





FIG. 14

is a flowchart illustrating operation of one embodiment of a memory controller.





FIG. 15

is a flowchart illustrating operation of one embodiment of a processing node which receives a probe packet.





FIG. 16

is a block diagram of one embodiment of a processing node.











While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.




DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS




Exemplary Computer System Embodiment




Turning now to

FIG. 1

, one embodiment of a computer system


10


is shown. Other embodiments are possible and contemplated. In the embodiment of

FIG. 1

, computer system


10


includes several processing nodes


12


A,


12


B,


12


C, and


12


D. Each processing node is coupled to a respective memory


14


A-


14


D via a memory controller


16


A-


16


D included within each respective processing node


12


A-


12


D. Additionally, processing nodes


12


A-


12


D include interface logic used to communicate between the processing nodes


12


A-


12


D. For example, processing node


12


A includes interface logic


18


A for communicating with processing node


12


B, interface logic


18


B for communicating with processing node


12


C, and a third interface logic


18


C for communicating with yet another processing node (not shown). Similarly, processing node


12


B includes interface logic


18


D,


18


E, and


18


F; processing node


12


C includes interface logic


18


G,


18


H, and


181


; and processing node


12


D includes interface logic


18


J,


18


K, and


18


L. Processing node


12


D is coupled to communicate with an I/O bridge


20


via interface logic


18


L. Other processing nodes may communicate with other I/O bridges in a similar fashion. I/O bridge


20


is coupled to an I/O bus


22


.




Processing nodes


12


A-


2


D implement a packet-based link for inter-processing node communication. In the present embodiment, the link is implemented as sets of unidirectional lines (e.g. lines


24


A are used to transmit packets from processing node


12


A to processing node


12


B and lines


24


B are used to transmit packets from processing node


12


B to processing node


12


A). Other sets of lines


24


C-


24


H are used to transmit packets between other processing nodes as illustrated in FIG.


1


. The link may be operated in a cache coherent fashion for communication between processing nodes or in a noncoherent fashion for communication between a processing node and an I/O bridge. It is noted that a packet to be transmitted from one processing node to another may pass through one or more intermediate nodes. For example, a packet transmitted by processing node


12


A to processing node


12


D may pass through either processing node


12


B or processing node


12


C as shown in FIG.


1


. Any suitable routing algorithm may be used. Other embodiments of computer system


10


may include more or fewer processing nodes then the embodiment shown in FIG.


1


.




Processing nodes


12


A-


12


D, in addition to a memory controller and interface logic, may include one or more processors. Broadly speaking, a processing node comprises at least one processor and may optionally include a memory controller for communicating with a memory and other logic as desired. The term “node” may be used in the present disclosure as well. The term node is intended to mean “processing node”.




Memories


14


A-


14


D may comprise any suitable memory devices. For example, a memory


14


A-


14


D may comprise one or more RAMBUS DRAMs (RDRAMs), synchronous DRAMs (SDRAMs), static RAM, etc. The address space of computer system


10


is divided among memories


14


A-


14


D. Each processing node


12


A-


12


D may include a memory map used to determine which addresses are mapped to which memories


14


A-


14


D, and hence to which processing node


12


A-


12


D a memory request for a particular address should be routed. In one embodiment, the coherency point for an address within computer system


10


is the memory controller


16


A-


16


D coupled to the memory storing bytes corresponding to the address. In other words, the memory controller


16


A-


16


D is responsible for ensuring that each memory access to the corresponding memory


14


A-


14


D occurs in a cache coherent fashion. Memory controllers


16


A-


16


D may comprise control circuitry for interfacing to memories


14


A-


14


D. Additionally, memory controllers


16


A-


16


D may include request queues for queuing memory requests.




Generally, interface logic


18


A-


18


L may comprise a variety of buffers for receiving packets from the link and for buffering packets to be transmitted upon the link. Computer system


10


may employ any suitable flow control mechanism for transmitting packets. For example, in one embodiment, each interface logic


18


stores a count of the number of each type of buffer within the receiver at the other end of the link to which that interface logic is connected. The interface logic does not transmit a packet unless the receiving interface logic has a free buffer to store the packet. As a receiving buffer is freed by routing a packet onward, the receiving interface logic transmits a message to the sending interface logic to indicate that the buffer has been freed. Such a mechanism may be referred to as a “coupon-based” system.




Turning next to

FIG. 2

, a block diagram illustrating processing nodes


12


A and


12


B is shown to illustrate one embodiment of the links therebetween in more detail. Other embodiments are possible and contemplated. In the embodiment of

FIG. 2

, lines


24


A include a clock line


24


AA, a control line


24


AB, and a control/address/data bus


24


AC. Similarly, lines


24


B include a clock line


24


BA, a control line


24


BB, and a control/address/data bus


24


BC.




