Patent Application
20070203054
The present invention relates generally to peptide fragments derived from the NKp46 and NKp44 receptors expressed on natural killer (NK) cells and to antibodies directed against epitopes on these receptors. In particular, the present invention identifies peptide sequences that are glycosylated or hyperglycosylated as crucial elements for the binding of the NK receptors to tumor cells and/or viral-infected cells. The present invention further provides fission proteins and synthetic peptides that are derived from the amino acid sequence of NKp46 receptor and NKp44 receptor, capable of specific binding to viral-infected cells and/or tumor cells.
Natural killer (NK) cells are bone marrow derived lymphocytes that constitute a key frontline defense against a range of hazardous conditions including viral infection and tumor transformation1. Although NK cells can kill target cells spontaneously without prior stimulation, a delicate balance between inhibitory and activating signals tightly regulates their activation. NK cells express a family of inhibitory and activating receptors that recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules1. Engagement of these receptors results in the transduction of inhibitory signals that, under normal physiological conditions, predominate over those mediated via activating receptors1. This insures that healthy cells, expressing adequate amounts of MHC class I, will be protected from NK cells attack, while cells that have lost normal expression of MHC class I molecules, often resulting from viral infection or cell transformation, will be destroyed2.
This concept, however, accounts only in part for the regulation of activation, and non-MHC ligands also control NK-mediated killing3. In addition, certain NK-susceptible target cells express normal MHC class I repertoire, while some MHC-negative cells are resistant to NK attack4. It has now become evident that activation of NK cells requires more than just the absence of inhibitory signals and that in order to tip the balance in favor of NK cells activation, target cells must express ligands specific for activating receptors.
A significant breakthrough in the understanding of specific activation of NK cells was achieved following the recent identification of three novel NK specific triggering receptors collectively termed natural cytotoxic receptors (NCR). The NCRs, which include NKp46, NKp44 and NKp30, belong to the Ig superfamily but share no homology with each other and only a low degree of identity with any known human molecules5,6,7. Upon engagement, NCRs transduce activating signals through the association with various adaptor molecules (including the DAP12 and zeta chain proteins) that carry immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAM) in their cytoplasmatic tail, allowing activation via the src-kinase and syc-signaling pathway5,7,8. All of these NCRs are capable of mediating direct killing of tumor and virus-infected cells and are specific for non-MHC ligands. NKp46 and NKp30 are present exclusively on NK cells, whether resting or activated, while NKp44 is expressed specifically on activated NK cells.
The most distinctive role of the NCRs in NK cells activity has been attributed to their involvement in recognition and killing of tumor cells. This has become evident by the ability of anti-NCR monoclonal antibodies to block NK-mediated killing of most tumor lines4-7,9 and by the strict correlation that exists between the density of NCRs expression on NK cells and their ability to kill tumor targets9. More recently, the importance of NCRs in vivo was illustrated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients expressing insufficient amount of either NCR or NCR ligands, thereby rendering the leukemia cells resistant to NK cytotoxicity10.
While NCRs have been implicated most conclusively in immunity against transformed cells, there is evidence they may also contribute to defense against pathogens1,2,11,12. This notion is supported by the fact that NK deficient individuals suffer from a range of recurrent diseases, especially viral infections12. Recently, the inventors and coworkers have demonstrated that soluble NKp46- and NKp44-immunoglobulin (Ig) fusion proteins, but not an NKp30-Ig fusion protein, specifically bind to hemagglutinin of influenza virus and to hemagglutinin-neuraminidase of Sendai virus13-15. This interaction is functional and can mediate an enhanced killing of infected cells. This enhanced killing can be abolished by antibodies that block either the HA or the lysis receptors NKp46 and NKp4413-15.
The human NKp46 receptor has multiple isoforms including the currently known isoforms: Isoform a (Accession No CAA04714; SEQ ID NO:1); Isoform b (Accession No. CAA06872) Isoform c (Accession No. CAA06873) Isoform d (Accession No. CAA06874). In general the NKp46 receptor comprises two extracellular Ig-like domains of the C2 type, a transmembrane portion and an intracellular segment. The extracellular portion of NKp46 comprises a D1 domain, designated NKp46D1 (comprising residues 22-120 of the mature full length protein of isoform a) a D2 domain, designated NKp46D2, comprising 134 amino acid residues (residues 121-254 of the full length receptor of isoform a; SEQ ID NO:2).
The human NKp44 receptor (accession No CAC09453; SEQ ID NO:4) comprises one extracellular portion designated herein NKp44D (residues 22-135 of the full length receptor; SEQ ID NO:5), comprising a single globular domain and a tail (residues 136-190).
WO 02/08287 of the present inventors discloses NK receptor fusion proteins in which the extracellular portion of the various NK receptors is conjugated to an active segment comprising an immunoglobulin (Ig), a cytotoxic moiety or an imaging moiety. WO 02/08287 further discloses that the NK receptor fusion proteins exhibit specific interaction with tumor cells and viral-infected cells in vitro.
There is an unmet need for characterization of the molecular features or epitopes involved in killing of viral infected and tumor cells. The present invention discloses peptides derived from the amino acid sequences of NKp44 and NKp46, and essential epitopes therein that are crucial for the binding of these receptors to viral-infected and tumor cells.
The present invention relates generally to peptide fragments derived from Natural Killer Cytotoxicity receptors (NCR) that are effective in targeting viral-infected cells and tumor cells in vivo. The present invention further relates to synthetic peptides and fusion proteins comprising these peptide sequences. It is now disclosed for the first time that peptides and fusion proteins, comprising active glycosylated fragments of the natural killer cytotoxicity receptors NKp44 and NKp46, were found to be effective in binding to viral-infected cells and tumor cells.
The present invention is based in part on the unexpected discovery that peptide fragments comprising glycosylation sites, derived from amino acid sequences of the human NKp46 receptor and of the human NKp44 receptor, retain the binding activity and the specificity to viral infected cells of the full-length receptors.
It is now disclosed that a single amino acid residue located within the proximal portion of the D2 domain of NKp46, is crucial for the recognition of both viral-infected cells and tumor cells by this natural cytotoxicity receptor. Within the D2 domain there is a short linker peptide designated NKp46LP (residues 215-254 of the full length protein; SEQ ID NO:3) joining this domain to the transmembrane segment of the receptor. Specifically, the present invention discloses that the Threonine residue at position 225 of the human NKp46 receptor is essential for the binding of NKp46 to viral-infected and tumor cells. Thus, Threonine 225 of NKp46, one of the O-glycosylated residues of this molecule, is an essential feature of an epitope involved in NK binding to target cells, and may be necessary for NK-mediated cell lysis.
It is further disclosed that a membrane linker peptide derived from the extracellular domain of the human NKp44 receptor comprising 55 amino acid residues is an essential feature in binding to viral infected cells. This linker peptide comprises a hyper-glycosylated region comprising at least 14 predicted glycosylation sites which contribute to the efficient binding to viral-infected cells. NKp44 receptor comprises the D domain, designated herein NKp44D (residues 22-135 of SEQ ID NO:5), and a tail or linker peptide designated herein NKp44LP (residues 136-190 of the mature full length receptor; SEQ ID NO:6).
In one aspect, the present invention provides isolated peptide sequences of NCRs that are necessary for recognition of target cells. It is to be clearly understood that the peptides of the invention are smaller than the intact domains of the NCRs from which they are derived. According to particular embodiments, the present invention provides fusion proteins and synthetic peptides comprising these isolated amino acid sequences of NCRs. It is further to be explicitly understood that the NCRs from which the active fragments are derived, may be of human or non-human origin. Though the human sequences are preferred, non-human primates or even lower mammalian species may be a suitable source for derivation of the active fragments according to the invention. It is further to be explicitly understood that the target cells may be human, as well as non-human mammalian or even avian, as it is known that relevant viral species may infect all of these genera.
According to one embodiment the present invention provides an essential epitope in the proximal domain of the human NKp46 receptor comprising the amino acid Threonine in position 225 (of the sequence of isoform a). According to some embodiments, the present invention provides fusion proteins and synthetic peptides comprising an amino acid sequence derived from the human NKp46 receptor as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 comprising the amino acid Threonine in position 225, or an active fragment thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the Threonine amino acid residue at position 225 is covalently linked via various glycoforms to sialic acid. As disclosed herein, the sialylation of Threonine 225 is essential for the binding to viral-infected cells.
It will be appreciated by the skilled artisan that the glycosylation pattern of the relevant extracellular portion of a recombinant protein will be determined by the cell type in which it is produced. In order to optimize activity of the peptides or proteins of the invention the cell type for production by recombinant methods will be selected accordingly. It will further be appreciated that the peptides
According to particular embodiments the active peptide fragment will be a sequence of 10-100 amino acids, according to certain preferred embodiments the active peptide fragment will be a sequence of about 20-80 amino acids, according to yet other embodiments the active peptide fragment will be a sequence of 30-60 amino acids. It will be noted that the unmodified linker peptide is composed of 40 amino acids, namely residues 215 to 254 in isoform a of the complete human 46 sequence of NKp46 (AJ001383). These 40aa are part of what we called NKp46D2 which includes both the Ig-like domain and the 40aa membrane linker peptide. Extensions or deletions of the linker peptide are explicitly encompassed in the present invention as long as they retain the biological activity of interest.
According to another embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated peptide from the extracellular domain of the human NKp44 receptor comprising the hyperglycosylated linker peptide, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6 or any active fragment thereof.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the present invention provides fusion proteins and synthetic peptides comprising a minimal epitope of NKp46. The minimal epitope of NKp46 will be an epitope that is capable of eliciting its action in targeting viral-infected cells via the hemagglutinin (HA) receptor. Furthermore, these peptides are capable of specific targeting of tumor cells. In one embodiment, the minimal epitope serves as a basis for the design of active fragments, derivatives and analogs of NKp46 comprising the minimal epitope which will possess similar or superior binding activity and stability as compared to the full-length NKp46 polypeptide.
According to other embodiments of the present invention provides a hyper-glycosylated fragment derived from the linker peptide of the intact NKp44 receptor located at the carboxy terminal of the proximal D extracellular domain. The present invention further provides fusion proteins and synthetic peptides comprising this linker peptide comprising a hyper-glycosylated fragment located in the NKp44 receptor. The present invention discloses that this linker peptide is an essential feature for the binding to viral-infected cells via the HA receptor.
The peptide derivatives of the present invention include peptides having at least one amino acid substitution, insertions, deletions, and conjugates so long as the peptides retain the binding activity and specificity of the respective NKp46 and NKp44 receptor domains.
In one embodiment, the peptide of the invention can serve as a basis for the design of active fragments of NKp46 and NKp44 receptors comprising the threonine residue 225 and the hyper-glycosylated sites, respectively, which will possess similar binding activity and stability as compared to the native NKp46 and NKp44 polypeptides.
The active fragments of NKp46 and NKp44 according to the present invention are not limited in size but are shorter than the intact domain. However, the invention particularly contemplates fragments having from about 10-100 amino acid residues in length, preferably from about 25-75 amino acid residues. It also contemplates proteins in which the core motif sequence, namely the amino acid sequences of the fragments of the present invention, is artificially implanted within a sequence of a polypeptide, such as peptides manufactured by recombinant DNA technology or chemical synthesis.
According to various embodiments, the active peptides of the present invention are conjugated to an immunoglobulin molecule or a fragment thereof, or to a cytotoxic substance which exhibit a cytotoxic effect on a target cell.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a variant of NKp46 receptor polypeptide or an active fragment thereof having at least one amino acid substitution in an epitope required for the recognition of viral-infected cells or tumor cells. According to one embodiment, the NKp46 variant possesses higher binding affinity towards the target cells as compared to the wild type polypeptide. Thus, NK cells expressing this variant NKp46 may possess better toxic effect on the target cells. This NKp46 variant may be used in conditions in which activation of NK cells lysis is required, such as for example during viral infection or in malignant disorders. In a preferred embodiment, the key amino acid residue Threonine in position 225 of the NKp46 polypeptide is replaced with another residue, resulting in a polypeptide variant having higher binding affinity towards the target cells.
In another embodiment, the NKp46 variant, or an active fragment thereof possesses normal binding to the cellular target but does not activate the lysis process, thereby competing with the binding of NK cells to the target cells. This NKp46 variant may be used in conditions in which inhibition of NK cells lysis is required, for example, during organ transplantation or during gene therapy treatment involving the infection of the host cells with viral vectors. In a preferred embodiment, the key amino acid residue Threonine in position 225 of the NKp46 polypeptide is replaced with another residue, resulting in a variant having inhibitory effect on the binding of NK cells to the target cells.
In yet another embodiment, the NKp46 variant possesses diminished binding to the cellular target. In a preferred embodiment, the key amino acid residue Threonine in position 225 of the NKp46 polypeptide is replaced with another residue, preferably Alanine or Asparagine, resulting in a variant having diminished binding to the cellular target.
According to one embodiment, the amino acid substitution in the NKp46 variant modifies the binding of NKp46 to hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus in viral-infected cells. According to another embodiment, the amino acid substitution in the NKp46 variant modifies the binding of NKp46 to a specific cellular epitope expressed in tumor cells.
According to another aspect the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising an isolated peptide fragment of an NCR according to the invention. The pharmaceutical compositions may further comprise pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, carriers and excipients as are known in the art of drug formulation.
According to another aspect the present invention provides methods of treating a viral infection by administering to an individual in need thereof a composition comprising as an active ingredient a therapeutically effective amount of an isolated peptide fragment of an NCR according to the invention. According to one embodiment the pharmaceutical composition will comprise the hyperglycosylated fragment of NKp44. According to a further embodiment the viral infection will be a flu infection.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb) which specifically recognizes an epitope in the membrane distal domain of NKp46. The binding of the monoclonal antibody of the present invention to the distal domain of NKp46 does not interfere with the binding of NKp46 to HA in viral-infected cells or with the selective binding of NKp46 to tumor cells. In a preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a novel hybridoma named 461-G1, the mAb which is secreted by 461-G1 specifically recognizes an epitope in the distal fragment of NKp46 (NKp46D1). The binding of the mAb to NKp46 does not interfere with the binding of NKp46 to the target cell. Only background recognition was observed with the proximal fragment of NKp46 (NKp46-D2). In a preferred embodiment, the present invention thus relates to the isolated monoclonal antibody produced by hybridoma 461-G1.
The monoclonal antibodies of the present invention may be used inter alia for preparing bispecific antibodies capable of selective targeting of NK cells towards tumor cells and inducing tumor cell-specific lysis. The bispecific antibodies have the ability to maximize NK cytotoxicity against the growth of human tumors.
Thus, in one embodiment, an antibody specific for the distal domain of NKp46, as exemplified by the antibody secreted by the 461-G1 hybridoma, may be used for preparing bispecific antibodies. These bispecific antibodies may be used for selective targeting of NK cells towards tumor cells in order to induce tumor cell-specific lysis. In principle, the bispecific antibodies according to the present invention comprise two Fv regions of different classes, the first is directed against the D1 domain of NKp46 and the second is directed against a tumor-specific antigen, as well known in the art. The bispecific antibodies may be produced by fusing a hybridoma which secrets an antibody specific for the distal domain of NKp46, as exemplified by the 461-G1 hybridoma, with a second hybridoma which secrets monoclonal antibodies specific for a tumor-specific antigen. Following the fusion, a tetradoma (hybrid hybridoma) producing bispecific antibodies is formed.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of an antibody specific for a domain of NKp46 receptor, as exemplified by the antibody secreted by the 461-G1 hybridoma, for selective removal of NK cells from a biological sample. Specifically, the present invention relates to a method for the selective removal of NK cells from a biological sample which comprises removal of those cells that are NKp46 positive. The method comprises contacting the biological sample with the isolated antibody of the invention or immunoreactive fragments thereof under condition appropriate for immune complex formation, and removing the immune complex formed from the biological sample.
According to various embodiments, a biological sample includes peripheral blood, plasma, bone marrow aspirates, lymphoid tissues, as well as cells isolated from cytapheresis, plasmapheresis and collection fluids such as synovial, cerebro-spinal, broncho-alveolar and peritoneal fluids.
The method for the selective removal of NK cells of the present invention may be used to treat individuals, particularly humans who would benefit from a decrease in NK cell activity. The method of this invention is particularly useful for treating those individuals whose NK cells have been activated. This invention is also particularly useful to treat individuals who are recipients or expecting to be recipients of transplant tissue e.g., bone marrow tissue, liver, kidney, heart and lung. Other individuals in need of treatment may include those suffering from an autoimmune disease. In addition, the method of this invention is useful for treating individuals in need of gene therapy involving infecting such an individual with a viral vector containing a therapeutic gene.