The clock line transmits a clock signal which indicates a sample point for the control line and the control/address/data bus. In one particular embodiment, data/control bits are transmitted on each edge (i.e. rising edge and falling edge) of the clock signal. Accordingly, two data bits per line may be transmitted per clock cycle. The amount of time employed to transmit one bit per line is referred to herein as a “bit time”. The above-mentioned embodiment includes two bit times per clock cycle. A packet may be transmitted across two or more bit times. Multiple clock lines may be used depending upon the width of the control/address/data bus. For example, two clock lines may be used for a 32 bit control/address/data bus (with one half of the control/address/data bus referenced to one of the clock lines and the other half of the control/address/data bus and the control line referenced to the other one of the clock lines. Generally speaking, a “packet” is a communication between two processing nodes


12


A-


12


D. One or more packets may form a “transaction”, which is a transfer of information from one processing node to another. The packets forming a transaction may include a request packet which initiates a transaction from a source node (the initiating node requesting the transfer) to a target node (the node to which the transaction is directed), packets transmitted between other processing nodes to maintain coherency, data packets, and acknowledgement packets which terminate the transaction.




The control line indicates whether or not the data transmitted upon the control/address/data bus is either a bit time of a control packet or a bit time of a data packet. The control line is asserted to indicate a control packet, and deasserted to indicate a data packet. Certain control packets indicate that a data packet follows. The data packet may immediately follow the corresponding control packet. In one embodiment, other control packets may interrupt the transmission of a data packet. Such an interruption may be performed by asserting the control line for a number of bit times during transmission of the data packet and transmitting the bit times of the control packet while the control line is asserted. Control packets which interrupt a data packet may not indicate that a data packet will be following.




The control/address/data bus comprises a set of lines for transmitting the data/control bits. In one embodiment, the control/address/data bus may comprise 8, 16, or 32 lines. Each processing node or I/O bridge may employ any one of the supported numbers of lines according to design choice. Other embodiments may support other sizes of control/address/data bus as desired.




According to one embodiment, the command/address/data bus lines and the clock line may carry inverted data (i.e. a logical one is represented as a low voltage on the line, and a logical zero is represented as a high voltage). Alternatively, lines may carry non-inverted data (in which a logical one is represented as a high voltage on the line, and logical zero is represented as a low voltage).




Turning now to

FIGS. 3-6

, exemplary packets employed according to one embodiment of computer system


10


are shown.

FIGS. 3-5

illustrate control packets and

FIG. 6

illustrates a data packet. Other embodiments may employ different packet definitions, as desired. Each of the packets are illustrated as a series of bit times enumerated under the “bit time” heading. The bit times of the packet are transmitted according to the bit time order listed.

FIGS. 3-6

illustrate packets for an eight bit control/address/data bus implementation. Accordingly, each bit time comprises eight bits numbered seven through zero. Bits for which no value is provided in the figures may either be reserved for a given packet, or may be used to transmit packet-specific information.





FIG. 3

illustrates an information packet (info packet)


30


. Info packet


30


comprises two bit times on an eight bit link. The command encoding is transmitted during bit time one, and comprises six bits in the present embodiment. Each of the other control packets shown in

FIGS. 4 and 5

include the command encoding in the same bit positions during bit time


1


. Info packet


30


may be used to transmit messages between processing nodes when the messages do not include a memory address.





FIG. 4

illustrates an address packet


32


. Address packet


32


comprises eight bit times on an eight bit link. The command encoding is transmitted during bit time


1


, along with a portion of the destination node number. The remainder of the destination node number and the source node number are transmitted during bit time two. A node number unambiguously identifies one of the processing nodes


12


A-


12


D within computer system


10


, and is used to route the packet through computer system


10


. Additionally, the source of the packet may assign a source tag transmitted during bit times


2


and


3


. The source tag identifies packets corresponding to a particular transaction initiated by the source node (i.e. each packet corresponding to a particular transaction includes the same source tag). Bit times four through eight are used transmit the memory address affected by the transaction. Address packet


32


may be used to initiate a transaction (e.g. a read or write transaction), as well as to transmit commands in the process of carrying out the transaction for those commands which carry the memory address affected by the transaction.





FIG. 5

illustrates a response packet


34


. Response packet


34


includes the command encoding, destination node number, source node number, and source tag similar to the address packet


32


. Various types of response packets may include additional information. For example, a read response packet may indicate the amount of read data provided in a following data packet. Probe responses may indicate whether or not a hit was detected for the requested cache block. Generally, response packet


34


is used for commands during the carrying out of a transaction which do not require transmission of the memory address affected by the transaction. Furthermore, response packet


34


may be used to transmit positive acknowledgement packets to terminate a transaction.





FIG. 6

illustrates the data packet


36


. Data packet


36


includes eight bit times on an eight bit link in the embodiment of FIG.