These and further embodiments will be apparent from the detailed description and examples that follow.
In order that this invention may be better understood, the following terms and definitions are herein provided.
The terms “NKp46” and “NKp44” refer to a natural cytotoxicity receptor expressed on NK cells preferably human which is capable of mediating direct killing of tumor and virus-infected cells.
The term “D1 fragment of NKp46” or “NKp46D1” refer to domain 1 (the distal domain) of the NKp46 molecule corresponding to amino acids 1-120 of NKp46 of isoform a.
The term “D2 fragment of NKp46” or NKp46D2 refer to domain 2 (the proximal domain) of the NKp46 molecule corresponding to amino acids 121-254 of NKp46 of isoform a.
The term “NKp44LP” refers to the amino acid sequence for the truncated protein of NKp44, residues 109-169 (61 amino acid residues).
The term “NKp44D” refers to the amino acid sequence for the truncated protein of NKp44, residues 1-111.
The term “cytotoxic effect” refers to a killing of target cells by any of a variety of biological, biochemical, or biophysical mechanisms. Cytolysis refers more specifically to activity in which the effector lyses the plasma membrane of the target cell, thereby destroying its physical integrity. This results in the killing of the target cell.
The term “bispecific antibodies” refers to monoclonal antibodies produced by hybrid hybridomas having two Fv regions directed against two different epitopes.
The term “specific binding” as used herein refers to the preferential association of a molecule with a cell or tissue bearing a particular target molecule or marker and not to cells or tissues lacking that target molecule or expressing that target molecule at low levels. It is, of course, recognized that a certain degree of non-specific interaction may occur between a molecule and a non-target cell or tissue.
The term “conjugate” refers to a polypeptide formed by the joining of two or more polypeptides through a peptide bond formed between the amino terminus of one polypeptide and the carboxyl terminus of another polypeptide. The conjugate may be formed by the chemical coupling of the constituent polypeptides or it may be expressed as a single polypeptide fusion protein from a nucleic acid sequence encoding the single contiguous conjugate. In those instances where the active segment of the conjugate is a cytotoxic agent that is not a polypeptide it is to be understood that the cytotoxic agent is attached via chemical coupling to the polypeptide.
The term “active fragments” refers to “fragments”, “variants”, “analogs” or “derivatives” of the molecule. A “fragment” of a molecule, such as any of the nucleic acid or the amino acid sequence of the present invention is meant to refer to any nucleotide or amino acid subset of the molecule. A “variant” of such molecule is meant to refer to a naturally occurring molecule substantially similar to either the entire molecule or a fragment thereof. An “analog” of a molecule is a homologous molecule from the same species or from different species. The amino acid sequence of an analog or derivative may differ from the specific molecule, e.g. the NKp46 or NKp44 receptors, used in the present invention when at least one residue is deleted, inserted or substituted.
The term “cellular ligand” refers generally to tumor cell membrane molecules capable of reacting with the target recognition segment of the conjugate of the invention.
The term “target cells” refers to cells that are killed by the cytotoxic activity of the peptide of the invention. The target cells express the ligand for at least one of NKp46, molecule and include, in particular, cells that are infected by a virus, cells that are malignant or otherwise derived from solid as well as non-solid tumors. The target cell is of mammalian origin selected from the group consisting of human cells, primate cells and mouse cells.
The term “cell-mediated cytotoxicity or destruction” refers to antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and natural killer (NK) cell killing.
The term “amino acid” or “amino acids” is understood to include the 20 naturally occurring amino acids; those amino acids often modified post-translationally in vivo, including, for example, hydroxyproline, phosphoserine and phosphothreonine; and other unusual amino acids including, but not limited to, 2-aminoadipic acid, hydroxylysine, isodesmosine, nor-valine, nor-leucine and ornithine. Furthermore, the term “amino acid” includes both D- and L-amino acids.
The terms “polypeptide,” “peptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues. The terms apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residue is an artificial chemical analogue of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers.
As used herein the term “peptide fragment” includes native peptides (either degradation products, artificially synthesized peptides or recombinant peptides) and peptido-mimetics (typically artificially synthesized peptides). As used herein the terms “peptide fragment” refers preferably to molecules of 10 to 100 amino acids, with molecules of 20 to 80 amino acids and those of 30 to 60 amino acids more preferred. Exemplary peptides may be generated by any of the methods known in the art, including conservative or non-conservative replacements of known sequences, or derived by digestion of proteins.
By “transformation” is meant a genetic change induced in a cell following incorporation of new DNA (i.e., DNA exogenous to the cell). Where the cell is a mammalian cell, the genetic change is generally achieved by introduction of the DNA into the genome of the cell (i.e., stable).
“Transient transfection” refers to cases where exogenous DNA does not integrate into the genome of a transfected cell, e.g., where episomal DNA is transcribed into mRNA and translated into protein.
As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to that it has been linked. One type of vector is a genomic integrated vector, or “integrated vector”, which can become integrated into the chromsomal DNA of the host cell. Another type of vector is an episomal vector, i.e., a nucleic acid capable of extra-chromosomal replication. Vectors capable of directing the expression of genes to that they are operatively linked are referred to herein as “expression vectors”. In the present specification, “plasmid” and “vector” are used interchangeably unless otherwise clear from the context.
The present invention is based on the first direct proof that a specific epitope in the proximal domain of NKp46 receptor is necessary for the binding of NKp46 to viral-infected and tumor cells. NKp46 displays two putative O-linked glycosylation sites at Threonine 125 and Threonine 225, and one N-linked glycosylation site at Asparagine 216. All three putative sites are located within the D2 domain of NKp46 receptor. The inventors of the present invention now disclose that substitution of Thr125 or Asn216 with Alanine (NKp46T125A and NKp46N216A, respectively) had no significant effect on the binding to the infected cells (see example 5). However, substitution of Thr225 with Alanine resulted in a sharp decrease in the enhanced binding to the infected cells. It should be understood that substitution of Thr225 with Serine which is an alternative residue for potential O-glycosylation, and thus shares greater resemblance to threonine, resulted in a decrease in binding to viral-infected cells, but showed similar binding to tumor cells.
Specifically, the inventors of the present invention have unexpectedly discovered that the recognition of both viral-infected cells as well as tumor cells by NKp46 is dependent on the amino acid Threonine located in position 225 of NKp46. Importantly, while sialylation of Threonine 225 is essential for the recognition and lysis of viral-infected cells, the role of Threonine 225 in tumor cell recognition does not involve its sialylation. Thus, the amino acid Threonine at position 225 of NKp46 seems to play a dramatic role in the recognition of various targets by NK cells via different mechanisms. Indeed, this amino acid is preserved in NKp46 of human, murine and primates with the exception of cattle that express Valine in this position. This evolutionary preservation may also explain the fact that human NKp46 recognizes murine tumor lines with considerable efficiency5-7,9.
In addition, the present invention relates to NKp44 linker peptide (NKp44LP). NKp44 is expressed specifically on activated NK cells and NKp44 can also recognize the HA protein of both Influenza virus (IV) and Sendai virus (SV) in a similar way to that of NKp4614 The binding of NKp44 to HA improves the ability of some NK clones to lyse virus-infected cells and can overcome the inhibition mediated by MHC-class I proteins. NKp44 has only one extracellular domain (residues 1-114, Ig-like V domain) and rather long membrane linker peptide (55 amino acids long, residues 115-169)7. It was demonstrated that glycosylation, and specifically the sialylation of the NKp44 receptor is required for the binding to viral HA from Influenza virus in a similar manner to that observed for the NKp46 receptor. Thus, out of four receptors involved in lysis (CD16, NKp30, NKp44 and NKp46) identified on the surface of human NK cells, two (NKp44 and NKp46) bind HA, whereas the other two (CD16 and NKp30) did not14.
Additional viruses families that express hemagglutinins and may be amenable to treatment with the compositions and methods of the present invention are Adenoviridae, Poxyiridae, Picornaviridae, Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Coronaviridae.
Synthesis of Peptides of the Invention
The peptides of the invention can be produced by any known method of producing an amino-acid sequence, such as, controlled degradation of a purified protein by proteases or other chemical methods (Allen G., Sequencing of proteins and peptides, 1989, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.). Chemical synthesis is commonly performed by coupling of the amino acid residues or peptide fragments to one another in correct order in liquid phase to produce the desired peptide. Another common strategy is the coupling of the amino acids to one another starting with a solid phase (resin) to which the C-terminal of the last amino acid of the sequence is coupled, whereupon the C-terminal of the penultimate amino acid is coupled to the N-terminal of the last amino acid, etc., finally releasing the built-up peptide from the solid phase (so called solid-phase technique).
Peptide fragments could also be produced by methods well known to one skilled in the art of biotechnology. For example, using a nucleic acid selected from the group including DNA, RNA, or cDNA. The desired fragments may be produced in live cell cultures and may be purified after cell harvesting as known in the art.
According to one embodiment, it is possible to characterize and isolate a minimal epitope of NKp46. The minimal epitope of NKp46 will be an epitope that is still capable of eliciting its action in targeting viral-infected cells via the hemagglutinin (HA) receptor. Furthermore, the minimal epitope is still capable of specific targeting of tumor cells. In one embodiment, the minimal epitope can serve as a basis for the design of active fragments of NKp46 comprising the minimal epitope which will possess similar or superior binding activity and stability as compared to the full-length NKp46 polypeptide.
In order to characterize a minimal epitope of NKp46 for targeting viral-infected cells or tumor cells, the NKp46 sequence can be shortened by deleting amino acid residues from each end of the polypeptide until the smallest effective NKp46 derivative which comprises amino acid Threonine 225 is obtained. Lysis of melanoma cells is a very convenient assay system to detect the ability of the peptide derivatives to activate the lysis response. Such assays are detailed in the Examples below.
Once the minimal effective epitope of NKp46 is identified, it is possible to substitute each position with another amino acid residue and uncover the key residues required for binding to viral-infected cells or tumor cells. These key residues can then be substituted to discover more effective variant peptides. Likewise, the same amino acid substitution procedure can be used to discover inhibitor peptides: blocking peptides that bind, but do not activate the lysis process.
Once the minimal and optimal peptide is characterized, it would be also possible to synthesize non-peptidic analogues that would have the structure of the active epitope, but which would be resistant to enzymatic degradation. Such analogues would have extended half-lives and be more effective in their lysis activity.
The present invention encompasses any analog, derivative, and conjugate containing the peptides of the invention, the amino acid sequence of which is shown herein so long as the peptide is capable of binding to hemagglutinin (HA) receptor on viral-infected cells or to tumor cells. Thus, the present invention encompasses peptides containing non-natural amino acid derivatives or non-protein side chains.
The term “analog” includes any peptide having an amino acid sequence substantially identical to one of the sequences specifically shown herein in which one or more residues have been conservatively substituted with a functionally similar residue and which displays the abilities as described herein. Examples of conservative substitutions include the substitution of one non-polar (hydrophobic) residue such as isoleucine, valine, leucine or methionine for another, the substitution of one polar (hydrophilic) residue for another such as between arginine and lysine, between glutamine and asparagine, between glycine and serine, the substitution of one basic residue such as lysine, arginine or histidine for another, or the substitution of one acidic residue, such as aspartic acid or glutamic acid for another.
A peptide derivative refers to a peptide having an amino acid sequence that comprises the amino acid sequence of the peptide of the invention. Thus, the peptides of the present invention can be subject to various changes, substitutions, insertions, and deletions where such changes do not destroy the biological activity of the peptide. In this regard, a peptide of this invention corresponds to amino acid sequence of NKp46D2, where one or more changes are made so long as the peptide retains the desirable function of peptide of the invention in one or more of the assays as defined herein.
The term “derivative” includes any chemical derivative of the peptide of the invention having one or more residues chemically derivatized by reaction of side chains or functional groups. Also included as chemical derivatives are those peptides, which contain one or more naturally occurring amino acid derivatives of the twenty standard amino acid residues. For example: 4-hydroxyproline may be substituted for proline; 5-hydroxylysine may be substituted for lysine; 3-methylhistidine may be substituted for histidine; homoserine may be substituted or serine; and ornithine may be substituted for lysine.
In addition, a peptide derivative can differ from the natural sequence of the peptides of the invention by chemical modifications including, but are not limited to, terminal-NH2 acylation, acetylation, or thioglycolic acid amidation, and by terminal-carboxyl-amidation, e.g., with ammonia, methylamine, and the like.
Peptides of the present invention also include any peptide having one or more additions and/or deletions of residues relative to the sequence of the peptide of the invention, the sequence of which is shown herein, so long as the requisite inhibitory activity is maintained.
Addition of amino acid residues may be performed at either terminus of the peptides of the invention for the purpose of providing a “linker” by which the peptides of this invention can be conveniently bound to a carrier. Such linkers are usually of at least one amino acid residue and can be of 40 or more residues, more often of 1 to 10 residues. Typical amino acid residues used for linking are tyrosine, cysteine, lysine, glutamic and aspartic acid, or the like.
A peptide of the invention may also be conjugated to itself or aggregated in such a way as to produce a large complex containing the peptide. Such large complex may be advantageous because it has new biological properties such as longer half-life in circulation or greater activity.
The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising as an active ingredient a conjugate comprising a target recognition segment comprising an NCR or an active fragment thereof, the NCR selected from the group consisting of: NKp46 and NKp44, or a functional fragment thereof that binds to a cellular ligand expressed on the surface of a target tumor cell or viral-infected cell; and an active segment comprising an active agent that promotes the lysis of the target cell; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, stabilizer or diluent.
The composition of the invention comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. The compositions according to the invention will in practice normally be administered orally or by injection. As used herein “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutical active substances is well known in the art. Except as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic composition is contemplated. The dosage administered will be dependent upon the age, sex, health condition and weight of the recipient, and the nature of the effect desired.
The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention are particularly useful for parenteral administration, such as intravenous administration or administration into a body cavity or lumen of an organ. The compositions for administration will commonly comprise a solution of the conjugate molecule dissolved in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, preferably an aqueous carrier. A variety of aqueous carriers can be used, e.g., buffered saline and the like. These solutions are sterile and generally free of undesirable matter. These compositions may be sterilized by conventional, well-known sterilization techniques. The compositions may contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, toxicity adjusting agents and the like, for example, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium lactate and the like. The concentration of the conjugate in these formulations can vary widely, and will be selected primarily based on fluid volumes, viscosities, body weight and the like in accordance with the particular mode of administration selected and the patient's needs.
Thus, a typical pharmaceutical composition for intravenous administration would be about 0.1 to 10 mg per patient per day. Dosages from 0.1 up to about 100 mg per patient per day may be used, particularly when the drug is administered to a secluded site and not into the blood stream, such as into a body cavity or into a lumen of an organ. Actual methods for preparing parenterally administrable compositions will be known or apparent to those skilled in the art and are described in more detail in such publications as Remington's Pharmaceutical Science, 18th ed., Mack Publishing.
For oral administration tablets and capsules may contain conventional excipients, such as binders, for example syrup, sorbitol, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone; fillers, for example lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, corn starch, calcium phosphate or sorbitol; lubricants, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid, polyethylene glycol or silica; disintegrates, for example potato starch or sodium starch glycolate, or surfactants, such as sodium lauryl sulphate.
Oral liquid preparations can be in the form of for example water or oil suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups or elixirs, or can be supplied as a dry product for constitution with water or another suitable vehicle before use.
It is proposed that the various methods and compositions of the invention will be broadly applicable to the treatment of any tumor, including solid and non-solid tumors. If the tissue is a part of the lymphatic or immune systems, malignant cells may include non-solid tumors of circulating cells. Malignancies of other tissues or organs may produce solid tumors. Exemplary solid tumors to which the present invention is directed include but are not limited to carcinomas of the lung, breast, ovary, stomach, pancreas, larynx, esophagus, testes, liver, parotid, biliary tract, colon, rectum, cervix, uterus, endometrium, kidney, bladder, prostate, thyroid, squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, small cell carcinomas, melanomas, gliomas, neuroblastomas, and the like. Exemplary non-solid tumors to which the present invention is directed include but are not limited to B cell Lymphoma, T cell Lymphoma, or Leukemia such as Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia.