6


. Data packet


36


may comprise different numbers of bit times dependent upon the amount of data being transferred. For example, in one embodiment a cache block comprises 64 bytes and hence 64 bit times on an eight bit link. Other embodiments may define a cache block to be of a different size, as desired. Additionally, data may be transmitted in less than cache block sizes for non-cacheable reads and writes. Data packets for transmitting data less than cache block size employ fewer bit times.





FIGS. 3-6

illustrate packets for an eight bit link. Packets for


16


and


32


bit links may be formed by concatenating consecutive bit times illustrated in

FIGS. 3-6

. For example, bit time one of a packet on a 16 bit link may comprise the information transmitted during bit times one and two on the eight bit link. Similarly, bit time one of the packet on a 32 bit link may comprise the information transmitted during bit times one through four on the eight bit link. Formulas 1 and 2 below illustrate the formation of bit time one of a 16 bit link and bit time one of a 32 bit link according to bit times from an eight bit link.








BT




1




16


[


15


:


0


]=


BT




2




8


[


7


:


0


]||


BT




1




8


[


7


:


0


]  (1)










BT




1




32


[


31


:


0


]=


BT




4




8


[


7


:


0


]||


BT




3




8


[


7


:


0


]||


BT




2




8


[


7


:


0


]||


BT




1




8


[


7


:


0


]  (2)






Turning now to

FIG. 7

, a table


38


is shown illustrating commands employed according to one exemplary embodiment of the link within computer system


10


. Other embodiments are possible and contemplated. Table


38


includes a command code column illustrating the command encodings assigned to each command, a command column naming the command, and a packet type column indicating which of command packets


30


-


34


is employed for that command.




A read transaction is initiated using one of the ReadSized, RdBlk, RdBlkS or RdBlkMod commands. The ReadSized command is used for non-cacheable reads or reads of data other than a cache block in size. The amount of data to be read is encoded into the ReadSized command packet. For reads of a cache block, the RdBlk command may be used unless: (i) a writeable copy of the cache block is desired, in which case the RdBlkMod command may be used; or (ii) a copy of the cache block is desired but no intention to modify the block is known, in which case the RdBlkS command may be used. The RdBlkS command may be used to make certain types of coherency schemes (e.g. directory-based coherency schemes) more efficient. In general, the appropriate read command is transmitted from the source initiating the transaction to a target node which owns the memory corresponding to the cache block. The memory controller in the target node transmits Probe/Src commands to the other nodes in the system to maintain coherency by changing the state of the cache block in those nodes and by causing a node including an updated copy of the cache block to send the cache block to the source node. Each node receiving a Probe/Src command transmits a ProbeResp packet to the source node. If a probed node has an updated copy of the read data (i.e. dirty data), that node transmits a RdResponse packet and the dirty data. A node transmitting dirty data may also transmit a MemCancel packet to the target node in an attempt to cancel transmission by the target node of the requested read data. Additionally, the memory controller in the target node transmits the requested read data using a RdResponse packet followed by the data in a data packet. If the source node receives a RdResponse packet from a probed node, that read data is used. Otherwise, the data from the target node is used. Once each of the probe responses and the read data is received in the source node, the source node transmits a SrcDone response packet to the target node as a positive acknowledgement of the termination of the transaction.




A write transaction is initiated using a WrSized or VicBlk command followed by a corresponding data packet. The WrSized command is used for non-cacheable writes or writes of data other than a cache block in size. To maintain coherency for WrSized commands, the memory controller in the target node transmits Probe/Tgt commands to each of the other nodes in the system. In response to Probe/Tgt commands, each probed node transmits a ProbeResp packet to the target node. If a probed node is storing dirty data, the probed node responds with a RdResponse packet and the dirty data. In this manner, a cache block updated by the WrSized command is returned to the memory controller for merging with the data provided by the WrSized command. The memory controller, upon receiving probe responses from each of the probed nodes, transmits a TgtDone packet to the source node to provide a positive acknowledgement of the termination of the transaction. The source node replies with a SrcDone response packet.




A victim cache block which has been modified by a node and is being replaced in a cache within the node is transmitted back to memory using the VicBlk command. Probes are not needed for the VicBlk command. Accordingly, when the target memory controller is prepared to commit victim block data to memory, the target memory controller transmits a TgtDone packet to the source node of the victim block. The source node replies with either a SrcDone packet to indicate that the data should be committed or a MemCancel packet to indicate that the data has been invalidated between transmission of the VicBlk command and receipt of the TgtDone packet (e.g. in response to an intervening probe).




The ChangetoDirty packet may be transmitted by a source node in order to obtain write permission for a cache block stored by the source node in a non-writeable state. A transaction initiated with a ChangetoDirty command may operate similar to a read except that the target node does not return data. The ValidateBIk command may be used to obtain write permission to a cache block not stored by a source node if the source node intends to update the entire cache block. No data is transferred to the source node for such a transaction, but otherwise operates similar to a read transaction.