The Sequence ID Numbers of the full length receptors which appear in the application are:
Unmarked letters leader sequence residues 1-21
Italic letter NKp46D1 resides 22-120
Bold letters NKp46D2 resides 121-254
Underlined letter is Threonine 225
Unmarked letters leader sequence residues 1-21
Italic letters NKp44D residues 22-135
Bold letters NKp44LP residues 136-190
PCT/IL03/01040 relates to conjugates and fusion proteins of Natural Killer cytotoxic receptors NKp30, NKp46 and NKp44, or active fragments thereof and an active agent selected from a cytotoxic drug or an Ig fragment effective in targeting tumor cells in vivo.
It is to be explicitly understood the present invention exclude any one of SEQ ID NO:13-18, as listed below:
Unmarked letters designate origin leader peptide
Underlined letters designate D1 region
Bold letters designate D2 region
Italic letters designate Fc region (234 amino acid)
Unmarked letters designate leader peptide of CD5
Underlined letters designate KpnI site (5 amino acid)
Bold letters designate D2 region (128 amino acid)
Italic letters designate Fc region (234 amino acid)
Unmarked letters designate leader peptide of CD5
Underlined letters designate KpnI site (5 amino acid)
Bold letters designate NKp44 region
Italic letters designate Fc region (234 aminoacid)
Unmarked letters designate leader peptide of CD5
Underlined letters designate KpnI site (5 amino acid)
Bold letters designate NKp44-DS region
Italic letters designate Fc region (234 amino acid)
Unmarked letters designate leader peptide of CD5
Underlined letters designate KpnI site (5 amino acid)
Bold letters designate NKp44-DL region
Italic letters designate Fc region (234 amino acid)
Monoclonal Antibody—Preparation and Use Thereof
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb) which specifically recognizes an epitope in the membrane distal domain of NKp46. The binding of the monoclonal antibody of the present invention to the distal domain of NKp46 does not interfere with the binding of NKp46 to HA in viral-infected cells or with the specific NKp46 binding site on tumor cells. In the case of a monoclonal antibody, antibody-producing cells of the immunized animal may be fused with “immortal” or “immortalized” human or animal cells to obtain a hybridoma which produces the antibody. If desired, the genes encoding one or more of the immunoglobulin chains may be cloned so that the antibody may be produced in different host cells, and if desired, the genes may be mutated so as to alter the sequence and hence the immunological characteristics of the antibody produced.
In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a novel hybridoma named 461-G1, the mAbs which is secreted by the 461-G1 hybridoma specifically recognizes the distal fragment of NKp46 (NKp46D1) and the NKp46D1-Ig fusion protein whereas only background recognition was observed with the proximal domain (NKp46-D2).
In one embodiment, the present invention thus relates to the isolated monoclonal antibody produced by hybridoma 461-G1 as described in the Examples below. The isolated antibody of the invention can be coupled to any appropriate label for visualization purposes. Such labels include e.g. the fluorescent labels, the radioactive labels, the enzymatic labels.
The monoclonal antibodies of the invention can be prepared using any technique that provides for the production of antibody molecules by cell lines in culture. These include, but are not limited to, the original techniques of Köhler and Milstein, Nature, 265:495-497 (1975), modified as described in Anderson et al., J. Immunol., 143:1899 (1989).
The antibody may be administered to the patient by any immunologically suitable route, such as intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular or intralymphatic routes, however the intravenous route is preferred. The clinician may compare the anti-idiotypic and anti-isotypic responses associated with these different routes in determining the most effective route of administration. After this treatment, the reduced antibody may be frozen or lyophilized for storage purposes.
Screening procedures that can be used to screen hybridoma cells producing antibodies to NKp46 includes, but are not limited to (1) enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assays (ELISA), (2) immunoprecipitation or (3) fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) analyses. Many different types of ELISA that can be used to screen for anti-NKp46 monoclonal antibodies can be envisioned by persons skilled in the art.
Initial screening is preferably conducted by screening hybridoma supernatants by flow cytometry for their reactivity with NK cells, but not with T cells, and monocytes. Further characterization of the hybridoma can be conducted by testing of purified populations of lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells by indirect immunofluorescence assays and flow cytometry. Monoclonal antibodies that recognize NKp46 epitopes will react with an epitope that is present on a high percentage NK cells e.g., at least about 70-90%, e.g. about 80%, of such cells, but will not significantly react with CD3+ T cells or CD20+B cells. In preferred embodiments, the antibody will not react with monocytes, granulocytes, platelets, and red blood cells.
Once the desired hybridoma has been selected and cloned, the resultant antibody may be produced in one of two major ways. The purest monoclonal antibody is produced by in vitro culturing of the desired hybridoma in a suitable medium for a suitable length of time, followed by the recovery of the desired antibody from the supernatant. The length of time and medium are known or can readily be determined. This in vitro technique produces essentially monospecific monoclonal antibody, essentially free from other species of anti-human immunoglobulin. However, the in vitro method may not produce a sufficient quantity or concentration of antibody for some purposes, since the quantity of antibody generated is only about 50 μg/ml.
To produce a much larger quantity of monoclonal antibody, the desired hybridoma may be injected into an animal, such as a mouse. Preferably the mice are syngeneic or semi-syngeneic to the strain from which the monoclonal-antibody producing hybridomas were obtained. Injection of the hybridoma causes formation of antibody producing tumors after a suitable incubation time, which will result in a high concentration of the desired antibody (about 5-20 mg/ml) in the ascites of the host animal.
Antibody molecules can be purified by known techniques e.g. by immunoabsorption or immunoaffinity chromatography, chromatographic methods such as high performance liquid chromatography or a combination thereof.
Following these protocols, any person skilled in this area of technology can readily isolate hybridomas that produce a monoclonal antibody of the invention, and in particular a monoclonal antibody exhibiting specificity for the distal domain of NKp46. Examples of such hybridomas are described in the Examples below.
In another aspect, the invention relates to isolated immuno-reactive fragments of the antibody of the invention. Such fragments notably include Fab, F(ab′)2, and CDR antibody fragments. The skilled person will note that humanized antibodies of the invention can be derived therefrom as desired, notably when intended to be administered to a human person. By “immuno-reactive fragments of an antibody”, it is meant any antibody fragment comprising the antigen binding-site.
Such fragments thus include F(ab′)2 fragments obtained either by enzymatic digestion of said antibody by proteolytic enzymes such as pepsin or Papain, and Fab fragments derived thereof by reduction of the sulfhydryl groups located in the hinge regions, as known by any skilled person. Immunoreactive fragments can also comprise recombinant single chain or dimeric polypeptides whose sequence comprises the CDR regions of the antibody of interest. Isolated CDR regions themselves are also contemplated within the definition of the isolated immuno-reactive fragments of the invention.
In another aspect, a hybridoma which secrets antibodies directed against the distal domain of NKp46, such as for example the 461-G1 hybridoma, may be used for preparing bispecific antibodies capable of selective targeting of NK cells towards tumor cells and induction of tumor cell-specific lysis. The bispecific antibodies have the ability to induce a maximum NK cytotoxicity whereby the growth of human tumors will not be just impeded, but instead a complete remission of established human tumors may be achieved.
In principle, the bispecific antibodies according to the present invention comprise two Fv regions of different classes, the first is directed against the D1 domain of NKp46 and the second is directed against a tumor-specific antigen. In a preferred embodiment, the bispecific antibodies may be produced by fusing the 461-G1 hybridoma of the present invention with a second hybridoma which secrets monoclonal antibodies specific for a tumor-specific antigen. Following the fusion, a tetradoma (hybrid hybridoma) producing bispecific antibodies is formed.
As is well known, Fv, the minimum antibody fragment which contains a complete antigen recognition and binding site, consists of a dimer of one heavy and one light chain variable domain (VH and VL) in non-covalent association. In this configuration that corresponds to the one found in native antibodies the three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of each variable domain interact to define an antigen binding site on the surface of the VH-VL dimer. Collectively, the six CDRs confer antigen binding specificity to the antibody. Frameworks (FRs) flanking the CDRs have a tertiary structure that is essentially conserved in native immunoglobulins of species as diverse as human and mouse. These FRs serve to hold the CDRs in their appropriate orientation. The constant domains are not required for binding function, but may aid in stabilizing VH-VL interaction. Even a single variable domain (or half of an Fv comprising only three CDRs specific for an antigen) has the ability to recognize and bind antigen, although usually at a lower affinity than an entire binding site.