The InterruptBroadcast, Interrupt Target, and IntrResponse packets may be used to broadcast interrupts, to send an interrupt to a particular target node, and to respond to interrupts, respectively. The CleanVicBlk command may be used to inform a memory controller that a clean victim block has been discarded from a node (e.g. for directory based coherency schemes). The TgtStart command may be used by a target to indicate that a transaction has been started (e.g. for ordering of subsequent transactions). The Error command is used to transmit an error indication.




Probe/Probe Response Routing




Turning now to

FIG. 8

, a block diagram of one embodiment of a probe packet


40


is shown. Other embodiments organizing probe packets in different manners and having alternative, similar, or substitute information are possible and contemplated. Probe packet


40


is one type of address packet


32


shown in FIG.


4


. As shown in

FIG. 8

, Probe packet


40


includes a command field (CMD[


5


:


0


] in FIG.


8


), a target node field (TgtNode[


1


:


0


] and TgtNode [


3


:


2


] in FIG.


8


), a source node field (SrcNode[


3


:


0


] in FIG.


8


), a source tag field (SrcTag[


1


:


0


] and SrcTag[


6


:


2


] in FIG.


8


), a data movement field (DM in FIG.


8


), a next state field (NextState[


1


:


0


] in FIG.


8


), and an address field (Addr[


39


:


0


] across bit times


4


-


8


in FIG.


8


).




The command field is encoded to identify packet


40


as a probe packet. For example, the encodings for Probe/Src and Probe/Tgt shown in

FIG. 7

may be used. Generally speaking, the target node of a transaction generates probe commands to maintain coherency of the cache block affected by the transaction. One of the set of probe commands is selected by the target node, based upon the type of transaction being initiated. The selected probe command identifies a receiving node for responses to the probe commands. By providing the flexibility to route probe responses to one of multiple possible receiving nodes, (as opposed to routing probe responses to a predetermined receiving node), coherency maintenance may be performed in a manner which is efficient (e.g. in terms of number of packets transmitted between nodes) and which leads to a correct result.




For example, transactions which result in the transfer of a cache block to the source node of the transaction may maintain coherency by directing probe responses (including responses which transfer data) to the source node. The source node may await the responses from each of the other nodes (the probed nodes) and the response from the target node, and then establish the transferred cache block within the node and transmit an acknowledgement packet to the target node to terminate the transaction. By awaiting probe responses from the probed nodes before terminating the transaction, each node may established the correct coherency state for that transaction prior to termination. On the other hand, a WrSized transaction (which may update less than a cache block) is initiated by transmitting a WrSized command and the corresponding data to the target node. Since the target node commits the data to memory at the target node, the target node may receive the probe responses instead of the source node. Particularly, if the cache block including the bytes being updated by the WrSized transaction is dirty in a probed node, the target node may receive the dirty data in a response to the probe and may merge the data with the data corresponding to the WrSized command. Once the probe responses are received, a coherency state dictated by the write operation is established in the probed nodes and the write data may be committed to memory. Accordingly, in the present embodiment, two types of probe commands are supported to indicate to probed nodes which node is to receive the probe response (e.g. source or target node). Other embodiments may support additional probe commands indicating additional receiving nodes, as desired.




In one exemplary embodiment, the memory controller within the target node may select a transaction from its queues of requests to be processed, and may generate a probe command in response to that selection. The probe command may be broadcast to the probed nodes within the computer system. The command field indicates whether the probe response should be routed to the target node or the source node. For example, as illustrated in table


38


shown in

FIG. 7

, bit


0


of the command field may indicate the receiving node (with a binary zero indicating source node and a binary one indicating target node). The target node field identifies the target node of the transaction, and the source node field identifies the source node of the transaction. It is noted that the probe command may be broadcast to caches within the target node as well, and the target node may provide a probe response. In other words, the target node may be a probed node as well.




Additionally, the data movement field (e.g. a bit, in one embodiment) may be used to indicate if data is to be returned in a response to the probe in the event that the cache block is dirty in the probed node. If the data movement field indicates no movement (e.g. in a clear state), a node with dirty data returns a probe response to the designating receiving node and does not transmit the dirty data to the receiving node. If the data movement field indicates movement (e.g. in a set state), a node with dirty data returns a read response to the source node including the dirty data. The next state field indicates what the next state of the cache block is to be in the probed node (if the probed node is storing a copy of the cache block). In one embodiment, the encoding of the next state field is as illustrated in Table 1 below:












TABLE 1











Next State Field Encoding














Encoding




Meaning











00




No Change







01




Shared:








Clean -> Shared








Dirty -> Shared/Dirty







10




Invalid







11




Reserved















According to one embodiment, table 2 below illustrates exemplary transaction onding probe commands:












TABLE 2











Transaction Types and Probe Commands














Transaction




Probe




Next




Data






Type




Command




State




Movement


















ReadSized




Probe/Src




No Change




(00)




Y(1)






Block Reads




Probe/Src




Shared




(01)




Y(1)






ChangetoDirty




Probe/Src




Invalid




(10)




Y(1)






ValidateBlk




Probe/Src




Invalid




(10)




N(0)






WrSized




Probe/Tgt




Invalid




(10)




Y(1)














VicBlk




None
























Generally speaking, the term “probe” or “probe command” refers to a request for the probed node to determine if a cache block defined by the probe (e.g. via the address field) is stored by the probed node and to indicate the desired response from the probed node. The response may include establishing a different coherency state for the cache block and/or may include transferring the cache block to the receiving node. The probed node responds to a probe using a “probe response”, which positively acknowledges to the receiving node that the desired coherency state change has been made. The probe response may include data if the probed node is storing dirty data.




Turning now to

FIG. 9

, a block diagram of one embodiment of a probe response packet


42


is shown. Other embodiments organizing probe response packets in different manners and having alternative, similar, or substitute information are possible and contemplated. Probe response packet


42


is one type of response packet


34


shown in FIG.


5


. Similar to the probe packet shown in

FIG. 8

, probe response packet


42


includes a command field (CMD[


5


:


0


]), a source node field (SrcNode[


3


:


0


]), and a source tag field (SrcTag[


1


:


0


] and SrcTag[


6


:


2


]). Additionally, probe response packet


42


includes a response node field (RespNode[


3


:


2


] and RespNode[


1


:


0


] in

FIG. 9

) and a hit indication (Hit in FIG.


9


).




A probed node searches its caches for the cache block identified by the address received in the probe packet


40


. If a copy of the cache block is found, the probed node changes the state of the cache block as defined in the next state field. Additionally, if the caches are storing a dirty copy of the cache block and the data movement field of probe packet


40


indicates that the cache block is to be transferred, the probed node reads the dirty data from the caches.




The probed node routes a probe response packet


42


to the designated receiving node in the cases of: (i) no dirty data; or (ii) dirty data and the data movement field indicates no movement. More particularly in the present embodiment, the probed node may read either the target node field of probe packet


40


(if the designated receiving node is the target node) or the source node field of probe packet


40


(if the designated receiving node is the source node) and store the resulting node ID into the response node field of probe response packet


42


. Additionally, the hit indication is used to indicate if the probed node is retaining a copy of the cache block. For example, the hit indication may comprise a bit indicating, when set, that the probed node is retaining a copy of the cache block and indicating, when clear, that the probed node is not retaining a copy of the cache block. The hit bit may be clear if: (i) a copy of the cache block was not found in caches within the probed node; or (ii) a copy of the cache block was found in the caches within the probed node but was invalidated in response to the probe command.




In one embodiment illustrated in table


38


of

FIG. 7

, the command field of probe response packet


42


may indicate ProbResp, and may further indicate whether the probe response is a response to a Probe/Src command or a Probe/Tgt command. More particularly, bit zero of the command field may be clear to indicate that the probe response is a response to a Probe/Src command and set to indicate that the probe response is a response to a Probe/Tgt command. This indication may be used by the receiving node to determine if the probe response is to be routed to the memory controller within the receiving node (bit zero set) or to the fill receive logic for the caches within the receiving node (bit zero clear).




Turning next to

FIG. 10

, a block diagram of one embodiment of a read response packet


44


is shown. Other embodiments organizing read response packets in different manners and having alternative, similar, or substitute information are possible and contemplated. Read response packet


44


is one type of response packet


34


shown in FIG.


5


. Similar to the probe response packet shown in

FIG. 9

, read response packet


44


includes a command field (CMD[


5


:


0


]), a source node field (SrcNode[


3


:


0


]), a source tag field (SrcTag[


1


:


0


] and SrcTag[


6


:


2


]), and a response node field (RespNode[


3


:


2


] and RespNode[


1


:


0


]). Additionally, read response packet


44


includes a count field (Count in FIG.


10


), a type field (Type in

FIG. 10

) and a probe field (Prb in FIG.


10


).




A probed node which detects a hit on dirty data for a probe command which indicates that data movement is requested may use the read response packet


44


to transmit a probe response and the dirty data. The count field is used to indicate the amount of data being transmitted, and the type field indicates whether the count is measured in bytes or quadwords (eight bytes). For cache block transfers in response to a probe, the count field indicates eight (encoded as binary ‘111’) and the type field indicates quadword (e.g. a set bit in the type field, in one embodiment). The probe field is used to indicate that read response packet


44


is transmitted from either the target node or a probed node. For example, the probe field may comprise a bit indicating, when set, that read response packet


44


is transmitted from a probed node and indicating, when clear, that read response packet


44


is transmitted from the target node. Accordingly, a probed node sets the probe bit when using read response packet


44


.




Read response packet


44


is a packet type which indicates that a data packet follows. Accordingly, the probed node transmits the cache block in a data packet subsequent to read response packet


44


. The probed node routes read response packet


44


in a manner similar to the routing of probe response packet


42


described above (e.g., the probed node may read either the target node field of probe packet


40


(if the designated receiving node is the target node) or the source node field of probe packet


40


(if the designated receiving node is the source node) and store the resulting node ID into the response node field of read response packet


44


).




In one embodiment illustrated in table


38


of

FIG. 7

, the command field of read response packet


44


may indicate RdResponse, and may further indicate whether the read response is a response to a Probe/Src command or a Probe/Tgt command. More particularly, bit zero of the command field may be clear to indicate that the read response is a response to a Probe/Src command and set to indicate that the read response is a response to a Probe/Tgt command. This indication may be used by the receiving node to determine if the read response is to be routed to the memory controller within the receiving node (bit zero set) or to the fill receive logic for the caches within the receiving node (bit zero clear).




Turning now to

FIG. 11

, a diagram is shown illustrating the flow of packets between a set of nodes corresponding to an exemplary read block transaction. A source node


50


, a target node memory controller


52


, and a set of probed nodes


54


A-


54


N are shown. The order (in time) of packets is illustrated from left to right in FIG.


11


. In other words, a RdBlk packet is transmitted from source node


50


to target node memory controller


52


before target node memory controller


52


transmits probe/src packets to probe nodes


54


A-


54


N, etc. In order to illustrate the time order of packets, source node


50


and target memory controller


52


are illustrated twice in FIG.


11


. Similarly, certain blocks may be illustrated more than once in

FIGS. 12 and 13

below. Source node


50


, the target node including target node memory controller


52


, and probed nodes


54


A-


54


N each may comprise processing nodes similar to processing nodes


12


A-


12


D shown in FIG.


1


.




Source node


50


transmits a RdBlk packet to target node memory controller


52


to initiate the read block transaction. Target node memory controller


52


subsequently selects the RdBlk packet to be serviced. Target node memory controller


52


generates Probe/Src packets and broadcasts the packets to the probed nodes


54


A-


54


N. Additionally, target node memory controller


52


initiates a read from the memory


14


A-


14


D to which target node memory controller


52


is coupled. Upon completing the read from the memory


14


A-


14


D, target node memory controller


52


generates a RdResponse packet including the data and transmits the packet to source node


50


.




Each of probed nodes


54


A-


54


N searches its caches to determine if the cache block read by the RdBlk packet is stored therein. If a hit is detected, the corresponding probed node


54


A-


54


N updates the state of the cache block according to the next state field in the probe packet received from target node memory controller


52


. Additionally, each probed node


54


A-


54


N routes a ProbeResp packet to source node


50


(since Probe/Src packets were received). In the present example, no probed node


54


A-


54


N is storing a dirty copy of the cache block.




Source node


50


awaits ProbeResp packets from probed nodes


54


A-


54


N and the RdResponse packet from target memory controller


52


. Once these packets have been received, source node


50


transmits a SrcDone packet to target memory controller


52


, terminating the transaction.




Turning next to

FIG. 12

, a diagram is shown illustrating a second exemplary read block transaction. Source node


50


, target node memory controller


52


, and probed nodes


54


A-


54


N are shown. Source node


50


, the target node including target node memory controller


52


, and probed nodes


54


A-


54


N each may comprise processing nodes similar to processing nodes


12


A-


12


D shown in FIG.


1


.




Similar to the example shown in

FIG. 11

, source node


50


transmits a RdBlk packet to target node memory controller


52


. Target node memory controller


52


transmits Probe/Src packets to probed nodes


54


A-


54


N, and may transmit a RdResponse packet to source node


50


.




In the example of

FIG. 12

, probed node


54


A detects dirty data for the cache block accessed by the read block transaction. Accordingly, probed node


54


A transmits a RdResponse packet to source node


50


(as directed by the Probe/Src command) along with the dirty cache block read from a cache internal to probed node


54


A. Additionally, in one embodiment, probed node


54


A may transmit a MemCancel packet to target node memory controller


52


. If the MemCancel packet reaches target node memory controller


52


prior to target node memory controller


52


transmitting the RdResponse packet to source node


50


, target node memory controller


52


does not transmit the RdResponse packet. Hence, the line from target node memory controller


52


to source node


50


labeled “RdResponse” is dotted to indicate its optional nature. In response to the MemCancel Message, target node memory controller


52


transmits a TgtDone packet to source node


50


.




Probed nodes


54


B-


54


N do not detect dirty data in the present example, and hence route ProbeResp packets to source node


50


. Once source node


50


has received the TgtDone, RdResponse, and ProbeResp packets, source node


50


transmits the SrcDone packet to target memory controller


52


to terminate the read block transaction.