The preparation of bispecific antibodies obtained by hybrid hybridoma technology (tetradoma technology) is disclosed for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,759. These tetradomas produce bispecific antibodies, which link the NK cells via the NKp46 receptor with tumor cells via specific tumor-associated antigens.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,723,538 discloses bispecific antibodies comprising a chemokine receptor binding domain and a T cell surface polypeptide or cell toxin binding domain and methods for preparing bispecific antibodies. U.S. Pat. No. 6,719,971 discloses methods for preparing humanized antibodies and bispecific antibodies. U.S. Pat. No. 6,703,018 discloses methods for generating bispecific humanized CD11a antibodies having binding specificities for at least two different epitopes.
The hybridoma cells and the tetradoma cells can be prepared in the following manner: Immunized BALB/C mouse spleen cells are fused with mouse myeloma cells in a known manner. The hybridoma cells which have the highest affinity to NKp46 are selected. This line is propagated in a known manner by injection into BALB/c mice and obtained from the ascites by chromatographic purification. To prepare the tetradoma cells with two light chains of different classes (lambda and kappa), the 461-G1 hybridoma cells are fused with hybridoma cells producing monoclonal antibodies directed against tumor-specific antigens. Examples of monoclonal antibodies directed against tumor-specific antigens are disclosed for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,204,095; 5,196,337; 5,134,075, 5,171,665; 6,342,221, 5,965,132, 6,004,554, 6,071,491, 6,017,514, 5,882,626 and 5,019,368.
After testing for bispecific reactivity, for example by the detection of antibodies with different light-chain content by indirect immunofluorescence, the mixed tetradoma cell clone is obtained which has the strongest possible simultaneous expression of the two light chains, and then purified by chromatography.
The bispecific antibodies of the invention can be formulated by known methods, e.g., as a solution of the lyophilized protein, and serves for parenteral application in humans, while adjuvants and additives known to the expert can be present.
Alternative methods known in the art for constructing bispecific antibodies are by covalently linking specific antibodies or by other approaches, like the diabody approach.
The present invention also relates to a method for the selective removal of NK cells from a biological sample which comprises the selective removal of those cells that are NKp46 positive. Such a method comprises contacting the biological sample with the isolated antibody of the present invention or the immunoreactive fragments thereof under condition appropriate for immune complex formation, and removing the immune complex thus formed.
According to various embodiments, a biological sample includes peripheral blood, plasma, bone marrow aspirates, lymphoid tissues, as well as cells isolated from cytapheresis, plasmapheresis and collection fluids such as synovial, cerebro-spinal, broncho-alveolar and peritoneal fluids.
The method for the selective removal of NK cells of the present invention may be used to treat mammals, particularly humans who would benefit from a decrease in NK cell activity. The method of this invention is particularly useful for treating those individuals whose NK cells have been activated. This invention is also particularly useful to treat individuals who are recipients or expecting to be recipients of transplant tissue e.g., bone marrow tissue, liver, kidney, heart and lung. Other individuals in need of treatment may include those suffering from an autoimmune disease. In addition, the method of this invention is useful for treating individuals in need of gene therapy involving infecting such an individual with a viral vector containing a therapeutic gene.
The following examples are presented in order to more fully illustrate certain embodiments of the invention. They should in no way, however, be construed as limiting the broad scope of the invention. One skilled in the art can readily devise many variations and modifications of the principles disclosed herein without departing from the scope of the invention.
Experimental Methods:
Cells and Viruses
The following cell lines were used: melanoma cell lines (1106mel, LBmelA1, 1259mel, 1076mel), prostate carcinoma cell lines PC3, human prostate adenocarcinoma derived from bone metastasis that is PSA negative and Androgen insensitive (ATCC no. CRL-1435), and LN-CAP). EBV transformed B cells (DAUDI, 721.221) and the mouse P815 line. HeLa is a human cervical adenocarcinoma (ATCC no. CCL-2).
The generation of BW cells expressing NKp46 was previously described13.
The SV was purchased from Spafas (Preston City, Conn.). The influenza A/Beijing (A/Beijing/262/95-like (H1N1)), A/Sydney (A/Sydney/5/97-like (H3N2)), and A/Moscow (A/Moscow/10/99-like (H3N2)) viruses were propagated by injecting 0.2 ml of stock virus diluted 1/1000 into the allantoic sac of 11-day-old embryonated chicken eggs. After incubation for 48 hrs at 37° C. and 16 hrs at 4° C., ˜8 ml of virus-rich allantoic fluid was removed and checked for viral presence by hemagglutination with chicken erythrocytes (0.5% w/w, 0.1 ml−A/Sydney=512 HA units, A/Moscow=32 HA units, A/Beijing=32 HA units). The viruses were then stored at −70° C. until use. The cells were infected by incubating one million cells overnight in 3 ml complete medium (RPMI 1640+10% FCS) at 37° C. and 5% CO2 with 100 μl of different virus strains.
Monoclonal Antibodies and Anti-Virus Sera
The anti CD99 mAb 12E7 is a kind gift from a. Bernard (Hospital de L'Archet, Nice, France). The generation of the 135.7 mAb directed against SV-HA was previously described13. Human sera were obtained from individuals immunized 1 month earlier with the trivalent influenza vaccine and having high titers (500-2500 HI titer) of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies16. Antibodies were tested by the standard hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay16 The anti-NKp46 mAb 461-G1 (IgG1) was generated by immunizing mice with the NKp46-Ig fusion proteins. Hybridomas were made according to standard techniques.
Direct Binding Assay
Rosettes of HA from X31 (A/Aichi/2/68xpr/8/34) H3N2 influenza virus were prepared as follows: purified HA was dialyzed against PH 5.0/0.1M citric acid in PBS over night at 4° C. For the ELISA assay, plates were coated with 0.1 μg of HA rosettes O.N at 4° C. After 2 h of blocking on ice with 1% BSA in PBS, plates were washed (1% BSA in PBS/0.05%/Tween 20) and incubated O.N at 4° C. with 0.1 g of the fusion protein or BSA for background (final volume of 100 μl of 1% BSA in PBS/0.05%/Tween 20). The detection of the amount of bound protein was preformed using AP-conjugated second mAb following standard ELISA protocol.
Primers Used for Generating NKp44 and NKp44 Truncated Fusion Proteins
Production and Purification of Fusion Proteins
The generation of NKp46-Ig, NKp44-Ig, NKp30-Ig, KIR2DL1-Ig, and CD99-Ig in COS cells was previously described13-15. To generate the NKp46D1-Ig and NKp46D2 truncated fusion proteins in COS cells residues 1-120 (D1) and 121-235 (D2) of the mature NKp46 protein were PCR amplified, and the PCR-generated fragments were cloned into a mammalian expression vector containing the Fc portion of human IgG1 as previously described13-15. In order to allow expression of NKp46D2-Ig, that lacks its original leader peptide sequence, a methionine start codon was added and the PCR-amplified fragment of NKp46D2 was cloned in frame with the leader peptide of CD5. Sequencing of the constructs revealed that all cDNAs were in frame with the human Fc genomic DNA and were identical to the reported sequences. COS-7 cells were transiently transfected with the plasmids containing cDNAs using FuGENE6 reagent (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Indianapolis, Ind., USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions, and supernatants were collected and purified on a protein G column. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that all Ig fusion proteins were approximately 95% pure and of the proper molecular mass.
The sequence encoding the extracellular portion of NKp44 (accession number NM-004828, residues 1-169 not including leader), were amplified by PCR from cDNA isolated from human NK clones (see Table 1—list of the primers). The corresponding PCR fragment, containing kozak sequence and leader sequence of CD5, was cloned into pcDNA 3.1-Ig vector encoding the CH2+CH3 regions of human IgG1 (4). The sequences for truncated fusion proteins, NKp44D-Ig (residues 1-111 not including leader) and NKp44LP-Ig (residues 109-169) were amplified by PCR from the NKp44-Ig-encoding plasmid and the corresponding PCR fragments, containing kozak sequence and leader sequence of CD5, were back-cloned into pcDNA 3.1-Ig vector. Sequencing of the constructs revealed that all cDNAs were in frame with the human Fc DNA and were identical to the reported sequences. CHO cells were transfected with these expression vectors and G418-selected clones were screened for highest protein production. Re-cloned high producer clones were grown in CHO-SFM II medium (Gibco-BRL, Paisley, UK) and supernatants were collected daily and purified on protein-G columns using FPLC. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that all Ig fusion proteins were approximately 95% pure and of the proper molecular mass, and migrate as a single band on standard non-reduced SDS-PAGE gels.