Turning now to

FIG. 13

, a diagram is shown illustrating an exemplary sized write transaction. Source node


50


, target node memory controller


52


, and probed nodes


54


A-


54


N are shown. Source node


50


, the target node including target node memory controller


52


, and probed nodes


54


A-


54


N each may comprise processing nodes similar to processing nodes


12


A-


12


D shown in FIG.


1


.




Source node


50


initiates the sized write transaction by transmitting a WrSized packet and the data to be written to target node memory controller


52


. Since the sized write transaction may update a portion of a cache block while not updating the remaining portion of the cache block, target node memory controller


52


collects the dirty cache block (if one exists) from probed nodes


54


A-


54


N. Additionally, clean copies of the cache block are invalidated in probed nodes


54


A-


54


N to maintain coherency. Target memory controller


52


, upon selecting the sized write transaction to be serviced, transmits Probe/Tgt packets to probed nodes


54


A-


54


N. Probed nodes


54


A-


54


N return either ProbeResp packets (if no dirty data is detected) or RdResponse packets (if dirty data is detected) to target node memory controller


54


(since Probe/Tgt packets were received). Once target node memory controller


52


has received responses from the probed nodes


54


A-


54


N, target node memory controller


52


transmits a TgtDone packet to source node


50


, which responds with a SrcDone packet terminating the sized write transaction.




If target node memory controller


52


receives a dirty cache block from one of probed nodes


54


A-


54


N, target node memory controller


52


effects a merge of the dirty cache block and the bytes provided by source node


50


in the WrSized data packet. Any suitable mechanism for effecting the merge may be used. For example, target node memory controller


52


may merge the data and perform a single block write to update the memory. Alternatively, the dirty block may be written to memory first, followed by a write of the bytes provided by source node


50


.




It is noted that, while the present description may refer to packets being transmitted between nodes, any suitable mechanism for transmitting commands, responses, and other messages may be used.




Turning now to

FIG. 14

, a flowchart is shown illustrating operation of a portion of one embodiment of a memory controller


16


A-


16


D in response to selecting a transaction for service. In particular, the portion of a memory controller


16


A-


16


D which generates probes is shown. Other embodiments are possible and contemplated. While steps are illustrated in a particular order for ease of understanding in

FIG. 14

, any suitable order may be used. Furthermore, steps may be performed in parallel using parallel hardware within memory controller


16


A-


16


D, as desired according to design choice.




The memory controller determines if the selected transaction is a WrSized transaction (decision block


60


). If the selected transaction is a WrSized transaction, the memory controller transmits Probe/Tgt packets to each of the probed nodes (step


62


). Otherwise, the memory controller determines if the selected transaction is a VicBlk or CleanVicBlk transaction (decision block


64


). If the selected transaction is a VicBlk or CleanVicBlk transaction, no probe packets are generated. On the other hand, if the selected transaction is not WrSized, VicBlk, or CleanVicBlk, Probe/Src packets are transmitted to the probed nodes (step


66


).




Turning now to

FIG. 15

, a flowchart illustrating operation of one embodiment of a probed node in response to a probe packet is shown. Other embodiments are possible and contemplated. While steps are illustrated in a particular order for ease of understanding in

FIG. 15

, any suitable order may be used. Furthermore, steps may be performed in parallel using parallel hardware within a probed node, as desired according to design choice.




The probed node searches its caches to determine if the cache block indicated by the probe is stored therein, and to determine the state of the cache block if found. If the cache block is found in a dirty state (decision block


70


), the probed node generates a RdResponse packet. The probed node reads the dirty data from the cache for transmission in a data packet following the RdResponse packet (step


72


). On the other hand, if the cache block is not found or is not in a dirty state, the probed node generates a ProbeResp packet (step


74


). Additionally, the state of the cache block is updated as specified in the next state field of the probe packet.




The probed node examines the received probe packet (decision block


76


). If the probe packet is a Probe/Src packet, the probed node routes the response generated above to the source node indicated in the Probe/Src packet (step


78


). In other words, the probed node sets the RespNode field in the response packet to the value in the SrcNode field of the Probe/Src packet. On the other hand, if the probe packet is a Probe/Tgt packet, the probed node routes the response generated above to the target node indicated in the Probe/Tgt packet (step


80


). In other words, the probed node sets the RespNode field in the response packet to the value in the TgtNode field of the Probe/Tgt packet.