Staining procedures of cells with the fusion proteins was preformed as described13-15. For the production of NKp46D2 in CHO cells, the NKp46D2 fragment was amplified by PCR from NKp46D2-Ig expressing plasmid using primer with kozak sequences for high expression. These PCR fragments containing kozak sequence and leader sequence of CD5 were cloned into pcDNA 3.1-Ig vector. CHO cells were transfected with these expression vectors and were selected using G418 antibiotic. Selected clones were screened for highest protein production using ELISA. High producer clones were re-cloned and screened again for highest protein production. One clone was adapted for special serum-free medium (CHO-SFM II, Gibco) followed by optimization for growth in large-scale culture in T225 flasks or using spinner basket-Fibra cell (New Brunswick). Supernatant were collected daily and purified on protein-G columns using FPLC.
Treatment of Fusion Proteins with NA
Various fusion proteins were incubated with 0.015 U of insoluble neuraminidase attached to beaded agarose (N-5254; Sigma) or with PBS (control) for 1.5 h at 17° C. on a roller. SV and IV-infected, or non-infected cells were washed, and stained either with NA-treated or mock-treated Ig-fusion proteins, followed by PE-conjugated anti-human Fc. The integrity of the treated fusion proteins was assessed by SDS PAGE gel analysis.
The Generation of NKp46-Ig Point Mutations
The point mutations in the NKp46 protein T125A and N216A were generated by using PCR-based site directed mutagenesis approach as previously described17. The T225A and T225N mutations were generated by GenScript Corporation (Scotch Plains, N.J.). The existence of the mutations was verified by sequencing. All products were cloned in frame with human IgG1 as above. The production and the staining with the various fusion proteins were previously described13-15. All fusion proteins were routinely tested for degradation on SDS-PAGE gels.
Cytotoxicity Assays
The cytotoxic activity NK cells against various targets was assayed in 5-hr 35S-Met release assays, as described previously13,14. Re-directed lysis experiments of p815 cells were performed as previously described13,14.
Flow Cytometry and Antibodies for NKp44
Cells were incubated with indicated mgs of the various fusion-Igs for 2 h at 4° C., washed and stained with FITC-conjugated-F(ab′)2-Goat-anti-human-IgG-Fcγ (109-096-098, Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, Pa.). Staining and washing buffer consisted of 0.5% (w/v) BSA and 0.05% sodium azide in PBS. Staining of CHO and mutant CHO cells was carried with 2% FCS instead of BSA in the different buffers. Propidium iodide (PI) was added prior to reading for exclusion of dead cells. Flow cytometry was performed using a FACSCalibur flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, Mountain View, Calif.). Data files were acquired and analyzed using BD CELLQuest™ 3.3 software. Fluorescence data was acquired using logarithmic amplification and reported fluorescence intensity units represent conversion of channel values according to the logarithmic scale (range 100 to 104). Results are shown either as staining histograms (X-axis represents fluorescence intensity and Y-axis represents cell counts) or as the geometric mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the stained populations. Geometric mean of the fluorescence intensities is recommended by BD for comparing relative fluorescence intensities between logarithmically-acquired samples. For most binding inhibition experiments, 20 mg of fusion-Ig were premixed with the GAG and added to cells for staining as above. In all experiments, each sample was stained twice in different wells. When results are presented as MFI, average MFI±SD of the duplicate staining is brought to show consistency of staining procedure. Human IgG1 (hIgG1) was purchased from Serotec, UK. HS4E4 control Ab was used as described previously24.
To address whether the HA recognition by NKp46 and NKp44 is direct or if this interaction is only an initial step that mediates the binding of another ligand, a direct binding assay was employed. Because of the low dissociation constant for the binding of hemagglutinin to sialic acid (in the millimolar range), we could not detect any significant binding of NKp46 or NKp44 to a soluble bromelain-cleaved HA (BMH) in an ELISA assay. In order to overcome this problem we prepared rosettes of HA molecules by reducing the pH of a BMH solution to 5, as previously described18. Under these conditions, the BMH trimers form soluble aggregates called rosettes, containing about 6 to 10 BMH trimers. These rosettes do not change the affinity of HA to sialic acid, as has been previously demonstrated19,20, but allow multivalent interaction in-vitro similarly to the virus binding of HA to its sialic acid receptors in-vivo. Such interactions could be monitored using BIAcore20.
These rosettes were used to detect NKp46 and NKp44 interaction with HA in an ELISA assay.
Results: As shown in
The extracellular region of NKp46 comprises two C2-type Ig-like domains while all the predicted sugar-carrying residues are located in the membrane proximal domain6. The inventors of the present invention have previously shown that the recognition of NKp46 by HA is dependent on the sialylation of the NKp46 receptor13-15. To determine that indeed the sialic acid residues of NKp46 are responsible for the interaction with viral HA, smaller versions of NKp46-Ig were prepared corresponding to single domains with their C-terminal fused to the Fc portion of human IgG1. The membrane distal domain was named NKp46D1 and the membrane proximal domain (including a stretch of amino acids that probably form a stem connecting the ectodomain with the transmembrane region) was named NKp46D2. The constructs were transiently transfected into COS-7 cells and secreted fusion proteins were purified on a protein-G column. The binding of each fusion protein to virally infected and uninfected 721.221 and 1106mel cells was analyzed.
As previously described13-15, the binding of NKp46-Ig, but not NKp30-Ig, to 721.221 cells was considerably enhanced following SV infection and this binding was abolished by pre-incubation with anti-HA mAb 135.7 (
To extend the implications of these results, the binding of NKp46-Ig, NKp46D2-Ig and NKp46D1-Ig to 721.221 cells infected with different influenza viruses was examined (see Table 1). 721.221 cells were incubated overnight with or without influenza viruses that express different types of HA. Cells (50,000/well) were washed and stained with the various Ig fusion proteins (5 μg/well) followed by PE-conjugated goat anti human Fc. The level of infection was determined by staining with human sera derived from individuals immunized with a trivalent influenza vaccine. Median fluorescence intensity (MFI) numbers were rounded to the nearest whole number after subtracting background staining of the secondary antibody.
As previously reported13-15, the binding of all lysis receptors to uninfected 721.221 cells was very low. This might be either because of low affinity interactions of the various NCR to their ligands or because the ligands for the various NCR are expressed in low levels on 721.221 cells. The highest binding to all infected cells was observed with NKp44-Ig. These might be because the NKp44 receptor carry more sugar residues compared with NKp466,8.
Results: in all the cases examined, the infection resulted with an increased parallel binding of both NKp46-Ig and NKp46D2-Ig, but did not effect the binding of NKp46D1-Ig or other control Ig-fusion proteins tested including NKp30 and CD99 (Table 2). The binding of NKp46D2 was consistently stronger than that of NKp46 probably because the smaller NKp46D2 protein is more stable. The differences in the intensity of the enhanced binding observed after infection with different viruses may be attributed to the differences in infection efficiency, determined by staining of infected cells with sera derived from individuals immunized with a trivalent influenza vaccine. Alternatively it is possible that the differences in the affinity of the specific HA molecule of the various viruses to NKp46 might be responsible for the different staining intensities. Infection of 1106mel cells with these viruses were similar to those obtained with 721.221 cells.
These findings demonstrate that the recognition of NKp46 and NKp44 by HA is a general phenomena with some degree of specificity and that in the case of NKp46, the binding is primarily mediated through the membrane proximal domain.
The common feature of all hemagglutinins is their ability to bind to oligosaccharides containing terminal sialic acid residues. In our previous work, we have shown that the recognition of viral HA by the lysis receptors NKp46 and NKp44 depends on the sialylation of these receptors13-15. NKp46 presumably displays two putative O-linked glycosylation sites at Thr125 and Thr225, and one N-linked glycosylation site at Asn2166. All the three putative sites are located within the second domain. Since our results clearly pointed the second domain of NKp46 to contain the primary binding site of influenza HAs, we next tested whether the sialic acid dependent nature of the interactions is also confined to the second domain.