Turning now to

FIG. 16

, a block diagram of one embodiment of an exemplary processing node


12


A is shown. Other embodiments are possible and contemplated. In the embodiment of

FIG. 16

, processing node


12


A includes interface logic


18


A,


18


B, and


18


C and memory controller


16


A. Additionally, processing node


12


A includes a processor core


92


and a cache


90


, coherency management logic


98


, and may optionally include a second processor core


96


and a second cache


94


. Interfaces logics


18


A-


18


C are coupled to each other and to coherency management logic


98


. Processor cores


92


and


96


are coupled to caches


90


and


94


, respectively. Caches


90


and


94


are coupled to coherency management logic


98


. Coherency management logic


98


is coupled to memory controller


16


A.




Generally, coherency management logic


98


is configured to generate probe commands in response to transactions selected by memory controller


16


A for service as well as to respond to probe commands received by processing node


12


A. Coherency management logic


98


broadcasts either a Probe/Src command or a Probe/Tgt command depending upon the type of transaction selected for service. Additionally, coherency management logic


98


searches caches


90


and


94


for a cache block specified by a received probe command and generates the appropriate probe response. Furthermore, in the case of generating a Probe/Tgt command, coherency management logic


98


may collect probe responses returned in response to the Probe/Tgt command. Caches


90


and


94


may include fill logic which manages the receipt of data from a read request initiated within processing node


12


A, or the fill logic may be included within coherency management logic


98


. Coherency management logic


98


may be further configured to route noncoherent requests to memory controller


16


A. In one embodiment, processors


92


and


96


may bypass caches


90


and


94


and coherency management logic


98


to directly access memory controller


16


A for certain non-cacheable and/or noncoherent memory requests.




Caches


90


and


94


comprise high speed cache memories configured to store cache blocks of data. Caches


90


and


94


may be integrated within respective processor cores


92


and


96


. Alternatively, caches


90


and


94


may be coupled to processor cores


92


and


96


in a backside cache configuration or an in-line configuration, as desired. Still further, caches


90


and


94


may be implemented as a hierarchy of caches. Caches which are nearer processor cores


92


and


96


(within the hierarchy) may be integrated into processor cores


92


and


96


, if desired.




Processor cores


92


and


96


include the circuitry for executing instructions according to a predefined instruction set. For example, the x86 instruction set architecture may be selected. Alternatively, the Alpha, PowerPC, or any other instruction set architecture may be selected. Generally, the processor cores access the caches for data and instructions. If a cache miss is detected, a read request is generated and transmitted to the memory controller within the node to which the missing cache block is mapped.




It is noted that, while certain embodiments of computer system


10


have been described as employing a distributed memory system, embodiments which do not employ a distributed memory system may utilize the flexible probe/probe response routing described herein as well. Such embodiments are contemplated.




Numerous variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such variations and modifications.



Claims
  • 1. An apparatus comprising a first node coupled to receive a probe, the probe generated by a target node in response to a request transmitted to the target node by a source node, and wherein the first node is configured to generate a probe response in response to the probe, and wherein the first node is configured to select which one of the target node and the source node is to receive the probe response in response to an indication in the probe, and wherein the first node is configured to transmit the probe response to the one of the target node or the source node.
  • 2. The apparatus as recited in claim 1 wherein the probe includes a first node number indicative of the target node and a second node number indicative of the source node, and wherein the first node is configured to select one of the first node number and the second node number for routing the probe response responsive to the indication in the probe.
  • 3. The apparatus as recited in claim 1 wherein the probe response optionally includes data depending on whether or not the first node is storing a modified copy of data identified by the probe.
  • 4. The apparatus as recited in claim 3 wherein the probe includes a data movement indication indicative of whether or not the modified copy is to be transmitted in response to the probe, wherein the probe response optionally includes data further dependent on the data movement indication.
  • 5. The apparatus as recited in claim 1 wherein the probe includes a next state field identifying a next state for data identified by the probe in the first node if the first node is caching the data, wherein the first node is configured to change a state of the data in the first node responsive to the next state field.
  • 6. A method comprising:receiving a probe in a first node, the probe generated by a target node in response to a request transmitted to the target node by a source node; generating a probe response in the first node in response to the probe; selecting one of the target node and the source node to receive the probe response in response to an indication in the probe; and transmitting the probe response to the one of the target node or the source node.
  • 7. The method as recited in claim 6 wherein the probe includes a first node number indicative of the target node and a second node number indicative of the source node, the method further comprising selecting one of the first node number and the second node number for routing the probe response responsive to the indication in the probe.
  • 8. The method as recited in claim 6 further comprising optionally transmitting data in the probe response depending on whether or not the first node is storing a modified copy of data identified by the probe.
  • 9. The method as recited in claim 8 wherein the probe includes a data movement indication indicative of whether or not the modified copy is to be transmitted in response to the probe, wherein the optionally transmitting is further dependent on the data movement indication.
  • 10. The method as recited in claim 6 wherein the probe includes a next state field identifying a next state for data identified by the probe in the first node if the first node is caching the data, wherein the method further comprises changing a state of the data in the first node responsive to the next state field.
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