In order to answer this question we treated both NKp46D1-Ig and NKp46D2-Ig with bacterial neuraminidase (NA) before performing a binding assay on uninfected and IV or SV infected 1106mel and 721.221 cells, respectively. Indeed, treatment with NA completely abolished the enhanced binding of NKp46D2-Ig to SV-infected 721.221 (
The two major linkages between sialic acid and the galactose residues of carbohydrate side chains are, Neu5Ac α(2,3)-Gal and Neu5Ac α(2,6)-Gal. Different HAs present different specificities for these linkages and in particular human influenza viruses preferentially bind the Neu5Ac α(2,6)-Gal linkage19. To further explore the nature of the sialic acids of NKp46 that participate in the HA recognition we produced NKp46D2-Ig fusion protein in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-D2-Ig) that expresses an impaired glycosylation pattern. CHO cells are wildly employed to produce glycosylated glycoproteins due to the high similarity between their glycosylation machinery to the human system. Notably however, CHO cells differ from human cells in the sialylation process since they lack a functional copy of the gene encoding α2,6-sialyltransferase21. As a result, while glycans of human origin carry terminal sialic acid residues in both α2,3- and α2,6-linkage, CHO glycoproteins carry only α2,3-terminal sialic acids.
We therefore compared the binding of the NKp46D2-Ig proteins produced either in CHO or in COS cells to 721.221 cells infected with mouse (SV) and various human influenza viruses were stained with both proteins.
Results: As shown in
Taken together, these observations support a predominant role of glycans expressed on the second domain of NKp46 that carry sialic acids of the α2,6-linkage in the recognition of human viral HAs. Notably however, the fact that in the absence of α2,6-terminal sialic acid, a reduced, yet significant enhanced binding was observed to infected cells suggest that there are probably other elements in NKp46 besides α2,6-terminal sialic acid moieties that participate in the interaction with HA. In addition, the similar binding of CHO- and COS-produced NKp46D2-Ig to various tumor cell lines indicates that sialic acids are not involved in the binding of NKp46 to tumor cells.
The above results suggest that the distal domain of NKp46 (D1) does not contain binding sites to HAs or tumor ligands of NKp46. However, these observations only relate to the binding properties of the domain and reveal nothing of other possible functional roles it may play in NKp46 activity. In addition, since all the binding assays were based on a truncated fusion protein form of the receptor, it was still possible that the lack of any binding observed was a result of loss of proper folding or weak interactions that could not be detected in immunostaining assays. Therefore, in order to study the possible involvement of the membrane distal domain of NKp46 in its function, we prepared a mAb directed specifically against the membrane distal domain of NKp46.
To generate anti-NKp46 mAbs, we first used an immunization regimen based on NKp46-Ig protein emulsified in Freund adjuvant for both immunizations and boosts. Using ELISA assay, we screened spleen-derived B-cell hybridoma supernatants for increased binding to NKp46-Ig as compared to NKp30-Ig. Positive hybridomas were cloned and re-cloned to achieve stability. One hybridoma, named 461-G1, was stable and the secreted mAb was tested on different fusion proteins and cell lines.
e—10 μg of indicated proteins: NKp30-Ig (1), NKp46D2-Ig (2), NKp46D1-Ig (4), NKp46-Ig (5), KIR2DL1-Ig (6) and the control low protein medium (LPM, 3) were analyzed on SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Western blot analysis showed similar results and 461-G1 recognized the NKp46-Ig and the NKp46D1-Ig only. Thus, 461-G1 specifically recognizes the membrane distal domain of NKp46.
f—Redirected lysis experiment. 35S-labeled P815 cells were incubated either with no mAb or with the anti-CD16 mAb (B73.1.1), anti-NKp46 mAb (461-G1) or anti-CD99 mAb (12E7) for 1 hour on ice. NK cells were next added in effector to target ration (E:T) of 3:1. As previously reported with regard to other anti-NKp46 mAb13-15 ligation of NKp46 on the surface of NK cells by 461-G1 mAb activated the redirected killing assay of the FcγR+ P815 murine target cells, in a manner similar to that observed with the anti CD16 mAb (
The above results showed that the recognition of infected cells is confined to the membrane proximal domain. We have previously demonstrated an efficient blocking of NK cells cytotoxicity against influenza infected cells using anti-NKp46 serum13. In addition other anti-NKp46 mAb were shown to block the killing of various tumor targets5-7,9.
g—NK killing assay with infected cells. NK cells were pre incubated with the indicated mAb for 1 h on ice, washed and incubated with either uninfected 1106mel or 1106mel infected with various influenzas as indicated. Pre-incubation of NK cells with 461-G1 mAb did not block the lysis of the melanoma cell line 1106mel before or after infection with various influenza viruses. Similarly, this mAb did not block the killing of other tumor lines tested including 721.221 or Hela cells.
Thus, the membrane distal domain of NKp46 is probably not involved in the recognition of tumor and virus-infected cells.
The molecular mechanism controlling the specific recognition of HAs by NKp46 is somewhat enigmatic. The difficulty is intensified in light of our above observation demonstrating the involvement of sialic acid residues that are expressed on NKp46 and are crucial for the HA recognition since other NK receptors that are also heavily glycosyated, such as NKp30-Ig, KIR1-Ig or CD99-Ig do not bind HAs13-15 (Table 2).
To determine the sugar carrying residue that is important for the HA recognition, we performed site directed mutagenesis in the three residues that are predicted to carry the glycan modifications, produced the fusion proteins in COS cells as above and tested their binding to 721.221 cells infected with different influenza viruses. Substitution of Thr125 or Asn216 with Alanine (NKp46T125A and NKp46N216A, respectively) had no significant effect on the increased binding to infected cells (
It is possible that the substitution of Thr225 with Alanine abolished an important glycosylation that is dominantly involved in the HA recognition. Alternatively, it may be that the Threonine residue is directly involved in the HA recognition. To distinguish between these two possibilities we replaced Threonine 225 with the closely related amino acid Asparagine (NKp46T225N). The reason why we preferred to replace Threonine with Asparagine and not with Serine that shares greater resemblance to Threonine is because Serine can potentially carry O-glycosylations in this location, while Asparagine can not. As shown in
It is clear that the interaction between NKp46 and HA is not restricted to one amino acid only and other amino acid residues also contribute to the enhanced recognition of HA following infection. Indeed, the abolishment of the enhancement, resulting from Thr to Ala or Asn substitution was not complete (
In light of these observations, it is less likely that Thr225 is directly involved in the interaction with viral HA. Instead, this residue probably carries a critical glycosylation that is crucial, although not exclusive, for the recognition of HA.
As mentioned above, the important role of NK cells in anti tumor defense mechanisms is largely mediated through the NK lysis receptors. The NKp46 receptor, which is consistently expressed on NK cells, is thought to be the major lysis receptor involved in the killing of transformed cells22,23. However, since no specific tumor ligand for any of the lysis receptors has been identified yet, very little is known about the interactions between NKp46 and its tumor antigen ligand.
To gain better understanding of tumor recognition by NKp46, we immunostained a number of different tumor lines including melanomas, carcinomas and EBV transformed B cells with the intact NKp46 protein and the fragmented NKp46D2- and NKp46D1-Ig fusion proteins. The various tumor lines were recognized by NKp46 and NKp46D2 to various degree (
As mentioned above, impairment of the expression of sialic acids residues in NKp46, either by NA treatment or CHO production, did not affect its binding to tumor cells, suggesting no involvement of carbohydrate moieties of NKp46 in tumor cells recognition. To support this conclusion we next tested the binding of the various glycosylation mutants to tumor cells. To our surprise, NKp46-Ig expressing the point mutation of Thr225 to Alanine completely lost its binding to 1106mel (
In conclusion, our findings identify Thr225 as an essential amino acid involved in the interaction of NKp46 with tumor and virus-infected cells and support a sialic acid independent interaction between NKp46 and its tumor ligand. This places Thr225 as a central amino acid important to both viral HA as well as tumor ligand recognition.
Titrated amounts of fusion-Ig were added to tumor cells for 2 h at 4° C. (100 μl total volume). After incubation, cells were washed and incubated with FITC-conjugated-goat antihuman-Fc second antibody. PI was added to exclude dead cells.
Results: As demonstrated in
1106mel cells (106/ml) were incubated overnight with 1000 u/ml of IV. Cells (infected or uninfected) were washed, incubated with fusion-Igs, and stained with FITC-anti-Fc second antibody. PI was added to exclude dead cells. Primary FACS histogram overlays: staining with NKp44-Ig (A), NKp44D-Ig (B) and NKp44LP-Ig (C). Results are from 1 representative experiment of 3.
Results: As demonstrated in
It will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather, the scope of the invention is defined by the claims that follow.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IL04/00583 | 6/30/2004 | WO | 5/19/2006 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60483107 | Jun 2003 | US |
